UNMAC - Mine Action

Peace Operations Training Institute
MINE ACTION: HUMANITARIAN IMPACT, TECHNICAL ASPECTS, AND GLOBAL INITIATIVES

Course Author The United Nations Mine Action Service The Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D.
2008 Peace Operations Training Institute
MINE ACTION: HUMANITARIAN IMPACT, TECHNICAL ASPECTS, AND GLOBAL INITIATIVES

Course Author The United Nations Mine Action Service The Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D.
2008 Peace Operations Training Institute Peace Operations Training Institute 1309 Jamestown Road, Suite 202 Williamsburg, VA 23185 USA www.peaceopstraining.org
First edition: 1997 by Mr. Gerhard Bornmann and Colonel Barry Cox Second edition: 2003 by UNMAS and GICHD Updated and revised: March 2004 Cover: UN Photo #142640 by Martine Perret The Peace Operations Training Institute wishes to thank and acknowledge the vital contributions of Mr. Martin Donoghue, UN Mine Action Service, Mr. Adrian Wilkinson, Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, and other key personnel from these two organisations, without whom this course would not exist. This course has been developed for educational purposes, with a focus on humanitarian issues in mine action. The course will not teach the student how to disarm an explosive or conduct fieldwork in mine and UXO affected regions. Students interested in this type of training should contact National Military Institutions or local mine action representatives for information on formal instruction. For further information on mine related issues, contact the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS): phone (212) 963-1875 or URL http://www.mineaction.org. The material contained herein does not necessarily reflect the views of the Peace Operations Training Institute, the Course Author(s), or any United Nations organs or affiliated organizations. Although every effort has been made to verify the contents of this course, the Peace Operations Training Institute and the Course Author(s) disclaim any and all responsibility for facts and opinions contained in the text, which have been assimilated largely from open media and other independent sources. This course was written to be a pedagogical and teaching document, consistent with existing UN policy and doctrine, but this course does not establish or promulgate doctrine. Only officially vetted and approved UN documents may establish or promulgate UN policy or doctrine. Information with diametrically opposing views is sometimes provided on given topics, in order to stimulate scholarly interest, and is in keeping with the norms of pure and free academic pursuit.
MINE ACTION: HUMANITARIAN IMPACT, TECHNICAL ASPECTS, AND GLOBAL INITIATIVES Table of Contents
Letter of Foreword ........................................................................................................... v Format of Study .............................................................................................................. vi Method of Study .............................................................................................................vii
LESSON 1: THE GLOBAL LANDMINE PROBLEM AND UNITED NATIONS RESPONSE ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Global Overview 1.2 Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Policy End-of-Lesson Quiz
LESSON 2: THE ANTI-PERSONNEL MINE BAN TREATY .......................................... 29 2.1 Mine Action Guidelines for Ceasefire and Peace Agreements 2.2 The Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty (Ottawa Convention) (MBT) 2.3 Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Amended Protocol II 2.4 Case Studies End-of-Lesson Quiz
LESSON 3: LANDMINE AND UXO SAFETY TRAINING .............................................. 67 3.1 Introduction to Landmine and UXO Safety Training 3.2 Basic Safety Principles in Mine- and UXO-Affected Environments 3.3 Identifying Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) 3.4 Recognising Dangerous Areas 3.5 Emergency Procedures in a Mine Field 3.6 Assisting a Mine/UXO Victim 3.7 Country-Specific Leaflets End-of-Lesson Quiz
LESSON 4: INTERNATIONAL MINE ACTION STANDARDS (IMAS)......................... 107 4.1 Guide for the Application of International Mine Action Standards 4.2 Clearance Requirements End-of-Lesson Quiz
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LESSON 5: VICTIM ASSISTANCE ............................................................................. 133 5.1 Introduction to Victim Assistance 5.2 Victim Assistance Policy Document End-of-Lesson Quiz
LESSON 6: MINE RISK EDUCATION......................................................................... 155 6.1 Introduction to Mine Risk Education 6.2 UNICEF Mine Action Strategy 2002-2005 End-of-Lesson Quiz
LESSON 7: MINE INFORMATION185 7.1 General Mine Action Assessment 7.2 LIS Advisory 3Survey Overview 7.3 The Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) 7.4 The Electronic Mine Information Network (E-MINE) End-of-Lesson Quiz
APPENDIX A: Glossary............................................................................................... 219 APPENDIX B: Internet Links ....................................................................................... 241 APPENDIX C: Use of Route Cards ............................................................................. 243 APPENDIX D: Safety Video Script .............................................................................. 245 APPENDIX E: Report of the Secretary-General .......................................................... 251 APPENDIX F: List of Ottawa Convention Signatories and States-Parties..260 APPENDIX G: List of CCW Countries...264
Copyright Acknowledgments ....................................................................................... 270 End-of-Course Examination Instructions ..................................................................... 271
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Dear Student: I am pleased that you have enrolled in the Peace Operations Training Institute distance course Mine Action: Humanitarian Impact, Technical Aspects, and Global Initiatives. This course has been made possible through the significant contributions of Mr. Martin Donoghue, of the UN Mine Action Service, Mr. Adrian Wilkinson, of the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, and other key personnel from these two organisations. In this course the student will be introduced to the global problem of landmines and how international organisations are approaching the problem. The topics to be studied here include The Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty (Ottawa MBT); mine action guidelines for ceasefires and peace agreements; landmine and UXO safety training; identifying landmines and UXOs; International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) and guidelines for application; victim assistance; mine risk education; UNICEFs mine action strategy; mine information; mine action assessment; and the electronic mine action network. The global problem of landmines has received considerable attention in the press and in public awareness. This attention is deserved because of the nature of the problem. Landmines are indiscriminate killers. When they are left behind in the soil following a conflict they remain a threat to humanitarian workers, civilians, and all who toil to bring a nation out of war and back to self-sufficiency. Fields cannot be tilled, roads cannot be traveled, and crops cannot be brought to market until mines have been cleared. Often it is children and the poor who encounter mines while they go about their innocent lives. The explosions maim their lower extremities. Even when the hostilities of war are long past these devices represent a lingering cruelty and an obstacle to recovery. It is this problem and this cruelty that the authors of this course and others seek to confront. By studying the lessons of this course the student will see what measures organizations and the international community are taking. And the student will also learn what contributions remain to be made.
Harvey J. Langholtz
FORMAT OF STUDY
This course is designed for independent study at a pace determined by the student.
Course format and materials permit: MODULAR STUDY EASE OF REVIEW INCREMENTAL LEARNING
STUDENTS RESPONSIBILITY
The student is responsible for: Learning course material Completing the End-of-Course Examination Submitting the End-of-Course Examination
Please consult your enrolment confirmation email or the end of this course for examination submission instructions.
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METHOD OF STUDY
The following are suggestions for how to proceed with this course. Though the student may have alternate approaches that are effective, the following hints have worked for many.
Before you begin actual studies, first browse through the overall course material. Notice the lesson outlines, which give you an idea of what will be involved as you proceed. The material should be logical and straightforward. Instead of memorizing individual details, strive to understand concepts and overall perspectives in regard to the United Nations system. Set up guidelines regarding how you want to schedule your time. Study the lesson content and the learning objectives. At the beginning of each lesson, orient yourself to the main points. If you are able to, read the material twice to ensure maximum understanding and retention, and let time elapse between readings. When you finish a lesson, take the End-of-Lesson Quiz. For any error, go back to the lesson section and re-read it. Before you go on, be aware of the discrepancy in your understanding that led to the error. After you complete all of the lessons, take time to review the main points of each lesson. Then, while the material is fresh in your mind, take the End-ofCourse Examination in one sitting. Your exam will be scored, and if you achieve a passing grade of 75 percent or higher, you will be awarded a Certificate of Completion. If you score below 75 percent, you will be given one opportunity to take a second version of the End-of-Course Examination. One note about spelling is in order. This course was written in English as it is used in the United Kingdom.
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LESSON 1 THE GLOBAL LANDMINE PROBLEM AND UNITED NATIONS RESPONSE

Section 1.1: Global Overview Section 1.2: Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Policy End-of-Lesson Quiz
Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response
Lesson 1 Objectives Section 1.1: Global Overview This section introduces the student to the general overview, history, and global impact of landmines and UXO. It discusses the worlds current landmine and UXO problems and what efforts are being taken to address these problems. It focuses on the ways in which landmines hinder development in communities, disrupt everyday life, and affect civilians. After studying this section, the student should: Discuss the general history of landmines: why they were originally developed, how they have been used throughout history, and how their impact has changed with advances in technology; Identify global locations with landmine and UXO problems and programmes; Understand why attention to global landmine/UXO problems is vital. Section 1.2: Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Policy This section introduces the student to the original text of a policy document submitted by the Secretary-General to the fifty-third session of the General Assembly as part of his report on assistance in mine clearance (A/53/496) dated 14 October 1998. After studying this section, the student should: Be familiar with the primary text of Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Policy (A/53/496); Understand the meaning of the term mine action and be able to identify the five main components of UN mine action; Be aware of the guiding principles for mine action: (1) the scope and nature of the landmine problem; (2) the principles for UN assistance; (3) the notion of integrated and sustainable mine action; (4) the requirement for effective coordination; (5) the initiation and development of mine action programmes in the field; (6) the requirement for prioritisation and accountability; Appreciate the responsibilities and coordination mechanisms of and among UN partners, like-minded partners, and liaison groups; Recall the types of resources, both financial contributions and in-kind donations (material, equipment, personnel, and services), needed to support mine action and how these resources are monitored and reported.
Section 1.1 Global Overview1 From my experience in peacekeeping, I have seen first-hand the literally crippling effects of landmines and unexploded ordnance on people and communities alike. Not only do these abominable weapons lie buried in silence and in their millions, waiting to kill or maim innocent women and children; but the presence or even the fear of the presence of a single landmine can prevent the cultivation of an entire field, rob a whole village of its livelihood, place yet another obstacle on a countrys road to reconstruction and development. -United Nations Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, April 1999 OVERVIEW Landmines were originally developed for military use, but they have had a profound and long-lasting impact on ordinary people and their communities. Long after conflicts end, the presence of mines and other unexploded ordnance (UXO) continues to kill and maim, often making it impossible for refugees and internally displaced people to return to their homes, and prolonging suffering for everybody in the affected areas.
Signs are used to mark dangerous landmine and unexploded ordnance contaminated areas.
During several recent conflicts, landmines have been deliberately used to target civilian populations. As a result, mines may be found in places of little or no military value, such as schools or agricultural fields. For individuals and communities alike, many of whom are already living in poverty and insecurity, the impact of landmines is not simply
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Portions of this section are drawn from Landmines: The World Takes Action, a CD-ROM produced by the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) and available from UNMAS upon request.
physical, it is also psychological, social, and economic. Long after conflicts have ended, the legacy of landmines remains, but the problem is being addressed and the threat is lessening. Globally coordinated programmes designed to tackle the threat of landmine and UXO contamination, and the impact of these explosive weapons, are continuing to grow and develop as we enter the 21st century. HISTORY OF LANDMINES Landmines have had a long history, dating back to the Greek and Roman empires. However, it is during the Second World War that antipersonnel and antitank landmines started to be widely used. They were then used for defensive and tactical purposes, to achieve military objectives. Troops typically mapped the location of the minefields for future clearance, even though many of the mines laid were not immediately cleared. In many countries, a residual threat still exists from the Second World War.
Anti-personnel (AP) mine, obscured by leaves, shown with matchbox for scale. Mines left in the ground are very hard to locate and can remain active for decades.
Advances in technology in the 1960s made it possible to scatter mines mechanically rather than planting them by hand. This meant that hundreds of landmines could be deployed at the same time using aircraft, rockets or artillery. While a troop of 30 men
could lay approximately 50 mines per hour, one remote delivery system could scatter over 200 mines at the same time. During the Vietnam War, vast areas of land in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia were completely saturated with mines using these delivery systems. As conflicts became more brutal, the effect of landmines was no longer strictly limited to military targets. In the 1980s, mines proliferated as the weapon of choice in many internal conflicts. The low cost of antipersonnel mines made them particularly appealing to guerrilla and military forces in developing countries. The production of smaller and more sophisticated landmines and the development of homemade devices caused their prolific use. Plastic mines, which cannot be identified with metal detectors, also became common. Civilians became targets because antipersonnel landmines were used intentionally to harass and terrorise them, forcing them to leave their homes and blocking access to important infrastructure like water and electricity. These factors, but most of all the indiscriminate use of landmines, led to a global crisis. In 1992, six humanitarian organisations joined together to create the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL). From their work in mine affected countries they had seen first-hand the horrendous toll landmines take on innocent people in countries where conflict has already caused so much pain. The work of ICBL, which grew to a membership of more than 1400 non-governmental organisations, in partnership with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the United Nations and governments worldwide, aims to bring the history of landmines to a close. The award of the Nobel Peace Prize to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), and its coordinator, Ms. Jody Williams, in 1997, drew worldwide attention to the problem of landmines. The Antipersonnel Mine Ban Convention entered into force the following year. In July 2002, more than two-thirds of the worlds countries were party to the Antipersonnel Mine Ban Convention, which bans the use, development, production, stockpiling and transfer of antipersonnel landmines (See Lesson 2). This may have given the impression that the landmine challenge has been met, and that the media and governments can start turning their attention to other problems. This is unfortunately not the case. Landmines affect over 60 of the worlds countries. Millions of landmines are still lying in the ground, and claim thousands of innocent victims every year. In several countries, landmines continue to be used as indiscriminate weapons of war. IMPACT OF LANDMINES AND UXO When people no longer use the earth that was once theirs, it is because death and suffering have replaced life. The silence after the explosion of a landmine is still another kind of explosion; it is the silent explosion of hope and of freedom. Let us not let the future become one where landmines and unexploded ordnance continue to threaten the lives of innocent people. Let us not let another get injured or die because they come from a place far from our own. Let us not close our eyes and ears, because in speaking of mine action, it is the restoration of life and peace that we are talking about. -Patrick Segal, Vice-President, Handicap-International 1995
Years of war have left millions of landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) scattered in more than 60 countries worldwide. In war and in peace civilians are their most common victims. Subsistence farmers, refugees and people displaced by war are most often affected. The worlds poor suffer the harshest consequences, facing danger every day to cultivate their fields, herd animals, and to collect firewood or even water. To survive daily, and access basic resources, they may be forced into dangerous mined areas. In many countries women and children are responsible for carrying out these tasks. Many landmine victims are unable to reach medical treatment in time, since access to appropriate care is limited in remote and impoverished areas.
Debris including unexploded ordnance (UXO) commonly pollutes communities following conflict. Civilians living in the region are most affected by these dangerous weapons.
The impact of landmines and UXO extends beyond individual accidents and casualties. Vast areas of former battlefields have created acute social, economic and environmental harm by denying access to productive areas for civilian use. Landmines and UXO impact negatively on development and obstruct post-conflict rebuilding, denying access to healthcare and education. Fertile agricultural land becomes useless. Mined irrigation systems and wells make it impossible to farm and maintain herds. Mined dams and electrical installations seriously reduce the ability of a nation to produce the power required for industry. Mined transportation systems interrupt the movement of people and the flow of goods and services throughout the country. Mined roads and the destruction of infrastructure make it difficult, and sometimes impossible, for humanitarian assistance to reach affected communities.
Unless landmines and UXO are cleared, the lives of individuals, communities, and nations cannot return to normal. In most mine-affected countries, the institutional, technical and financial capacity does not exist to cope with the problem alone. Strong and centralised mechanisms are needed to promote cooperation and to gather and disseminate information available about the local landmine and UXO contamination to affected populations. The international community, including the United Nations and its nongovernmental partners, help countries clear mines and UXO, develop mine awareness programmes for affected countries (See Lesson 6), assist with victim assistance (See Lesson 5), destroy stockpiles, and advocate for a global ban on landmines (See Lesson 2). The goal of all these activities is to reduce the impact of the landmine and UXO problem on people, on their families, on their communities, and on their nations. Mine action is about making people feel safe again. It is about the human right to live free from the threat and impact of landmines.
Mine clearance and survey operations require the coordination of many organisations and individuals. Making mine and UXO-affected land safe for use is a long process requiring tedious and careful work by trained professionals.
Landmine/UXO Problem in the World Today2

Africa Angola Burundi Chad Rep. Of Congo DR Congo Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Guinea-Bissau Kenya Liberia Malawi Mauritania Mozambique Namibia Niger Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Swaziland Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Somaliland Americas Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Peru Falkland/Malvinas Asia-Pacific Afghanistan Bangladesh Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia China India Korea, North Korea, South Laos Mongolia Nepal Pakistan Philippines Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Taiwan Europe/Central Asia Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia & Herz. Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Georgia Greece Hungary Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Macedonia FYR Moldova Poland Russia Tajikstan Turkey Ukraine Uzbekistan Yugoslavia Abkhazia Chechnya Kosovo NagornoKarabakh Middle East/North Africa Algeria Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Oman Syria Tunisia Yemen Northern Iraq Palestine Western Sahara
As of 2002, landmines and UXO have been found in 90 countries worldwide, according to the Landmine Monitor Report. UNMAS, subject to political, diplomatic, and strategic restraints lists over 60 countries that are mine affected.
This table and the data contained therein are drawn from the Landmine Monitor Report 2002: Executive Summary, a publication of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, p. 24.
Section 1.2 Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Policy
OVERVIEW In October 1998, the Secretary-General of the United Nations submitted a mine action policy document to the General Assembly as part of his report on assistance in mine clearance (A/53/496). The mine action policy document, entitled Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Policy introduces three complementary principles. First, it aims to foster the ability of the United Nations to support affected countries and populations in responding to the immediate and long-term problems posed by landmines. Second, it aims to foster the ability of the United Nations to support and build upon collective efforts of the international community at large. Third, it aims to strengthen the credibility of the United Nations in terms of transparency, accountability, and effectiveness.3 The policy document, which you will read in its entirety on the following pages, introduces the global landmine crisis and recognises that the United Nations has a central role in responding to this crisis. It discusses the nature of mine action and details the guiding principles for mine action, coordination, and development. It identifies the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) as the focal point within the UN for all mine-related activities. In addition, it lists the roles and responsibilities of other UN and like-minded partners in responding to the global landmine crisis. The intent in creating the policy document Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Policy was to sum up the key principles on which UN mine action is based and to clarify roles and responsibilities within the United Nations system.4 On the following pages, you will have the opportunity to read the primary text of Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Policy dated 14 October 1998 and submitted by the Secretary-General to the fifty-third session of the General Assembly as part of his report on assistance in mine clearance. Before you begin reading the document, take a moment to read the Resolution (A/53/26) from the General Assembly, adopted on 17 November 1998. This Resolution was a response from the General Assembly, welcoming the policy document Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Policy.
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See Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Policy, Sec. II, 4. See Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Policy, Sec. I, 3.
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RESOLUTION A/53/26 ON ASSISTANCE IN MINE ACTION adopted on 17 November 1998 The General Assembly, [] 7. Emphasises again the important role of the United Nations in the effective coordination of mine-action activities, including those by regional organizations, and welcomes in this regard the policy on mine action and effective coordination developed by the Secretary-General in annex II to his report, which encapsulates the key principles on which United Nations mine action is based and clarifies roles and responsibilities within the United Nations system; 8. Encourages the Secretary-General to develop further a comprehensive mineaction strategy, taking into consideration the impact of the landmine problem on rehabilitation, reconstruction, and development, with a view to ensuring the effectiveness of assistance in mine action by the United Nations, and emphasizes in this respect the importance of further multisectoral assessments and surveys; 9. Welcomes the creation of the United Nations Mine Action Service within the department of Peacekeeping Operations, its designation as the focal point for mine action within the United Nations system, and its ongoing collaboration with and coordination of all mine-related activities of United Nations agencies, funds and programmes; 10. Urges Member States, regional organizations, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and foundations to continue to extend full assistance and cooperation to the Secretary-General and, in particular, to provide him with information and data as well as other appropriate resources that could be useful in strengthening the coordination role of the United Nations in mine action, particularly in mine awareness, training, surveying, mine detection and clearance, scientific research on mine-detection and mine-clearance technology, and assistance to victims, including information on and distribution of medical equipment and supplies; [] THE POLICY DOCUMENT: PRIMARY TEXT On the following pages, read and familiarise yourself with the primary text from Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Policy (A/53/496). After reading this policy document, complete the End-of-Lesson quiz that follows.
Res/A/53/26
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UN Document A/53/496
Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Policy

I. INTRODUCTION 1. Years of conflict have left millions of scattered and unrecorded landmines in more than fifty countries.1 Civilians, children as well as adults, are more and more often targets of these sly weapons in times of war, and have become by the thousands victims of their deadly legacy in times of peace. Landmines have removed vast areas of land and resources from productive use. Countries with weak or barely existing social and economic infrastructures are often hardest hit, and within these countries the poor are those who suffer the most and are least able to cope. 2. There is growing awareness within the international community that what has come to be known as the global landmine crisis has far-reaching consequences and requires a multi-faceted and integrated response. There is also recognition that the United Nations has a key role to play in articulating this response and in providing the necessary support and coordination mechanisms. This role was reaffirmed in the successive resolutions of the UN General Assembly on assistance in mine clearance,2 as well as in the amended protocol II to the CCW Convention3 and in the landmark Ottawa Convention.4 3. In conformity with the expectations of affected populations, the United Nations has accumulated a great deal of experience in mine action. Programmes have been established in various countries, starting with Afghanistan in 1988 and Cambodia in 1992. In light of this experience and of lessons learnt, this paper was developed to encapsulate the key principles on which UN mine action is based and to clarify roles and responsibilities within the United Nations system. II. OBJECTIVES 4. The objectives of the principles developed in this paper are threefold and complementary: a. to foster the ability of the United Nations to support, in a coordinated, timely and effective manner, affected countries and populations in responding to the immediate and long-term problems posed by landmines; b. to foster the ability of the United Nations to support and build upon the collective efforts of the international community at large; c. to strengthen the credibility of the United Nations in terms of transparency, accountability and effectiveness.
Throughout this document, landmine will be used in reference to both landmines and unexploded ordnances (UXOs). 2 See in particular the most recent resolution, A/RES/52/173. 3 Amended Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-traps and Other Devices, adopted in Geneva on 3 May 1996. 4 A Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on their Destruction opened for signature in Ottawa on 3 December 1997.
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III. THE NATURE OF MINE ACTION 5. Mine Action refers to all those activities geared towards addressing the problems faced by populations as a result of landmine contamination. It is not so much about mines as it is about people and their interactions with a mine-infested environment. Its aim is not technical - to survey, mark and eradicate landmines - but humanitarian and developmental - to recreate an environment in which people can live safely, in which economic, social and health development can occur free from the constraints imposed by landmine contamination, and in which victims' needs are addressed. 6. A distinction has sometimes been made between operational mine action (i.e. mine action in support of operations mandated by the UN Security Council), humanitarian mine action, and mine action in support of reconstruction and development. The United Nations does not adhere to this distinction, since it does not reflect the fact that there is considerable overlap between the various aspects of a country's recovery (peacekeeping and peace-building, reintegration of refugees and IDPs, revival of communities, reconstruction and development), and that what really matters is the establishment of clear priorities in relation to the needs of the affected populations. 7. Given the importance of an integrated and holistic response to the issue of landmine contamination, and the need to bring real and lasting support to those who are at risk, UN mine action encompasses four complementary core components5: a. mine awareness and risk reduction education; b. minefield survey, mapping, marking, and clearance; c. victim assistance, including rehabilitation and reintegration; d. advocacy to stigmatise the use of landmines and support a total ban on antipersonnel landmines. In support of these core components, other activities will be key to the success of mine action and mine action programmes, such as: resource mobilization, national/local capacity building and requisite institutional support (including human resource development of local counterparts from both government and civil society), information management (including the conduct of assessment missions, surveys and, more generally, data gathering), training of personnel (in all mine-related responsibilities, including management), and quality management (including setting of standards and programme monitoring and evaluation).
Editors note: Elsewhere in this course, you will learn that mine action is comprised of five complementary core components. Stockpile destruction, as per the Mine Ban Treaty, is generally accepted as being the fifth.
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IV. GUIDING PRINCIPLES A. Scope and nature of the landmine problem 8. Landmines are first and foremost a humanitarian concern and must be addressed from this perspective. They are also an impediment to rehabilitation and sustainable development. The nature and scope of the landmine problem must be defined in terms of its humanitarian, public health, and socio-economic implications, including, in particular, its impact on lives, livelihoods, the provision of humanitarian assistance, and, more generally, an environment which should be safe and conducive to peace-building, reconstruction, and development. 9. All relevant information on landmine contamination and its humanitarian and socio-economic consequences should be provided to the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS), through the UN Resident/Humanitarian Coordinators in the field or other partners as appropriate, so that a comprehensive profile of the landmine problem can be developed and early action initiated. B. Principles for UN assistance in mine action 10. In dealing with the landmine problem, the United Nations will respect the fundamental humanitarian principles of neutrality, impartiality and humanity so that priority is given to those who are most vulnerable. Training or support for mine action will not, in principle, be provided to the militaries of mine-contaminated countries. 11. The United Nations will take every opportunity to stigmatise the continuing use of landmines and to support a total ban on antipersonnel landmines. In order to receive assistance, relevant parties should be committed to supporting mine action actively, and to desisting from producing, stockpiling, using, and transferring antipersonnel landmines. When applicable, this commitment should form an integral part of peace treaties, ceasefire agreements and peace-building arrangements. 12. Exceptions to the above principle should be based only on humanitarian considerations: humanitarian mine action activities focused on reducing immediate threats to the well-being of affected communities and to the activities of humanitarian workers should not be subjected to conditionalities related to the continuing use of landmines. C. The notion of integrated and sustainable mine action 13. The United Nations supports an holistic approach to mine action, addressing its various elements in a complementary manner both at the field level, and at the headquarters level. Mine awareness and risk reduction education, minefield mapping, marking and clearance, victim assistance and rehabilitation, advocacy to stigmatise the use of landmines and support for a comprehensive ban, are all integral parts of mine action.
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14. This holistic approach requires that appropriate attention be given to the issues of national ownership, sustainability and capacity building. In countries with long-term needs, mine action programmes must be sustainable and should include as a key component the development of a national/local capacity from the outset of mine action activities throughout the development of integrated programmes. A national/local capacity (formed most often under the auspices of a government or local authorities) is characterized by its ability to develop and articulate overall policy and direction, as well as to plan, coordinate, manage, and sustain a programme that is accountable, costeffective, and able to address the humanitarian and socio-economic implications of landmine contamination. 15. Mine action initiatives must also be an integral component of strategies designed to rehabilitate health care, education, infrastructure, agriculture and marketing systems, to name but a few of the requirements of societies recovering from violent conflicts. D. The requirement for effective coordination 16. To ensure effective coordination within the UN system, all mine action activities will be organized in consultation with UNMAS, and with the UN Resident/Humanitarian Coordinators in the field as appropriate. 17. When programmes are initiated in the field, coordination mechanisms should be established to ensure that strategic and forward planning takes place and that countrywide mine action activities are consistently integrated, monitored, and reviewed (including mine awareness in refugee camps in neighbouring countries and mine clearance related to peacekeeping missions, when applicable). 18. As part of these coordination mechanisms, a database should be developed, and a level I survey (followed by a level II survey) should be undertaken at the earliest possible opportunity. 19. Donors, NGOs, and other entities concerned with the problem of landmines should be encouraged to coordinate their activities with UNMAS and with the UN and local authorities responsible for mine action in the field. 20. UNMAS will ensure that regular monitoring and lessons learnt missions are conducted, and that insights gained from particular experiences are shared with all interested parties. E. The initiation and development of mine action programmes in the field 21. Action to address the mine problem must begin as early as possible when there is a recognized need. It should include, in particular, assessments and level I surveys, awareness and risk reduction education, victim assistance, and advocacy to stigmatise the use of landmines.
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22. Without prejudice to agencies' existing mandates and accountability, all requests for assistance in mine action should be reviewed in consultation with UNMAS. When justified by the circumstances, and as a first step of a United Nations response, UNMAS should, as soon as it is possible and in consultation with the UN Resident/Humanitarian Coordinator, organize a multidisciplinary and multisectoral assessment to define the scope and nature of the problem, to identify constraints and opportunities relating to the development of mine action initiatives, and to make recommendations for a comprehensive response including institutional arrangements for the coordination and implementation of mine action activities. 23. The primary responsibility for taking action against the presence of landmines lies with the concerned state. Thus, in principle, the Government of the affected country should assume overall responsibility for the coordination and management of a national mine action programme. When required, UNDP, in consultation with all stakeholders, including UNMAS, relevant local partners, NGOs, donors and UN entities, should assist in creating sustainable national capacities and in preparing and implementing an overall programme plan. 24. In circumstances where the United Nations has to initiate a programme under its auspices, either because of the requirement to meet urgent humanitarian and operational needs or because of the absence of recognized national authorities, UNMAS will develop the initial programme plan in consultation with all stakeholders, including relevant local partners, NGOs, donors and UN entities. This plan should clearly define objectives, priorities, institutional arrangements and other requirements, including technical and financial support, as well as modalities to undertake specific activities. It should be designed to meet critical urgent needs as well as the long-term requirements essential for the development of a sustainable, national/local capacity, when applicable. 25. When required, transitional arrangements for the provision of UN support to the ongoing development of a sustainable national/local mine action capacity should be identified and clearly defined at the earliest stage to ensure a smooth transfer of responsibilities. They should be decided on a case-by-case basis but will normally be implemented when the national authority assumes responsibility for the coordination and management of the overall mine action programme originally developed under UN auspices. 26. Whenever practical and in order to facilitate the transition process when it is required, the UN entity responsible for providing logistical, financial, and administrative support to a mine action programme during the initiation phase will continue to be responsible for this support throughout the development of the programme. F. The requirement for prioritisation and accountability 27. All programmes should have well-established mechanisms to set priorities for mine action activities on the basis of need and the most effective use of available
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resources. While it must be remembered that no two situations are alike, priorities for mine clearance will often include, inter alia, the following: provision of emergency assistance; settled land with high civilian casualty rates; land required for the resettlement of refugees/IDPs; land required for agriculture; community development; access to and free operation of health services; reconstruction, and infrastructure development. 28. Programmes should also incorporate clearly-defined accountability mechanisms to ensure that priority needs are met and that there is cost-effective use of available resources. They should involve periodic review exercises in order to determine overall effectiveness in approach, orientation and implementation, and to advise on what changes, if any, need to be introduced. V. RESPONSIBILITIES AND COORDINATION MECHANISMS A. Role and responsibilities of UN partners United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) 29. The United Nations Mine Action Service is the focal point within the UN system for all mine-related activities. In this capacity, it is responsible for ensuring an effective, proactive and coordinated UN response to landmine contamination. UNMAS, in consultation with other partners, will establish priorities for assessment missions, facilitate a coherent and constructive dialogue with the donor and international communities on the mine issue, and coordinate the mobilization of resources. It is also responsible for the development, maintenance and promotion of technical and safety standards (a responsibility which will be delegated to UNICEF with regard to mine awareness and to WHO with regard to the public health aspect of victim assistance); for the collection, analysis and dissemination of mine-related information, including information on technology; for advocacy efforts in support of a global ban on antipersonnel landmines; and for the management of the Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Clearance. Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA) 30. The Department for Disarmament Affairs, in collaboration with UNMAS and other entities of the Organization, will support the role of the UN Secretary-General in relation to the Ottawa Convention. The Departments specific responsibilities relate to provisions of two articles: Transparency measures (article 7) and Facilitation and clarification of compliance (article 8). Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) 31. The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs is responsible for sharing all relevant information with UNMAS and other partners regarding the humanitarian implications of landmines. It will work to ensure that humanitarian needs
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are met as an integral component of the overall humanitarian endeavour. It will advocate for a global ban on antipersonnel landmines and for victim assistance. OCHA will also work closely with UNMAS on resource mobilization in its capacity as manager of the Central Emergency Revolving Fund (CERF) and coordinator of the Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 32. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees will ensure that the needs of refugees and other populations of concern to UNHCR are met. In particular, it will work with UNICEF to develop appropriate mine awareness programmes in refugee camps and with WFP for the safe delivery of food. United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) 33. The United Nations Childrens Fund, working in collaboration with UNMAS, is the UN focal point on mine awareness education. In this capacity, it will provide appropriate guidance for all mine awareness programmes, liaising closely with concerned partners such as OCHA, WFP, UNHCR, WHO and UNDP. UNICEF, in collaboration with WHO, ICRC, and other partners where appropriate, will ensure comprehensive rehabilitation of landmine victims, which includes psychosocial counselling, physical rehabilitation (including the provision of prosthetics and orthotics, and education for those with disabilities). Additionally, UNICEF will continue to be an active advocate for the promotion of a total ban on antipersonnel Landmines and the ratification of the Ottawa Convention. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 34. Within the UN system, the United Nations Development Programme will be responsible for addressing the socio-economic consequences of landmine contamination and for supporting national/local capacity building to ensure the elimination of the obstacle they pose to the resumption of normal economic activity, reconstruction and development. When applicable, UNDP will have primary responsibility for the development of integrated, sustainable national/local mine action programmes in situations where the problem of landmines is not only a humanitarian emergency. It will work closely with UNMAS and share all relevant information. United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) 35. The United Nations Office for Project Services is a principal service provider within the UN system for integrated mine action and capacity building programmes. It will implement mine action programmes as appropriate in collaboration with concerned partners (UNMAS, UNDP and others). As its mandate enables it to work with all UN agencies, UNOPS will be instrumental in providing the continuity of implementation that is required for mine action programmes.
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World Food Programme (WFP) 36. The World Food Programme is involved in mine action in relation to its mandate to provide food assistance. Its three main areas of concern are: (a) the clearance of access roads for the speedy and cost-effective delivery of food assistance; (b) the clearance of land required for the safe return of displaced populations; (c) the clearance of crop land for agricultural use in order to promote sustainable levels of local food production. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 37. The Food and Agriculture Organization is involved in mine clearance in relation to its humanitarian agriculture relief activities in countries affected by complex emergencies. The definition of criteria for the selection of priority sites requiring mine clearance is a pre-requisite to the formulation of humanitarian relief/short term rehabilitation interventions. World Bank (the Bank) 38. As a development agency the World Bank supports programmes, in member countries, which help lead to the eradication of poverty and to the promotion of sustainable development. Its support of mine action is based upon the recognition that mine pollution is, for many affected countries, a significant obstacle to the reestablishment of normal development activities. In this context, it shares with UNDP a perspective which views mine pollution as a development problem with long term consequences and, necessarily, with long-term solutions which extend far beyond initial humanitarian concerns. Globally, the Bank shares responsibility with UNDP for convening donor groups in reconstruction situations and thus has a major role in resource mobilization and in setting long term agendas for international support for mine action and other needs. It works closely with all UN departments and agencies. World Health Organization (WHO) 39. Within the framework of its mandate as expressed by the 101st session of its Executive Board, the World Health Organization will be responsible for the development of appropriate standards and methodologies, as well as the promotion of health service capacity building for sustainable victim assistance, through the Ministries of Health of affected countries. It will provide public technical health support to the various UN partners involved in mine action, and cooperate closely with UNICEF and ICRC. B. Contributions of like-minded partners 40. The United Nations welcomes and acknowledges all contributions to mine action made by like-minded partners from both governments and civil society. It recognizes in particular the instrumental role played by the NGO community and the International Committee of the Red Cross in raising public awareness of the landmine issue and addressing the needs of those at risk. In articulating and developing its mine action policy and activities, the United Nations strives to give due consideration to the concerns of all parties.
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Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) 41. Humanitarian mine action NGOs are important contributors to the building of indigenous capacities to respond to the consequences of landmines. Experienced humanitarian mine action NGOs have the capacity to effectively transfer skills related to mine awareness education, mine survey and marking, mine clearance, data collection, analysis and programme management. Their contributions to the promotion of safety and quality assurance standards, to developing community-based prioritising of resource deployment based on humanitarian need, and to raising local and global consciousness of the landmine problem (and its moral implications) render them a valuable source of insight, advice and operational capacity. Often working with affected communities prior to UN involvement in a mine-affected country, NGOs are important partners in the development of policies for and the implementation of integrated, coherent and cost effective mine action programming.1 The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 42. The International Committee of the Red Cross acts to help all victims of war and internal violence and endeavours to ensure implementation of humanitarian rules restricting armed violence. In dealing with the scourge of landmines, the ICRC has encouraged the international community to adopt a public health approach comprising preventive, curative and rehabilitative measures. While these measures include as a key element humanitarian mine clearance, the ICRCs efforts have focused on advocacy, mine-awareness and risk-reduction education, and assistance to landmine victims (first aid, surgery, rehabilitation and socio-economic reintegration). The ICRC encourages efforts to promote better field cooperation and coordination in order to avoid duplication and waste of human and material resources. C. Coordination and liaison groups 43. UNMAS will ensure that the mine issue is addressed as appropriate in the context of existing coordination mechanisms. These mechanisms include: the Humanitarian Liaison Working Group (HLWG), the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) and the Executive Committee on Humanitarian Affairs (ECHA) at the headquarters level; the UN Resident/Humanitarian Coordinator and UN country team meetings at the field Level. UNMAS will also ensure that all like-minded partners outside the UN system, including Non-Governmental Organizations, the ICRC and other components of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, are fully involved. 44. An Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action, chaired by the UnderSecretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, will support the overall inter-agency
Various guidelines and policy documents have been developed by the NGO community on the landmine issue. Two examples are: (1) The so-called Abad Honnef Guidelines, originally drafted by the German Campaign to Ban Landmines and subsequently discussed and revised at an international NGO-Symposium in Bad Honnef on 23rd/24th June 1997; (2) The Statement of Principles jointly issued by Handicap International, Mines Advisory Group, and Norwegian Peoples Aid in Brussels on 21 November 1997.
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coordination of UN mine action initiatives and activities. It will include inter alia representatives from DDA, OCHA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNDP, UNOPS, WFP, FAO, the World Bank and WHO. 45. A Steering Committee on Mine Action, chaired by the Under-Secretary General for Peacekeeping Operations, will support the coordination of UN mine action initiatives with those of non-UN partners. In addition to the members of the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action, it will include inter alia representatives from ICRC and the ICBL. VI. RESOURCES1 A. Overall approach and activities required in support of resource mobilization 46. Transparency, timeliness, accountability and cost effectiveness are the guiding principles behind all resource mobilization efforts in support of mine action throughout the United Nations system. 47. The various UN actors will continue to conduct their own fund raising activities for mine action both in the field and at the headquarters level. However, they will coordinate these activities with UNMAS to ensure that they are coherent and mutually reinforcing. Donor meetings on mine action will be coordinated with UNMAS. 48. In order to secure the consistency of UN mine action, and unless exceptional circumstances make it clearly unpractical to do so, new mine-related projects and initiatives, if they are not already part of an ongoing UN programme, will be discussed with the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action before being submitted for funding to the international community. 49. UNMAS will initiate regular consultations with all partners involved, through the Steering Committee on Mine Action, to set priorities for mine action with a view to sharing them with the international community. 50. Where specific funds are made available in support of mine action in general, such as in the case of the UN Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP)2, UNMAS will coordinate the UN approach and serve as focal point. 51. In situations where country-specific consolidated appeals exist and mine action projects are ongoing or deemed necessary, such projects will be included in the appeals. In its capacity as coordinator of the Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP), OCHA will ensure that UNMAS is consulted. 52. In order to assist donors in determining how best to utilize their resources, UNMAS will prepare each year a comprehensive ' portfolio of mine action projects' outlining the resources required for all mine action projects. This document will take into
The term resources will be used in its generic sense, referring not only to financial contributions, but also to donations in-kind (material, equipment, personnel and services). 2 UNFIP serves as interface with the UN Foundation also known as the Turner Trust Fund.
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consideration those projects which are already included in country-specific consolidated appeals, as well as those for which similar resource mobilization mechanisms do not exist. It will be utilized in support of donor meetings and pledging conferences. 53. Implementing agencies will ensure that the necessary mechanisms are established in the field to regularly exchange information with the international community and provide them with updates on the status of UN programmes and budget requirements, as well as detailed financial statements of income and expenditures. 54. UNMAS should be provided with the information required to maintain and discuss the ' portfolio of mine action projects'at any given time with members of the international community, as well as an updated financial summary of past and ongoing mine-related operations (including cash contributions, donations in-kind and secondment of personnel). B. Support mechanisms 1. Financing mechanisms 55. Although the resources raised for mine action are for the most part channelled through the UN system, they may also be channelled through external partners (NGOs for example) if so required for cost-effectiveness purposes. 56. The Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Clearance (VTF) is used primarily to finance: (a) the overall coordination of UN mine action; (b) the conduct of assessment missions to monitor the scope of the landmine threat and the programmes established to deal with it; (c) the initiation of new mine action activities and programmes when and where required; (d) the bridging of funding delays in ongoing programmes. 57. The Central Emergency Revolving Fund is designed as a cash-flow mechanism to ensure the rapid and coordinated response of the organizations of the United Nations system to requests for emergency assistance (ST/SGB/251). It can be used only to make advances to UN organizations and entities. These advances have to be reimbursed as a first charge against the voluntary contributions received in response to consolidated appeals. 58. For programmes which have to be sustained in the long term, specific trust funds should be established within the financing agency as soon as possible. The objective of these trust funds is to allow for the principles of transparency, accountability and cost effectiveness to be respected. 59. Mine action in support of peacekeeping operations will continue to be financed exclusively by peacekeeping budgets and resources, to the exclusion of resources drawn from the Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Clearance.
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60. World Bank resources are primarily provided on the basis of interest free credits (IDA) or loans (IBRD). Resources are provided directly to governments, who own the process and are responsible for execution. Many governments have, to date, chosen to draw upon humanitarian grants for demining. There is, however, significant potential for increased support from the Bank' s credits or loans for financing mine action if: (a) member governments decide that this use of Bank resources is appropriate; and (b) borrower governments require resources for mine action beyond those available from grant sources. 2. Monitoring and reporting to donors 61. Implementing agencies in charge of country programmes are responsible for submitting regular progress and financial reports to donors. These reports should take into consideration cash contributions as well as contributions in-kind and secondment of personnel. They should provide sufficient details on the origin of the resources made available and on the expenditures incurred against those resources. 62. On an annual basis, UNMAS will prepare a financial statement related to mine action for distribution to the donor community.
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UN Mine-Action Policy / add.1 / 01-1999
United Nations Mine Action and the Use of the Militaries

In dealing with the landmine problem, the United Nations will respect the fundamental humanitarian principles of neutrality, impartiality and humanity so that priority is given to those who are most vulnerable. Training or support for mine action will not, in principle, be provided to the militaries of minecontaminated countries. 1 The following guidelines concerning UN involvement with the militaries of minecontaminated countries for mine-action activities have been developed to complement the UN mine-action policy. They have been approved by the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action during a meeting chaired by the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations on 25 January 1999.
1. International assistance in mine action is often required in countries which are either still torn by internal conflicts to varying degrees (e.g. Afghanistan, Angola, Sudan), or have recently emerged from a conflict situation (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Nicaragua). Even when they respond to the authority of a legitimate government, the armed forces of those countries often operate along party lines and are major political instruments, if not political players themselves. 2. To ensure neutrality, the United Nations has therefore determined that training or support for mine action will not, in principle, be provided to the militaries of minecontaminated countries. This principle is part of the United Nations policy on mine action (A/53/496, Annex II, para. 10, dated 14 October 1998) which the General Assembly welcomed at its fifty-third session (A/RES/53/26 dated 13 November 1998). 3. The United Nations recognises nonetheless that the militaries of minecontaminated countries could contribute to humanitarian mine action. They often have the technical expertise and knowledge required for that purpose, as well as operational and logistical capacities. In a number of countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Jordan and Nicaragua they are already engaged in mine-clearance endeavours. 4. The United Nations recognises also that the primary responsibility for taking action against the presence of landmines lies with the concerned state. Thus, in principle, the Government of the affected country should assume overall responsibility for the coordination and management of a national mine action programme,2 and determine which implementing mechanisms and arrangements should be established.
Mine Action and Effective Coordination: the United Nations Policy, A/53/496, Annex II, para. 10 - 14 October 1998. 2 Ibid, para. 23.
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UN Mine-Action Policy / add.1 / 01-1999
5. Even though the United Nations prefers providing assistance to mine action under civilian auspices and civilian implementation mechanisms, there are circumstances where it would be prepared to support Government mine action programmes which include collaborative arrangements with the militaries. Such circumstances and support should be considered on a case-by-case basis within the context of the Inter-agency Coordination Group on Mine Action and will adhere to the following guidelines: 5.1. The United Nations will not engage, directly or indirectly, in cooperative or collaborative arrangements with militaries when such arrangements hinder its neutrality and impartiality. 5.2. Unless provided in peace treaties, arrangements with militaries should be restricted to circumstances where the militaries are not party to any conflict, open or latent, local or regional, and they do not have the potential to become party to such conflicts. 5.3. The overall structure of a mine-action programme, including its coordination, control and priority-setting mechanisms, should be agreed upon prior to engaging into arrangements with militaries. 5.4. The overall coordination, control and priority setting of mine action should be the responsibility of civilian authorities in country. In particular, priorities for mine action should be established in the context of the humanitarian, reconstruction and development requirements, and result from a concerted effort involving all parties concerned, including the United Nations when its assistance is requested. 5.5. When they are deemed appropriate, arrangements with militaries should be the object of formal memoranda of understanding (MOU) among all parties concerned clearly outlining roles, responsibilities and guiding principles. 5.6. All mine-clearance operations conducted with the support of the United Nations should respect the International Standards for Humanitarian Mine Clearance Operations. 5.7. When and where appropriate, collaboration with militaries can include tasking, quality control, information sharing and logistical support. However, the United Nations will not interfere with established military chains of command and will not provide funding for the salaries of military personnel.
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END-OF-LESSON QUIZ
1. Which of the following is NOT one of the main components of UN mine action? (A) Victim assistance, including rehabilitation and reintegration; (B) Governmental purchase of mine-infested lands; (C) Advocacy to stigmatise the use of landmines and support a total ban on antipersonnel landmines; (D) Mine awareness and risk reduction education. 2. The global landmine problem must be defined in terms of its: (A) Humanitarian, public health, and socio-economic implications; (B) Humanitarian, religious, and military implications; (C) Religious, public health, and military implications; (D) Socio-economic implications only. 3. UNMAS (United Nations Mine Action Service) is: (A) An organisation providing food and shelter to victims of landmines; (B) Concerned primarily with the post-conflict economic activities of a country; (C) The focal point within the UN system for all mine-related activities; (D) Based in educating high-ranking government officials on the proper use of landmines. 4. As of the 2002 reports, how many countries are affected by landmines and UXO? (A) Fewer than 30 (B) 30-40 (C) 40-50 (D) More than 60 5. Landmines and UXO are a danger: (A) During wartimes; (B) During peacetimes; (C) To children and adults; (D) All of the above. 6. Who has the primary responsibility for taking action against the presence of landmines? (A) The concerned state; (B) The international community; (C) Civilians living in affected regions; (D) None of the above.
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7. Landmines: (A) Keep communities safe after conflicts by providing geographical barriers to the outside world; (B) Remove vast areas of land and resources from productive use; (C) Indirectly assist in preparing agricultural fields for cultivation; (D) Create craters in the ground that are useful for holding water. 8. NGOs: (A) (B) (C) (D)
Often work in a mine/UXO affected area prior to UN involvement in the area; Are valuable sources of insight, advice, and operational capacity; Are important partners in the development of mine action programmes; All of the above.
9. According to the document Mine Action and Effective Coordination, which of the following will support the role of the United Nations Secretary-General in relation to the Ottawa Convention in collaboration with UNMAS and other entities of the organisation? (A) The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA); (B) The Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO); (C) The Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA); (D) None of the above. 10. How does the mandate to provide food assistance keep the World Food Programme (WFP) involved in mine action? (A) Clearance of land required for the safe return of displaced populations; (B) Clearance of access roads for the speedy and cost-effective delivery of food assistance; (C) Clearance of crop land for agricultural use in order to promote sustainable levels of local food production; (D) All of the above.
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LESSON 1 ANSWER KEY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. B A C D D A B D C D Governmental purchase of mine-infested lands. Humanitarian, public health, and socio-economic implications. The focal point within the UN system for all mine-related activities. More than 60. All of the above. The concerned state. Remove vast areas of land and resources from productive use. All of the above. The Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA). All of the above.
LESSON 2 ANTI-PERSONNEL LANDMINES: TREATY, PROTOCOL, AND AGREEMENTS

Section 2.1: Mine Action Guidelines for Ceasefire and Peace Agreements Section 2.2: The Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty (Ottawa Convention) (MBT) Section 2.3: Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Amended Protocol II Section 2.4: Case Studies End-of-Lesson Quiz
Lesson 2/ Anti-Personnel Landmines: Treaty, Protocol, and Agreements
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Lesson 2 Objectives Section 2.1: Mine Action Guidelines for Ceasefire and Peace Agreements This section introduces the student to the ways in which mine action activities should be considered by governments, organisations, and individuals in the negotiation and drafting of ceasefire agreements and peace accords. After studying this section, the student should: Have an awareness of the mine action concerns needing to be addressed and/or considered in the drafting of ceasefire agreements and peace accords; Recall the five sets of core mine activities taken into consideration when landmines prevent the resumption of normal life and reconstruction. Section 2.2: The Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty (Ottawa Convention) (MBT) This section introduces the student to the primary text of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty. The student will read the treaty in its entirety, from the Preamble to Article 22. After studying this section, the student should: Be familiar with the agreements and conditions set forth in the Ottawa Convention; Be able to differentiate among the terms anti-personnel mine, mine, antihandling device, transfer, and mined area; Have an understanding of the diverse responsibilities States Parties assume under the treaty (i.e. compliance, agreement, actions); Realise the monumental importance this document holds in the international community. Section 2.3: Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Amended Protocol II This section introduces the student to the primary text of the Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Amended Protocol II. After studying this section, the student should: Be familiar with the differences between the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention and the Amended Protocol II of the CCW Convention; Have an understanding of the responsibilities States Parties assume under the treaty; Be aware of new developments in the CCW Convention that relate to mine action. Section 2.4: Case Studies This section introduces the student to areas in the world where peace agreements containing mine action clauses exist. The student will read about ceasefire and peace agreements in seven areas of the world: (1) Angola; (2) Bosnia and Herzegovina; (3) El Salvador; (4) Ethiopia/Eritrea; (5) Cambodia; (6) Mozambique; and (7) Kosovo. After studying this section, the student should: Realise the impact a mine action clause has on a country or affected area; Understand that mine action clauses differ from location to location; Appreciate the terms and conditions contained in these agreements.
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Section 2.1 Mine Action Guidelines for Ceasefire and Peace Agreements OVERVIEW Mine Action Guidelines for Ceasefire and Peace Agreements are of utmost importance following times of violent conflict. In many cases, regions emerging from conflict cannot initiate the return of refugees and IDPs, humanitarian aid programmes, reconstruction processes or development processes without first addressing mine action concerns. For this reason, mine action concerns must be taken into careful consideration in the writing of ceasefire and peace agreements. When written with careful thought toward minerelated issues, ceasefire and peace agreements have the ability to establish mine action programmes essential to post-conflict programmes. In the guidelines you are about to read, the United Nations sets forth a five-point list of key mine action activities needing to be addressed in the writing of ceasefire and peace accords. Within each group of mine action activities, the guidelines outline the ways in which ceasefire and peace agreements might be addressed. THE DOCUMENT: PRIMARY TEXT On the following pages, you will be reading the primary text of Mine Action Guidelines for Ceasefire and Peace Agreements. This document was prepared by the United Nations as a guide and resource for regions and nations preparing to write such agreements. As you will learn, its intent is to offer guidance to governments, organisations, and individuals involved with negotiating peace. Later in Lesson 2 (in Section 2.4) you will have the opportunity to read text from seven existing peace agreements containing mine action clauses. As you begin to explore Section 2.4, you may refer back to this section and the primary text of Mine Action Guidelines for Ceasefire and Peace Agreements to see firsthand the ways in which mine action concerns are addressed in the actual text of ceasefire and peace agreements.
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Mine Action Guidelines for Ceasefire and Peace Agreements
Mine Action Guidelines For Ceasefire and Peace Agreements1

Background 1. In countries and regions emerging from violent conflict, mine action is often a prerequisite to the return of refugees and IDPs, humanitarian aid, reconstruction and development. It is therefore of critical importance that ceasefire agreements and peace accords properly address mine action concerns and provide an appropriate framework for the effective initiation and implementation of mine action activities. 2. Too often in the past, essential mine-related issues have either not been addressed at all in cease-fire agreements and peace accords,2 or addressed too late and inadequately. In the worst cases, they have been addressed in a way that did not take account of technical realities and raised unrealistic expectations, delaying the establishment of proper and effective mechanisms for the implementation of mine action programmes. Objective 3. This paper has been prepared to provide guidance to governments, organizations, and individuals involved in the negotiation and drafting of cease-fire agreements and peace accords. It aims to make them aware of the mine action concerns that need to be addressed, or at least considered, in such documents, and to help them draft appropriate references and clauses related to mine action. Key mine-related concerns to be addressed 4. In situations where landmines are a significant obstacle to the resumption of normal life and reconstruction, cease-fire agreements and peace accords should consider and address five sets of core mine action activities, related to: The exchange of technical information between all former parties to the conflict The marking of minefields and the eventual clearance of mines and UXO The use, production, transfer and stockpiling of mines Stockpile destruction International cooperation and coordination
These guidelines have been endorsed on by the Inter Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action (IACG-MA), which comprises the following UN bodies: DPKO, DDA, OCHA, FAO, UNDP, UNHCHR, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNOPS, WFP, WHO, and World Bank. 2 Peace accords that have contained mine action guidelines are attached at Annex One*. * Editors note: For educational purposes, the original Annex One of the Mine Action Guidelines for Ceasefire and Peace Agreements has been changed. Peace accords containing mine action guidelines are included in this course at Section 2.4: Case Studies, not at Annex One.
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Exchange of technical information 5. The parties to the conflict should commit themselves to exchanging all technical information required for the identification, location, marking and eventual clearance of mines, minefields and UXO. The technical information required should conform to the technical annex of Amended Protocol Two of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (see Section 2.3), and should include maps and information regarding the specific types of unexploded ordnance that could be encountered. The parties should assist with the interpretation of the information exchanged, codes and symbols used within maps and other documents in particular, as well as their translation when required. 6. The agreements may designate the Secretary General of the United Nations, or another intermediary, to serve as the receiver of such information and facilitate the exchange process. Realistic deadlines should be set for the completion of the exchange of the information. 7. In many cases the available information may not be sufficient to allow for the safe implementation of mine clearance activities and survey operations will have to be conducted. In such instances the parties should commit themselves to facilitating unimpeded access to survey teams. Minefield marking and mine and UXO clearance 8. The parties to the conflict should commit themselves to actively supporting the identification, marking and eventual clearance of all minefields and UXO. Clear and realistic responsibilities and timelines should be defined in this regard, taking into consideration the technical capacities of the parties involved, and the need to ensure that operations are conducted effectively and safely, in accordance with the International Mine Action Standards (IMAS). All marking and clearance activities should be reported to the designated mine action authorities. Mine Risk Education 9. The parties to the conflict should commit themselves to actively identifying those people who are most at risk of suffering mine or UXO accidents and support the prompt development of Mine Risk Education (MRE) programmes, which seek to prevent or reduce occurrences of related deaths and injuries. MRE programmes should be undertaken within a rights-based framework, which recognizes the legal and moral obligation and accountability of states to the rights and needs of their peoples. Accordingly, MRE programmes should be integrated with appropriate peace-building activities.
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Victim Assistance 10. The parties should commit themselves to providing assistance for the care and rehabilitation, and social and economic reintegration, of mine victims. The Use, Production, Transfer and Stockpiling of Anti Personnel mines 11. The parties to the accord should commit themselves to immediately stopping the use, production, transfer and stockpiling of mines, especially antipersonnel mines. For States Actors, this commitment should involve ratification of, or accession to the Antipersonnel Mine Ban Convention3. For Non States Actors, this could involve signing the Deed of Commitment deposited with the Government of the Republic and Canton of Geneva.4 Stockpile Destruction 12. The parties to the conflict should commit themselves to the total destruction of all stockpiles of landmines, anti personnel mines in particular, under their possession or control. Realistic deadlines for the destruction of stockpiles should be contained within the peace accord or cease-fire agreement. Stockpile destruction operations should respect all relevant IMAS. International Cooperation and Coordination 13. The parties to the conflict should commit themselves to supporting international cooperation for mine action, and to facilitating the work of all mine action partners, including the United Nations when applicable. When necessary, the parties should agree to request international assistance through the United Nations or other organizations, to facilitate the safe and timely conduct of all mine action activities, in particular during the initial implementation phase of the agreement. 14. The parties should be encouraged to conduct mine action activities in response to clear humanitarian and socio economic needs so that priority is given to the most vulnerable.
Editors note: See Section 2.2. State Actors should also be encouraged to accept to be bound by the terms of the Amended Protocol Two of the CCW (Editors note: See Section 2.3 for the CCW Protocol II; The Deed of Commitment was created by Geneva Call, an international NGO formed under Swiss law and acting through executive officers in all continents. The Deed of Commitment for Adherence to a Total Ban on Anti-personnel Mines and for Cooperation in Mine Action engages Non-State Actors (NSAs) in the effort to ban AP mines throughout the world. For more information, visit Geneva Call on the Internet at http://www.genevacall.org).
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Section 2.2 The Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty (Ottawa Convention) (MBT) OVERVIEW The Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines and their destructionalso known as the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, the Mine Ban Treaty, or the Ottawa Convention opened for signature in Ottawa, Canada, in December 1997, and entered into force six months after its 40th ratification, on 1 March 1999. It is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. As of 09 July 2003, there were 134 countries that had ratified or acceded to the Convention, as well as 14 others that had signed but not yet ratified. (See Appendix F for a list of signatories.) The negotiation of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention was the result of a powerful and unusual coalition involving various governments, the United Nations, international organisations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and over 1400 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) from around the world coordinated through a network known as the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL). This unprecedented coalition used advocacy to raise public awareness of the impact of landmines on civilians and to rally global support for a total ban. The ICBL and its coordinator, Ms. Jody Williams, received the Nobel Peace Prize in December 1997 for their tireless work towards a total ban on landmines. The objective of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention is to impose a total ban on the use, production, stockpiling and transfer of anti-personnel mines. More specifically, States Parties to the Convention agree to the following:

Never to use, develop, produce, stockpile or transfer antipersonnel landmines, or to assist any other party to conduct these activities; To destroy all stockpiled antipersonnel landmines within four years of the Convention' s entry into force; To clear all laid landmines within ten years of the Convention' s entry into force; When it is within their means, to provide assistance to mine clearance, mine awareness, stockpile destruction, and victim assistance activities worldwide; To take all appropriate legal, administrative and other measures to prevent activities prohibited by the Convention; To report annually to the Secretary-General of the United Nations on the status of implementation of their obligations.
KEY MINE-RELATED CONCERNS TO BE ADDRESSED 1. The Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention is a hybrid between disarmament law and humanitarian law. The Convention contains provisions for the elimination of a class
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of weapons, transparency reports to update the international community on the progress achieved in disarming, as well as provisions for verification. Yet, its aim is humanitarian and developmental: to recreate an environment in which people can live safely; in which economic and social well-being can occur free from the constraints imposed by landmines; and in which victims'needs are addressed. The AntiPersonnel Mine Ban Convention establishes a cooperative framework in which mineaffected countries and non-mine-affected countries work together to achieve a minefree world. 2. In accordance with Article 11 of the Convention, State Parties meet annually to examine its status and the specific challenges related to its implementation. They also discuss the global landmine problem in general. These Meetings of State Parties are convened by the UN Secretary-General and they are held alternately in a mineaffected country, and at the United Nations Office in Geneva, Switzerland. 3. The First Meeting of State Parties was held in 1999 in Maputo, Mozambique, resulting in the establishment of five informal intersessional Standing Committees. The five Standing Committees were consolidated into four at the Second Meeting of State Parties, which took place in September 2000 in Geneva, Switzerland, and a Coordination Committee was also put in place to coordinate their work. 4. At the Third Meeting of State Parties, held in September 2001 in Managua, Nicaragua, and the Fourth Meeting of States Parties, held in September 2002 in Geneva, Switzerland, minor changes were made to the organisation and titles of the Standing Committees, which now deal respectively with:

Mine clearance, mine risk education and mine action technologies; Stockpile destruction; Victim assistance and socio-economic reintegration; and, The general status and operation of the convention.
5. The Standing Committees were created to ensure the systematic and effective implementation of the Antipersonnel Mine Ban Convention. Each Standing Committee meets twice a year in intersessional meetings hosted by the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD). The Third Meeting of State Parties approved the creation of an Implementation Support Unit within the GICHD to support the work of the Standing Committees. The role of the Implementation Support Unit (ISU) is to prepare and support the meetings of the Standing Committees; provide advice and assistance to the Coordinating Committee; and establish a documentation and resource database facility on the Ottawa process and the Convention. 6. Full implementation of the MBT continues to rely on successful partnerships. In addition to the meetings of States Parties and the subsequent implementation
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mechanisms that were established (Standing Committees, the Coordination Committee, and ISU), informal contact groups bring together States Parties, the United Nations, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines and other international and non-governmental organizations. These groups were created to coordinate international efforts to achieve universalization of the MBT, compliance with the reporting and legal/administrative requirements of the Convention and sufficient resource mobilization to implement the Convention. Their joint efforts make it one of the most successful conventions of its kind. The next meeting of States Parties will be held in Bangkok, Thailand, from 15 to 19 September 2003. 7. In 2004, the United Nations Secretary-General will convene the first review conference of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention. The Review Conference will be held in Nairobi, Kenya, from 29 November 2004 to 3 December 2004. In accordance with Article 12 of the Convention, the aim of the Convention will be: a) To review the operation and status of this Convention; b) To consider the need for and the interval between further Meetings of the States Parties; c) To take decisions on submissions of States Parties as provided for in Article 5 (obligation to clear all land within ten years); and d) To adopt, if necessary, in its final report conclusions related to the implementation of this Convention. 8. In the lead up to the Review Conference, States Parties to the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention are holding a series of consultations to discuss the modalities of the Review Conference as well as its location. There will be two preparatory meetings for the Review Conference immediately following the meetings of the Standing Committees on 13 February 2004 and 21-22 June 2004.
THE DOCUMENT: PRIMARY TEXT On the following pages, you will read the primary text of the Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines and their destruction (also known as the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, Mine Ban Treaty (MBT), and Ottawa Convention). As you read, consider the ramifications of this treaty and the ways in which its impact stretches around the globe.
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Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Antipersonnel Mines and Their Destruction
Preamble The States Parties, Determined to put an end to the suffering and casualties caused by anti-personnel mines, that kill or maim hundreds of people every week, mostly innocent and defenceless civilians and especially children, obstruct economic development and reconstruction, inhibit the repatriation of refugees and internally displaced persons, and have other severe consequences for years after emplacement, Believing it necessary to do their utmost to contribute in an efficient and coordinated manner to face the challenge of removing anti-personnel mines placed throughout the world, and to assure their destruction, Wishing to do their utmost in providing assistance for the care and rehabilitation, including the social and economic reintegration of mine victims, Recognizing that a total ban of anti-personnel mines would also be an important confidence-building measure, Welcoming the adoption of the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices, as amended on 3 May 1996, annexed to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, and calling for the early ratification of this Protocol by all States which have not yet done so, Welcoming also United Nations General Assembly Resolution 51/45 S of 10 December 1996 urging all States to pursue vigorously an effective, legally-binding international agreement to ban the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of antipersonnel landmines, Welcoming furthermore the measures taken over the past years, both unilaterally and multilaterally, aiming at prohibiting, restricting or suspending the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines, Stressing the role of public conscience in furthering the principles of humanity as evidenced by the call for a total ban of anti-personnel mines and recognizing the efforts to that end undertaken by the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines and numerous other non-governmental organizations around the world,
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Recalling the Ottawa Declaration of 5 October 1996 and the Brussels Declaration of 27 June 1997 urging the international community to negotiate an international and legally binding agreement prohibiting the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of antipersonnel mines, Emphasizing the desirability of attracting the adherence of all States to this Convention, and determined to work strenuously towards the promotion of its universalisation in all relevant fora including, inter alia, the United Nations, the Conference on Disarmament, regional organizations, and groupings, and review conferences of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, Basing themselves on the principle of international humanitarian law that the right of the parties to an armed conflict to choose methods or means of warfare is not unlimited, on the principle that prohibits the employment in armed conflicts of weapons, projectiles and materials and methods of warfare of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering and on the principle that a distinction must be made between civilians and combatants, Have agreed as follows: Article 1 General obligations 1. Each State Party undertakes never under any circumstances: a) To use anti-personnel mines; b) To develop, produce, otherwise acquire, stockpile, retain or transfer to anyone, directly or indirectly, anti-personnel mines; c) To assist, encourage or induce, in any way, anyone to engage in any activity prohibited to a State Party under this Convention. 2. Each State Party undertakes to destroy or ensure the destruction of all anti-personnel mines in accordance with the provisions of this Convention. Article 2 Definitions 1. Anti-personnel mine means a mine designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person and that will incapacitate, injure or kill one or more persons. Mines designed to be detonated by the presence, proximity or contact of a vehicle as opposed to a person, that are equipped with anti-handling devices, are not considered anti-personnel mines as a result of being so equipped.
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2. Mine means a munition designed to be placed under, on or near the ground or other surface area and to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person or a vehicle. 3. Anti-handling device means a device intended to protect a mine and which is part of, linked to, attached to or placed under the mine and which activates when an attempt is made to tamper with or otherwise intentionally disturb the mine. 4. Transfer involves, in addition to the physical movement of anti-personnel mines into or from national territory, the transfer of title to and control over the mines, but does not involve the transfer of territory containing emplaced anti-personnel mines. 5. Mined area means an area which is dangerous due to the presence or suspected presence of mines. Article 3 Exceptions 1. Notwithstanding the general obligations under Article 1, the retention or transfer of a number of anti-personnel mines for the development of and training in mine detection, mine clearance, or mine destruction techniques is permitted. The amount of such mines shall not exceed the minimum number absolutely necessary for the above-mentioned purposes. 2. The transfer of anti-personnel mines for the purpose of destruction is permitted. Article 4 Destruction of stockpiled anti-personnel mines Except as provided for in Article 3, each State Party undertakes to destroy or ensure the destruction of all stockpiled anti-personnel mines it owns or possesses, or that are under its jurisdiction or control, as soon as possible but not later than four years after the entry into force of this Convention for that State Party. Article 5 Destruction of anti-personnel mines in mined areas 1. Each State Party undertakes to destroy or ensure the destruction of all anti-personnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control, as soon as possible but not later than ten years after the entry into force of this Convention for that State Party. 2. Each State Party shall make every effort to identify all areas under its jurisdiction or control in which anti-personnel mines are known or suspected to be emplaced and shall ensure as soon as possible that all anti-personnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control are perimeter-marked, monitored and protected by fencing or other means, to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians, until all anti-personnel mines contained therein have been destroyed. The marking shall at least be to the standards set
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out in the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices, as amended on 3 May 1996, annexed to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects. 3. If a State Party believes that it will be unable to destroy or ensure the destruction of all anti-personnel mines referred to in paragraph 1 within that time period, it may submit a request to a Meeting of the States Parties or a Review Conference for an extension of the deadline for completing the destruction of such anti-personnel mines, for a period of up to ten years. 4. Each request shall contain: a) The duration of the proposed extension; b) A detailed explanation of the reasons for the proposed extension, including: (i) The preparation and status of work conducted under national demining programs; (ii) The financial and technical means available to the State Party for the destruction of all the anti-personnel mines; and (iii) Circumstances which impede the ability of the State Party to destroy all the anti-personnel mines in mined areas; c) The humanitarian, social, economic, and environmental implications of the extension; d) Any other information relevant to the request for the proposed extension. 5. The Meeting of the States Parties or the Review Conference shall, taking into consideration the factors contained in paragraph 4, assess the request and decide by a majority of votes of States Parties present and voting whether to grant the request for an extension period. 6. Such an extension may be renewed upon the submission of a new request in accordance with paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 of this Article. In requesting a further extension period a State Party shall submit relevant additional information on what has been undertaken in the previous extension period pursuant to this Article. Article 6 International cooperation and assistance 1. In fulfilling its obligations under this Convention each State Party has the right to seek and receive assistance, where feasible, from other States Parties to the extent possible. 2. Each State Party undertakes to facilitate and shall have the right to participate in the fullest possible exchange of equipment, material and scientific and technological information concerning the implementation of this Convention. The States Parties shall
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not impose undue restrictions on the provision of mine clearance equipment and related technological information for humanitarian purposes. 3. Each State Party in a position to do so shall provide assistance for the care and rehabilitation, and social and economic reintegration, of mine victims and for mine awareness programs. Such assistance may be provided, inter alia, through the United Nations system, international, regional or national organizations or institutions, the International Committee of the Red Cross, national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies and their International Federation, non-governmental organizations, or on a bilateral basis. 4. Each State Party in a position to do so shall provide assistance for mine clearance and related activities. Such assistance may be provided, inter alia, through the United Nations system, international or regional organizations or institutions, non-governmental organizations or institutions, or on a bilateral basis, or by contributing to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Clearance, or other regional funds that deal with demining. 5. Each State Party in a position to do so shall provide assistance for the destruction of stockpiled anti-personnel mines. 6. Each State Party undertakes to provide information to the database on mine clearance established within the United Nations system, especially information concerning various means and technologies of mine clearance, and lists of experts, expert agencies or national points of contact on mine clearance. 7. States Parties may request the United Nations, regional organizations, other States Parties or other competent intergovernmental or non-governmental fora to assist its authorities in the elaboration of a national demining program to determine, inter alia: a) The extent and scope of the anti-personnel mine problem; b) The financial, technological and human resources that are required for the implementation of the program; c) The estimated number of years necessary to destroy all anti-personnel mines in mined areas under the jurisdiction or control of the concerned State Party; d) Mine awareness activities to reduce the incidence of mine-related injuries or deaths; e) Assistance to mine victims; f) The relationship between the Government of the concerned State Party and the relevant governmental, inter-governmental or non-governmental entities that will work in the implementation of the program.
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8. Each State Party giving and receiving assistance under the provisions of this Article shall cooperate with a view to ensuring the full and prompt implementation of agreed assistance programs. Article 7 Transparency measures 1. Each State Party shall report to the Secretary-General of the United Nations as soon as practicable, and in any event not later than 180 days after the entry into force of this Convention for that State Party on: a) The national implementation measures referred to in Article 9; b) The total of all stockpiled anti-personnel mines owned or possessed by it, or under its jurisdiction or control, to include a breakdown of the type, quantity and, if possible, lot numbers of each type of anti-personnel mine stockpiled; c) To the extent possible, the location of all mined areas that contain, or are suspected to contain, anti-personnel mines under its jurisdiction or control, to include as much detail as possible regarding the type and quantity of each type of anti-personnel mine in each mined area and when they were emplaced; d) The types, quantities and, if possible, lot numbers of all anti-personnel mines retained or transferred for the development of and training in mine detection, mine clearance or mine destruction techniques, or transferred for the purpose of destruction, as well as the institutions authorized by a State Party to retain or transfer anti-personnel mines, in accordance with Article 3; e) The status of programs for the conversion or de-commissioning of anti-personnel mine production facilities; f) The status of programs for the destruction of anti-personnel mines in accordance with Articles 4 and 5, including details of the methods which will be used in destruction, the location of all destruction sites and the applicable safety and environmental standards to be observed; g) The types and quantities of all anti-personnel mines destroyed after the entry into force of this Convention for that State Party, to include a breakdown of the quantity of each type of anti-personnel mine destroyed, in accordance with Articles 4 and 5, respectively, along with, if possible, the lot numbers of each type of anti-personnel mine in the case of destruction in accordance with Article 4; h) The technical characteristics of each type of anti-personnel mine produced, to the extent known, and those currently owned or possessed by a State Party, giving, where reasonably possible, such categories of information as may facilitate identification and clearance of anti-personnel mines; at a minimum, this information shall include the
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dimensions, fusing, explosive content, metallic content, colour photographs and other information which may facilitate mine clearance; and i) The measures taken to provide an immediate and effective warning to the population in relation to all areas identified under paragraph 2 of Article 5. 2. The information provided in accordance with this Article shall be updated by the States Parties annually, covering the last calendar year, and reported to the Secretary-General of the United Nations not later than 30 April of each year. 3. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit all such reports received to the States Parties. Article 8 Facilitation and clarification of compliance 1. The States Parties agree to consult and cooperate with each other regarding the implementation of the provisions of this Convention, and to work together in a spirit of cooperation to facilitate compliance by States Parties with their obligations under this Convention. 2. If one or more States Parties wish to clarify and seek to resolve questions relating to compliance with the provisions of this Convention by another State Party, it may submit, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, a Request for Clarification of that matter to that State Party. Such a request shall be accompanied by all appropriate information. Each State Party shall refrain from unfounded Requests for Clarification, care being taken to avoid abuse. A State Party that receives a Request for Clarification shall provide, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, within 28 days to the requesting State Party all information which would assist in clarifying this matter. 3. If the requesting State Party does not receive a response through the Secretary-General of the United Nations within that time period, or deems the response to the Request for Clarification to be unsatisfactory, it may submit the matter through the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the next Meeting of the States Parties. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit the submission, accompanied by all appropriate information pertaining to the Request for Clarification, to all States Parties. All such information shall be presented to the requested State Party which shall have the right to respond. 4. Pending the convening of any meeting of the States Parties, any of the States Parties concerned may request the Secretary-General of the United Nations to exercise his or her good offices to facilitate the clarification requested. 5. The requesting State Party may propose through the Secretary-General of the United Nations the convening of a Special Meeting of the States Parties to consider the matter. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall thereupon communicate this proposal
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and all information submitted by the States Parties concerned, to all States Parties with a request that they indicate whether they favour a Special Meeting of the States Parties, for the purpose of considering the matter. In the event that within 14 days from the date of such communication, at least one-third of the States Parties favours such a Special Meeting, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall convene this Special Meeting of the States Parties within a further 14 days. A quorum for this Meeting shall consist of a majority of States Parties. 6. The Meeting of the States Parties or the Special Meeting of the States Parties, as the case may be, shall first determine whether to consider the matter further, taking into account all information submitted by the States Parties concerned. The Meeting of the States Parties or the Special Meeting of the States Parties shall make every effort to reach a decision by consensus. If despite all efforts to that end no agreement has been reached, it shall take this decision by a majority of States Parties present and voting. 7. All States Parties shall cooperate fully with the Meeting of the States Parties or the Special Meeting of the States Parties in the fulfillment of its review of the matter, including any fact-finding missions that are authorized in accordance with paragraph 8. 8. If further clarification is required, the Meeting of the States Parties or the Special Meeting of the States Parties shall authorize a fact-finding mission and decide on its mandate by a majority of States Parties present and voting. At any time the requested State Party may invite a fact-finding mission to its territory. Such a mission shall take place without a decision by a Meeting of the States Parties or a Special Meeting of the States Parties to authorize such a mission. The mission, consisting of up to 9 experts, designated and approved in accordance with paragraphs 9 and 10, may collect additional information on the spot or in other places directly related to the alleged compliance issue under the jurisdiction or control of the requested State Party. 9. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall prepare and update a list of the names, nationalities and other relevant data of qualified experts provided by States Parties and communicate it to all States Parties. Any expert included on this list shall be regarded as designated for all fact-finding missions unless a State Party declares its nonacceptance in writing. In the event of non-acceptance, the expert shall not participate in fact-finding missions on the territory or any other place under the jurisdiction or control of the objecting State Party, if the non-acceptance was declared prior to the appointment of the expert to such missions. 10. Upon receiving a request from the Meeting of the States Parties or a Special Meeting of the States Parties, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall, after consultations with the requested State Party, appoint the members of the mission, including its leader. Nationals of States Parties requesting the fact-finding mission or directly affected by it shall not be appointed to the mission. The members of the factfinding mission shall enjoy privileges and immunities under Article VI of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, adopted on 13 February 1946.
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11. Upon at least 72 hours notice, the members of the fact-finding mission shall arrive in the territory of the requested State Party at the earliest opportunity. The requested State Party shall take the necessary administrative measures to receive, transport and accommodate the mission, and shall be responsible for ensuring the security of the mission to the maximum extent possible while they are on territory under its control. 12. Without prejudice to the sovereignty of the requested State Party, the fact-finding mission may bring into the territory of the requested State Party the necessary equipment which shall be used exclusively for gathering information on the alleged compliance issue. Prior to its arrival, the mission will advise the requested State Party of the equipment that it intends to utilize in the course of its fact-finding mission. 13. The requested State Party shall make all efforts to ensure that the fact-finding mission is given the opportunity to speak with all relevant persons who may be able to provide information related to the alleged compliance issue. 14. The requested State Party shall grant access for the fact-finding mission to all areas and installations under its control where facts relevant to the compliance issue could be expected to be collected. This shall be subject to any arrangements that the requested State Party considers necessary for: a) The protection of sensitive equipment, information and areas; b) The protection of any constitutional obligations the requested State Party may have with regard to proprietary rights, searches and seizures, or other constitutional rights; or c) The physical protection and safety of the members of the fact-finding mission. In the event that the requested State Party makes such arrangements, it shall make every reasonable effort to demonstrate through alternative means its compliance with this Convention. 15. The fact-finding mission may remain in the territory of the State Party concerned for no more than 14 days, and at any particular site no more than 7 days, unless otherwise agreed. 16. All information provided in confidence and not related to the subject matter of the fact-finding mission shall be treated on a confidential basis. 17. The fact-finding mission shall report, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, to the Meeting of the States Parties or the Special Meeting of the States Parties the results of its findings. 18. The Meeting of the States Parties or the Special Meeting of the States Parties shall consider all relevant information, including the report submitted by the fact-finding mission, and may request the requested State Party to take measures to address the
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compliance issue within a specified period of time. The requested State Party shall report on all measures taken in response to this request. 19. The Meeting of the States Parties or the Special Meeting of the States Parties may suggest to the States Parties concerned ways and means to further clarify or resolve the matter under consideration, including the initiation of appropriate procedures in conformity with international law. In circumstances where the issue at hand is determined to be due to circumstances beyond the control of the requested State Party, the Meeting of the States Parties or the Special Meeting of the States Parties may recommend appropriate measures, including the use of cooperative measures referred to in Article 6. 20. The Meeting of the States Parties or the Special Meeting of the States Parties shall make every effort to reach its decisions referred to in paragraphs 18 and 19 by consensus, otherwise by a two-thirds majority of States Parties present and voting. Article 9 National implementation measures Each State Party shall take all appropriate legal, administrative and other measures, including the imposition of penal sanctions, to prevent and suppress any activity prohibited to a State Party under this Convention undertaken by persons or on territory under its jurisdiction or control. Article 10 Settlement of disputes 1. The States Parties shall consult and cooperate with each other to settle any dispute that may arise with regard to the application or the interpretation of this Convention. Each State Party may bring any such dispute before the Meeting of the States Parties. 2. The Meeting of the States Parties may contribute to the settlement of the dispute by whatever means it deems appropriate, including offering its good offices, calling upon the States parties to a dispute to start the settlement procedure of their choice and recommending a time-limit for any agreed procedure. 3. This Article is without prejudice to the provisions of this Convention on facilitation and clarification of compliance. Article 11 Meetings of the States Parties 1. The States Parties shall meet regularly in order to consider any matter with regard to the application or implementation of this Convention, including: a) The operation and status of this Convention; b) Matters arising from the reports submitted under the provisions of this Convention;
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c) International cooperation and assistance in accordance with Article 6; d) The development of technologies to clear anti-personnel mines; e) Submissions of States Parties under Article 8; and f) Decisions relating to submissions of States Parties as provided for in Article 5. 2. The First Meeting of the States Parties shall be convened by the Secretary-General of the United Nations within one year after the entry into force of this Convention. The subsequent meetings shall be convened by the Secretary-General of the United Nations annually until the first Review Conference. 3. Under the conditions set out in Article 8, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall convene a Special Meeting of the States Parties. 4. States not parties to this Convention, as well as the United Nations, other relevant international organizations or institutions, regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross and relevant non-governmental organizations may be invited to attend these meetings as observers in accordance with the agreed Rules of Procedure. Article 12 Review Conferences 1. A Review Conference shall be convened by the Secretary-General of the United Nations five years after the entry into force of this Convention. Further Review Conferences shall be convened by the Secretary-General of the United Nations if so requested by one or more States Parties, provided that the interval between Review Conferences shall in no case be less than five years. All States Parties to this Convention shall be invited to each Review Conference. 2. The purpose of the Review Conference shall be: a) To review the operation and status of this Convention; b) To consider the need for and the interval between further Meetings of the States Parties referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 11; c) To take decisions on submissions of States Parties as provided for in Article 5; and d) To adopt, if necessary, in its final report conclusions related to the implementation of this Convention.
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3. States not parties to this Convention, as well as the United Nations, other relevant international organizations or institutions, regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross and relevant non-governmental organizations may be invited to attend each Review Conference as observers in accordance with the agreed Rules of Procedure. Article 13 Amendments 1. At any time after the entry into force of this Convention any State Party may propose amendments to this Convention. Any proposal for an amendment shall be communicated to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all States Parties and shall seek their views on whether an Amendment Conference should be convened to consider the proposal. If a majority of the States Parties notify the Depositary no later than 30 days after its circulation that they support further consideration of the proposal, the Depositary shall convene an Amendment Conference to which all States Parties shall be invited. 2. States not parties to this Convention, as well as the United Nations, other relevant international organizations or institutions, regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross and relevant non-governmental organizations may be invited to attend each Amendment Conference as observers in accordance with the agreed Rules of Procedure. 3. The Amendment Conference shall be held immediately following a Meeting of the States Parties or a Review Conference unless a majority of the States Parties request that it be held earlier. 4. Any amendment to this Convention shall be adopted by a majority of two-thirds of the States Parties present and voting at the Amendment Conference. The Depositary shall communicate any amendment so adopted to the States Parties. 5. An amendment to this Convention shall enter into force for all States Parties to this Convention which have accepted it, upon the deposit with the Depositary of instruments of acceptance by a majority of States Parties. Thereafter it shall enter into force for any remaining State Party on the date of deposit of its instrument of acceptance. Article 14 Costs 1. The costs of the Meetings of the States Parties, the Special Meetings of the States Parties, the Review Conferences and the Amendment Conferences shall be borne by the States Parties and States not parties to this Convention participating therein, in accordance with the United Nations scale of assessment adjusted appropriately.
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AP Mine Ban Treaty
2. The costs incurred by the Secretary-General of the United Nations under Articles 7 and 8 and the costs of any fact-finding mission shall be borne by the States Parties in accordance with the United Nations scale of assessment adjusted appropriately. Article 15 Signature This Convention, done at Oslo, Norway, on 18 September 1997, shall be open for signature at Ottawa, Canada, by all States from 3 December 1997 until 4 December 1997, and at the United Nations Headquarters in New York from 5 December 1997 until its entry into force. Article 16 Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession 1. This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval of the Signatories. 2. It shall be open for accession by any State which has not signed the Convention. 3. The instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Depositary. Article 17 Entry into force 1. This Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the sixth month after the month in which the 40th instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession has been deposited. 2. For any State which deposits its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession after the date of the deposit of the 40th instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the sixth month after the date on which that State has deposited its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. Article 18 Provisional application Any State may at the time of its ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, declare that it will apply provisionally paragraph 1 of Article 1 of this Convention pending its entry into force. Article 19 Reservations The Articles of this Convention shall not be subject to reservations.
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AP Mine Ban Treaty
Article 20 Duration and withdrawal 1. This Convention shall be of unlimited duration. 2. Each State Party shall, in exercising its national sovereignty, have the right to withdraw from this Convention. It shall give notice of such withdrawal to all other States Parties, to the Depositary and to the United Nations Security Council. Such instrument of withdrawal shall include a full explanation of the reasons motivating this withdrawal. 3. Such withdrawal shall only take effect six months after the receipt of the instrument of withdrawal by the Depositary. If, however, on the expiry of that six- month period, the withdrawing State Party is engaged in an armed conflict, the withdrawal shall not take effect before the end of the armed conflict. 4. The withdrawal of a State Party from this Convention shall not in any way affect the duty of States to continue fulfilling the obligations assumed under any relevant rules of international law. Article 21 Depositary The Secretary-General of the United Nations is hereby designated as the Depositary of this Convention. Article 22 Authentic texts The original of this Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
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Section 2.3 Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Amended Protocol II OVERVIEW The Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or To Have Indiscriminate Effectsalso known as the CCW Convention or the United Nations Convention on Inhumane Weaponsmarked a first attempt to restrict the use of landmines. Protocol II of the Convention prohibits the indiscriminate use of mines, and their intentional use against civilians. It also requires that remotely delivered landmines have effective self-destructing and self-deactivating mechanisms. At the First Review Conference of the CCW in 1996, an amendment to Protocol II was agreed upon. Unlike the original Protocol II, the Amended Protocol II applies to internal conflicts as well as conflicts between states. It also prohibits the use of antipersonnel mines that do not contain enough iron to be detected with standard demining equipment and limits the transfer of landmines. It was the failure of the Review Conference to achieve a total ban on anti-personnel landmines through Amended Protocol II that eventually led to the initiation of the negotiations for the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention. Thus, in its preamble, the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention refers to previous efforts to ban anti-personnel mines, and calls on all states to ratify the revised Protocol II of the CCW (see Section 2.2). The Amended Protocol II entered into force on 03 December 1998. It is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations in New York, USA. Some countries that are not party to the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention have consented to be bound by CCW Protocol II or Amended Protocol II. These include, but are not limited to, large countries such as China, India, Pakistan, and the Russian Federation. As of 08 May 2003, 68 states have consented to be bound by the Amended Protocol II. In addition, there are 20 States Parties to the original Protocol that are not party to Amended Protocol II. (See Appendix G for a list of CCW countries.) Unlike the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, the objective of Amended Protocol II of the CCW Convention is to restrict (not to ban) the use of mines. However, its scope of application includes all landminesnot just anti-personnel minesbooby-traps and other devices. More specifically, States Parties to Amended Protocol II agree:

Never to use weapons covered by the protocol if they are of a nature to cause unnecessary suffering or superfluous injury; Never to use these weapons if they are designed to explode under the effect of mine detection equipment; Never to direct these weapons against civilians or civilian objects; To take all feasible precaution to protect civilians, humanitarian and peacekeeping missions and warn them of the effects of these weapons; Never to use these weapons indiscriminately; To maintain records on the locations of these weapons;

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To remove these weapons following the end of active hostilities; To report annually to the Secretary-General of the United Nations on the status of the implementation of their obligations.
KEY MINE-RELATED CONCERNS TO BE ADDRESSED 1. The States Parties to the Amended Protocol II meet annually to review its operation, prepare for review conferences, and consider technological developments that may assist in the protection of civilians from the indiscriminate effects of landmines. 2. At the second Review Conference held in December 2001, the scope of the CCW Convention was expanded to cover both internal and international conflicts. An open-ended Group of Governmental Experts, with separate Coordinators, was also established to examine the issues of explosive remnants of war and mines other than antipersonnel mines (also referred to as anti-vehicle mines or anti-tank mines). The Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) met throughout 2002. It is important to note that the issues addressed in the GGE are particularly relevant for mine action because explosive remnants of warsuch as cluster munitions and anti-vehicle minesalso have developmental and humanitarian impacts similar to the ones caused by anti-personnel mines. In practice, mine action programmes deal not only with the effects of mines, but of all unexploded ordnance. 3. At the Meeting of States Parties to the CCW Convention held in Geneva, in December 2002, it was agreed that the work of the GGE would be continued in 2003 on both explosive remnants of war (ERW) and mines other than antipersonnel mines (MOTAPM). 4. With regard to ERW, the GGE was given a negotiating mandate for a new instrument on post-conflict remedial measures of a generic nature. Separate from these negotiations, the GGE was asked to continue to consider the applicability of international humanitarian law, as well as possible preventive measures to improve the design of certain types of munitions. Concerning MOTAPM, the CCW-GGE was given a mandate to further explore the issue to minimise the risks associated with irresponsible use of MOTAPM. The possibility to create a new instrument on this issue was left open. The GGE will report back to a meeting of States Parties to the CCW Convention to be in Geneva in November 2003.
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CCW Protocol II
Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the use of Mines, Boobytraps and other Devices as Amended on 3 May 1996 (Protocol II as Amended on 3 May 1996) annexed to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects
ARTICLE 1: AMENDED PROTOCOL The Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II), annexed to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (the Convention) is hereby amended. The text of the Protocol as amended shall read as follows: Technical Annex 1. Recording (a) Recording of the location of mines other than remotely-delivered mines, minefields, mined areas, booby-traps and other devices shall be carried out in accordance with the following provisions: (i) the location of the minefields, mined areas and areas of booby-traps and other devices shall be specified accurately by relation to the coordinates of at least two reference points and the estimated dimensions of the area containing these weapons in relation to those reference points; (ii) maps, diagrams or other records shall be made in such a way as to indicate the location of minefields, mined areas, booby-traps and other devices in relation to reference points, and these records shall also indicate their perimeters and extent; and (iii) for purposes of detection and clearance of mines, booby-traps and other devices, maps, diagrams or other records shall contain complete information on the type, number, emplacing method, type of fuse and life time, date and time of laying, anti-handling devices (if any) and other relevant information on all these weapons laid. Whenever feasible the minefield record shall show the exact location of every mine, except in row minefields where the row location is sufficient. The precise location and operating mechanism of each booby-trap laid shall be individually recorded.
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CCW Protocol II
(b) The estimated location and area of remotely-delivered mines shall be specified by coordinates of reference points (normally corner points) and shall be ascertained and when feasible marked on the ground at the earliest opportunity. The total number and type of mines laid, the date and time of laying and the self-destruction time periods shall also be recorded. (c) Copies of records shall be held at a level of command sufficient to guarantee their safety as far as possible. (d) The use of mines produced after the entry into force of this Protocol is prohibited unless they are marked in English or in the respective national language or languages with the following information: (i) name of the country of origin; (ii) month and year of production; and (iii) serial number or lot number. The marking should be visible, legible, durable and resistant to environmental effects, as far as possible. 2. Specifications on detectability (a) With respect to anti-personnel mines produced after 1 January 1997, such mines shall incorporate in their construction a material or device that enables the mine to be detected by commonly-available technical mine detection equipment and provides a response signal equivalent to a signal from 8 grammes or more of iron in a single coherent mass. (b) With respect to anti-personnel mines produced before 1 January 1997, such mines shall either incorporate in their construction, or have attached prior to their emplacement, in a manner not easily removable, a material or device that enables the mine to be detected by commonly-available technical mine detection equipment and provides a response signal equivalent to a signal from 8 grammes or more of iron in a single coherent mass. (c) In the event that a High Contracting Party determines that it cannot immediately comply with sub-paragraph (b), it may declare at the time of its notification of consent to be bound by this Protocol that it will defer compliance with sub-paragraph (b) for a period not to exceed 9 years from the entry into force of this Protocol. In the meantime it shall, to the extent feasible, minimize the use of anti-personnel mines that do not so comply. 3. Specifications on self-destruction and self-deactivation (a) All remotely-delivered anti-personnel mines shall be designed and constructed so that no more than 10% of activated mines will fail to self-destruct within 30 days after emplacement, and each mine shall have a back-up self-deactivation feature designed and constructed so that, in combination with the self-destruction mechanism, no more than one in one thousand activated mines will function as a mine 120 days after emplacement.
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CCW Protocol II
(b) All non-remotely delivered anti-personnel mines, used outside marked areas, as defined in Article 5 of this Protocol, shall comply with the requirements for selfdestruction and self-deactivation stated in sub-paragraph (a). (c) In the event that a High Contracting Party determines that it cannot immediately comply with sub-paragraphs (a) and/or (b), it may declare at the time of its notification of consent to be bound by this Protocol, that it will, with respect to mines produced prior to the entry into force of this Protocol, defer compliance with sub-paragraphs (a) and/or (b) for a period not to exceed 9 years from the entry into force of this Protocol. During this period of deferral, the High Contracting Party shall: (i) undertake to minimize, to the extent feasible, the use of anti-personnel mines that do not so comply; and (ii) with respect to remotely-delivered anti-personnel mines, comply with either the requirements for self-destruction or the requirements for self-deactivation and, with respect to other anti-personnel mines comply with at least the requirements for self-deactivation. 4. International signs for minefields and mined areas Signs similar to the example attached [omitted] and as specified below shall be utilized in the marking of minefields and mined areas to ensure their visibility and recognition by the civilian population: (a) size and shape: a triangle or square no smaller than 28 centimetres (11 inches) by 20 centimetres (7.9 inches) for a triangle, and 15 centimetres (6 inches) per side for a square; (b) colour: red or orange with a yellow reflecting border; (c) symbol: the symbol illustrated in the Attachment [omitted], or an alternative readily recognizable in the area in which the sign is to be displayed as identifying a dangerous area; (d) language: the sign should contain the word mines in one of the six official languages of the Convention (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish) and the language or languages prevalent in that area; and (e) spacing: signs should be placed around the minefield or mined area at a distance sufficient to ensure their visibility at any point by a civilian approaching the area. (sign) [omitted] ARTICLE 2: ENTRY INTO FORCE This amended Protocol shall enter into force as provided for in paragraph 1 (b) of Article 8 of the Convention.
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Section 2.4 Case Studies OVERVIEW In Section 2.1 you learned about the importance of taking mine action guidelines into consideration in the writing of ceasefire and peace agreements. The UN document Mine Action Guidelines for Ceasefire and Peace Agreements outlined five groups of key mine action activities to be addressed in the process of negotiating peace. In this section, you will be presented with case studies from seven different countries/regions. Each case study shows you an existing peace agreement containing a mine action clause.
CASE STUDIES: PEACE AGREEMENTS, PRIMARY TEXT The following table introduces you to the seven countries/regions covered in the case studies included in this section. As you read the primary text of peace agreements for each country, try to identify the ways in which the agreements meet the guidelines set forth in Section 2.1 of this lesson. COUNTRY Angola Bosnia & Herzegovina El Salvador Ethiopia/Eritrea Cambodia Mozambique Kosovo DOCUMENT NUMBER S/22609 S/999 S/23501 Brokered by OAU SR/718 S/24635 S/1244 YEAR 1994 1995 1991 2000 1991 1992 1999
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Existing Peace Agreements Containing Mine Action Clauses

CASE STUDY 1: ANGOLA Cease Fire Agreement, S/22609 (1994)
Attachment 1, Article II, clause 6 states that the Cease-fire will, beginning on the date and time agreed upon its entry into force, entail the cessation of: (d) All military maneuvers aimed at installing weapons with the capability to endanger the safety of settlements and the economic administrative and military infrastructures; (g) The planting of new mines and actions aimed at impeding activities to deactivate mines; It is important to note that the Lusaka Protocol, signed in November 1994, did not deal with the problems of landmines in any detail nor did it make any strong demands on the parties to help alleviate the problem. By signing the Protocol, both signatories agreed that the government would request the assistance of the UN and the specialized agencies in order to carry out demining operations in the country. In this context, the government and UNITA agree to provide all available information relating to mines and other explosives to help implement mine survey programmes, mine awareness and demining programmes for the benefit of all Angolans. The UN undertakes to provide support for the creation of a national capability in this area.
CASE STUDY 2: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, S/ 999 (1995)
Annex 1A, Agreement on the Military Aspects of the Peace Settlement, explains the role of mine action within the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Article II Clause 2 requires the parties to undertake in particular to cease the firing of all weapons and explosive devices except as authorised by this annex. It states that the parties shall not place any additional minefields, or protective obstacles. Article IV, Phase 1, Clause 3(d), states that the parties immediately after this annex enters into force shall begin promptly and proceed steadily to complete the following activities within 30 days after the transfer of authority or as determined by the IFOR Commander: 1) remove, dismantle or destroy all mines, unexploded ordnance, explosive devices, demolitions and barbed or razor wire from which their forces are withdrawn; 2) mark all known mine emplacements, unexploded ordnance, explosive devices and demolitions within Bosnia and Herzegovina and remove, dismantle or destroy all mines, unexploded ordnance, explosive devices and demolitions as required by the IFOR Commander. Article IV, Phase 2, Clause 3(a), states that in those locations in which, pursuant to the General Framework Agreement, areas occupied by one entity are to be transferred to another entity, all forces of the withdrawing entity shall have 45 days after the Transfer of Authority to completely vacate and clear this area. This shall include the removal of all Forces, as well as the removal, dismantling or destruction of equipment, mines, obstacles, unexploded ordnance, explosive devices, demolitions and weapons.
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Article V Clause 1 requires each party to furnish to the Joint Military Commission information regarding the positions and descriptions of all known unexploded ordnance, explosive devices, demolitions, minefields, booby traps, wire entanglements and all other physical or military hazards to the safe movement of any personnel within Bosnia and Herzegovina. Article V Clause 2 states that within 30 days after the Transfer of Authority, each party shall furnish to the Joint Military Commission the following specific information regarding the status of its forces within Bosnia and Herzegovina and shall keep the Joint Military Commission updated on changes in this information. (e) Positions and descriptions of all mines, unexploded ordnance, explosive devices, demolitions, obstacles, weapon systems, vehicles, or any other military equipment which cannot be removed, dismantled or destroyed under the provisions of Article I, paragraphs 2(d) and 3(a) and any further information as requested by the IFOR. Article V Clause 3 states that within 120 days after the transfer of authority, the Parties shall furnish to the Joint Military Commission the following specific information regarding the status of their forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina and shall keep the Joint Military Commission updated on changes in this information: location, type, strengths of personnel and weaponry of all forces maps depicting the information in sub paragraph (a) above positions and descriptions of fortifications, minefields, unexploded ordnance, explosive devices, demolitions, barriers and other man-made obstacles, ammunition dumps, command headquarters, and communications networks; and any further information of a military nature as requested by the IFOR. Article VI Clause 2 notes that the parties understand and agree that the IFOR shall have the right: (e) To monitor the clearing of minefields and obstacles
CASE STUDY 3: EL SALVADOR Peace Agreement, S/23501 (1991)

Chapter V, Article 9, focuses on the national reconstruction plan. It states that the National Reconstruction Plan shall also include programmes for the war disabled and the relatives of victims among the civilian population. Chapter VII, Article 5, states at Clause 4 that the cease-fire shall enter into force officially on DDay. Article 5 states that as of that date, each of the parties shall, as appropriate, refrain from carrying out any hostile act or operation by means of forces or individuals under its control, meaning that neither party shall carry out any kind of attack by land, sea, or air, organize patrols of offensive maneuvers, occupy new positions, lay mines, interfere with military communications or carry out any kind of reconnaissance operations, acts of sabotage, or any other military activity which, in the opinion of ONUSAL, might violate the cease fire, or an act that infringes the rights of the civilian population. Chapter VII, Article 16, states that as soon as possible after the signing of this agreement, but no later than two weeks before D-day, FMLN shall supply the ONUSAL Chief Military Observer with detailed information on its troop strength and inventories of arms, ammunition, mines, other
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explosives and military equipment located anywhere within the national territory. These arms etc. shall be concentrated in places listed in annex B, with the exception of its clandestine forces, which shall be concentrated in the places listed in annex D during the second stage of the separation of forces. Chapter VII, Article 21, states that with special reference to FAES forces deployed near places where there are FMLN forces, in other words, those listed in Appendix 1 to Annex A and those listed in Appendix 1 Annex C, the Government agrees that such forces should be authorized to leave their locations only with the consent of ONUSAL and for the following Purposes: (a) To carry out troop rotations and relief. (b) To carry out liaison and coordination activities between commands at battalion level and above. (c) To deliver logistical supplies. (d) To take part in programmes for the deactivation, removal and destruction of mines. (e) To go on leave, or seek medical care or for other humanitarian reasons, individually, in civilian clothing and unarmed. Chapter VII, Article 22 states that similarly, during the CAC period, ONUSAL liaison officers shall be posted in the listed locations where FMLN forces are to be concentrated in order to coordinate movements by those forces. FMLN agrees that its forces may leave the location in question only with the consent of ONUSAL and for the following purposes: (a) To carry out liaison and coordination activities between its high command and the commands of the forces stationed at the various locations indicated. (b) To supply provisions, clothing or vital necessities. (c) To take part in programmes for the deactivation, removal and destruction of mines. (d) To go on leave or seek medical care or for other humanitarian reasons, individually, in civilian clothing and unarmed.
CASE STUDY 4: ETHIOPIA/ERITREA Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities between Ethiopia and Eritrea (Brokered by OAU) (2000)
Article 8 states that upon the signing of the present document, both parties shall conduct demining activities as soon as possible with a view to creating the conditions necessary for the deployment of the Peacekeeping Mission, the return of civilian administration and the return of population as well as the delimitation and demarcation of their common border. The peacekeeping mission, in conjunction with the United Nations Mine Action Service, will assist the Parties demining efforts by providing technical advice and coordination. The Parties shall, as necessary, seek additional demining assistance from the Peacekeeping Mission.
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CASE STUDY 5: CAMBODIA Framework for a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict SR 718 (1991)
Annex 1, Section C, Article I detailing the military function of the UNTAC mandate, states that UNTAC will supervise, monitor and verify the withdrawal of foreign forces, the cease-fire and related measures in accordance with Annex 2, including: a) Verification of the withdrawal from Cambodia of all categories of foreign forces, advisers and military personnel and their weapons, ammunition and equipment, and their non-return to Cambodia; b) Liaison with neighbouring Governments over any developments in or near their territory that could endanger the implementation of this Agreement; c) Monitoring the cessation of outside military assistance to all Cambodian Parties; d) Locating and confiscating caches of weapons and military supplies throughout the country; e) Assisting with clearing mines and undertaking training programmes in mine clearance and a mine awareness programme among the Cambodian people. Annex 2, Article I, Clause Three detailing the withdrawal, Cease-fire and related measures, states that immediately upon the signing of this Agreement, the parties will provide the following information to the United Nations: a) Total strength of their forces, organization, precise number and location of deployments inside and outside Cambodia. The deployment will be depicted on a map marked with locations of all troop positions, occupied or unoccupied, including staging camps, supply bases and supply routes; b) Comprehensive lists of arms, ammunition and equipment held by their forces, and the exact locations at which those arms, ammunition and equipment are deployed; c) Detailed record of their minefields, including types and characteristics of mines laid and information of booby traps used by them together with any information available to them about minefields laid or booby traps used by the other Parties; d) Total strength of their police forces, organization, precise numbers and locations of deployments as well as comprehensive lists of their arms, ammunition and equipment and the exact locations at which those arms, ammunition and equipment are deployed. Annex 2 Article 9 entitled Unexploded ordnance devices states that: 1. Soon after arrival in Cambodia, the military component of UNTAC shall ensure, as a first step, that all known minefields are clearly marked. 2. The Parties agree that, after completion of the regroupment and cantonment processes in accordance with Article lll of the present annex, they will make available mineclearing teams which, under the supervision and control of UNTAC military personnel, will leave the cantonment areas in order to assist in removing, disarming or deactivating remaining unexploded ordnance devices. Those mines or objects, which cannot be
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removed, disarmed or deactivated, will be clearly marked in accordance with a system to be devised by the military component of UNTAC. 3. UNTAC shall: a) Conduct a mass public education programme in the recognition and avoidance of explosive devices; b) Train Cambodian volunteers to dispose of unexploded ordnance devices; c) Provide emergency first-aid training to Cambodian volunteers.
CASE STUDY 6: MOZAMBIQUE General Peace Agreement for Mozambique, S/24635 (1992)
Protocol VI Article 1 Clause 2 states that the Cease-Fire Commission shall have the following functions: To plan, verify and guarantee the implementation of the cease-fire rules To set itineraries for the movement of forces, in order to reduce the risk of incidents To organise and implement mine clearing operations To analyse and verify the accuracy of the statistics provided by the Parties on troop strength, arms and military equipment To receive, analyse and rule on complaints of possible cease-fire violations To ensure the necessary coordination with organs of the United Nations verification system The functions provided for in sections II, III and VI or Protocol IV In Protocol VI Article 5 clause (b) the agreement states that as of E-Day, neither of the parties shall carry out any hostile act or operation by means of forces or individuals under its control. Accordingly they may not: Carry out any attack by land, sea or air Organise patrols of offensive maneuvers Occupy new positions Lay mines and prevent mine clearing operations Interfere with military communications Carry out any kind of reconnaissance operations Carry out acts of sabotage or terrorism Acquire or receive lethal equipment Carry out acts of violence against the civilian population
Lesson 2/ Anti-Personnel Landmines: Treaty, Protocol, and Agreements Restrict or prevent without justification the free movement of persons and property
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Carry out any other kind of military activity which, in the opinion of the CCF and the United Nations, might jeopardize the cease fire Under Protocol VI Article 10 clause (a) entitled miscellaneous provisions, the parties agree to the following: 1. To supply the United Nations with complete inventories of their troop strength, arms, ammunition, mines and other explosives on E-Day 6, E-Day, E-Day + 30 and thereafter, every 15 days; 2. To allow the United Nations to verify the aspects and data referred to in the preceding paragraph 3. As of E-Day + 31, all collective and individual weapons, including weapons on board aircraft and ships, shall be stored in warehouses under United Nations control; 4. As of E-Day + 6, troops shall only be able to leave their respective assembly and billeting points only with the authorisation and under the supervision of the United Nations
CASE STUDY 7: KOSOVO Interim Agreement for Peace and Self Government in Kosovo, S 1244 (1999)
Article 9 decides what the responsibilities of the international security presence in Kosovo will include. Clause (e) authorises the international security presence to supervise demining until the international civil presence can, as appropriate, take over responsibility for this task. Article 11 decides what the main responsibilities of the international civil presence will include. Clause (h) states that this includes supporting, in coordination with international humanitarian organizations, humanitarian and disaster relief aid. Article 11 clause (k) assures the safe and unimpeded return of all refugees and displaced persons to their homes in Kosovo. Annex 2 Article 6 states that after withdrawal, an agreed number of Yugoslav and Serbian personnel will be permitted to return to perform the following functions: Liaison with the international civil mission and the international security mission Marking/clearing minefields Maintaining a presence at Serb patrimonial sites Maintaining a presence at key border crossings Annex 2 Article 7 ensures the safe and free return of all refugees and displaced persons under the supervision of the Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and unimpeded access to Kosovo by humanitarian aid organisations.
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END-OF-LESSON QUIZ
1. The Ottawa Convention opened for signature in: (A) April 1992; (B) July 1994; (C) December 1997; (D) January 1998. 2. How many instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession did the Ottawa Convention call for in order to enter into force? (A) 30 (B) 40 (C) 50 (D) 60 3. Which of the following concerning amendments to the Ottawa Convention is true? (A) Amendments may be proposed by any state and must be adopted by a majority of two-thirds of the States Parties present and voting at the Amendment conference; (B) Amendments may be proposed by any state and must be adopted by half of the States Parties present and voting at the Amendment conference; (C) Amendments must be proposed by the Under Secretary-General and adopted by a two-thirds vote of the States Parties present and voting at the Amendment conference; (D) Amendments may be proposed by any state and must be adopted by a unanimous vote of the States Parties present and voting at the Amendment conference. 4. How long does a State Party have to destroy stockpiled mines after the entry into force of the Ottawa Convention for that State Party? (A) Four years (B) Seven years (C) Ten years (D) Twelve years 5. Without requesting an extension, what is the longest permissible time a State Party has to destroy all AP mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control after the entry into force of the Ottawa Convention? (A) Five years (B) Seven years (C) Ten years (D) Twelve years
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6. What is the purpose of Article 7: Transparency measures within the Ottawa Convention? (A) To give each State Party a certain level of anonymity regarding mine action; (B) To encourage each State Party to report to the Secretary-General on the status of the implementation of the MBT; (C) To allow each State Party to keep information, technology, equipment, and other sources of technical assistance confidential; (D) None of the above. 7. The Amended Protocol to the Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Amended Protocol II states that: (A) The use of mines after the entry into force of the protocol is prohibited unless mines are marked in English or the respective national language(s) with the name and country of origin, month and year of production, and serial lot number; (B) Mines produced after 1 January 1997 must be constructed with a material or device easily detected by common mine detection equipment; (C) Maps, diagrams, or other records shall be made in such a way as to indicate the location of minefields, mined areas, booby-traps, and other devices in relation to reference points, and these records shall also indicate their perimeters and extent; (D) All of the above. 8. During a mission in the Middle East, you come across a triangular sign marking a mined area. The sign is orange with a red border and contains three pictures of mines commonly found in the area. You know the country has agreed to abide by the Amended Protocol to the Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Amended Protocol II. Why doesnt the mine sign you see meet the requirements of an International sign for minefields and mined areas as stated in the Amended Protocol? (A) The sign should contain the word Danger in one of the six official languages of the Convention and the language(s) prevalent in the area and have a yellow reflecting border; (B) The sign should be square shaped and have a white reflecting border; (C) The sign should contain the word Mines in one of the six official languages of the Convention and the language(s) prevalent in the area, have a yellow reflecting border, and contain a symbol representing the dangerous area; (D) The sign should be square shaped and have images of at least four types of mines present in the area.
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LESSON 2 ANSWER KEY
1. 2. 3.
C B A
December 1997. 40. Amendments may be proposed by any state and must be adopted by a majority of two-thirds of the States Parties present and voting at the Amendment conference. Four years. Ten years. To encourage each State Party to report to the Secretary-General on the status of the implementation of the MBT; All of the above. The sign should contain the word Mines in one of the six official languages of the Convention and the language(s) prevalent in the area, have a yellow reflecting border, and contain a symbol representing the dangerous area.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
A C B D C
LESSON 3 LANDMINE AND UXO SAFETY TRAINING

Section 3.1: Introduction to Landmine and UXO Safety Training Section 3.2: Basic Safety Principles in Mine- and UXO-Affected Environments Section 3.3: Identifying Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Section 3.4: Recognising Dangerous Areas Section 3.5: Emergency Procedures in a Mine Field Section 3.6: Assisting a Mine/UXO Victim Section 3.7: Country-Specific Leaflets End-of-Lesson Quiz
Lesson 3/ Landmine and UXO Safety Training
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Lesson 3 Objectives Section 3.1: Introduction to Landmine and UXO Safety Training This section introduces the student to the Landmine and UXO Safety Project. The section discusses the history behind the project, the intents and purposes of the project, and the ways in which safety information reaches mine action activists worldwide. In this section, the student will have a chance to test himself or herself on general mine myths and facts. After studying this section, the student should: Be familiar with aspects of the Landmine and UXO Safety Project including what prompted its creation, what its goals are, and what it does and does not train people to do; Know the facts behind seven common mine myths. Section 3.2: Basic Safety Principles in Mine- and UXO-Affected Environments This section introduces the student to safety advice given to organisations and individuals working in mine- and UXO- affected areas. The student will read sections with topics as follows: Safety Advice for Organisations; Safety Advice for Individuals; Be Prepared; Be Informed and Inform; Be Careful. After studying this section, the student should: Grasp the concepts of prevention and basic preparedness; Be aware of information requirements in a Mine- or UXO-Affected area; Be familiar with reliable local information sources. Section 3.3: Identifying Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) This section introduces the student to specific types of landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) and explains the differences in their modes of operation. The student will read sections with topics as follows: Landmines; Anti-Personnel (AP) Landmines; Blast Effect AP Mines; Fragmentation AP Mines; Anti-Tank (AT) Landmines; Unexploded Ordnance (UXO); Booby Traps. After studying this section, the student should: Understand the general threat posed by landmines and UXO; Articulate the difference between landmines and UXO; Identify different types of landmines and UXO and where each might be found; Explain how a landmine or UXO is activated. Section 3.4: Recognising Dangerous Areas This section introduces the student to the ways of spotting, identifying, and labeling a mine- or UXO-affected area. It discusses the individuals responsibility as well as the role a local community plays in alerting mine action activists to dangerous areas. The student will read sections with topics as follows: Areas Likely to Contain Mines and Unexploded
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Ordnance; Recognising Mine Warning Signs; Mine Signs; Local Warning Signs; Recognising Mine Warning Clues; Visible Mines/UXO, Tripwires and Tilt Rods; Casualties, Injured or Dead Animals; Signs of Fighting; Disturbed Soil and Vegetation; Local Behaviour. After studying this section, the student should: Be aware of the local threat; Know the typical and local warning signs and be able to recognise potentially dangerous areas. Section 3.5: Emergency Procedures in a Minefield This section introduces the student to the safety measures and emergency procedures taken by individuals on foot and/or while traveling in a vehicle. The student will read sections with topics as follows: Emergency Procedures on Foot; Emergency Procedures in a Vehicle. After studying this section, the student should: Have a firm grasp on personal and vehicle safety procedures used to minimise the threat of mines/UXO; Be aware of the appropriate actions to take in the event that someone finds himself or herself in a minefield. Section 3.6: Assisting a Mine/UXO Victim This section introduces the student to the most basic actions to take in the event of a mine accident where no medical assistance is immediately available. After studying this section, the student should: Understand the dos and donts of assisting a mine victim. Section 3.7: Country-Specific Leaflets This section introduces the student to a few examples of Country-Specific leaflets. The aim of this section is to show the student what a Country-Specific leaflet looks like, so that the student will know what to expect if he or she is ever in a position of needing to use this resource. After studying this section, the student should: Recognise a Country-Specific leaflet and know what types of information may be contained within its pages.
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Section 3.1 Introduction to Landmine and UXO Safety Training The materials you will encounter in Lesson 3 come directly from resources of the Landmine and UXO Safety Project, most notably, the United Nations Landmine and UXO Safety Handbook1 and the United Nations Landmine and UXO Safety Training Module2. ABOUT THE LANDMINE AND UXO SAFETY PROJECT The Landmine and UXO Safety Project has been developed in response to the threat posed by landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) to United Nations staff, aid workers and peacekeepers operating in mine-affected areas around the world. The aim is to provide them with general landmine and UXO awareness and safety information in order to minimise the risks of accident, and to help them to: Establish proper safety procedures; Avoid contact with mines and UXO; Take appropriate action in emergency situations involving mine/UXO incidents; Take appropriate action in case of accidental entry into a minefield. The training is NOT: A general safety training; A training in first aid and medical assistance to victims; A training in mine clearance, survey or marking; A mine awareness training for the local population. During your study of Lesson 3, you may find that you already know a good deal about Landmine and UXO Safety Training. On the other hand, this lesson may introduce you to new concepts and ideas, or it may uncover previously held misconceptions. Lesson 3 aims to achieve both ends for the student. First, to draw out and build on existing knowledgeall participants will know something about landmines or UXO (Unexploded Ordnance)and secondly, to identify errors and misconceptions and correct them clearly and swiftly.
1 2
Landmine and UXO Safety Handbook. UN & Care International, 2000. Landmine and UXO Safety Training Module. United Nations, 2002.
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WARNING The Project does NOT teach how to work with mines or UXO, survey mined areas, or find and remove mines. Proximity to mines and UXO is always dangerous and should be avoided. Only trained specialists should seek out or handle mines and UXO. The Project does NOT aim to provide landmine and UXO awareness education to local inhabitants and populations. Community mine awareness should be the object of locally-designed programmes adapted to local cultures and needs. To achieve its stated aim, the Project promotes the systematic and ongoing conduct of landmine and UXO safety training for all staff operating in affected areas, relying on: A generic Landmine and UXO Safety Handbook designed to be distributed and carried in the field; Country-specific Leaflets for each affected area where the handbook is being distributed (currently 15 target countries) complementing the generic handbook with information specific to local environments (See Section 3.7 for examples); A Landmine and UXO Safety Video containing practical illustrations of those key safety messages that the project aims to promote (See Appendix D for the text of the Landmine and UXO Safety Video); A reference Landmine and UXO Training Module. Those training materials are general in nature, and some aspects of them may not be applicable in all situations. They are intended for use in support of mine/UXO safety training by trained instructors. Whenever possible, UN staff, aid workers and peacekeepers should seek the guidance and advice of specialists working in their area of operations, and should attend a local landmine and UXO safety training course. Updated information on the national/regional mine action framework and organisational security procedures should be collected in order to identify mine action points of contact and receive advice on established safety procedures. The United Nations and the other contributing organisations shall not be responsible for deaths or injuries to personnel and/or damage to property that may be caused as a result of the use of the safety materials developed under this project.
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SOME COMMON MINE/UXO MYTHS1 Before you move forward with your study of mine and UXO safety in Lesson 3, it is important to discuss and clarify commonly held beliefs about mines and UXO. Many safety training sessions begin with a discussion of the list you will read below. The list contains seven statements about mines and UXO. Please take a moment to read each statement. Decide for yourself whether the statement is true, or whether the statement is a myth. Record your answers and then proceed to the next set of directions to check your responses. 1. 2. 3. Driving livestock through a field will make the field safe from mines. If you know a piece of land has been stepped on, you know you are safe because if a mine did not go off the first time it will not explode later. There is a mine type that will click when you step on it and then blow up only when you take your foot off. This can allow you time to find a heavy object to place on the mine as you remove your foot. One way to avoid injury in a dangerous area is to run or drive as fast as possible. If you run or drive very quickly, you can avoid the blast of an exploding mine. Luckily landmines do not last very long, and after a few years in the ground, they tend to rot and will not work. Unexploded bombs pose less of a threat because you can see them and then simply move them out of your way. Burning an area may clear some mines but not all of them.
4. 5. 6. 7.
Adapted from the United Nations Training Module for Mine Awareness Programme Managers.
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Directions: Once you have recorded your answers for each of the seven statements on the previous page, look below to determine whether each respective statement is true or false.
DANGER MINES!
1. Driving livestock through a field will make the field safe from mines. False. Although often practised by villagers, this method is not safe. It may explode some of the mines but certainly not all. 2. If you know a piece of land has been stepped on, you know you are safe because if a mine did not go off the first time it will not explode later. False. After time, soil compacts especially through the process of freezing and thawing; therefore, the sensitivity of a mine can change, and under such conditions it may require many footfalls to activate a mine. 3. There is a mine type that will click when you step on it and then blow up only when you take your foot off. This can allow you time to find a heavy object to place on the mine as you remove your foot. False. This may happen in Hollywood (i.e. in the movies), but it certainly is not a safe practice in real life. 4. One way to avoid injury in a dangerous area is to run or drive as fast as possible. If you run or drive very quickly, you can avoid the blast of an exploding mine. False. You cannot outrun a mine. 5. Luckily landmines do not last very long, and after a few years in the ground, they tend to rot and will not work. False. Most mines remain dangerous for decades. 6. Unexploded bombs pose less of a threat because you can see them and then simply move them out of your way. False. You should never touch unexploded ordnance. 7. Burning an area may clear some mines but not all of them. True. However, this is not a recommended action.
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Section 3.2 Basic Safety Principles in Mine- and UXO-Affected Environments
The United Nations and aid agencies often operate in mine- and UXO-affected environments. By carefully following the basic safety principles included in this handbook, they and their staff can reduce the risk of accidents resulting from these weapons. This first section focuses exclusively on PREVENTION. Indeed, once in a minefield, there is actually very little a non-specialist can do. SAFETY ADVICE FOR ORGANISATIONS It is essential for organisations operating in mine- and UXO-affected areas to take the threat of these weapons into consideration in the planning of their projects and programmes. This implies making sure that proper safety procedures are in place, proper training provided, and proper equipment and information available. Organisations should: Establish mine/UXO safety procedures adapted to their area of operations and in accordance with the information contained in this handbook. Establish, in particular, a vehicle and travel reporting system (see Appendix C on the use of route cards). Keep contact details of mine action centres and agencies, UN security officers, and medical facilities. Verify and update emergency contacts on a regular basis. Collect relevant and detailed information on the mine/UXO threat in their area of operations, and update this information regularly. Keep a visual brief available (a map locating dangerous areas). Provide appropriate mine- and UXO-related information to personnel, including information on safe routes and dangerous areas, and emergency contact information. Ensure that all international and local staff (including drivers, interpreters and guides) receive mine/UXO awareness training, and are familiar with mine/UXO safety procedures. Be aware that levels of alertness to the mine/UXO threat will decrease over time; therefore, frequent retraining on mine/UXO safety will be required. Ensure that all international and local staff receive first aid training. Provide appropriate equipment to personnel operating in mine- and UXO-affected areas, including radios, Global Positioning Systems (GPS), compasses, first aid kits, and maps. Ensure staff members know how to use them. Adapt and use vehicles appropriately.
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SAFETY ADVICE FOR INDIVIDUALS In the context of the procedures established by their respective organisations, individual staff members must adhere at all times to the highest safety standards and adopt a team approach: unsafe behaviour on the part of one individual can endanger the lives of other team members.
Undertaking a mine action mission is a serious commitment and requires that individuals follow careful guidelines and procedures in all activities. A person is responsible for his or her own safety in the field while remembering that decisions made by one individual may impact the entire team. What are these two peacekeepers doing that risks their own safety as well as the safety of the team?
BE PREPARED Ensure that you and your teammates have received appropriate mine/UXO awareness and first aid training, and are familiar with your organisations safety procedures. Carry the Landmine and UXO Safety Handbook and the country-specific information corresponding to your area of operations with you at all times. Your Safety Handbook will contain a list of appropriate equipment for a journey in a mine-affected region. Keep contact details of mine action centres and agencies, UN security officers, and medical facilities on hand. Verify and update emergency contacts on a regular basis.
DANGER MINES!
Make sure you know who to contact for help in case of a mine/UXO emergency
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Do not travel without a radio, and know how to use it. Be informed of all the alternative frequencies that you may require (e.g. mine action agencies, UN security officers). The use of a GPS is also strongly recommended. Carry a travel pack with a first-aid kit in your vehicle at all times. Regularly check the expiry date and serviceability of all items, and know how to use them.
BE INFORMED AND INFORM Obtain relevant and detailed information on the mine/UXO situation prior to any movement into an area or region which may contain mines or UXO. If there are any doubts as to what constitutes reliable information, look at the country-specific Leaflet for a listing of local sources of information. Remember, however, that information must be checked and that perceptions of risk may be different between cultures. Thus, a path may be safe but may be bordered heavily by mines. When available, contact the following for reliable information: - Local Mine Action Centres (MACC) and mine action agencies; - UN Security Officers; - UN Military Observers or Liaison Officers; - NGOs and aid agencies working in the area. Also contact local authorities, hospitals, and members of the local population for additional information. Keep in mind, however, that returning populations may not be aware of the local mine/UXO threat. If in doubt, assume that the worst-case scenario applies. Even if only one source indicates that an area is dangerous, do not go.
DANGER MINES!
Update your mine/UXO information on a regular basis
Carry a map marked with the best available information about routes known to be free of mines. Update this information by checking with local populations as you travel, and pay attention to their warnings! Pass new information to your head office, the local Mine Action Centre, mine action agencies, and UN Security Officers so that they can share it with other organisations and staff members.
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Inform your office of the dates, times and planned route of your journey by filling out a route card. An example of a route card is given in Appendix C, together with a description of its use. If you change your route, inform your office. If you cannot communicate, do not deviate. Remember, in addition, NO COMMS, NO TRAVEL. Be aware that if you fail to meet a report line/time, your organisation will come looking for you.
BE CAREFUL Do not enter known or suspected risk areas, and use only cleared and approved routes. Maintain radio contact. Whenever possible, travel with a companion, preferably one who knows the area and the route you need to use. When starting a journey, allow sufficient time in the morning for local traffic to have travelled the roads before you. Do not travel at night. Plan your journey to end two hours before sunset. This allows you and your head office two hours of sunlight to react to an emergency. In addition, mine warning signs and clues cannot be seen at night. If travelling in a convoy, allow a space of 100 meters between vehicles whenever possible.
DANGER MINES!
Drive slowly: speed is not a priority over safety!
Stick to well-travelled routes, and stay in the travelled zone of the road. Wherever possible, stay on hard-surfaced roads, even if the trip is longer. Paved roads are generally less likely to be mined than unpaved roads. However, potholes and the shoulders or verges of paved roads offer opportunities to conceal mines: avoid potholes and avoid driving off the road. On dirt roads, stay on the existing tracks.
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DANGER MINES!
Anti-tank mines are often laid along roadsides Never leave the road to allow a vehicle to pass, to overtake, pass an obstruction, or turn around. If necessary, reverse back until a safe area is available. Beware of pulling off the road into lay-bys as they may be mined. Never drive around roadblocks of former military positions. Never drive over anything on the road. A paper bag, a piece of cloth, or a wooden board can all conceal mines. Do not leave the road for any reason, even to relieve yourself. Always be extremely careful driving during or after heavy rains. Mines may be moved or exposed by rain. When travelling on foot, allow a local guide to lead the way, and allow a distance of around 25 meters between members of the group. Never walk through overgrown areas. Instead, stick to sidewalks and well-used paths.
DANGER MINES!
Dont take risks! If you are in any doubt, turn back!
Carry a radio and a first aid kit at all times. Do not leave them in your vehicle. These items should be carried by a person walking in the middle of the team or towards the back, and not by the lead person. Do not move obstacles they may be mined or booby-trapped. Do not enter abandoned buildings or visit deserted locations. Talk to the local population and observe local behaviour to find out about safe areas in communities. Resist offers to be shown a mine, as this is probably still in a mined area and therefore an area of extreme danger. Do not touch objects in mine/UXO contaminated areas, especially unexploded ordnance. Do not collect war souvenirs, and do not approach abandoned military vehicles or facilities.
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Section 3.3 Identifying Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) To protect yourself against mines and UXO, be aware of the threat. This section aims to help identify mines and UXO and explain how they work.
These examples of landmines and items of UXO, used in training classes, assist students as they learn to identify different types of explosive based on physical characteristics.
Before reading further about mines and UXO in this section, ask yourself the following few questions: What are the different types of landmines? What are the different types of UXO? What is the major difference between a landmine and an item of UXO? Where are landmines found in relation to the ground? Where are UXO found in relation to the ground? How are landmines detonated? Name a few individual and social impacts of mines and UXO.
As you study this section, keep the above questions in mind. They will be repeated at the end of the section with the correct answers.
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LANDMINES Definition: a mine is an explosive or other material, normally encased, designed to destroy or damage vehicles, boats, or aircraft, or designed to wound, kill, or otherwise incapacitate personnel. It may be detonated by the action of its target, the passage of time, or by controlled means. Mines are used to cause casualties to the enemy, to hinder movement, and to provide protection for important positions. They are also used in civil conflicts to disrupt infrastructures by denying the civilian population access to agricultural land, water, roads, schools, health care facilities and other socio-economic targets. Most mines are placed with the intention of being hidden, and are therefore seldom seen. They are generally buried within 15 cm of the earths surface, or laid on or above the ground (for example, on stakes or fixed to trees). Mines can be triggered by direct pressure, tripwires, tilt rods, command detonation, or by some combination of these methods. They can be booby-trapped by using, for example, anti-handling devices to make their removal more difficult. Upon detonation, landmines are designed to incapacitate personnel or vehicles through damage caused by an explosive blast, fragments, or, in the case of some anti-tank mines, a jet of molten metal. While landmines come in a variety of models (there are currently more than 600 different types), they can all be grouped into two broad categories: anti-personnel (AP) mines and anti-tank (AT) mines. ANTI-PERSONNEL (AP) LANDMINES Definition: an anti-personnel landmine is a mine designed to injure or kill one or more persons. Anti-personnel mines are usually detonated when they are stepped on or when a tripwire is disturbed, but they can also be set off by the passage of time or by controlled means.
To the right, you see a springoperated AP, or anti-personnel mine positioned next to a pocket-sized knife for scale. AP mines are generally small, thus making them difficult to see without mine detection equipment.
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AP mines can be located under ground, on the ground surface, fixed above ground level, or in water. Once triggered, they cause death or serious injury by an explosive blast and/or flying fragments. They are grouped according to the manner in which they inflict injury: blast effect mines and fragmentation mines. BLAST EFFECT AP MINES Blast effect mines are often very cheap, and are the most commonly found AP mines in the world. These mines are generally cylindrical in shape, and range in size from 7 to 16 cm in diameter and 5 to 10 cm in height. However, some blast effect AP mines are rectangular, or shoe boxshaped. They then range in size from 10 cm x 18 cm to 15 cm x 30 cm, and look like a small wooden or plastic box. While a few blast effect AP mines are still made of metal or wood, most modern ones are now manufactured of plastic and are difficult to detect with standard metal-sensing equipment. These mines can be water resistant or waterproof, and dangerous even when covered by water. Being airtight, many of these mines may also float. This means that following heavy rains, it is not uncommon for such mines to wash out of minefields into previously mine-free areas, or into waterways where they can be swept miles downstream before washing ashore.
DANGER MINES!
Use extra caution when travelling in previously mine-free areas following heavy rains, or when walking along river banks, culverts along roads, and irrigation ditches
Blast AP mines are usually tan, olive, green, black, brown, grey, or a combination of colours. A common type of blast effect AP mine is the air-delivered butterfly mine, commonly found in Afghanistan. These have a combination of odd shape and bright colour that makes them very attractive to children. They are typically found lying around in large numbers over a relatively limited area of ground. Blast AP mines are designed to be triggered by the pressure caused by direct personal contact with the mine. They inflict injury through an explosive blast. Most of these types of landmines have a relatively small explosive charge, often less than 100 gr. of explosive.
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FRAGMENTATION AP MINES Fragmentation AP mines are designed to cause death or severe injury from fragments propelled by the mines explosive charge. Most of these mines have metal casings designed to shatter into fragments upon the detonation of the mine, or are armed with ball bearings or metal fragments that are turned into lethal projectiles by the detonation of the mine. There are three basic types of fragmentation AP mines: stake mines, directional fragmentation mines, and bounding fragmentation mines. STAKE AP MINES The most commonly found standard fragmentation AP mines are stake mines, which are designed to fit on wooden or metal stakes hammered into the ground until the mine is resting about 21 cm above the surface. One or more tripwires (most commonly made of fine steel wire) are then strung from the fuse of the mine to a solid object, or to another mine. As little as 0.8 kg pressure or traction on one of these wires can trigger a mine. Once triggered, the blast of the explosive charge hurls metal fragments from the casing of the mine outward in a 360 arc. These fragments will probably cause lethal injury to anyone within an unobstructed radius of 4 meters of the mine when it detonates, and serious injury to people at much greater distances from the mine. DIRECTIONAL FRAGMENTATION AP MINES Directional (or Claymore type) fragmentation AP mines are designed to project a dense pattern of fragments within a specified arc. Most look like a curved rectangular box about the thickness of a paperback book. This box sits on two sets of legs and is generally coloured olive drab, black, or brown. Directional fragmentation AP mines are usually command-detonated, but they can also be initiated by tripwire. Most directional AP mines project their fragments within a 60 horizontal arc and a 2meter vertical height, which can cause serious injury or death up to 50 meters from the mine. Other versions of these mines are large and circular in shape, and project their shrapnel in a narrow cone, like a shotgun. They are capable of killing people, as well as destroying passenger vehicles, pickup trucks, utility vehicles, and jeeps.
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BOUNDING FRAGMENTATION AP MINES Most bounding fragmentation AP mines are cylindrical in shape, with a single tubular fuse or a number of prongs sticking out from the top. They are typically around 15 cm in diameter and 28 cm in height. When these mines are laid it is common to see only the prongs sticking out above the soil. These mines are usually tan, olive, black, brown, and green, or are left unpainted. It is not uncommon for the spikes to be left as unpainted natural metal. Bounding fragmentation AP mines are generally triggered by pressure on tripwires and/or direct pressure. When tripwires (usually of fine wire) are used, they can run as far as 30 meters from the mines. Once triggered, an initial charge lifts the mine up to waist height before the main charge detonates. Upon detonation, the explosion shoots out metal fragments in a 360-degree horizontal arc. These fragments can inflict lethal injuries at distances of up to 35 meters or more from the landmine, and can cause severe injuries at more than 100 meters. ANTI-TANK (AT) LANDMINES Definition: an anti-tank mine is a mine designed to disable or destroy vehicles, including tanks. Like anti-personnel mines, anti-tank mines can be detonated by pressure (though normally much greater weight is needed) or remote control, as well as by magnetic influence or through the disturbance of a tilt rod (a sort of vertical tripwire).
Anti-tank (AT), or anti-vehicle (AV), mine.
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Because they need much greater power to achieve their objective, AT mines are much larger than AP mines and have a far heavier explosive charge. They may contain from 1.5 to 14 kg of explosive. They are generally round or square in shape, and range in size from 40 cm in diameter and 16 cm in height to 23 cm in diameter and 10 cm in height. It normally takes more than 135 kg of pressure to detonate a standard AT mine. This does not necessarily mean that people weighing less than this can safely step on an AT mine. Fuse systems may deteriorate or be deliberately adjusted, resulting in a reduction in pressure required to detonate the mine. In some cases AP mines have been laid on top of AT mines which, when initiated, will generally cause the AT mine to detonate as well. Be aware also that AP mines are often used to prevent AT mines from being lifted. The technique of laying AP mines and AT mines together in clusters is a common practice.
DANGER MINES!
Wherever you see anti-tank mines, assume there are also anti-personnel mines in the area The most common AT mines rely upon blast effect to disable or destroy vehicles. Their impact on vehicles such as pickup trucks, utility vehicles, passenger cars, and jeeps is usually catastrophic, resulting in the destruction of the vehicle and death or serious injuries to the passengers. While much has been made of the threat of anti-personnel landmines to civilian populations, anti-tank mines may be responsible for much greater socio-economic dislocation and human suffering. AT mines prevent vehicles, including those carrying medical and relief supplies, from using the road and railway systems. They prevent villagers from bringing goods to markets, and impede the clearance of AP mines on roads. AT mines have caused most of the serious mine incidents, involving multiple casualties to humanitarian personnel.
UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE (UXO) Definition: unexploded ordnance are explosive munitions which have not yet been set off. UXO may already have been fired, dropped, or launched, but it has failed to detonate as intended. UXO include grenades, rockets, mortars, artillery shells, bombs, cluster munitions and fuses. They can function almost exactly as landmines, exploding when stepped on, moved or touched. Some UXO also contain motion-sensitive fusing or magnetic sensors; other UXO may have a timed self-destruct feature. Because UXO are very unstable and can be detonated easily, they are very dangerous.
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Items of UXO fail to operate as intended and remain dangerous for decades.
DANGER MINES!
Never attempt to handle or move unexploded ordnance!
Do not make radio transmissions within 15 meters of unexploded ordnance - when transmitting, radios send waves which may cause detonation. UXO often outnumber landmines, and are frequently more lethal due to their explosive and fragmentation content. UXO are found in areas where fighting has taken place or where artillery or aeroplanes have dropped bombs, shells and cluster munitions. This can also include areas where civilians are living, or places where refugees and displaced persons want to return. UXO can be discovered inside and outside of buildings. They can be hidden beneath rubble or collapsed walls. In addition, UXO can also be found lodged in trees or hanging from fences. UXO are a serious danger to life and health and should always be considered in connection with the mine threat.
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BOOBY TRAPS Definition: a booby trap is a device or material which is designed to injure or kill, and which functions unexpectedly when a person or vehicle approaches or disturbs an apparently harmless object, or performs an apparently safe act. Almost any object can be made into an innocent-looking booby trap, such as a packet of cigarettes, a watch, or a toy. Booby traps can be in any place and can look like anything. They are designed to catch the unwary and the curious. The possibility of booby traps should be considered before any abandoned building is used or entered.
An Israeli mine sign, marking a dangerous area by warning of the possible existence of mines, UXO, and Booby Traps.
SECTION HIGHLIGHTS: TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE This is the end of Section 3.3. Before moving into Section 3.4: Recognising Dangerous Areas, take a moment to review the questions you read at the beginning of this section. What are the different types of landmines? Anti-personnel (AP), Anti-Tank (AT)1 What are the different types of UXO? Bombs, shells, mortars, grenades
Anti-tank (AT) landmines are sometimes referred to as AV (anti-vehicle) mines.
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What is the major difference between a landmine and an item of UXO? Landmines are not designed to be detonated at the time of emplacement; UXO has failed to detonate on impact and has therefore not operated as designed. Where are landmines and UXO found in relation to the ground? Although it is commonly believed that landmines are found below the ground and UXO is found above the ground, this is incorrect. Both landmines and UXO may be found below ground, on the surface of the ground, and even stuck in trees. How are landmines activated? Direct pressure, Tripwires, Tilt Rods, Command Detonation, Time Delay, Disturbance, Other (e.g., light). Name a few individual and social impacts of mines and UXO. Personal injury and death; socio-economic dislocation; road/railway blockage; medical and relief interference. For further information, refer to the International Committee of the Red Cross and its videos about individual and social impacts of landmines, available in a variety of languages.
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Section 3.4 Recognising Dangerous Areas If mines have been properly laid and camouflaged, it will be extremely difficult - if not impossible - to spot a mined area. It is therefore essential to collect information on mines/UXO in your area before initiating any activity. It is important to remember that the fact that an area or route is not marked as contaminated, does not mean it is safe. Any area can be mined, whether or not it is a military area. There are often clues that can indicate an area is potentially dangerous, which will be discussed in detail below. The local population can also offer information. Ask the local population the following questions to find out about the local mine/UXO problem: Has there been any fighting in this area? Have there been any soldiers living/working/passing through this area? Have there been mine/UXO accidents in this area? If yes, what types of injuries have occurred? Which areas are suspected or known to be mine/UXO contaminated? Are there roads/tracks/crossings/fields/wells/houses that the local population do not use? Have there been detonations in the area? If yes, in which locations? How does the local population mark mine/UXO-contaminated areas? What are considered to be safe roads/routes/paths/areas by the local population?
If it is not possible to obtain proper information, there are still things you can do to avoid entering a mine/UXO-affected area. This section helps you recognise some of the warning signs and clues for which you should be constantly on the lookout. AREAS LIKELY TO CONTAIN MINES AND UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE Mines/UXO can be found in various locations. In conflict areas, the following locations can be mine/UXO contaminated and should therefore be avoided: Military positions: Mines/UXO are often located in and around military positions and confrontation lines. Likewise, they can be found in civilian buildings that have been used as command or observation posts; in and around army rest areas; in and around ambush areas or areas that offer good concealment; near demolition sites and roadblocks. Military targets such as infrastructure, airports, bridges, factories, warehouses, etc. are likely to be mine/UXO-contaminated. Mine/UXO-suspected areas are also locations where there is a restriction on movement, especially where recovery of a damaged vehicle is difficult. Bridges, defiles and narrow roads are examples. Destroyed buildings/vehicles: Mines/UXO can be found in and around destroyed buildings, destroyed and abandoned vehicles, and equipment.
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Transportation routes: Mines/UXO can be found on paths, roads, tracks, crossings; around obstruction of a route that causes traffic to move onto a different surface; in rubble, debris or scrap on an otherwise clear route. Civilian locations: Mines/UXO can also be found in and around fields, river crossings, wells, water points, woods, farmland, vineyards, orchards, gardens, naturally shady areas, houses, offices, and cemeteries.
RECOGNISING MINE WARNING SIGNS MINE SIGNS A professional army will use barbed wire and mine signs to section off a properly laid minefield. Mine action agencies will also use mine signs to indicate dangerous areas. Learn which signs are used in the area to mark minefields.
Look closely to find the mine indicated by the warning sign.
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Mine signs are normally bright red, square or triangular in shape, 25 cm x 25 cm in size, and have a skull and crossbones emblem with the words DANGER MINES! written in the local languages. These signs may be broken down, rusted or covered in vegetation. Be alert and observant.
DANGER MINES!
Never go into areas marked by mine warning signs, wires or tapes! If you come across a mine sign, which you can see clearly but on which there is no writing, stop where you are and do not move: this most likely indicates that you are already in a minefield because when mine signs are placed, they are positioned facing outwards. If necessary, follow the emergency procedures described in Section 3.5. In addition to mine signs, plastic tapes of different colours are also often used to indicate mined areas. However, do not always expect to see mine marking tape or barbed wire around a minefield. In many countries, barbed wire is considered a useful item that can be used for other purposes. Often the local population will take it for use on their own land. In many cases also, mine/UXO-affected communities know where the dangerous locations are and do not mark them anymore. To assume that in areas of conflict unmarked areas are safe can be misleading. Always check with the local Mine Action Centre, UN Security Offices, UN Military Observers, local authorities and members of the local community to find out about mine/UXO-affected areas. LOCAL WARNING SIGNS In many cases, local people develop their own techniques and signs for marking mined areas. These may include, but are not limited to: A piece of cloth tied to a fence or tree; A can on a post; Small piles or circles of rocks; Rocks laid across a path; A clump of grass that has been tied in the middle; Sticks which have been tied to form a cross, which is then placed across a path or placed in the ground next to a path; Signs which have been cut into the bark of a tree; A shorn off branch.
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RECOGNISING MINE WARNING CLUES VISIBLE MINES/UXO, TRIPWIRES AND TILT RODS Mines are generally difficult, if not impossible, to see. They have been purposely camouflaged, and could also be obscured by long grass or may have fallen over. Likewise, UXO can be difficult to spot.
Using the pen as an indicator of scale, notice the way this mine has been placed carefully in the ground. As you study the photo, take note of the way surrounding grasses, weeds, and vegetation will grow on top of the planted mine, obscuring it further from view.
However, certain landmines are laid above ground and may be visible after careful scrutiny of the area. Erosion or natural forces also sometimes uncover or partially uncover landmines. If you can see any portion of an object that appears to be made of plastic or metal and cannot be identified as safe, you should suspect the area to be mine/UXO contaminated.
DANGER MINES!
Remember mines, when properly laid, are almost impossible to see! A tripwire is a thin, often non-reflective wire used as a mechanism to trigger an AP mine or a booby trap. It is normally made of metal, but vines, fence wire, and cord are also used. Tripwires are usually stretched low above the ground so that any passer-by will trip over, thus setting off the explosion. They can be strung across paths, trails, roadways, fields and other areas in which foot traffic could be expected. Just because you do not see a tripwire does not mean there are not tripwires around.
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DANGER MINES!
Never touch, pull or cut a tripwire! Never attempt to move, disturb or detonate mines/UXO! Tilt rods are usually steel rods from 16 cm to 1 meter in length. They are attached to the mechanical fuse of an AT mine, and are designed to detonate the mine when hit. Where you see tilt rods, there are generally AP mines as well, so be extremely cautious in any such situation and move away from the area. Tilt rod fuses are very sensitive and must never be touched.
DANGER MINES!
Use common sense. When in doubt, stay out! Occasionally, forces lay mines in a hurry and leave the packaging, tripwire spools and safety pins for the mines. If you see military-looking wooden, plastic or metal containers lying around, always be suspicious of mines/UXO in the area. Also, any small metal rings with a metal pin attached should be viewed as a sign of possible mine activity in the area. Empty cluster bomb containers found in a conflict area also indicate danger. CASUALTIES, INJURED OR DEAD ANIMALS When a mine/UXO detonates and kills an animal or a person, there are often signs of this left in the area. The carcasses or skeletons of animals may sometimes be seen. In such cases, the animals often have characteristic injuries to their legs, or may be bleeding from multiple fragment wounds. Bear in mind, however, that some animals have been known to move considerable distances after encountering mines/UXO. Injured animals or skeletons can therefore be taken as an indication of the presence of mines/UXO, but provide little or no information on their precise location. SIGNS OF FIGHTING Signs of fighting, including damaged or destroyed vehicles, equipment and facilities are also indicators that mines/UXO may be present. If vehicles appear to have been damaged from the bottom up or show wheel or track destruction, then there is a very good chance that they hit a mine/UXO. One might also encounter pieces of metal or debris that look like they are the results of an explosion. Landmines are seldom planted in isolation, so evidence of one mine would indicate the presence of others in the area.
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DISTURBED SOIL AND VEGETATION, OR OVERGROWN AREAS Often the placement of landmines/UXO causes disruptions in the natural environment that, as a result, look odd or out of place. If a minefield has been in existence for some time, there might be a visible pattern of slight depressions over the mine where the soil has settled after a rain. If a mine has been laid recently, there might be patches of dead grass where the roots have been cut when the mines were buried. If a mine was laid very recently, the moist soil used to cover the landmine when it was buried may show up darker than the surrounding area. Also be aware that, over time, tripwires may become draped with grass, leaves, and other debris or become a foundation for spider webs or cocoons that makes them more easily visible.
DANGER MINES!
Always be alert for things that look out of place!
LOCAL BEHAVIOUR Never go anywhere where the local population refuses to go! They generally, though not always, know what areas are safe because they witnessed fighting, suffered casualties, saw mines being laid, and/or because they laid mines themselves. On the other hand, returning refugees may not always have the necessary mine/UXO information compared to those populations that have resided in the risk area during the conflict. If an area is not cultivated, whereas all the other plots around it are being farmed, stay away from it. If you see an abandoned building with windows and roof tiles, although you are aware these are valuable building materials, stay away from the area. Never use a road that is beginning to become overgrown or on which there is no obvious traffic. PRACTICAL ACTIVITY This is the end of Section 3.4. Before moving onto Section 3.5, take a few moments to put your knowledge to practical use and consider the situation presented below. The situation involves two individuals: (1) a humanitarian worker and (2) a local traditional leader. Read over the descriptions for each individual and make a plan for how you would approach the described situation if you were the humanitarian relief worker. After considering this approach, re-read the descriptions and make a plan for how you would approach the situation if you were the traditional religious leader. What types of questions would you ask? What information should be exchanged, and how will the exchange happen? What sort of an impression will you make?
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Situation One: You are a humanitarian worker preparing to enter an area of the country that has been cut off for some time because of fighting between the government and rebel forces. You wish to collect important safety information about the main and side roads in the region from the local population. You decide to visit the local traditional leader. You are in a rush because you need to deliver essential supplies to needy children. Situation Two: You are a local traditional leader. You left the region for a few months at the height of the fighting but you have heard from the local population that the side of the main roads and some of the side roads may have been mined. A humanitarian worker is preparing to visit you. You want to make sure that food aid is delivered to your area as part of your obligations to your people. In addition, as part of traditional hospitality all visitors must be received in your private house for tea and a friendly chat.
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Section 3.5 Emergency Procedures in a Minefield Individual safety procedures should build upon organisational safety procedures and networks to be effective. Always remember: Your safety is in your hands. If you stray into a minefield or happen to disturb UXO, a possible consequence can be death or severe injury. You need a good deal of experience even to be sure that you are no longer in a minefield, and the skills required to deal with specific devices and situations in a minefield cannot be taught and learned on a casual basis. If, however, some of the principles developed in the earlier sections of this handbook have not been applied and you happen to enter a minefield, this section aims to help you react safely. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES ON FOOT The two most likely ways you will discover that you are in a mined area are either that there is an explosion, or that you see a mine. If someone has been injured, you cannot rush in to help without endangering yourself and other members of the team. In the event of a mine/UXO emergency, the following steps have to be observed: STOP! MINED! M Movement stops immediately. Stop walking, stand still and remain calm. I Inform and warn people around you. Tell them not to move either. If you can, contact your office for help, indicating where you are located. N Note the area. What else can you see? Examine the ground to ensure you are safe where you are; look for tripwires or mines. Look for the nearest safe ground such as a hard surfaced road, concrete or steel structure, large boulders, etc. E Evaluate the situation. Be prepared to take control. D Do not move from your position. Wait for qualified help to come and assist you.
Immediately after stopping, having warned others and having called for help, you can assess the situation further: Examine the ground immediately around your feet to make sure your base is safe. Look around slowly and carefully, without moving, to see if you can spot mines, tripwires, etc. Crouch down without moving your feet and visually scan for tripwires or signs of mines.
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Visually locate the nearest safe ground. This may be where you last knew you were on a safe surface such as a hard surfaced road, well-used path, concrete or steel structure, such as an irrigation canal or a large pipeline, an expanse of bedrock or large boulders; etc.
If the procedures regarding route cards have been followed, it will only be a matter of time before qualified personnel come to assist you. The need to remain where you are and wait for assistance to arrive should be strongly emphasised. Retracing ones footsteps can only be done where the ground is wet, and should be considered a last resort where there is no prospect of help arriving. Prodding out of a minefield is extremely difficult and dangerous and requires specialist expertise in order to do it properly. The emergency exit procedures described in The Landmine Safety Handbook (available through UNMAS) should be used only as a last resort, when no external help can be expected, by individuals who have received proper training with practical exercises.
DANGER MINES!
Remember: it is better to spend two days in a minefield than to risk getting injured or killed! Once out of the mined area, make sure that you report the threat to your office and to the mine action organisations operating in the area. Some organisations advise people to mark a mine, UXO or dangerous area, once identified, so as to warn others of the danger. It has been argued, however, that such a marking effort may be dangerous, since one must find and place a suitable marker and therefore remain in the dangerous area. Moreover, it may not be clear to others where the danger is in relation to the marker. Check with your organisation what its marking policy is. Do not attempt marking if you have not received proper training through practical exercises! EMERGENCY PROCEDURES IN A VEHICLE If you have any reason to suspect that you have driven into a mined area, or if your vehicle has hit a landmine, the following steps have to be observed: STOP! MINED! M Movement stops immediately. Stop any further movement of the vehicle, do not attempt to reverse out of the area, and do not move the steering wheel. Be calm and, if possible, stay in the vehicle. I Inform and warn people around you. Tell them not to move either. Contact your office for help, indicating where you are located. Use the car horn to summon help.
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N Note the area. What else can you see? Examine the ground to ensure you are safe where you are; look for tripwires or mines. Look for the nearest safe ground such as a hard surfaced road, concrete or steel structure, large boulders, etc. E Evaluate the situation. Be prepared to take control. D Do not move from your position. Qualified help will come to assist you.
When a vehicle strikes a mine, the first instinct of survivors may be to rush out. However, unless the vehicle is on fire or has ended up in a life-threatening position, stay in the vehicle. It is very likely that there will be more mines, including AP mines, in the area. If you can, render first aid assistance to other passengers in the vehicle who require it. If the procedures regarding route cards, etc. have been followed, it will only be a matter of time before qualified personnel come to assist you.
When a vehicle hits a landmine, the underside is the most severely damaged part.
Should you be obliged to leave the vehicle (if your vehicle is on fire, for example), exit in such a way that you do not have to touch the ground until you are in your wheel tracks facing back the way you came. Only go as far as necessary to be in a safe position. Then do not move from there until help arrives. If you are more than one, leave one at a time allowing 25 meters between each person. Once out of the mined area, make sure that you report the threat to your office and to the mine action organisations operating in the area. If possible, get experts to retrieve the vehicle from the suspected minefield. Otherwise, leave it.
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Section 3.6 Assisting a Mine/UXO Victim It is essential to resist the temptation to go into a minefield to try to extract someone. Minefield extraction is a specialist enterprise and many people have been killed or injured unnecessarily trying to help friends or family. This section is not a substitute for emergency first aid training. It simply addresses the most basic actions to take if you witness an accident involving mines/UXO, and if no qualified medical assistance is immediately available.
DANGER MINES!
Remember, a prerequisite for assisting a mine victim is the presence of a mine clearance team!
In case of a mine/UXO accident, you are advised to do the following: Remain calm. DO NOT RUSH TO THE VICTIM and do not attempt to rescue him/her in what may be a minefield. Note the time and exact location of the accident. Call for help. Arrange for both mine clearance assistance and Medevac. Talk to the victim. Warn him/her not to move, and advise him/her that help is on its way. If you do not have it with you, and if you can safely do so, collect your first aid kit from your vehicle and prepare first aid. Wait for assistance to arrive.
Once the victim is brought to safe ground by a mine clearance team, and if there is no medical personnel available, you may administer emergency first aid, if appropriate, as per your formal training: Check the victim for breathing. If required and possible, clear the airways and give artificial respiration or cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. Stop the bleeding. Elevate the injured limb above the level of the heart. Use whatever bandages or material available to make pressure dressing for the wounds. If bleeding continues through the dressings, apply more material and apply firm manual pressure. If the wounded person is unconscious, put them in the recovery or semi-prone position.
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Protect the victim from the wind, rain, cold or bright sunlight. Keep him/her calm and warm, talk to him/her, and explain what you are planning to do. Do not let the person to drink water or other non-alcoholic fluids, in case there are internal injuries. Remember, internal injuries means no water! Once you get the patient to a vehicle, transport him/her at once to the nearest medical facility. Use the best transport immediately available, and leave instructions for any better (faster) transport to follow you when it arrives. During transportation, ensure that bandages are properly applied to all serious wounds, and that the patient is positioned so that the most seriously bleeding wounds are elevated above the level of his/her heart. Manual pressure on the dressings may have to be maintained during the journey to prevent bleeding. Never suture wounds or attempt other advanced medical aid unless you are physician or trained medical professional.
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Section 3.7 Country-Specific Leaflets The Landmine and UXO Safety Project has developed Country-Specific Leaflets for countries in order to give a summary of the landmine and UXO problem to individuals who plan to work in the area. The leaflet will contain important information including pictures and names of the most common types of mines and UXO found in the region, local contact names and numbers, country and/or regional maps, and other pertinent data. As you learned previously in this lesson, field workers are encouraged to attain a countryspecific leaflet before heading out into the field. Below you will see a few photos of country-specific leaflets. These photos are good examples of what one might expect to see in leaflets for any particular country.
Above: Country-Specific leaflets for Croatia, Mozambique, and Afghanistan as developed by the Landmine and UXO Safety Project, UNMAS. On the following page: Details from the
Sudan leaflet including information about common mines and UXO.
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END-OF-LESSON ACTIVITY: SIMULATED MINEFIELD 1) Imagine you are in a classroom being trained in Mine/UXO Safety Procedures. During class, the instructor takes everyone outside into a simulated mined area. The instructor walks around in a relaxed manner, stepping among a few warning clues, such as tripwire or empty mine casings. The instructor starts to collect them saying that they make great souvenirs. How will you respond to this scenario? What will you say? What will you do? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2) The instructor calls the class over: Come see what I have found! Do you go over to have a look? If you do, remember that you are all violating the rules you have just learnt and what is more, you are now in a minefield. 3) The instructor pretends to lose control and panic. How do you react? You will need a demining expert to help extract the instructor and you, if you entered the dangerous area, from the minefield. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4) Finally, your instructor feigns a landmine injury. This is a practical exercise on assisting a mine victim. How do you react? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Remember that, although unlikely, you may be in a real-life scenario one day.
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END-OF-LESSON QUIZ
1. Most mines remain dangerous for: (A) Days; (B) Weeks; (C) Months; (D) Decades. 2. If you are traveling in a convoy in a dangerous area, what is the ideal distance to leave between vehicles? (A) 25 m. (B) 50 m. (C) 75 m. (D) 100 m. 3. Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) AT mines are much larger than AP mines and have a far heavier explosive charge; (B) AT mines may have AP mines laid on top of them, generally resulting in the detonation of both mine types; (C) Because AT mines require 135 kg of pressure to detonate, anyone or anything weighing less 135 kg can safely step on an AT mine; (D) AT mines are designed to disable or destroy items weighing less than 135 kg. 4. When should a vehicle travelling in a dangerous area leave the road? (A) To allow another vehicle to pass; (B) To turn around; (C) To pass an obstruction; (D) Never. 5. When travelling on foot, what is the ideal distance to leave between members of the group? (A) 15 m. (B) 20 m. (C) 25 m. (D) 30 m.
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6. What is the most commonly found AP mine in the world? (A) Bounding Fragmentation mines; (B) Directional Fragmentation mines; (C) OZM-72 bounding fragmentation mines; (D) Blast effect mines. 7. Which of the following groups of mines is not a Fragmentation AP mine? (A) Air-delivered butterfly mines; (B) Stake mines; (C) Directional fragmentation mines; (D) Bounding fragmentation mines. 8. You see a mine, cylindrical in shape and about 28 centimetres in height, with a number of prongs sticking out from the top. This mine is most likely a/an: (A) Stake AP mine; (B) Directional fragmentation AP mine; (C) Bounding fragmentation AP mine; (D) Anti-tank (AT) landmine. 9. You happen upon a damaged vehicle. Which of the following signals tells you that the vehicle was probably damaged from a mine/UXO? (A) Damage to the vehicle appears to be from the bottom up; (B) Damage to the vehicle does not show wheel or track destruction; (C) Damage to the vehicle is most serious on the hood and roof; (D) Damage to the vehicle includes a large dent on the right fender. 10. If someone in the local community offers to show you a mine, you should: (A) Resist the offer, as it is likely to be in an area of extreme danger; (B) Accept the offer, as seeing the mine will help you add details to your map; (C) Accept the offer, and bring community members with you to see the location; (D) Resist the offer because locals are often mistaken about mine identification.
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11. What is the difference between the way a professional army/mine action agency will mark a minefield and the way local people may mark mined areas? (A) Local people will commonly use barbed wire; Professional army/mine action agency will use markings made from the natural environment; (B) Local people will commonly use natural items (rocks, grass, sticks, trees); Professional army/mine action agency will use barbed wire, mine signs, and/or plastic tape of different colours; (C) Local people will use items from the natural environment; Professional army/mine action agency will also use items from the natural environment; (D) None of the above. 12. Which of the following is FALSE? (A) Following heavy rains, blast effect AP mines may have washed out of minefields into previously mine-free areas; (B) Following heavy rains, blast effect AP mines may wash ashore miles downstream from where they were initially placed; (C) Blast effect AP mines do not work when submerged in water; (D) Blast effect AP mines can be dangerous even when covered by water.
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LESSON 3 ANSWER KEY
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
D D D D C D A C A A B
Decades. 100 m. AT mines are designed to disable or destroy items weighing less than 135 kg. Never. 25 m. Blast effect mines. Air-delivered butterfly mines. Bounding fragmentation AP mine. Damage to the vehicle appears to be from the bottom up. Resist the offer, as it is likely to be in an area of extreme danger. Local people will commonly use natural items (rocks, grass, sticks, trees); Professional army/mine action agency will use barbed wire, mine signs, and/or plastic tape of different colours. Blast effect AP mines do not work when submerged in water.
12.
LESSON 4 INTERNATIONAL MINE ACTION STANDARDS (IMAS)

Section 4.1: Guide for the application of International Mine Action Standards Section 4.2: Clearance Requirements End-of-Lesson Quiz
Lesson 4/ International Mine Action Standards
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Lesson 4 Objectives Section 4.1: Guide for the application of International Mine Action Standards This section introduces the student to the role and purpose of IMAS, and establishes the guiding principles for their proper and appropriate use by national authorities, international organisations, donors and organisations involved with the planning and implementation of mine action activities at headquarters and field level. It introduces a few terms and definitions the student should be familiar with before reading the standards. After studying this section, the student should: Understand the purpose of IMAS and how mine standards are applied; Be able to identify the five guiding principles behind IMAS (National responsibilities and obligations; Humanitarian imperative; Capacity building; Other international standards; and International treaties) and what each encompasses; Be reminded of mine action and its five complementary groups of activities; Know how the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) and IMAS relate to each other; Identify various organisations and agencies responsible for ensuring International Mine Action Standards are properly followed, and be able to articulate the roles of these various organisations and agencies. Section 4.2: Clearance Requirements This section introduces the student to the component of IMAS specifically focused on humanitarian demining, or clearance. The student will read about the ways in which a set of IMAS standards specifies the quality system (i.e. the organisation, procedures and responsibilities) necessary to determine that land has been cleared by the demining organisation in accordance with its contractual obligations. Military clearance and humanitarian clearance differ greatly: humanitarian clearance aims to make land completely safe for use, while military clearance might only aim to make certain routes passable for military purposes. This section discusses the procedures and goals of humanitarian clearance, the most complete kind of clearance that exists. After studying this section, the student should: Have an awareness of the specifications concerning mine clearance; Recognise the responsibilities and obligations of the national mine action authority, the demining organisation, the monitoring body, and the inspection body in the area of mine clearance.
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO LESSON FOUR1 Overview The United Nations has a general responsibility for enabling and encouraging the effective management of mine action programmes, including the development and maintenance of standards. In July 1996, international standards for humanitarian mine clearance programmes were proposed by working groups at a conference in Denmark. Criteria were prescribed for all aspects of mine clearance, standards were recommended and a new universal definition of clearance was agreed upon. In late 1996 the principles proposed in Denmark were developed by a UN-led working group into International Standards for Humanitarian Mine Clearance Operations. A first edition of these standards was issued by the UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS) in March 1997.2 While UNMAS is the office within the United Nations Secretariat responsible for the development and maintenance of international mine action standards (IMAS), the work of preparing, reviewing and revising these standards has been conducted by technical committees with the support of international organizations, governmental bodies and NGOs. The standards will be reviewed at least every three years to reflect developing mine action norms and practices, and to incorporate changes to international regulations and requirements.3 Purpose of IMAS The revised international standards are being developed to improve safety and efficiency in mine action by establishing principles, providing guidance and, in some cases, by defining international requirements and specifications. They provide a frame of reference which encourages, and in some cases requires, the sponsors and managers of mine action programmes and projects to achieve and demonstrate agreed levels of effectiveness and safety. They provide a common language, and recommend the formats and rules for handling data which enable the free exchange of important information; this information exchange benefits other programmes and projects, and assists the mobilisation,
1
Editors note: Portions of the text in this introduction are drawn directly from the International Mine Action Standards, prepared by the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) for the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS). 2 A review of the International Standards for Humanitarian Mine Clearance Operations was initiated by the United Nations in October 1999. The Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) is implementing the project on behalf of UNMAS, with financial assistance from the Government of the United Kingdom. 3 The review and revision acknowledges the important changes which have taken place in the management of mine action. International interest and funding has increased, and there is an expectation of improved cooperation, coordination and unity of effort. It also reflects changes to operational procedures, practices and norms which occurred after the standards were first created. The scope of these standards has been expanded to include other components of mine action, in particular those of mine risk education and victim assistance.
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prioritisation and management of resources. Standards should be definable, achievable, measurable and verifiable; above all they must be safe and legally defensible. The standards also provide a suitable medium for informing the mine action community of existing international regulations, conventions, treaties and standards which impact on mine action, particularly those referring to basic human rights, clearance requirements, hazard marking and general safety issues. The standards will assist national mine action authorities to establish national standards and national SOPs. International mine action standards are not themselves SOPs. They do not define the way in which mine action is to be achieved in the field - that is covered in national and local SOPs, rules, instructions and codes of practice. The most current standards, prepared for the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) by the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD), are organized into a framework with nine subheadings as follows: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) General mine action standards and guidelines (Series 1-5); Training needs of mine action managers and staff (Series 6); Management, accreditation and monitoring (Series 7); Risk assessment and survey (Series 8); Mine and UXO clearance (Series 9); Mine action safety and occupational health (Series 10); Anti-personnel mine stockpile destruction (Series 11); Mine Risk Reduction Education (MRRE) (Series 12); and Evaluation of mine action programmes (Series 14).
Please take a moment to review the framework diagram on the following page, taking note of the various topics covered by IMAS. All portions of the IMAS framework will not be covered in Lesson 4. Instead, you will be introduced to two portions of the IMAS framework, IMAS 1.10: Guide for the application of IMAS (covered in Section 4.1 of this lesson) and IMAS 9.10: Clearance Requirements (covered in Section 4.2 of this lesson). If you want further information about IMAS, or a copy of the complete standards on CDROM, contact UNMAS directly. The latest version of each standard, together with information on the work of the technical committees, can also be found on the Internet at http://www.mineactionstandards.org.

General mine action standards and guidelines
IMAS 01.10 IMAS 02.10 IMAS 03.10-40 IMAS 04.10 IMAS 05.10
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Framework of International Mine Action Standards (IMAS)
Key:
Complete
Guide for the application of IMAS
Management of mine action programmes
Equipment testing and evaluation
Glossary of mine action terms and definitions
Information systems & communications
Work during 2001
Training needs of mine action managers and staff

IMAS 06.20 IMAS 06.20 IMAS 06.30 IMAS 06.40 IMAS 06.50
Development & management training
Training of senior level national managers
Training of middle level national managers
Training of technical advisors
Training of MRRE managers and staff
Management, accreditation and monitoring

IMAS 07.10-11 IMAS 07.20 IMAS 07.30-31 IMAS 07.40-42
Management of demining and MRRE
Guide for drafting contracts
Accreditation of mine action organisations
Monitoring of mine action organisations
Risk assessment and survey

IMAS 08.10 IMAS 08.20 IMAS 08.30 IMAS 08.40
General survey
Technical survey
Post-clearance documentation
Marking of hazards
Mine and UXO clearance

IMAS 09.10 IMAS 09.20 IMAS 09.30 IMAS 09.40-43 IMAS 09.50
Clearance requirements
Post-clearance inspections & sampling
EOD
Mechanically Use of Mine assisted Detection Dogs clearance
Mine action safety and occupational health

IMAS 10.10 IMAS 10.20 IMAS 10.30 IMAS 10.40 IMAS 10.50 IMAS 10.60
S&OH general principles
Demining worksite safety
PPE
Medical requirements
Anti-personnel mine stockpile destruction

IMAS 11.10 Guide for the destruction of APM IMAS 11.20 OBOD operations IMAS 11.30 National planning guidelines
Explosives storage, transportation & handling
Reporting & investigation of demining incidents
Mine Risk Reduction Education (MRRE)

IMAS 12.10 Assessment and data collection IMAS 12.20 Planning and implementation
Evaluation of mine action programmes

IMAS 14.20 Evaluation of MRRE programmes
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Section 4.1 Guide for the application of International Mine standards4 1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
In recent years the international community has become increasingly aware of the scale and severity of the international landmine crisis, and has come to accept that it is a global problem requiring a coordinated global response. There is also recognition that the United Nations has a key role to play in articulating this global response, and in providing the necessary international support and coordination mechanisms. The term mine action refers to those activities which, together, aim to reduce the social, economic and environmental impact of landmine contamination. These activities comprise mine risk education (See Lesson 6), demining5, victim assistance (See Lesson 5), advocacy to stigmatise the use of landmines and support of a total ban on antipersonnel landmines (See Lesson 2), and stockpile destruction. However, mine action and its constituent activities cannot be addressed in isolation as there is significant overlap with complementary humanitarian and developmental programmes, and in some cases with peacekeeping and peace support operations. Mine action requires management planning at global, national and local levels, and involves international, national, commercial, NGO and military stakeholders operating under a variety of conditions. Thus it is not possible, nor is it desirable, to establish a unique set of criteria which alone define mine action standards and guidelines. Instead, it is necessary to identify a framework of standards and guidelines which, together, harmonise the manner in which activities and tasks are conducted by the different organizations and agencies involved. International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) provide this framework of international standards and guidelines. 2 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Policy defines the purpose and goals of an organization, and it articulates the rules, standards and principles of action which govern the way in which the organization aims to achieve these goals. Policy evolves in response to strategic direction and field experience. In turn, it influences the way in which plans are developed, and how resources are mobilised and applied. Policy is prescriptive and compliance is assumed, or at least is encouraged. IMAS follow the ISO definition of a standard: A standard is a documented agreement containing technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose.
Editors note: The material in Section 4.1 comes directly from the International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) 01.10, First Edition, dated 01 October 2001, and prepared for the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) by the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD). 5 Includes technical survey, mapping, mine and UXO clearance, marking, post clearance documentation and sampling and the handover of cleared land. (See Annex A: Glossary for the full definition).
4
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Note: Mine action standards aim to improve safety and efficiency in mine action by promoting the preferred procedures and practices at both headquarters and field level. To be effective, the standards should be definable, measurable, achievable and verifiable. Standing operating procedures (SOPs) are instructions which define the preferred or currently established method of conducting an operational task or activity. Their purpose is to establish recognisable and measurable degrees of discipline, uniformity, consistency and commonality within an organization, with the aim of improving operational effectiveness and safety. SOPs should reflect local requirements and circumstances. The terms and definitions used in this Guide are as follows6:
Amended Protocol II (APII) Amended Protocol II (APII) to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW) prohibits the use of all undetectable APMs and regulates the use of wider categories of mines, booby-traps and other devices. For the purposes of the IMAS, Article 5 lays down requirements for the marking and monitoring of mined areas. Article 9 provides for the recording and use of information on minefields and mined areas. The Technical Annex provides guidelines on, inter alia, the recording of information and international signs for minefields and mined areas. Demining The clearance of contaminated land by the detection, removal or destruction of all mine and UXO hazards. Demining may be carried out by different types of organizations, such as NGOs, commercial companies, national mine action teams or military units (when carrying out humanitarian demining). Demining may be emergency-based or developmental. Mine Munition designed to be placed under, on or near the ground or other surface area and to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person or a vehicle. Mine Risk Education (MRE) MRE is a process that promotes the adoption of safer behaviours by at-risk groups, and which provides the links between affected communities, other mine action components and other sectors. Mine risk education is an essential component of Mine Action. There are two related and mutually reinforcing components: (1) Community liaison; and (2) Public education. Generally mine action programmes use both approaches, as they are mutually reinforcing. They are not however alternative to each other, nor are they alternative to eradicating the mine/UXO threat by clearance operations. Mine Ban Treaty (MBT) (Ottawa Convention) Provides for a complete ban on the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines (APMs) and on their destruction. For the purposes of International Mine Action Standards (IMAS), Article 5 of the MBT lays down requirements for the destruction of APMs in mined
6
Editors note: Each section of IMAS begins with a list of terms and definitions relevant to the topic(s) being covered in that section. You will see the terms and definitions from IMAS 01.10 and IMAS 09.10 in Section 4.1 and 4.2, respectively. Please see Appendix A: Glossary for additional terms and definitions. The glossary found at Appendix A includes IMAS 04.10: Glossary of mine action terms and definitions in its entirety, in addition to terms and definitions from other sources.
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areas. Article 6 details transparency measures required under the Treaty including on the location of mined or suspected mined areas and measures taken to warn the local population. National Mine Action Authority The government department(s), organization(s) or institution(s) in each mine-affected country charged with the regulation, management and coordination of mine action. In most cases the national mine action centre (MAC) or its equivalent will act as, or on behalf of, the national mine action authority. In certain situations and at certain times it may be necessary and appropriate for the UN, or some other recognised international body, to assume some or all of the responsibilities, and to fulfil some or all the functions, of a national mine action authority. Standard IMAS follow the ISO definition of a standard: A standard is a documented agreement containing technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose. Mine action standards aim to improve safety and efficiency in mine action by promoting the preferred procedures and practices at both headquarters and field level. To be effective, the standards should be definable, measurable, achievable and verifiable. UXO Explosive ordnance that has been primed, fused, armed or otherwise prepared for use or used. It may have been fired, dropped, launched or projected yet remains unexploded either through malfunction or design or for any other reason. Victim Assistance (survivor assistance) All aid, relief, comfort and support provided to victims (including survivors) with the purpose of reducing the immediate and long-term medical and psychological implications of their trauma.
MINE ACTION
Mine action refers to . those activities which aim to reduce the social, economic and environmental impact of landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO). Mine action is not just about demining. It is also about people and societies, and how they are affected by landmine contamination. The objective of mine action is to reduce the risk from landmines to a level where people can live safely; in which economic, social and health development can occur free from the constraints imposed by landmine contamination, and in which the victims needs can be addressed.7 Mine action comprises five complementary groups of activities: (a) mine risk education (MRE); (b) humanitarian demining, i.e. mine and UXO survey, mapping, marking and, when necessary, clearance; (c) victim assistance, including rehabilitation and reintegration; (d) stockpile destruction; and (e) advocacy against the use of anti-personnel mines.
7
Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Policy. Resolution A/53/26 on Assistance in Mine Action, adopted 17 November 1998.
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A number of other enabling activities are required to support these five components of mine action, including: assessment and planning, the mobilisation and prioritisation of resources, information management, human skills development and management training, quality management and the application of effective, appropriate and safe equipment. 4 PURPOSE OF INTERNATIONAL MINE ACTION STANDARDS (IMAS)
IMAS assists national mine action authorities to establish national standards and national SOPs by establishing a frame of reference, which can be used, or adapted for use, as a national standard. In certain situations and at certain times it may be necessary and appropriate for the UN, or some other recognised international body, to assume some or all of the responsibilities, and fulfil some or all of the functions, of a national mine action authority. In such cases, IMAS will be the de-facto national standard. IMAS also provide the basis for the development of legal contracts between donors and implementing organisations. IMAS are not themselves SOPs. They do not define the way in which mine action requirements are to be achieved in the field - that is covered in national and local SOPs, rules, instructions and codes of practice. IMAS have been developed to improve safety and efficiency in mine action by providing guidance, by establishing principles and, in some cases, by defining international requirements and specifications.8 They provide a frame of reference which encourages the sponsors and managers of mine action programmes and projects to achieve and demonstrate agreed levels of effectiveness and safety. They provide a common language, and recommend the formats and rules for handling data which enable the accurate and timely exchange of important information. IMAS also provides a suitable medium for informing the mine action community of existing international regulations, conventions, treaties and standards which impact on mine action, particularly those referring to basic human rights, clearance requirements, hazard marking and general safety issues. 5 GUIDING PRINCIPLES
The preparation and application of IMAS are shaped by five guiding principles: first, the right of national governments to apply national standards to national programmes; second, standards should protect those most at risk; third, emphasis on building a national capacity to develop, maintain and apply appropriate standards for mine action; fourth, to maintain consistency with other international norms and standards; and fifth, compliance with international conventions and treaties.
In this case, international requirements and specifications refers to those treaties, international laws and conventions, international agreements, international ISO standards, etc. that have already been agreed to by participating nations.
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5.1
National responsibilities and obligations
The primary responsibility for mine action lies with the Government of the mine-affected state. This responsibility is normally vested in a national mine action authority which is charged with the regulation, management and coordination of a national mine action programme. The national mine action authority is responsible for establishing the national and local conditions which enable the effective management of mine action. It is ultimately responsible for all phases and all facets of a mine action programme within its national boundaries, including the development of national mine action standards, SOPs and instructions. In certain situations and at certain times it may be necessary and appropriate for the United Nations, or some other recognised international body, to assume some or all of the responsibilities, and to fulfill some or all the functions, of a national mine action authority. (See Clauses 7 and 10) In such cases, reference to a national mine action authority throughout IMAS shall be understood as applying to the United Nations or other recognised international body. 5.2 Humanitarian imperative
Landmines are first and foremost a humanitarian concern and should be addressed from the humanitarian perspective. In this regard, the framing of standards and their application to national mine action programmes and local projects should reflect the fundamental humanitarian principles of neutrality, impartiality and humanity so that mine action is focused on giving support to those who are most vulnerable. 5.3 Capacity building
In countries with long term mine action needs, the development of an indigenous capacity should be addressed from the very outset of a mine action programme. Capacity development is the process by which individuals, institutions and societies (individually and collectively) perform functions, solve problems and set and achieve objectives.9 At the national level an indigenous capacity is characterised by a state' s ability and willingness to develop and articulate mine action policy and direction. It is also about a states ability to plan, coordinate, manage and sustain a mine action programme that is accountable, cost-effective and able to address the humanitarian and socio-economic implications of landmine contamination, and to provide appropriate (i.e. enabling or authorising) legislation. Such a capacity includes the willingness to promote the formation of a national mine action authority and other operational organizations, be they military or civilian elements, commercial companies or NGOs. It also includes the ability to develop, maintain and apply appropriate national standards for mine action.
Taken from UNDP definition at http://www.magent.undp.org/cdrb/techpap2.htm.
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5.4
Other international standards
IMAS are written to be consistent with other international standards, and to comply with international regulations, conventions and treaties. Precedent and norms already exist at the international level, mainly through the International Labour Organisation (ILO) for safety in the workplace; the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) provides guidance on risk management (ISO Guide 54) and the application of quality systems (ISO 9000 series); and numerous international standards, protocols and norms which prescribe rules for the handling, exchange and display of electronic data have application to the management of mine action information. 5.5 International treaties
IMAS draws on the two main treaties in international law which deal with landmines: (a) the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (often referred to as the Mine Ban Treaty or the Ottawa Convention); and (b) Amended Protocol II to the UN Conventional Weaponry Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices. 10 Countries which are States Party to the Mine Ban Treaty and/or Amended Protocol II have, for instance, certain specific obligations regarding the marking of mine hazards. The provisions of IMAS do not, however, replace the obligations detailed in the Mine Ban Treaty and Amended Protocol II. 6 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION
ISO is a worldwide federation of national bodies from over 138 countries. Its work results in international agreements which are published as ISO standards and guides. ISO is a NGO and the standards it develops are voluntary, although some (mainly those concerned with health, safety and environmental aspects) have been adopted by many countries as part of their regulatory framework. ISO deals with the full spectrum of human activities and many of the tasks and processes which contribute to mine action have a relevant standard. A list of ISO standards and guides is given in the ISO Catalogue; see www.iso.ch/infoe/catinfo/html. ISO has an international reputation for integrity and neutrality, and it enjoys a special working relationship with international organisations including the United Nations, and with regional organisations including the European Union. IMAS have been developed to be compatible with ISO standards and guides. Adopting the ISO format and language provides some significant advantages including consistency of layout, use of internationally recognised terminology, and a greater acceptance by international, national and regional organisations who are accustomed to the ISO series of standards
10
Editors note: See Lesson 2 for the primary text of both documents.
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and guides. It should also provide the opportunity for IMAS to be accepted and adopted in due course as mature ISO standards. 7 THE APPLICATION OF MINE ACTION STANDARDS
These standards have been developed to assist national authorities in the development of national mine action standards. They have no legal standing except where they have been adopted by a national authority as national standards, or where one or more of the specific IMAS is specified in a contract or some other legal instrument, (such as a Memorandum of Understanding or a Letter of Agreement). For issues such as safety and basic human rights, there should be absolute agreement on the need to adopt appropriate standards and professional codes of conduct. Guidance on the suitability and application of standards to mine action projects, and how they accommodate these different circumstances, is given below. During open conflict, and in complex emergencies short of war, humanitarian assistance may be impeded, delayed or prevented, relief workers may face significant security risks, and there may be a need for an extensive and coordinated international response. Mine action will focus on assistance to mine victims and mine risk education, and some limited mine clearance may be conducted in support of aid agencies and humanitarian relief work, but this will be localised and expedient. It will not normally be possible to conduct technical surveys, and clearance efforts will focus on reducing the immediate risk of death or injury, with little or no attempt being made to conduct post-clearance inspections. At this stage, a national mine action authority will not normally have been formed, there will be no centralised direction or coordination, and most management decisions including the prioritisation of work will be made by mine action managers operating at the local level. In such circumstances, local managers should apply judgement and common sense in the application of IMAS. Whenever possible, standards covering safety and occupational health (S&OH) should be applied judiciously, and information on the location of mine and UXO hazardous areas, casualties and technical details on the mines and UXO found should be recorded in a systematic manner - by applying the principles and procedures recommended in IMAS. Even in the absence of a national plan or database, the proper recording of clearance work done is vital, if subsequent re-clearance is to be avoided. In the immediate aftermath of conflict, the conditions for a stable and long lasting peace are unlikely to be present. The civil infrastructure may have collapsed and there may be large numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). Initially, emphasis will be given to mine action in support of humanitarian activities and peacekeeping tasks, rather than building an effective indigenous capacity. The scale and impact of the mine and UXO threat will become more apparent at this stage with increasing demand for effective coordination, and the prioritisation of mine action projects based on common and consistent criteria. A UN-sponsored mine action centre may be established, and emphasis will be given to the introduction of a management information system and GIS,
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such as the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA)11, to collate and display information on the threat and its immediate impact. Local mine action managers should continue to apply their judgement on the application of IMAS, with growing emphasis on regulating the marking of hazardous areas, conducting clearance to international standards, submitting formal completion reports, and targeting mine risk education projects on high risk communities. The end of the humanitarian emergency phase will normally be marked by the emergence of a recognised governing body demonstrating effective governance. The structures will be in place to ensure that funding for longer term development programmes can be applied judiciously. Emphasis will be placed on building an indigenous capacity including the establishment of a national mine action authority, coordinating the demands for mine action from all the national and regional authorities. There will also be a requirement for a national mine action centre (MAC). This will act as the operating arm of the national mine action authority, and its management functions will include the writing of national mine action standards and SOPs. This may require the assistance of the United Nations and mine action NGOs. The responsibility for mine action will be vested in the host nation, although some assistance may still be required from the international community. This may include assistance in the provision of appropriate equipment, training, quality assurance and postclearance quality control, and the application of an accreditation scheme and financial control which satisfies the requirements of the international donor community. Advice may also continue to be sought from the United Nations, NGOs and commercial demining contractors in the appropriate application of IMAS and the development of national standards. This will be assisted by management training and the use of technical advisors. 8 CONFORMANCE
In IMAS, the words shall, should and may are used to convey the intended degree of compliance. This use is consistent with the language used in ISO standards and guides. Shall is used to indicate requirements, methods or specifications that are to be applied in order to conform to the standard. It is used sparingly in the IMAS standards. Should is used to indicate the preferred requirements, methods or specifications. May is used to indicate a possible method or course of action. 9 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
IMAS have no legal standing except where they have been adopted by a national authority as national standards, or where one or more of the specific IMAS is specified in a contract or some other legal instrument, (such as a Memorandum of Understanding or a Letter of Agreement). The wording of each contract or agreement should clarify the application of IMAS standards to each proposed project, and should reflect the national
11
Editors note: See Lesson 7 to learn more about IMSMA.
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and local circumstances discussed in Clause 7 above; i.e. the local security situation, the authority of government, political will and the resources available. Contracts should be consistent with the laws of the mine-affected state. This may cover general issues such as safety and occupational heath, environmental requirements, equal opportunities and minimum wage, in addition to legislation specifically relating to the conduct of mine action. Guidance on the preparation and framing of contracts is given in IMAS 07.20. 10 CONTINUAL REVIEW OF IMAS
ISO undertakes a formal review of all of its standards on a three to five year basis. This is to ensure that the standards are still relevant, accurate, achievable and appropriate. IMAS will be subject to a similar formal review process, however, due to the dynamic development and hazardous nature of mine action IMAS will be formally reviewed on a three-year basis. This does not preclude essential amendments being made within that period for reasons of operational safety or efficiency. 10.1 IMAS Review Board
A formal Review Board will be constituted to undertake this task, with the majority of the work being undertaken by E Mail. The Review Board should rarely have to meet. The formal IMAS Review Board should consist of the following members: Chairman Members D/Chief UNMAS (Operations) Donor Representative x 2 Commercial Demining Company Representative x 2 JRC / ITEP Representative NGO Demining Organisation Representative x 2 UNDP Mine Action Representative UNOPS Representative (for Contracts) UNICEF Representative (for Mine Risk Education) National Mine Action Authority / MAC x 2 Subject Specialists (As required) Technology and Standards, GICHD
Secretary 11 11.1
AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY United Nations
The United Nations has a general responsibility for enabling and encouraging the effective management of mine action programmes by continuously refining IMAS to reflect developing mine action norms and practices, and to incorporate changes to international regulations and requirements. UNMAS is the office within the United Nations Secretariat responsible to the international community for the development and maintenance of IMAS, including this Guide.
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The United Nations applies IMAS to its mine action programmes, activities and contracts unless the local situation precludes their effective application. In such circumstances, when one or more IMAS is not appropriate, the UN provides alternative, specifications, requirements and guidance. 11.2 Regional organizations
In certain areas of the world, regional organizations have been given a mandate by their member states to coordinate and support mine action programmes within a states national boundaries. (A particular example of this is the OAS mine action programme in Central and South America). In these circumstances the regional organization will assume many of the responsibilities and roles of the national mine action authority, and may also act as a conduit for donor resources. The responsibilities and roles of regional organizations for mine action will vary from state to state and will be subject to a specific memorandum of Understanding, or similar agreement. 11.3 National mine action authority
The national mine action authority is responsible for ensuring the conditions which enable the effective management of national mine action projects. The national mine action authority is ultimately responsible for developing and managing the mine action programme within its national boundaries. The national mine action authority is responsible for establishing and maintaining national standards, regulations and procedures for the management of mine action operations. These national standards, regulations and procedures should be consistent with IMAS, and other relevant national and international standards, regulations and requirements. In certain situations and at certain times it may be necessary and appropriate for the UN, or some other recognised international body, to assume some or all of the responsibilities, and fulfil some or all the functions, of a national mine action authority. 11.4 Mine Action Co-ordination Centres (MACC)
A MACC can be established by either the national mine action authority, or in specific circumstances by the United Nations. The structure of each MACC will reflect the national mine action plan, but in general they will be responsible for: (a) the co-ordination or planning of all mine action activities in their area of responsibility; (b) the provision of technical advice to the national mine action authority; (c) the maintenance of mine action records and databases; (d) (if delegated by the national mine action authority), the accreditation and licensing of mine action organizations; and (e) the investigation of mine action related accidents and incidents.
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11.5
Mine action organizations
NGOs, commercial companies and other organizations involved in mine action shall establish SOPs, instructions and drills which enable mine action projects to be conducted effectively, efficiently and safely. These SOPs should be based on the national standards in the country of operation; (they may be based on IMAS if national standards do not yet exist). Where the national mine action authority is in the process of formation, such organizations are well placed to assist the formation process, by giving advice and assistance including the framing of national standards. 11.6 Donors
Most mine action is funded by donors mainly governments, regional organizations and international trust funds. Donor agencies are part of the management process, and as such have a responsibility for ensuring that the projects they are funding are managed effectively, and in accordance with national and/or international standards. This involves attention to the writing of contract documents, and ensuring that mine action organizations chosen to carry out such contracts are competent, and likely to meet the national accreditation and licensing criteria. Donors, or their agents, are also partly responsible for ensuring that the standards and guidelines for quality management are applied, including monitoring and the post-clearance inspection of cleared land. This responsibility and accountability is even greater when the national mine action authority is in the process of formation, and has not had the opportunity to gain experience.
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Section 4.2 Clearance Requirements12 1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
The target of humanitarian demining is the identification and removal or destruction of all mine and UXO hazards from a specified area to a specified depth. The objective is to promote a culture where the demining community seeks to achieve this target by developing and applying appropriate management procedures, by establishing and continuously improving the skills of managers and deminers, and by procuring safe, effective and efficient equipment. The beneficiaries of humanitarian demining programmes must be confident that cleared land is safe for their use. This requires management systems and clearance procedures which are appropriate, effective, efficient and safe. The local community should also receive regular briefings and explanations during the clearance operation from the demining organisation; this acts as a very effective confidence building measure. Community liaison is an integral part of the demining process and can be achieved by the services of a Mine Risk Education (MRE) team, or by suitably trained members of the demining organisation. This standard adopts a two-stage approach. Stage 1 (quality assurance - QA) involves the accreditation and monitoring of the demining organisation before and during the clearance process. To achieve this, demining organisations must establish an effective management organisation, develop and maintain procedures, and apply these procedures in a safe, effective and efficient manner. Management procedures should be transparent and auditable. Community involvement in the demining process should be an area that is monitored as part of the QA process. Stage 2 (quality control) involves the process of an inspection of cleared land before it is formally released to the beneficiary for use. This combined application of quality assurance (before and during the clearance process) with post-clearance quality control will contribute to achieving an acceptable level of confidence that the land is safe for its intended use. The quality of clearance must be acceptable to the both the national mine action authority/authorities and the local community that benefits, and it shall be measurable and verifiable. 2 REFERENCES
Normative references are important documents to which reference is made in this standard and which form part of the provisions of this standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of the standard are encouraged to
12
Editors note: The material in Section 4.2 comes directly from the International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) 09.10, First Edition, dated 01 October 2001, and prepared for the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) by the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD).
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investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid ISO or EN: (a) IMAS 07.10 Management of demining operations; (b) IMAS 09.20 Sampling procedures for the inspection of clearance tasks; and (c) IMAS 07.30 Accreditation of demining organisations. The latest version/edition of these references should be used. GICHD hold copies of all references used in this standard. A register of the latest version/edition of the IMAS standards, guides and references is maintained by GICHD, and can be read on the IMAS website (http://www.mineactionstandards.org/). National mine action authorities, employers and other interested bodies and organisations should obtain copies before commencing mine action programmes. 3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
A list of terms and definitions used in this standard is given below. A complete glossary of all the terms and definitions used in the IMAS series of standards is given in IMAS 04.1013. In the IMAS series of standards, the words shall, should and may are used to indicate the intended degree of compliance. This use is consistent with the language used in ISO standards and guidelines. (a) shall is used to indicate requirements, methods or specifications that are to be applied in order to conform to the standard. (b) should is used to indicate the preferred requirements, methods or specifications. (c) may is used to indicate a possible method or course of action.
cleared area An area that has been physically and systematically processed by a demining organisation to ensure the removal and/or destruction of all mine and UXO hazards to a specified depth. Note: Cleared area may include land cleared during the technical survey process. This may include boundary lanes or cleared lanes. demining organisation Any organisation (government, NGO or commercial entity) responsible for implementing demining projects or tasks. Demining organisations include headquarters and support elements, and comprise one or more sub-units. hazard Potential source of harm [ISO Guide 51:1999(E)] inspection body An organisation which conducts post-clearance quality control on behalf of the national mine action authority by applying random sampling procedures, or other appropriate and agreed methods of inspection.
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Editors note: IMAS 04.10 is included in the Glossary found at Appendix A.
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intended use (land) Use of land following demining operations. Note: intended use: use of a product, process or service in accordance with information provided [ISO Guide 51:1999(E)] Note: intended land use should be included in the clearance task specification and clearance task handover documentation. monitoring body An organisation which monitors the work of the demining organisation and its sub-units on behalf of the national mine action authority. national mine action authority(s) The government department(s), organisation(s) or institution(s) in each mine-affected country charged with the regulation, management and coordination of mine action. Note: In most cases the national mine action centre (MAC) or its equivalent will act as, or on behalf of, the ' national mine action authority' . Note: In certain situations and at certain times it may be necessary and appropriate for the UN, or some other recognised international body, to assume some or all of the responsibilities, and fulfil some or all of the functions, of a national mine action authority. reliable information Information deemed acceptable and reliable by the national mine action authority for the conduct of demining operations. risk Combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm [ISO Guide 51:1999(E)] safe The absence of risk. Normally the term ' tolerable risk' is more appropriate and accurate. tolerable risk Risk which is accepted in a given context based on current values of society [ISO Guide 51:1999(E)].
SPECIFICATION OF CLEARANCE QUALITY
Land shall be accepted as cleared when the demining organisation has ensured the removal and/or destruction of all mine and UXO hazards from the specified area to the specified depth. The specified area to be cleared shall be determined by a technical survey or from other reliable information which establishes the extent of the mine and UXO hazard area. Note: The priorities for clearance shall be determined by the impact on the individual community balanced against national infrastructure priorities. The specified depth of clearance shall be determined by a technical survey, or from other reliable information which establishes the depth of the mine and UXO hazards and an assessment of the intended land use. In the absence of reliable information on the depth of the local mine and UXO hazard, a default depth for clearance shall be established by the national mine action authority. It should be based on the technical threat from mines
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and UXO in the country and should also take into consideration the future use to which the land is to be put. Note: For buried mines and UXO this depth should normally not be less than 130mm below the original surface level; this figure is based on the effective detection depth of the majority of metal detectors. It may be refined by the national mine action authority dependent on the type of metal detector that they currently use based on the results of the International Pilot Project for Technology Co-operation Final Report on the Evaluation of Commercial Off The Shelf Metal Detectors (EUR 19719 EN) (available from the EU JCR Ispra). The removal and/or destruction of all mine and UXO hazards in the specified area to the specified depth shall be ensured by: (a) using accredited demining organisation(s) with licensed capabilities, such as manual clearance, dog detection teams, mechanical systems and community liaison teams; (b) using appropriate management practices, and applying safe and effective operational procedures; (c) monitoring the demining organisation and its sub-units; and (d) conducting a process of post-clearance inspection of cleared land. The contractual arrangements should specify the area to be cleared, the clearance depth, and the requirements for monitoring and inspection. These should be specified by the national mine action authority, and agreed during the contractual arrangements. Note: Specifying clearance depths will depend on the intended land use, the likely mine or UXO hazard in the area to be cleared and other environmental factors. For example: (1) Mines and UXO may be on the surface of the ground. In this case, the specification may call for the removal and or destruction only of surface laid mine and UXO hazards. (2) Clearance in urban areas may require the removal or many meters of rubble as part of the clearance process. (3) In situations where large bombs and missiles have been used, the depth of clearance may be several metres. (4) Shifting sands in desert areas or coastal areas may require clearance to a depth of 1.0m or 2.0m to locate and destroy mines which were originally laid at a depth of no more than 10cm. Note: If the ground level has changed since the mines and UXO were originally emplaced, then the contractual arrangements shall be written in such a way as to ensure that there is no misunderstanding over the required clearance depth. Note: The required clearance depth may be adjusted as clearance work progresses. Any amendment shall be agreed between with the national mine clearance authority and the demining organisation, and shall be formally recorded.
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Note: The process should be repeated if there is a change to the land use. Note: There may be circumstances where a demining organisation is funded to operate in an area with a mandate to identify its own clearance tasks based on general priorities provided by the donor and/or national mine action authority. In such circumstances, the demining organisation should, in advance of clearance, formally record the area and depth of the intended clearance. Note: Community liaison is intended to ensure the mine action programmes are sensitive and respond to community needs and priorities. It should also ensure that the mine affected communities understand and support mine action. 5 5.1 RESPONSIBILITIES AND OBLIGATIONS National mine action authority' s responsibilities
The national mine action authority, or an organisation acting on its behalf, shall: a) specify the area to be cleared and depth of clearance in contracts and agreements; b) specify the standards and guidelines for quality assurance and quality control to be applied to clearance contracts and agreements; c) accredit demining organisations as fit to undertake clearance; and d) maintain a registry of cleared and uncleared land showing the clearance status for each mined area. 5.2 Demining organisation' s responsibilities
The organisation undertaking clearance shall: a) gain (from the national mine action authority) accreditation and the licences needed to operate as a clearance organisation; b) apply the national mine action authority clearance standard. In the absence of national standards, the clearance organisation shall apply the IMAS standards, or such standards as are specified in their contract or agreement; c) maintain and make available documentation of clearance as specified by the national mine action authority; and d) apply management practices and operational procedures which aim to clear land to the requirements specified in the contract and agreement(s). In the absence of a national mine action authority or authorities, the demining organisation shall assume additional responsibilities. These include, but are not restricted to: e) for each mined area, and prior to any clearance, agree the requirement and formally document: (1) the area of the intended clearance; and (2) the depth of the intended clearance;
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f) establish and apply a system of monitoring the clearance activities, and postclearance inspections of cleared land; and g) assist the host nation, during the establishment of a national mine action authority, in framing national standards for clearance quality. 5.3 Monitoring body' s responsibilities
The monitoring body shall: a) gain (from the national mine action authority) accreditation to operate as a monitoring body; b) monitor the demining organisation and its sub-units in accordance with IMAS 07.40 and the requirements of the national mine action authority; and c) maintain and make available documentation of monitoring inspections as specified by the national mine action authority. 5.4 Inspection body' s responsibilities
The inspection body shall: a) gain (from the national mine action authority) accreditation to operate as an inspection body; b) apply sampling procedures in accordance with IMAS 09.20 and the requirements of the national mine action authority; and c) maintain and make available documentation of inspections as specified by the national mine action authority.
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END-OF-LESSON QUIZ
1. Who has the responsibility to the international community for the development and maintenance of International Mine Action Standards, and how often will IMAS be reviewed on a formal basis? (A) Mine Action Coordination Centres (MACC), with formal review taking place every three years; (B) National mine action authorities, with formal review taking place on an annual basis; (C) United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS), with formal review taking place every three years; (D) Regional organisations, with formal review taking place every five years. 2. Below you will read four statements concerning International Mine Action Standards (IMAS). Which of statement is FALSE? (A) IMAS assist national mine action authorities in establishing national standards and national SOPs; (B) IMAS provide the basis for the development of legal contracts between donors and implementing organisations; (C) IMAS are standing operating procedures (SOPs) which define the way in which mine action requirements are to be achieved in the field; (D) IMAS have been developed to improve safety and efficiency in mine action. 3. One of the guiding principles shaping the preparation and application of IMAS states that in countries with long-term mine action needs: (A) The development of an indigenous capacity should be addressed from the outset of a mine action programme; (B) The development of an indigenous capacity should be delayed if the country receives substantial financial assistance for a mine action programme; (C) The development of an indigenous capacity should be addressed from the outset of a mine action programme only if there are no NGOs in the region; (D) None of the above. 4. IMAS have legal standing: (A) In all cases; (B) Where they have been adopted by a national authority as national standards; (C) In countries who have ratified the MBT; (D) In countries with UN-deployed humanitarian workers.
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5. Standing Operating Procedures (SOPs) should reflect __________ requirements and circumstances. (A) Local; (B) Regional; (C) Country-wide; (D) Global. 6. How are ISO and IMAS related to each other? (A) ISO and IMAS compete with each other as the standards by which countries create mine action programmes; (B) Law enforces ISO, while IMAS are voluntary; (C) The standards developed by ISO are voluntary, and IMAS have been developed to be compatible with ISO standards and guides; (D) Both ISO and IMAS are UN-run programmes, working toward global standards to promote safety in mine action. 7. Which of the following is NOT taken into consideration when specifying clearance depths? (A) Intended land use; (B) Environmental factors; (C) Likely mine/UXO hazard in the area to be cleared; (D) Training level of assigned demining specialists. 8. You live in an area where conflict has recently ended. A clearance team has arrived to address the mine and UXO problem. As a community member, you are most concerned that: (A) The clearance team is working as fast as possible; (B) The cleared land is completely safe for your use; (C) The clearance team is removing the majority of landmines/UXO; (D) The cleared land will be protected from future landmine contamination. 9. The specified depth of clearance: (A) Should normally not be less than 130 mm. below original surface, and may be as high as several metres; (B) Depends on available demining equipment and assigned demining specialists; (C) Must be between 10 cm. and 2.0 metres below original surface; (D) Will never be surface clearance only.
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10. In accordance with IMAS standards, land is accepted as cleared when: (A) The civilians evaluate the area and feel comfortable returning to their homes; (B) The demining organisation no longer detects mine/UXO hazards with metal detecting equipment; (C) The demining organisation reports that a visual inspection of the specified area yields no traces of mine/UXO contamination; (D) The demining organisation has ensured the removal and/or destruction of all mine/UXO hazards from the specified area to the specified depth.
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LESSON 4 ANSWER KEY
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
C C A B A C D B A D
United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS), with formal review taking place every three years. IMAS are standing operating procedures (SOPs) which define the way in which mine action requirements are to be achieved in the field. The development of an indigenous capacity should be addressed from the outset of a mine action programme. Where they have been adopted by a national authority as national standards. Local. The standards developed by ISO are voluntary, and IMAS have been developed to be compatible with ISO standards and guides. Training level of assigned demining specialists. The cleared land is completely safe for your use. Should normally not be less than 130 mm. below original surface, and may be as high as several metres. The demining organisation has ensured the removal and/or destruction of all mine/UXO hazards from the specified area to the specified depth.
LESSON 5 VICTIM ASSISTANCE

Section 5.1: Introduction to Victim Assistance Section 5.2: Victim Assistance Policy Document End-of-Lesson Quiz
Lesson 5/ Victim Assistance
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Lesson 5 Objectives Section 5.1: Introduction to Victim Assistance This section introduces the student to victim assistance, offering background to the scope of the problem, the number of casualties reported (and unreported) each year, and the goals and objectives of victim assistance programmes. The student will be presented with a list of nine activity groups commonly associated with victim assistance. The section concludes with a list of terms and definitions frequently used in the field. After studying this section, the student should: Have a general understanding of the scope of the problem, both in terms of the number of individuals harmed each year by landmines and UXO and in terms of the number of countries where landmine/UXO injuries occur; Have a general understanding of the types of activities comprising victim assistance; Be familiar with the terminology associated with victim assistance. Section 5.2: Victim Assistance Policy Document This section introduces the student to a United Nations policy document on victim assistance called Sectoral policy: The scope of mine action centres and organisations in victim assistance. This document, A/56/448/Add2, is a subcomponent of the policy document Mine Action and Effective Coordination covered in Lesson 1. The victim assistance policy contained in this lesson discusses the guiding principles behind victim assistance and gives the student a detailed look at the ways in which landmine victims and landmine survivors receive assistance from organisations working in their communities. After studying this section, the student should: Understand the reasons why a victim assistance policy document was created; Be familiar with the guiding principles for victim assistance; Understand the role mine action centres assume in mine-affected areas, especially in regards to advocacy; Appreciate the coordination mechanisms that are part of effective victim assistance activities.
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Section 5.1 Introduction to Victim Assistance OVERVIEW As you learned previously in this course, thousands of innocent people are injured and killed from the blast, heat, and fragment effects of landmines every year. The Landmine Monitor Report, a publication by the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, defines a casualty as any individual killed or injured as a result of an incident involving antipersonnel mines, anti-vehicle mines, improvised explosive devices, and unexploded ordnance.1 In 2000, Landmine Monitor reported 8,064 casualties; in calendar year 2001, Landmine Monitor reported at least 7,987 casualties.2 In considering these numbers, it is important to remember that the numbers cited above only represent reported casualties. Thousands of injuries go unreported every year. In light of this fact, Landmine Monitor predicts that the number of new landmine casualties is between 15,000 and 20,000 per year, occurring in 70 or more countries around the globe.3
Victim assistance includes rehabilitation activities and services that aim to aid landmine survivors.
1 2
Landmine Monitor Report 2002: Executive Summary, p. 80. Landmine Monitor Report 2002: Executive Summary, p. 35. 3 Ibid. Organised by global region, casualties in 2001-2002 occurred in 19 African countries, 7 countries of the Americas, 13 Asian-Pacific countries, 26 European/Central Asian countries, and 14 countries of the Middle East/North Africa.
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Landmines not only inflict pain and suffering on individuals, but they also cause community-wide problems. The presence of landmines prevents agricultural practices from developing, as fields may be riddled with landmines. The presence of landmines keeps displaced families from returning to their homes, as entire villages and towns may be left strewn with UXO. The presence of landmines even prevents humanitarian aid, in the form of medical supplies and food, from reaching its intended destination. With these stark realities facing us, the global community is left with questions: How do we make land safe for agricultural use? How do we help families return to their homes? How do we ensure the success of relief operations? The global community, comprised of individuals, organisations, governments, and communities, has responded to these questions with what we call Victim Assistance. VICTIM ASSISTANCE Victim assistance, the term used to describe the care and rehabilitation activities that aim to meet the immediate and long-term needs of landmine survivors, their families, and mine-affected communities4, is one of the five core components of mine action. As you learned in Lesson 2, victim assistance is included in Article 6 as an obligation of States Parties to the Ottawa Convention5. In Article 6 of the Mine Ban Treaty, each State Party agrees to provide assistance for the care and rehabilitation, and social and economic reintegration, of mine victims and for mine awareness programs. The International Committee to Ban Landmines (ICBL) developed a definition of victim assistance that divides victim assistance activities into nine categories. These categories are as follows: (1) Emergency medical care; (2) Continuing medical care; (3) Physical rehabilitation, prostheses and assistive devices; (4) Psychological and social support; (5) Employment and economic integration; (6) Capacity-building and sustainability; (7) Legislation and public awareness; (8) Access; (9) Data collection. Victim assistance, as it focuses on health systems and surveillance measures, aims to monitor victims, track their progress, and eventually help them as they reintegrate back into society. It also strives to be a helpful tool for families of survivors and for entire communities whose lives have been changed by the presence of landmines and UXO. A victim may be someone who lost a limb or suffered a spinal injury. A victim may also be someone with less noticeable wounds, such as psychological trauma. Psychological
4
Definition taken from IMAS 04.10, First Edition 2001-10-01. Definition also found in Sectoral policy: The scope of mine action centres and organisations in victim assistance (A/56/448/Add2), para. 10. 5 See Section 2.2, art. 6.
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trauma can occur both in the person who encountered the landmine and among family members and may need to be treated for years following a landmine/UXO incident. The powerful impact a landmine accident can have on an individual, a family, and a community cannot be emphasised strongly enough. Programmes to assist mine victims and survivors must be created in order to provide effective assistance for those in need of immediate care, short-term care, and long-term care. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS In the next section, you will be reading a policy document dealing with victim assistance. Before reading the document, you should be familiar with certain terms cited in the glossary located in Appendix A.
Victim assistance strives to be a helpful tool for families of survivors and for entire communities whose lives have been changed by the presence of landmines and UXO.
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Section 5.2 Victim Assistance Policy Document OVERVIEW In Lesson 1, you were introduced to the policy document Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The UN Policy. The document you will read on the following pages, Sectoral policy: The scope of mine action centres and organisations in victim assistance, is a sub-component of Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The UN Policy. If you have not already done so, take a moment to review the terms at the end of Section 5.1 before reading this document. THE POLICY DOCUMENT: PRIMARY TEXT The Sectoral policy: The scope of mine action centres and organisations in victim assistance, or the victim assistance policy, was created in order (1) to assist the UN in improving its contributions to an effective and coordinated response to the needs of landmine victims; (2) to assist the UN in maximising its use of resources; and (3) to support the development, promotion, and delivery of imported services for landmine survivors and landmine victims6. The victim assistance policy also serves to provide direction to UN mine action programmes and centres and to provide a framework and guidance for all other mine action organisations and authorities who engage in mine action field operations7. The victim assistance policy draws upon principles and guidelines developed by organisations involved in similar areas of work and study. As you begin to read through the victim assistance policy document, keep the following questions in mind, and identify sections within the documents text that discuss these important issues and topics: What makes a person a landmine victim? What makes a person a landmine survivor? How is victim assistance integrated with other national, local, and community programmes? What are the similarities and differences between providing victim assistance for individuals and providing victim assistance for communities? How should local people be involved in assistance programmes? What rights does a landmine survivor have in making decisions? What responsibilities do mine action centres assume in victim assistance? What resources support victim assistance? What roles and responsibilities do UN partners and like-minded partners assume in the area of victim assistance?
See Section 5.2, Sectoral policy: The scope of mine action centres and organizations in victim assistance, (A/56/448/Add2), II, 4. 7 See Section 5.2, Sectoral policy: The scope of mine action centres and organizations in victim assistance, (A/56/448/Add2), II, 5.
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UN Document A/56/448/Add2
Sectoral policy: The scope of mine action centres and organizations in victim assistance This statement of United Nations policy is a sub component of Mine action and effective coordination: the United Nations Policy (A/56/448/Add2 dated Sep 1998) I. Introduction 1. The human and social impact of landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO)1 continues to be a major source of humanitarian concern worldwide. Landmines maim and kill thousands of innocent people every year and hold entire communities hostage. They prevent food and medical aid from reaching people in need, render agricultural land useless, hinder the return of displaced families to their communities, and hamper already difficult relief operations and reconstruction efforts in many affected countries. 2. Thanks to the commitment, time and energy of many individuals, organisations, and governments, awareness of the problem has grown steadily during the past few years, contributing to reducing the numbers of new victims in many countries, even though the number of victims worldwide continues to increase. All victims will require supports and services for many years to come and much remains to be done to fully meet their needs. Most landmine survivors need much more than surgery and prosthetics. They need a lifetime of support to resume a productive role as part of their communities. 3. The United Nations, in Article 1 of its Charter, promotes and encourages the respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all. In recognition of the central place of victims in the fight against landmines, the United Nations policy identifies victim assistance as one of the five core components of mine action. Victim assistance is also an obligation of States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Antipersonnel Mines and on Their Destruction2 under its Article 6. II. Objectives 4. The UN system wishes to improve its contributions to an effective and coordinated response to the needs of landmine victims and to a more systematic and concerted approach to services. Building upon recent experiences and internationally accepted principles, it seeks to maximise the use of its resources and to support the development, promotion and delivery of improved services for landmine survivors and, more generally, landmine victims. 5. This policy is intended to provide direction to UN mine action programmes and centres and to provide a framework and guidance for all other mine action organizations and authorities who engage in mine action field operations. More specifically, it aims to:
Throughout the rest of this document, the term landmines will be used in reference to both landmines and UXO. 2 Also known as the Ottawa Convention or the Antipersonnel Mine Ban Convention.
1
Mine Action and effective coordination: the United Nations policy
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(a) (b) (c) (d) III. Context
define the principles upon which UN victim assistance activities should be based; articulate the role of mine action centres3 in the area of victim assistance; clarify the responsibilities and roles of UN departments and agencies in the area of victim assistance; identify the requirements and opportunities for resource mobilization.
6. Principles and guidelines for victim assistance have already been established by a number of concerned organisations. They include: (a) (b) The UN Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities4; A collection of guidelines, best practices and methodologies published and distributed by the Co-chairs of the Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-economic Integration of the AP Mine Ban Convention5 in May 2001; The Joint ICRC-WHO Strategy for the Prevention, Care and Rehabilitation of Victims of Landmines 6, the Maputo strategy framework7, and the Bad Honnef Framework8.
(c)
7. The UN is committed to working in accordance with these statements and in close collaboration with like-minded organisations that promote support to all persons with disabilities.
Mine action centres refers to those organisations given the authority to plan and coordinate mine action activities in-country. 4 General Assembly Resolution 48/96, of 4 March 1994. 5 Referred to as Standing Committee on victim assistance in the rest of this document (www.gichd.ch). 6 WHO, 1997 (www.who.org). 7 Guidelines adopted by the 4th International Conference of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), held in Maputo, Mozambique, 1997 (www.mines.gc.ca). 8 A framework for mine action programmes, from a development-oriented point of view, developed by the German Campaign to Ban Landmines and subsequently revised in 1997 (www.landmine.de).
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IV. The nature of victim assistance 8. The definitions used in this policy are largely drawn from those already developed and agreed upon in the context of the Standing Committee on victim assistance. 9. The term Landmine Survivor refers to any individual who has been directly injured by a landmine explosion and has survived the accident. Landmine Victims refer more generally to those who have been injured or killed by a landmine explosion, and also their families who suffer emotional, social and financial loss and the communities that lose access to land and other resources due to the presence of landmines. This more general definition is intended to recognize that the needs of those affected by the presence of landmines should drive all mine action efforts. 10. In the context of this policy, victim assistance refers to all care and rehabilitation activities that aim to meet the immediate and long-term needs of landmine survivors, their families, and mine-affected communities. In accordance with the definition developed by the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), the activities and concerns involved can be divided into nine categories as follows: Emergency medical care; Continuing medical care; Physical rehabilitation, prostheses and assistive devices; Psychological and social support; Employment and economic integration; Capacity-building and sustainability; Legislation and public awareness; Access; and, Data collection. V. Guiding principles for victim assistance A. A comprehensive and integrated approach 11. Victim assistance is not a stand-alone activity. Active efforts should be made to integrate victim assistance activities within the framework of national and local public health, community-development and violence-prevention strategies developed by national authorities and it should form part of broader humanitarian, reconstruction and development plans aimed to help countries recover from violent conflicts. 12. Responding to the needs of vulnerable populations affected by the presence of landmines requires a comprehensive approach that addresses the different facets of health or well-being at the physical, psychological and social levels. It also requires the development of services, which, as part of a coherent public health and social services system, are flexible and responsive enough to meet the specific needs of individuals and communities alike. 13. A proper national and/or local mechanism is required to effectively coordinate activities concerning landmine survivors and victims together with all other persons with disabilities. Such a mechanism should bring together all government and aid agencies concerned, including organizations of persons with all types of disability, service delivery organizations, and mine action centres and organizations where they exist. For the purposes of service planning and implementation, this mechanism should normally function under the auspices of an appropriate ministry or a national commission of the country concerned.
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B. Participation, capacity building and sustainability 14. In order to be sustainable in the long term, assistance programmes must build on local people and structures, and empower local communities to contribute to the development of their health, social and economic infrastructures. Landmine survivors and victims, persons with disabilities, local communities and their leaders should be fully involved in the planning and implementation of victim assistance services. Their active participation is crucial to the success and effectiveness of such services. C. Non-discrimination, neutrality, impartiality and humanity 15. Landmine survivors, victims and persons with disabilities have a right to shape their lives and to participate in decisions affecting the realization of their rights. Victim assistance is non discriminatory and is viewed as an integral part of assistance to all victims of violence, trauma and disability. Plans, policies and processes of development should include the mainstreaming of the norms and principles of international human rights standards and conventions. 16. Landmine survivors, victims and persons with disabilities have equal rights and are entitled to the same level of attention to their needs. While intense periods of conflict may require that special attention be paid to serving the war-injured, victim assistance programmes should be accessible to all persons with disabilities. 17. Respect of the fundamental principles of neutrality, impartiality and humanity is essential, so that priority for services and treatment is based on need, with no distinction being made based on the civilian or military status of landmine survivors. D. Integration 18. Assistance to landmine survivors should aim to meet the most acute need identified by most landmine survivors, that is to return to their families and communities as social and economic contributors not as long term dependents. E. Training 19. Effective assessment of the needs of vulnerable populations including landmine survivors, victims and persons with disabilities requires the requisite skill and expertise. 20. Mine action personnel are often required to interact with vulnerable populations, including landmine survivors, victims and persons with disabilities. This interaction calls for the requisite sensitivity that can be provided through orientation training during initial set-up of a programme and through continuing education opportunities as a recurring capacity-building requirement. Such sensitivity training can be provided by organizations with expertise in the field of disability.
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VI. Mine action centres and victim assistance General 21. Mine action centres are not designed to take the lead role in victim assistance, nor do they have the mandate, expertise or required resources. Under the overall coordination of the national commission or responsible ministry, any mine action organization can, however, make significant contributions to the care, rehabilitation and integration of landmine survivors and victims, notably in the fields of: data collection and dissemination, advocacy, planning and coordination, community relations, and support to service delivery. 22. This section of the policy aims to clarify the diversity of roles that mine action centres and organizations may assume in victim assistance; it suggests a graduated approach to a range of supports that they may offer, based on local needs, capacities and resources. Activities may range from a minimum of support in a mature victim assistance service environment to maximum support in less developed victim assistance environments and whereby mine action may play a significant role. The role of a mine action centre with regard to victim assistance should be defined at the onset of the programme, and then reviewed regularly in consultation with the appropriate partners. A. Data collection and dissemination 23. The collection of information on the numbers and general profiles of landmine survivors and victims, and on the local capacity for provision and coordination of victim assistance is essential in evaluating the need for assistance. Whenever possible, mine action assessment missions, deployed prior to the initiation of mine action programmes, should include a member with appropriate knowledge and experience to carry out this task. 24. Mine-related data collected and shared by mine action centres and organizations can significantly contribute to the delivery of victim assistance by humanitarian aid partners. Data relevant to victim assistance can include: the presence of hazards; environmental conditions; denial of access to community services, utilities and the means of economic livelihood; demographic and geographic information; and, landmine injury incidence rates and circumstances. 25. Cooperation in the areas of data collection, analysis and information exchange can improve decision-making and priority setting and ultimately improve the quality of service. Mine action centres and partner organisations involved in the delivery of victim assistance should cooperate on landmine survivor and victim related information priorities and management in support of national humanitarian and socio-economic objectives. 26. In many countries, adequate government or other organisational involvement in survivor and victim data management is not always available. While assisting to enhance
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local capacity and until alternative data management capacities are developed, the mine action centre should accept the responsibility for collecting data related to landmine survivors and victims in addition to that required to pursue its more narrow focus on mine risk education, survey, mapping and clearance activities and it could become the principal custodian of the national database of such information. 27. The timely notification and exchange of information on new mine accidents, between the mine action centres and partner organisations involved in victim assistance, is a vital component of planning and execution of priority activities in mine risk education, mine clearance operations and quality assurance procedures. Mine action centres should ensure that appropriate mechanisms and procedures are in place to collect these data and to rapidly respond to indications of increased incidence or drastic changes in trends. 28. In cooperation with government authorities and partner organizations involved in victim assistance, mine action centres should acquire and disseminate listings of available services and referral mechanisms in order to direct landmine survivors, victims and persons with disabilities, to the appropriate services. B. Advocacy 29. An essential element to the advancement of fundamental rights is the inclusion of landmine survivors and victims into the broader sector of disability and the linkage of both sectors to international human rights frameworks. Mine action centres can instil the requisite knowledge of relevant national legislation and national and international guidelines and promote the rights of landmine survivors, victims and persons with disabilities by making use of experts in the field of disability in initial orientation training and recurring capacity building measures. 30. As active advocates for the development of national policies, legislation, and practices that promote employment opportunities for landmine survivors, victims and persons with disabilities, mine action centres and organizations should also serve as models of equitable employment. This can be achieved through a variety of measures such as hiring policies and practices that promote the inclusion of persons with disabilities according to their ability and skill, the rehabilitation of employees who have sustained employment-related injuries, vocational training, reserved or designated employment, flexible hours, part-time work, job-sharing, exclusive contracts or priority production rights. Landmine survivors should also be promoted as effective peer supports to other survivors. The concept of peer support applies particularly for those activities that involve interaction with persons with disabilities, impact survey and risk education. C. Planning and coordination 31. Activities undertaken by mine action centres and organizations should be integrated and coordinated with other relief and development programmes, in particular
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with those providing assistance to all categories of disabled persons. Each mine action centre or organization should appoint a staff member as the focal point for victim assistance, actively participate in the relevant coordination mechanisms and periodically review the scope of its contributions to victim assistance. 32. The propagation of public health and safety messages and practices is key to the recovery of communities emerging from violent conflicts. In consultation with local partners, mine action centres and organizations should facilitate the integration of public health and safety messages and all relevant information needed by landmine survivors and victims, into community mine risk education materials and activities. Their partners, in turn, should be encouraged to integrate mine risk education and victim assistance messages in their community activities. Such messages should promote, inter alia, the de-stigmatisation of persons with disabilities. D. Community relations 33. Mine action programmes are more successful when mine affected communities are involved in consultations and discussions concerning the presence of landmine and UXO hazards, the need for mine risk education and victim assistance, and setting priorities for survey, marking and clearance. Mine action centres and organizations should develop community relations strategies based on relevant guidelines and best practices and ensure that their staff members are adequately trained in this area. E. Supports to service delivery 34. In circumstances where, for example, no national or local coordination mechanism exists, and in consultation with national/local authorities and international/local health agencies, it is determined that a mine action centre or organization should temporarily assume responsibility for the coordination of delivery of victim assistance services, the centre will mobilise the appropriate expertise to develop the initial victim assistance plan in consultation with key stakeholders. The plan should include and clearly identify the critical and long-term needs of landmine survivors, victims and persons with disabilities and the required support for the development of a sustainable national capacity, as well as provisions for a transfer of management and coordination responsibilities to national/local authorities at the earliest opportunity. The mine action centre or organization may also participate in the mobilization and management of resources. VII. Resources 35. Victim assistance relies on the commitment of resources by national governments, international organisations and private organisations. States Parties to the Antipersonnel Mine Ban Convention in a position to do so are bound to provide assistance for the care and rehabilitation, and social and economic reintegration of mine victims.
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36. The United Nations promotes a comprehensive approach to mine action of which victim assistance is an integral part. Accordingly, mine action programmes should be encouraged to include their financial requirements related to victim assistance activities, in projects submitted to the international community for funding. Donors, in turn, are encouraged to consider comprehensive funding of mine action projects that include welldefined program needs for victim assistance. Whenever possible, resource mobilisation and allocation strategies for mine action should promote and endorse projects that demonstrate their roles and responsibilities in mine risk education, clearance activities and victim assistance, as a comprehensive approach to mine action. VII. Responsibilities and coordination mechanisms A. Roles and responsibilities of United Nations partners United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) 37. The United Nations Mine Action Service is the focal point within the UN system for all mine-related activities. It advocates for the development of assistance programmes where the needs of survivors and victims are addressed as part of a comprehensive response to the needs of persons with disabilities. It seeks to ensure that all efforts are made to mobilize the required resources and directly supports the initiation of such programmes in the context of peacekeeping operations and humanitarian emergencies. World Health Organisations (WHO) 38. The World Health Organizations activities of relevance for victim assistance fall into two areas: injury surveillance, and pre-hospital care for injury. Within both of these areas, the WHO stresses an integrated and comprehensive approach, focusing on technical support, capacity building, and collaboration wherever possible with Ministries of Health in the Member State concerned. By focusing on these two priority areas the WHO is enhancing capacities which will be of benefit for all forms of injury, and not just those related to landmine or UXO injury. In this sense, these victim assistance activities clearly respect the principle of a non-discriminatory approach to victim assistance. United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) 39. UNICEF strives to ensure the survival, protection and development of children, and recognises that landmines and other explosive remnants of war directly and indirectly threaten childrens rights to life, survival and development, including health care, education, care and nutrition, and safe water and sanitation. In mine-affected countries, UNICEF will support the development and implementation of a UN policy on the integration of survivor assistance into mine action programs and work with partners to ensure that children, their families and their communities know how to reduce mine risks. It will also advocate for and with them on mine issues. UNICEF will contribute to the
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identification and assessment of the needs of mine survivors, support the development of local and national strategies for assistance to survivors and contribute to the development of public and community health, disability and social reintegration strategies to recognize the rights of survivors and to render services accessible, particularly for children and women. As most mine casualties occur during or immediately post-conflict, in emergencies where national authorities do not exist or are unable to respond, UNICEF will act to identify at-risk populations in coordination with WHO, carry out emergency mine risk education, and support other risk reduction activities. At a global level, and based on its work in the field, UNICEF will promote best practices in mine risk education, advocate for universal ratification and implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty, including the provisions for international assistance to mine affected countries. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 40. Within its mandate9, UNDP will encourage national mine action authorities to undertake the responsibilities specified in Part VI of this policy statement and collaborate with other agencies to promote the rights of all disabled peoples. It will mobilise resources to enable the continuation and expansion of small scale, locally managed projects aimed at the economic re-integration of landmine survivors. International Labour Organisation (ILO) 41. The ILO Focus Programme on Crisis Response and Reconstruction (IFP/Crisis) supports and assists national governments and agencies, local NGOs and organization of persons with disabilities in the planning and implementation of general demobilization and reintegration programmes, the promotion of national training policy, and the establishment of local and national associations of disabled ex-combatants, war veterans, landmine survivors, other persons with disabilities and victims of conflict. United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) 42. UNOPS provides support in victim assistance to mine affected countries by providing international experts and consultants to mine action programmes under the auspices of UNMAS, UNDP and the United Nations Office of the Iraq programme (UNOIP), when the respective agency agrees to include such support. The international experts work with government ministries and/or local authorities responsible for health and social welfare to assist with the development of strategic plans and policies with regard to victim assistance. In addition, UNOPS enters into contracts and grant agreements, on behalf of UNMAS, UNDP and UNOIP, with local institutions that provide a range of services, from emergency medical care to the socio-economic reintegration of landmine victims and persons with disabilities.
To address the socio-economic consequences of landmine contamination and supporting national and local capacity building to eliminate the obstacle that landmines pose to the resumption of normal economic activity, reconstruction and development.
9
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B. Contributions of like-minded partners 43. The United Nations welcomes and acknowledges all contributions to victim assistance made by like-minded partners from both governments and civil society. It recognizes in particular the instrumental role of the NGO community and multiple partners in raising public awareness of the landmine issue and addressing the needs of those at risk. In articulating and developing its mine action policy and activities, the United Nations strives to give due consideration to the concerns of all parties. The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) 44. As part of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, representatives of over 40 non-governmental organizations have formed a Working Group on Victim Assistance (WGVA) to increase the level and quality of programmes designed to improve the situation of landmine victims and survivors worldwide. The group communicates mainly by e-mail and meets in conjunction with meetings of the States Parties to the AP Mine Ban Convention, the Standing Committees, and the ICBL. The WGVA advocates for, monitors and provides guidance to the international community as to where, what, and how victim assistance is needed; promotes increased coverage, funding, and sustainability of victim assistance programs; promotes improvements in the quality of programs for landmine victims and other persons with disability; facilitates inclusion of landmine victims in the substantive work of the Standing Committees, Meetings of States Parties, national and international campaigns to ban landmines. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 45. The International Committee of the Red Cross acts to help all victims of war and internal violence and endeavours to ensure implementation of humanitarian rules restricting armed violence. In dealing with the scourge of landmines, the ICRC has encouraged the international community to adopt a public health approach comprising preventive, curative and rehabilitative measures. While these measures include as a key element humanitarian mine clearance, the ICRCs efforts have focused on advocacy, mine-awareness and risk-reduction education, and assistance to landmine victims (first aid, surgery, rehabilitation and socio-economic reintegration). The ICRC encourages efforts to promote better field cooperation and coordination in order to avoid duplication and waste of human and material resources. The Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) 46. The Geneva Centre supports Humanitarian Mine Action through research, operational assistance and contributions to the implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty. It is an independent Foundation supported by 18 governments.
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C. Funding mechanisms 47. Funding for victim assistance may be channelled through a variety of mechanisms and implementing partners. To facilitate the development of a comprehensive picture of victim assistance needs and of funding mechanisms, UNMAS, in cooperation with the ICBL Working Group on Victim Assistance, prepares an annual Portfolio of Victim Assistance Projects. This electronic document presents an overview of each project soliciting funds and gives an overall perspective to prospective donors on the scope of the need for resources. It is available through the Electronic Mine Information Network, at: www.mineaction.org. 48. The Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action (VTF), managed by UNMAS, may be used to finance: a. the development of guidelines and tools to better integrate victim assistance with other disability and mine-related activities; b. the assessment of the needs of survivors and victims in countries severely affected by mines and UXOs; c. the initiation of victim assistance projects in the context of emergency mine action programmes; and, d. the bridging of funding delays in ongoing programmes. 49. The Trust Fund for Human Security (TFHS) receives funds donated by the Government of Japan and supports projects implemented by UN agencies that address various threats to human lives, livelihoods and dignity, from a human security perspective. It can be used to finance projects related to victim assistance. 50. The UN Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) supports the development of high-impact programmes and projects from UN organizations, and promotes new UN partnerships and alliances, including with companies and foundations, as well as bilateral and multilateral donors, in furtherance of the Millennium development goals. 51. The United Nations Voluntary Fund on Disability originally established for the 1981 International Year of Disabled Persons continues to provide seed money grants to small-scaled projects for persons with disabilities. 52. Adopt-A-Minefield, a program of the United Nations Association of the USA, in partnership with Ted Turners Better World Fund, is a global campaign that engages individuals, community groups, and businesses in the United Nations effort to resolve the landmine crisis. The Campaign helps to save lives and rebuild mine-affected communities by raising funds for mine clearance and survivor assistance, and by raising awareness of the landmine problem. The Survivor Assistance program seeks to support organizations that are making a positive impact in the lives of landmine accident survivors and are working in one of Adopt-A-Minefields 6 program countries: Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cambodia, Croatia, Mozambique and Vietnam.
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END-OF-LESSON QUIZ
1. Using the Landmine Monitor definition of casualty, any individual killed or injured as a result of an incident involving anti-personnel mines, anti-vehicle mines, improvised explosive devices, and unexploded ordnance what is the estimated number of landmine/UXO casualties per year? (A) 5,000-10,000 (B) 10,000-15,000 (C) 15,000-20,000 (D) 20,000-25,000 2. In how many countries around the world do landmine and UXO casualties occur? (A) Less than 30; (B) 30-50; (C) 50-70; (D) More than 70. 3. Which of the following statements concerning victim assistance is TRUE? (A) States Parties to the MBT have an obligation to provide victim assistance if they are able; (B) States Parties to the MBT may choose to provide victim assistance to countries, as long as the country receiving assistance is in the same region; (C) States Parties to the MBT are not permitted to provide victim assistance; (D) States Parties to the MBT are permitted to provide victim assistance if they have a sponsoring governmental organisation or NGO. 4. Why was the victim assistance policy created? (A) To assist the UN in improving its contributions to an effective and coordinated response to the needs of landmine victims; (B) To assist the UN in maximising its use of resources; (C) To support the development, promotion, and delivery of imported services for landmine survivors and landmine victims; (D) All of the above.
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5. What is the difference between the terms landmine survivor and landmine victim? (A) Landmine survivor refers to an individual who encountered an explosive but was not killed; landmine victim refers to an individual who encountered an explosive and was killed; (B) Landmine survivor refers specifically to an individual who has been directly injured by an explosive; landmine victim is more general, referring to those individuals who have been injured or killed, families of individuals injured or killed, and communities affected by the presence of landmines; (C) Landmine survivor refers to the families of those who were killed by landmines; landmine victim refers to the individual who was killed; (D) There is not a differencethe terms can be (and are) used interchangeably. 6. Which of the following statements is NOT a guiding principle in the victim assistance policy? (A) Assistance to landmine survivors must respect the fundamental principles of neutrality, impartiality, and humanity; (B) Assistance to landmine survivors aims to return these individuals to their families as life-long dependents; (C) Landmine survivors and victims have the right to participate in decisions affecting the shaping of their lives and decisions affecting the realisation of their rights; (D) Landmine survivors and victims will be integrated with all other people with disabilities, and programmes should be created to coordinate this integration. 7. In order to remain effective over time, assistance programmes must: (A) Build on local people and infrastructures; (B) Involve local communities in the planning and implementation of victim assistance services; (C) Empower community members to contribute to the development of health, social, and economic infrastructures; (D) All of the above. 8. Mine action centres: (A) Are designed to take the lead role in victim assistance; (B) Have the expertise and resources required to lead the community in victim assistance measures; (C) Are designed to make significant contributions to the care, rehabilitation, and integration of landmine survivors and victims with the support of a national commission; (D) Will not be responsible for data collection, data dissemination, or planning and coordination of victim assistance programmes.
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9. Many United Nations partners and like-minded partners assume responsibility in activities associated with victim assistance. Which organisation below assumes the responsibility for injury surveillance and pre-hospital care for injury? (A) World Health Organisation (WHO) (B) The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (C) United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) (D) Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA) 10. The resources for victim assistance come from: (A) The country in need of victim assistance programmes; (B) The United Nations Development Program (UNDP); (C) National governments, international governments, and private organisations; (D) All of the above.
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LESSON 5 ANSWER KEY
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
C D A D B
15,000-20,000. More than 70. States Parties to the MBT have an obligation to provide victim assistance if they are able. All of the above. Landmine survivor refers specifically to an individual who has been directly injured by an explosive; landmine victim is more general, referring to those individuals who have been injured or killed, families of individuals injured or killed, and communities affected by the presence of landmines. Assistance to landmine survivors aims to return these individuals to their families as life-long dependents. All of the above. Are designed to make significant contributions to the care, rehabilitation, and integration of landmine survivors and victims with the support of a national commission. World Health Organisation (WHO). National governments, international governments, and private organisations.
6. 7. 8.
B D C
9. 10.
A C
LESSON 6 MINE RISK EDUCATION

Section 6.1: Mine Risk Education (MRE) Section 6.2: UNICEF Mine Action Strategy 2002-2005 End-of-Lesson Quiz
Lesson 6/ Mine Risk Education
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Lesson 6 Objectives Section 6.1: Mine Risk Education (MRE) This section introduces the student to the intents, goals, and purpose of mine risk education (MRE). It discusses the impact MRE has on communities in mine-affected areas, and it identifies UNICEF as the lead UN agency for mine risk education. After studying this section, the student should: Understand the hoped-for outcomes of mine risk education; Be aware of mine risk education teaching approaches and means of relaying information; Have an understanding of where MRE fits into the UN system, and specifically be able to discuss UNICEFs role in mine risk education. Section 6.2: UNICEF Mine Action Strategy 2002-2005 This section introduces the student to the primary text of the document UNICEF Mine Action Strategy 2002-2005. This document exists in order to clarify the mine action responsibilities given to UNICEF in the 1998 Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Policy (See Lesson 1). It aims to identify what actions UNICEF will undertake as one of many UN organisations and like-minded partners working toward a mine action response. After studying this section, the student should: Have an in-depth understanding of UNICEFs role in mine action; Be familiar with some of UNICEFs current projects and goals; Recognise that UNICEF is only one of many UN and like-minded organisations working with detailed policy documents on the topic of landmine and UXO safety around the world.
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Section 6.1 Mine Risk Education (MRE) * OVERVIEW Mine risk education, also known as mine awareness, helps communities at risk of antipersonnel landmines and UXO, especially refugees, internally displaced people (IDPs) and those returning to their homes after conflict, learn how to live with the threat of mines and UXO and develop safe behaviours. It involves campaigns to spread information through the mass media, poster campaigns, television spots and radio messages. It also involves the integration of appropriate programmes into the school curriculum and risk education at the community level. The greatest impact over the long term is achieved through a teaching approach that asks people to participate, so that those who are at risk of landmines and UXO learn by getting involved and deciding themselves the best way to pass on the message to others. Rather than passive recipients of information, they become active partners in mobilising their communities. They are taught to respect and maintain signs marking unsafe areas, and how to orchestrate a fundamental change in everyday behaviours. By adjusting everyday habits, they learn to live with the threat of landmines and UXO.
In this photograph the instructor is using a wooden model even though he should not touch even these objects. Remember, never touch!
* References for Section 6.1: International Guidelines in MRE, 1999 International Guidelines MRE IMAS
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UNICEFS ROLE IN MINE RISK EDUCATION UNICEF is the lead agency for mine risk education within the United Nations system. It has programmes in several countries, which it supports through resource mobilisation, technical assistance, quality management and national capacity building. In 2001, UNICEF, along with ICBL, established a Mine Awareness Working Group to develop international standards on mine awareness and risk reduction education, as well as technical notes for the monitoring and evaluation of programmes. The Mine Awareness Working Group is open to all mine awareness organisations and provides a forum for the development of mine risk education programmes and the exchange of lessons learned.
UNICEF focuses on those who are most in need. This often means ensuring that the needs of children are recognized and addressed. Journalists may make the mistake of standing by as children handle dangerous items of UXO. This photographer should not have taken this photo but dealt with the problem at hand.
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Section 6.2 UNICEF Mine Action Strategy (2002-2005) OVERVIEW You learned in Section 6.1 that UNICEF is at the heart of mine risk education within the UN system. In Section 6.2, you will learn more about MRE, as well as have the opportunity to attain a deeper understanding of how UNICEF fits in with the goals and objectives of United Nations mine action. Underlying all activities and programmes in which UNICEF participates is the fact that, as an organisation, UNICEF subscribes to the principles and common vision of a world free of the threat of landmines and unexploded ordnance, where individuals and communities live in safe environments, conducive to development, and where mine survivors are fully integrated into their societies.1
To be most effective, MRE involves members of the community in mine/UXO awareness training.
UNICEF: ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES WITHIN THE UN SYSTEM Beyond its primary focus on MRE, UNICEF also has a role in identifying the needs of mine survivors2 and other people with disabilities, and to make sure these needs are considered as health, education, social, and other services are planned. In other words, UNICEF acts as a representative for all persons who have been disabled or otherwise harmed as a result of landmines, UXO, or other means. UNICEF advocates for these people, making sure their voices are heard, their rights are respected, and their basic needs are met. The ability for mine survivors and other people with disabilities to access available services is the main focus of UNICEFs work. UNICEF focuses specifically on
1 2
United Nations mine action: a strategy for 2001-2005 (A/56/448/Add.1) (See Annex E). Editors note: Mine survivors is the term used in Lesson 6 to refer to survivors of accidents involving mines and all other explosive remnants of war (ERW).
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affected children, their families, and women, although its work in mine action is not confined to these groups. UNICEF believes mine action responses must be integrated with political and advocacy initiatives, and that initial mine action responses and life-saving assistance should move rapidly toward medium- and long-term solutions, with an emphasis on national capacity building, community participation and community-based recovery strategies. In order to remain updated on mine contamination in regions of humanitarian relief work, UNICEF works closely with the UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS) and other like-minded organisations.
Above, trained experts take part in a nationally-sponsored system of mine clearance.
THE DOCUMENT: PRIMARY TEXT On the following pages you will be reading the primary text of the UNICEF Mine Action Strategy 2002-2005. At the end of the documents text, you will find five pages containing tables that outline the goals and objectives of UNICEF in matrix form. The roles and responsibilities of three different groups (Country Programme of Cooperation; Regional Office (RO); and Headquarters (HQ)) are listed, detailing how each group will address the goals and objectives of UNICEF during the years between 2002-2005. Please read over these tables to familiarise yourself with how responsibilities are divided among different groups. You will not be tested on the details contained within the tables.
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UNICEF Mine Action Strategy 2002-2005

PART ONE - INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION 1. ' Mine action' refers to all those activities which address the problems faced by people as a result of landmine contamination. Mine action is not so much about mines, though, as about people and their interactions with a mine-contaminated environment: it aims to recreate an environment in which people can live safely, in which economic and social development can occur free from constraints, and in which mine survivors are fully integrated into their societies1. 2. This document is intended to clarify UNICEF' s mine action responsibilities as outlined in Mine Action and Effective Coordination: the United Nations Policy, presented by the Secretary General to the 53rd Session of the General Assembly in 1998, and to assist in meeting the objectives of The United Nations Mine Action Strategy 2001-2005, prepared in response to GA Resolution A/53/26 on Assistance in Mine Action, also adopted at the 53rd Session . 3. The Strategy is written within the framework of standards embodied in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which underpin UNICEF' s mandate and mission, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti- Personnel Landmines, and Their Destruction (MBT), for which UNICEF continues to be an active advocate, and the Comprehensive and Integrated International Convention to Promote and Protect the Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities . 4. While detailed programming guidelines for mine action will be given in the Technical Notes to the UNICEF Medium Term Strategic Plan (MTSP), the objective of the Strategy is to make it clear within UNICEF, to the organisation' s UN and other partners, and to other stakeholders including donors, the role UNICEF plays as part of an integrated, interagency, mine action response, and the approach it takes in doing so. BACKGROUND - MILESTONES IN MINE ACTION 5. Although landmines were used throughout the 20th century, their horrific impact was not widely recognised as a humanitarian issue until the late 1980' s, when thousands of returnees were killed and maimed in the wake of the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. 6. Landmines also blocked access to farmland, food, water and shelter, and acted as a major obstacle to the transport and distribution of basic relief supplies, the repair of essential infrastructure, and the rehabilitation of homes, schools, and clinics. By preventing resettlement of lOPs and repatriation of refugees, and by blighting the prospects of local and national economic recovery, landmines undermined the prospects for peace and stability, and do so to this day.
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1
From Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The UN Policy (1998).
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7. What is now known as humanitarian ' mine action'began in Afghanistan, as UN agencies and NGOs struggled to cope with a lethal environment by conducting emergency mine risk education, and training deminers. Programmes soon followed in Cambodia, Mozambique, northern Iraq, and other countries. 8. In tandem, and largely as a result of the work of NGO' s, the ICRC, and UN agencies in mine affected countries, international awareness of the problem began to grow. This ultimately led, through a coalition of civil society groups and like-minded states, to the formulation of The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and Their Destruction (Mine Ban Treaty), for which UNICEF was, and continues to be, an active advocate. 9. The first treaty in history to ban a weapon widely used by military forces the world over, it opened with 122 signatories in December 1997. 10. The unique role of civil society in achieving the Mine Ban Treaty' s total ban on anti-personnel landmines was recognised in the award of the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize to the International Campaign to Ban landmines (ICBL)2. 11. The Mine Ban Treaty commits States Parties to cease producing and transferring mines; clear minefields within 10 years; destroy stockpiles of landmines within 4 years; assist the economic and social rehabilitation of mine survivors and victims, and report each year on the progress made in fulfilling these commitments. It also provides a framework for international cooperation: those states with the means to eradicate the problem, commit to helping those without. Since 1999, this has helped to make over 200 million dollars available to mine action every year. 12. In 1998, Mine Action and Effective Coordination: the UN Po/icy was submitted by the Secretary General and welcomed by the 53rd session of the UN General Assembly. The Policy states the key principles for UN mine action, and defines its five3 components: mine risk education; advocacy; survey, mapping and clearance; 4 ' victim assistance' ; and stockpile destruction. The Policy divides the responsibility for these activities across 11 UN agencies and departments5, and outlines coordination mechanisms for UN and other organisations such as the ICRC, International Campaign to Ban land mines (ICBL) and NGOs. 13.UNICEF has responsibilities in relation to three of these five components: ' UNICEF, working in collaboration with the UN Mine Action Service, is the UN focal point for mine risk education. In this capacity, it will provide appropriate guidance for all mine awareness programmes, liaising closely with concerned partners such as OCHA, WFP, UNHCR, WHO, and UNDP. In addition, UNICEF, in collaboration with WHO, ICRC, and other partners. ..will ensure comprehensive rehabilitation of landmines survivors, including psychosocial counselling, physical rehabilitation (including the provision of prosthetics and orthotics), and education for those with disability. Finally, UNICEF will continue to be an active advocate for the promotion of a total ban on anti-personnel landmines and the ratification of the Ottawa Convention' (Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The UN Policy, 1998).
___________________ 2 The ICBL is a coalition of over 1 ,000 organisations based in over 60 countries. 3 Originally four components, however stockpile destruction as per the Mine Ban Treaty is generally accepted as being the fifth. 4 Now more commonly referred to as ' survivor assistance' , so as not to stigmatise survivors or cast them as ' victims' , 5 Now 12, with the inclusion of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in December 2002.
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14. In its 2000 annual session, the UNICEF Executive Board acknowledged this set of responsibilities, as embodied in the UNICEF Core Corporate Commitments (CCC' s) in Emergencies (E/ICEF/2000/12), which reinforce UNICEF' s commitment to partnership in emergency action, strengthen the special protection of victims of armed conflict, disasters, and all forms of violence, and provides the framework for the care and protection of children and women in unstable situations. 15. Over the course of 2001, the UN Mine Action Strategy 2001-20056 was developed by UN agencies, in consultation with ICRC, the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, NGOs, and donors. It sets out 6 strategic goals, and 40 objectives, of which UNICEF has a role in all goals and 22 objectives. 16. Simultaneously, UNICEF began to work on the UNICEF Mine Action Strategy, to ensure it fulfills its obligations as outlined in the UN Policy, helps achieve the objectives of the UN Strategy, and meets its own broader mandate for the care and protection of children. THE IMPACT OF LANDMINES AND OTHER EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR 17. Simply being a child, with a child' s natural curiosity and desire to play, touch, seek and explore, is risky in a mined environment. Ordinary daily activities such as herding livestock, fetching water, or foraging for food, fodder, or firewood can be deadly. Often, as a means of survival, children seek landmines and other explosive remnants of war (ERW)7 to use or sell their explosive or metal content. Many do not survive. A child is far more likely than an adult to die as a result of a mine blast8, and a child who survives is less likely to have access to rehabilitation, unlikely to have access to school, and almost certain to be vulnerable into adulthood. Children and women are also most likely to become more vulnerable if other family members are killed or injured. 18. In areas where employment opportunities are minimal, where people with disabilities are stigmatised or there is a shortage of training and rehabilitation facilities, mine survivors face enormous challenges. In most agrarian societies, the loss of a limb makes it almost impossible for a person to work, and women, in particular, may be ostracised because they are perceived as being ' damaged' . 19. Landmines also have a subtle yet profound psychological effect: by taking away freedom of movement, and robbing children of their right to play, landmines erode peace of mind -particularly for parents. In a very real sense, mines mean war continues even when a conflict has ended. 20. In addition to these direct effects, mines cause food insecurity through land denial and loss of livestock; health and hygiene problems due to lack of access to shelter, water and sanitation, and hardship due to non- rehabilitation of essential economic
___________________ 6 Attached, Annexe E. 7 ERW, or explosive remnants of war is the collective term for any explosive or parts thereof, whether fired or unfired, left over as the result of a conflict. 8 It is estimated that 85% of children die before reaching hospital, as compared to 40-50% of adults.
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infrastructure. Taken together, these factors -and the resulting disruption of the flow of trade and commerce - block local and national economic recovery and development, and undermine the fundamental human rights to peace, security, and self- determination. 21. Today, landmines can be found in over 60 countries (in all seven UNICEF regions), often years or decades after they were laid. They continue to have a significant human, social, and economic impact in more than 30 countries, most of which are among the world poorest. 22. All these countries are also affected, to varying degrees, by other explosive remnants of war9 (including anti-vehicle mines10), which cause many -often multiple -deaths, especially to children. In some countries such as Laos and Vietnam, and in emergencies such as Kosovo, cluster bombs rather than landmines have been the main problem. If they do not explode on impact, these function just like antipersonnel mines, and again, pose a particular threat to children, who are more inclined to tamper with them. 23. For practical purposes, mine action programmes deal with all these items, whether in terms of mine risk education, or clearance activities. In the Mine Ban Treaty, however, only anti-personnel mines are prohibited. Given the humanitarian impact of these other weapons, UNICEF has joined ICRC and others in calling for an Optional Protocol to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, on Explosive Remnants of War (ERW), aimed at further mitigating the effects of the detritus of war on civilian populations.
PART TWO - THE UNICEF MINE ACTION STRATEGY

UNICEF' s ROLE IN MINE ACTION 24. UNICEF recognises that landmines and other explosive remnants of war11 directly and indirectly threaten children' s rights to life, survival and development. 25. In mine affected countries, UNICEF works with and supports government and civil society partners to help children, their families and their communities understand how to reduce mine risks, and advocates for and with them on mine-related issues. UNICEF focuses on mine risk education, and works to integrate this into broader mine action responses. 26.This means working with state and non-state actors to promote ratification and implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty in its entirety: people are aware of the threat; existing landmines are destroyed or cleared; new landmines are neither procured, manufactured nor laid; services are in place for survivors, and survivors particularly children and women -have access to those services and are able to fully participate in their societies.
___________________ 9 Explosive remnants of war (ERW) is the collective term for any explosive or parts thereof, whether fired or unfired, left over as the result of a conflict. 10 Anti-vehic!e and anti-tank mines are not prohibited by the Mine Ban Treaty. Contrary to popular myth, they can be, and are detonated by people, and by animals. 11 Explosive remnants of war (ERW) is the collective term for any explosive or parts thereof, whether fired or unfired, left over as the result of a conflict.
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27. UNICEF advocates for and with mine survivors12 and other people with disabilities to ensure their voices are heard, rights respected, and basic needs met. The main role of UNICEF is in identifying needs, and advocating for them to be addressed in the planning and provision of health, social, education and other services. UNICEF focuses on access of mine survivors and other people with disabilities to services and programmes, rather than on service provision itself. 28. While countries such as Afghanistan, Angola, and Cambodia suffer the most severe and widespread impact of mines and other ERW, many other countries are severely affected in more confined areas, often on or near borders, with a heavy toll on nomads, traders, and border-dwellers. Even if such areas are not inhabited, armed conflict, economic necessity, or natural disaster may suddenly displace people into or through them. UNICEF therefore works with closely with the UN Mine Action Service and other organisations to ensure that mine contamination is factored into humanitarian contingency plans. 29. As most mine casualties occur during or immediately post-conflict, in emergencies where national authorities do not exist or unable to respond, UNICEF will still act to identify at-risk populations, carry out emergency mine risk education, and support other risk reduction activities, working with UNMAS and other UN agencies, and partners such as non-state actors, and international and local NGOs. 30. At a global level, and based on its work in the field, UNICEF' s role is to promote best practice in mine risk education, advocate for universal ratification and implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty -including the provisions for international assistance to mine affected countries -and to work for the further development of international law in relation to other explosive remnants of war.
___________________ 12 ' Mine survivors' throughout this document refers to survivors of accidents involving mines and all other explosive remnants of war.
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PRINCIPLES AND FRAMEWORK 31.The UNICEF Mine Action Strategy 2002-2005 is rooted in the UNICEF Mission Statement, its Core Corporate Commitments in Emergencies, its Peace and Security Agenda (including the Machel Report), the World Fit for Children Outcome Document, the UNICEF Medium Term Strategic Plan 2002-2005, and the UN Mine Action Policy. 32. The Strategy is written within the framework of The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC); The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW); The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti- Personnel Landmines, and Their Destruction (MBT); and the work towards a Comprehensive and Integrated International Convention to Promote and Protect the Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities. 33. UNICEF takes a rights-based approach to mine action, which recognises the legal and moral obligation and accountability of States to the rights and needs of their peoples, and affirms that children, women and men are subjects of rights - rights holders rather than objects of charity .It thus follows that they should have the opportunity to express their views, and participate in decision-making on issues affecting their lives. 34. For these reasons, UNICEF places affected children, their families, and their communities at the centre of mine action, and encourages its partners to do likewise. While UNICEF particularly focuses on children and women, its work in mine action is not confined to them. 35. Consistent with a rights-based approach to programming, and its Core Corporate Commitments in Emergencies, UNICEF believes mine action responses must be integrated with political and advocacy initiatives, and that initial mine action responses and life-saving assistance should move rapidly toward medium- and longterm solutions, with an emphasis on national capacity building, community participation and community-based recovery strategies. 36. UNICEF sees mine action as a crucial supporting element of the broader humanitarian, development and peace-building agenda, and sees coordination within mine action, and between mine action and other sectors as essential to the effectiveness of mine action programmes. 37. UNICEF supports the integration of mine action components, through coordination and common planning by the various UN and other agencies engaged in these components. For this reason, UNICEF plays a key role in the UN Mine Action Strategy 2001-2005, works closely with UNMAS, UNDP, UNOPS, ICRC, GICHD, and other UN and NGO partners to fulfill its obligations as stated therein, and subscribes to the principles and common vision of: ...a world free of the threat of landmines and unexploded ordnance, where individuals and communities live in safe environment, conducive to development, and where mine survivors are fully integrated into their societies13
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13
UN Mine Action Strategy 2001-2005.
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STATEMENT OF INTENT, GOALS, AND OBJECTIVES
UNICEF will work with partners to protect children, their families and communities from the physical, social, economic and psychological impact of landmines and other explosive remnants of war by pursuing the following three goals: 1. Mine Risk Education needs are identified and met in an appropriate, effective, and timely fashion. 2. The Mine Ban Treaty and other related legal instruments are universally ratified and implemented. 3. Mine survivors, especially children, have access to the highest attainable standards of services and support.
GOAL 1 Mine Risk Education needs are identified and met in an appropriate, effective, and timely fashion.
1.1 At-risk populations are identified, mine risk education needs are assessed, and appropriate mine risk education is provided, in all new and existing UN mine action programmes. 1.2 Mine risk education is coordinated at global and country levels, and is integrated with other mine action components, and with broader humanitarian, development and peace-building activities. 1.3 Threat monitoring14 and rapid response capacity is in place to meet emergency mine risk education needs. 1.4 Mine risk education is fully reflected in, and mutually supportive of, UNICEFs work in education, health promotion, child protection, integrated early childhood development (IECD), and other sectors. 1.5 Mine risk education is supported by active surveillance systems15 which enable affected communities to report on and receive assistance with mine problems. 1.6 Technical guidance is provided, and best practice is promoted in mine risk education.
___________________ 14 Threat monitoring is, as it sounds, actively watching out for new mine/ERW threats, either through new contamination, or because existing contamination poses a new problem due to population movements. 15 See Annexe A for a definition of active surveillance.
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GOAL 2 The Mine Ban Treaty and other related legal instruments are universally ratified and implemented.
2.1 States and non-state actors are encouraged and assisted to respectively ratify or endorse and comply with regional and international legal instruments relevant to landmines and other explosive remnants of war. 2.2 Local, national and global advocacy efforts in relation to mines and other explosive remnants of war are supported, in particular those by, and for, those most affected. 2.3 The needs of mine affected countries are identified and assessed, and subsequent planning and response supported. 2.4 International assistance for all mine action requirements in affected countries is promoted. 2.5 Development and implementation of the interagency UN Mine Action Strategy is supported. 2.6 Further development of international law on mines and other explosive remnants of war, including Explosive Remnants of War protocols to the UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, is promoted.
GOAL 3 Mine survivors, especially children, have access to the highest attainable standards of services and support.
3.1 The needs of mine survivors16 are identified and assessed. 3.2 Local and national strategies for assistance17 to survivors are developed. 3.3 Public and community health, disability and other services are equally accessible to mine survivors, especially children and women. 3.4 Special rehabilitation and social reintegration services, if needed, are provided, especially to children 3.5 Child survivors are able to attend school. 3.6 Survivor assistance is supported by mine action programmes.
___________________ 16 ' Mine survivors' throughout this document refers to survivors of accidents involving mines and all other explosive remnants of war. 17 See basic principles and further references summarised in Landmine Casualties: Needs and Assistance, Landmine Monitor Reporl2002, pp 43-44.
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PART THREE - IMPLEMENTATION

MAINSTREAMING MINE ACTION IN UNICEF 38. The goals and objectives of the UNICEF Mine Action Strategy will be supported throughout all relevant UNICEF policies, plans, programmes, and procedures. More specific objectives will therefore be developed within Country Programmes of Cooperation (CPC), Regional Office (RO) and headquarter (HO) plans. A breakdown of responsibilities in these three tiers is summarised below, and outlined in detail in the matrix which follows. Country Programmes of Cooperation 39. The role of the CPC is essentially to incorporate mine impact into regular situation assessments, raise awareness of the problem, and support government and other partners in planning and providing appropriate responses. This should be done as part of an interagency approach, with the aim of developing a national mine action plan. 40. The country office should also be able to conduct rapid mine risk assessment, and playa coordinating role for mine risk education in emergencies. This means putting in place organisational capacity, procedures and resources (funds, staff and supplies) to ensure that the appropriate programmatic response will be available on a timely basis. Regional Offices 38. The regional office has oversight of the incorporation of mine action into country programmes of cooperation, and so is the main monitoring mechanism for Strategy implementation, including incorporation of mine action into emergency preparedness and response plans. The RO should coordinate UNICEF mine action responses on regional, sub-regional and cross-border programmes, and carry out advocacy at these levels. Headquarters 39. The HO is responsible for mine action policy, and programme guidance and the development of mine risk education tools and training for UNICEF and other agencies. It also provides desk and direct technical support to country and regional offices, and assists in the recruitment of technical experts and raising of supplementary resources to meet mine action commitments. The headquarters has global responsibility for monitoring strategy implementation, and for global advocacy on mine-related issues. Monitoring and Evaluation 40. Mine action projects/programmes will be tracked and monitored through standard UNICEF information and financial management tools. An MTSP activity code has been developed to track mine action expenditures. Implementation of the UNICEF Mine Action Strategy will be reviewed annually, from 2003, and the Strategy will be evaluated at the end of 2005.
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Intl Guidelines for LM and UXO Edu.
International Guidelines for Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance Awareness Education Section Three: Programme Planning
A. LANDMINE/UXO AWARENESS AND INTEGRATED MINE ACTION INTRODUCTION
3.1 The UN Policy on Mine Action stresses the importance of an integrated response to the issue of landmine contamination, and the need to bring real and lasting support to those who are at risk. It identifies the following four complementary components within mine action: a) Mine awareness and risk reduction education. b) Minefield survey, mapping, marking, and clearance. c) Victim assistance, including rehabilitation and reintegration. d) Advocacy to stigmatise the use of landmines and support a total ban on antipersonnel landmines. These components should normally work together to provide a dynamic, iterative process in which joint planning and assessment of needs, sharing of information and results, present a holistic response to affected communities. Information on mine/UXO awareness needs to become an integral part of the Information Management System for Mine Action, which manages information gathered in global landmine surveys and stores it in national Mine Action Databases. Mine/UXO awareness programmes can operate separately from a mine action organisation and still be integrated. THE BENEFITS OF INTEGRATION 3.2 One of the goals of mine/UXO awareness programmes is to find solutions to the mine threats faced by communities. These solutions may be both technical and nontechnical and may be suited or unsuited to the capacities of the mine/UXO awareness agency. Integrated planning and problem solving enhance the ability of agencies and organisations to develop viable solutions, by ensuring that a comprehensive response to the mine threat is adopted. In addition, linkages with other mine action operations and with central authorities assist in ensuring that information is shared, thereby leading to the better targeting of resources. COMMUNITY CONTACT AND INFORMATION 3.3 Mine/UXO awareness staff normally build up close contacts with communities in the course of their work. Dialogue with the communities yields valuable information on a wide range of issues, including on suspected minefields, mine-related injuries and deaths, the features of socio-economic life in the communities, traditional practices, and the
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willingness of the communities to participate in mine action initiatives. Much of the information gained by the mine/UXO awareness workers is valuable to the mine survey, marking and clearance technicians in terms of field operations and more essentially in determining the priorities among relevant steps. The establishment of an integrated approach facilitates information sharing in the field. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND OWNERSHIP 3.4 Through an integrated approach, closer contact with communities can lead to greater community participation in and ownership of the mine action initiatives. Community participation in determining priorities also helps de-miners to increase their effectiveness. Through greater community participation, more readily understandable mine warning signs can be created and the theft of minefield marking can be reduced. APPROPRIATE RESPONSES AND MAXIMISING RESOURCES 3.5 The detailed understanding promoted by an integrated approach allows project managers to develop more effective and efficient responses. For example, rather than using large teams, managers may rely on smaller groups in more tightly defined areas. In certain situations, the decision may be taken to mark and fence off low-priority areas rather than use scarce resources on clearance. Repeated visits to communities by operationally distinct mine action operators (that is, separate visits by, for instance, the survey team, the mine/UXO awareness staff, the information gatherers, the minefield marking team, and the de-miners) represent a less than efficient application of logistics and staff. LINKING WITH DEVELOPMENT 3.6 Analysis of the socio-economic characteristics of affected communities reveals that mine problems can represent a major obstacle to community rehabilitation and development. An integrated approach through which the skills and interests of the mine/UXO awareness staff are joined with the technical expertise of the de-miners helps the clearance managers and personnel reach a better understanding of the role of de-mining within the development context and also assists the clearance groups in constructing closer links with development projects. STAND-ALONE MINE/UXO AWARENESS PROGRAMMES 3.7 Stand-alone mine/UXO awareness programmes are sometimes implemented independently of other mine action initiatives. Such programmes are necessary only in certain situations. As far as possible, however, mine/UXO awareness programmes should be integrated with other mine actions and with relief and development programmes. This need is particularly acute where the majority of mine casualties are not caused by lack of awareness of the threat posed by mines or the appropriate behaviour to be adopted. If, for example, survival imperatives dictate risk-taking behaviour, other programmatic interventions than stand-alone mine and/or UXO awareness will be needed to protect effectively the at-risk populations.
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INFORMATION TRANSFER AND THE WIDER CONTEXT 3.8 In most post-conflict environments in which mine action programmes are implemented, the lack of information affects all sectors and all agencies. In some cases, agencies are operating in areas where mine/UXO awareness programmes have not yet been initiated. In others, mine action programmes are the first to achieve close community contact and participation. All the information collected within the context of a mine/UXO awareness programme may be useful to those involved in other mine action initiatives or in relief or development programmes operating in the same area. Information specifically relevant to other mine action activities, for example, surveys of the requirements of mine survivors, can of course be collected through mine/UXO awareness programmes. Mine Action Centres are useful at the national level for collecting information. There is also a need for more information sharing at the international level. The understanding developed through a mine action programme of the local situation, the manner in which this understanding has been acquired, and the subsequent initiatives that have been implemented can all be of great benefit to programmes elsewhere. Mechanisms need to be established within organisations and agencies to achieve and maintain this sort of information sharing.
B. PLANNING THE PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION 3.9 Agencies and organisations should use proper programme planning to identify the most effective ways to address needs. The programme plan defines overall goals and specific objectives, outlines the minimum standards of achievement for the programme and the activities which are likely to meet these standards, determines appropriate impact and outcome indicators, and establishes methods and structures for monitoring and evaluation. As far as possible, all stakeholders should be involved in the planning process. The programme goals, objectives and activities should reflect the input of all the individuals and institutions participating in the assessment and planning stages, particularly: The philosophy of the implementing agency. The terms of the donors. The strategy of the government body. The needs of the affected communities. The strategy of mine action agencies. The strategy of other relevant humanitarian agencies.
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KEY ISSUES IN PLANNING MINE/UXO AWARENESS PROGRAMMES 3.10 These Guidelines do not attempt to cover the elements necessary for successful project management. It is assumed that appropriately qualified managers will be recruited to participate in the planning and implementation of mine/UXO awareness programmes. However, it may be useful to mention some general and specific features that one ought to take into account in planning and implementing a mine/UXO awareness programme. The plans should: Be integrated into the national mine action strategy and the overall national humanitarian and development strategies. Reflect the priorities of the organisations and people involved (such as government, donors, communities, women, children, minorities, and disabled persons). Take into account the assumptions behind the conviction that the activities can reach the objectives and that the objectives can achieve the overall goals. Take into account the risk of negative side effects generated by the activities. Be culturally appropriate. Rely on appropriate means of communication. Where possible, involve the intended beneficiaries in programme design, implementation, and monitoring. Draw on the lessons learned through other mine/UXO awareness programmes. Offset urban and gender biases and other biases. Establish clear procedures and structures for reporting to donors. Be sustainable, that is, cover capacity building and training. Be flexible and adaptable. Identify indicators to gauge the progress and the impact of the programme. Identify appropriate monitoring and evaluation systems. Be realistic and take into account programme inputs, such as local and external management capacities and the availability of staff, skills, and resources. Assure adequate funding and logistical support.
PROGRAMME INPUTS: STAFF SELECTION 3.11 Larger mine/UXO awareness projects typically require the recruitment of professional project management staff. It is important to remember that mine/UXO awareness initiatives are not military or paramilitary endeavours, but public education campaigns. They therefore require staff appropriate to such campaigns, such as educators, programme managers, trainers, curriculum development specialists, communication and social mobilisation experts, epidemiologists, and artists. Technical specialists play an essential role in mine action initiatives, although such technical expertise is not required of mine/UXO awareness education staff. To ensure sustainability, one should hire local staff and encourage the participation of the community as far as possible. Staff selection is inevitably contextdependent, but an appropriate gender and ethnic balance should be sought. In addition,
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programme managers might view mine survivors as potential resources for a mine/UXO awareness programme. The staff should mirror the society the programme seeks to protect. PROGRAMME INPUTS: REPORTING STRUCTURES 3.12 All programmes should develop their own internal reporting structures as a function of basic management. However, formal structures for reporting between mine/UXO awareness organizations and other mine action sectors, including national Mine Action Centres and mine action databases, are crucial. These linkages cannot be left to informal networks but must be established formally.
C. COMMUNICATION APPROACHES
INTRODUCTION 3.13 To maximise the opportunities for learning, the use of visual aids and participatory activities is advisable wherever possible. Participatory approaches are based on two-way information flows that encourage dialogue and the analysis of the mine problem at the individual and community levels. Power relationships and ownership lie at the heart of the participatory approach. The aim is to promote safe behaviour around mines and to find practical, non-technical solutions to the mine threat. Examples of participatory approaches are mapping, child-to-child techniques, group and community discussions, and focus groups. Participatory approaches are especially important for settled communities facing a long-term mine threat and exhibiting high-risk behaviours around mines. When conducted well, participatory approaches can mobilise the community, including children, through locally acceptable modes of communication. However, they require highly skilled and well-trained staff and significant human and financial investments by programme funders and supporters. CHILD-TO-CHILD TECHNIQUES 3.14 Child-to-child techniques are an approach to learning and teaching that is already being used in more than 80 countries. The techniques focus on children as a resource group, enlisting their help in the promotion of good health practices among their friends and in their families and communities. Successful child-to-child mine/UXO awareness programmes have relied on children in determining the extent of the mine threat faced by communities, in planning and implementing steps to respond to the threat, such as initiatives to promote safe behaviour among people at risk, and in evaluating the outcome of these efforts.
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MASS MEDIA 3.15 Radio, television, and newspapers are frequently used in mine/UXO awareness programmes because they can help reach large numbers of people readily and regularly. Access to mass media may be limited in rural developing communities.
E. LANDMINE/UXO AWARENESS MATERIALS

BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR THE DESIGN OF MATERIALS 3.36 Materials should be: Simple. Clear. Readable. In appropriate local languages. Relevant. Realistic. Attractive. Accurate. Culturally and religiously sensitive. Sustainable. Durable.
THE USE OF LOCAL ARTISTS 3.37 The best available local artists should be employed. The production of materials outside the country may impede the sustainability of the programme and lead to unnecessary mistakes. Materials should actively promote local culture and national identity, but also reflect awareness of wider issues through, for example, appropriate sensitivity to the portrayal of the role of women. Merely because artists are local does not mean that they are culturally or socially adept. The materials should be checked and rechecked at all stages of the production process.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIALS 3.38 Materials should be developed according to rigorous procedures. Short cuts can lead to mistakes, which can be costly.
A General Guide for the Development of Materials Needs assessment. Data analysis. Definition of programme objectives. Determination of the communication approach. Selection of messages. Selection of media. Production of the first draft. Field testing. Review results. Revision and the preparation of new drafts. Further field testing. Further amendments and field testing (if necessary). Full production. Distribution. Monitoring and evaluation.
THE FIELD TESTING OF MATERIALS AND MEDIA 3.39 Basic Principles
All materials and media must be field tested and then amended, if necessary, based on the results of the field testing. This is a crucial part of the development of materials and is often overlooked or omitted because of time constraints. However, it has been shown that proper field testing can save an enormous amount of resources and effort. During the project proposal stage, sufficient time should be allowed for thorough field testing. The appropriate type of field testing should be determined, through questionnaires, observation, seminars, discussions, or some other technique. It is important to remember that, if interviewees are unsure of the correct answer to a question, they may give the answer they think one wishes to hear. Care must be taken to target the most relevant groups; for instance, schoolchildren rather than schoolteachers should be tested.
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3.40
Key Aspects to be Tested Are the messages correct? Is the material attractive? Are the style, layout, and type of material interesting? Are the images and illustrations clear and correctly understood? Can people relate to the images and illustrations? Can people read and understand the written messages? Are the written messages accurate? Are they culturally sensitive? Can people understand the relationship between the images and the words? What is the relevance of the messages to the daily lives of the people? Do the people have any suggestions for changes?
3.41
Field Testing Guide Guide for the Field Testing of Materials and Media Study all available relevant materials and information. Prepare questionnaires, testing materials, evaluation forms, etc. Train staff. Present materials to the target group. Evaluate the responses. Analyse and discuss the findings. Make corrections, additions, and other necessary changes. Field test the altered material. Make any necessary changes. Repeat the last two stages (if necessary).
EXAMPLES OF MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES Introduction The following is by no means an exhaustive list of possible materials. The UNICEF Training Modules for Landmine and Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Awareness will offer further guidance. 3.42 Posters
Posters are a versatile educational material, although they have a limited effective lifespan. Posters can be employed together with participatory exercises, as prompts for discussion, or as starting points for stories. They can be used to stimulate question and
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answer sessions in classrooms. However, the vandals, sunlight, rain, and poor maintenance can all reduce the effective lifespan of posters. 3.43 Leaflets and Brochures
Leaflets may be useful in special emergency situations. They also have a relatively short effective lifespan. Like posters, leaflets can become the starting points for lessons or discussions. 3.44 Silk Screens
In many landmine/UXO awareness programmes, silk screens bearing landmine/UXO awareness messages and images are viewed as durable teaching aids, which can be readily and cheaply produced in targeted communities. Printing on cloth is practical since the cloth allows for cleaning. Moreover, the screens can be easily transported. If cleaned and repaired whenever necessary, a silk screen can be used regularly and still last for several years. It is also easy to change a series of silk screens as needed. 3.45 Audio Tapes
Audio tapes can be employed for the communication of many landmine/UXO awareness messages, however, first aid techniques and mine-discovery methods such as prodding and retracing require practical exercises. Audio tapes can be used as part of a school kit, during public presentations, or as broadcast material on local and national radio. They can take advantage of music and song to transmit their messages. The production of audio tapes requires actors and technicians, and it should be borne in mind that, because of the high cost of batteries, people may be very selective about the tapes they listen to. 3.46 Video
The programme budget and objectives should be weighed carefully in deciding whether to undertake the production of videos, which can be extremely expensive. Videos are not used much in countries such as Angola and Mozambique, which rely more on traditional live song and dance performances; in Cambodia, on the other hand, videos are very popular and have become an important educational tool. Consider the target groups before a script is prepared so that appropriate messages are included. Several versions of a video may be required for different languages and dialects or differing target group needs. A landmine/UXO awareness staff member should be closely involved in all stages of preproduction (writing, planning, hiring), production (shooting, directing) and postproduction (editing, sound, distribution) to make sure there are no mistakes. Once a video has been finished, it is very difficult, costly and time-consuming to correct production errors.
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3.47
Photographs
Photographs are generally very popular and generate more interest than do illustrations. Photographs can make the plight of mine victims more meaningful to viewers and starkly reveal the horror associated with mine injuries. Some people understand photographs more readily than they do illustrations. However, the production of high-quality teaching materials based on photographs can be complicated and expensive, and permission to use photographs should be obtained from the families concerned. 3.48 Mine Models
Some people need to be able to see a three-dimensional model before they can begin really to comprehend the size, shape, and appearance of an object. It may therefore be necessary to create displays which allow people to get a closer look at the form of a mine or UXO. This can be accomplished using stand-alone models or by constructing diorama which show mines in place. Mine/UXO models already exist for this purpose, but remember that they should be the same colour and size as the real thing. They should be exhibited in Perspex, plastic, or glass cases so that everyone, including the instructor, respects the Do not touch message. 3.49 Drama and Role-playing
Dramatic presentations are particularly appropriate for children as they are participatory, require few props, and attract a great deal of attention. Care must be taken, however, not to lose the message in the medium. The teacher should act as the facilitator to correct and guide, while the children practise the brief scenes and then act them out in class. Role-playing actively involves children in the learning process because it relies on their own words and their own way of viewing the world. The children feel a greater sense of ownership of the content of the messages because it has come from them directly. This allows the information to be internalised so that learning can take place. Teachers may prefer to have a class perform a landmine/UXO awareness drama for the rest of the school. In this case, to ensure that the proper messages are transmitted, the script should be checked by a landmine/UXO awareness staff member and not left entirely to the teachers. Likewise, if the children do the research and storywriting as part of the project, the storyline should be checked by mine/UXO awareness staff. The script should be short, simple, and to the point. The plot needs to be fully worked out so that there is no room for incorrect interpretations. Class discussions and projects such as story-telling and drawing based on the drama can be undertaken after the drama has been performed. Whether the performances are for adults or children or both, it is essential that discussion follow the play so that messages can be clarified and reinforced.
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3.50
Games
Children can easily learn mine/UXO awareness messages which are linked to games, but it is important to reinforce these messages in other ways as well. The games should be designed and organised to last around 10 to 15 minutes each. They should be culturally sensitive. Where possible, traditional concepts, fables or folktales should be adapted to include mine safety messages. Messages should emphasise positive actions rather than negative ones. For example, the games should teach children to warn their friends not to touch mines rather than having the children touching mines and play at being blown up. 3.51 Mine/UXO Awareness in Schools
Schools are ideal locations for participatory mine/UXO awareness activities, as the children tend to be a captive audience, and schools provide an appropriate and sustainable learning environment. Mine/UXO awareness should be presented as a regular stand-alone subject. In addition, basic mine/UXO awareness messages can be included during lessons on other subjects. 3.52 Mobile Displays and Public Performances
Mobile displays and public performances generally attract a good deal of attention and are therefore good opportunities to reinforce the mine/UXO awareness messages children have heard in school. Mobile units can also visit schools, especially remote ones or those with few resources, in order to offer practical support for ongoing landmine/UXO awareness programmes. They can be employed as an interactive medium to gauge the amount of knowledge acquired elsewhere. They are also a means of reaching children who may not be able to attend school. Mobile teams can be used extensively when large numbers of people are forced to evacuate their homes and gather in safer areas during emergency situations. The teams can move in quickly to furnish life-saving information geared to the particular needs of people who are about to return to or pass through areas that may have been mined. 3.53 Landmine/UXO Awareness Centres
If it is not practical to organise mobile teams, a more permanent office - a Landmine Awareness/UXO Awareness Centre - can be set up near mined areas. National Mine Action Centres can also be used in this way. Such centres can attract more visitors if they supply other valuable services in addition to landmine/UXO awareness messages.
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END-OF-LESSON QUIZ
1. The document Mine Action and Effective Coordination: the UN Policy states the key principles for UN mine action and identifies its key components. UNICEF has been given responsibilities in relation to a certain number of these key components. How many of the components relate to UNICEF, and what are they? (A) One: Victim assistance; (B) Two: Victim assistance and mine risk education (MRE); (C) Three: Victim assistance; mine risk education (MRE); and advocacy for the MBT; (D) Four: Victim assistance; mine risk education (MRE); advocacy for the MBT; and survey, mapping, and clearance; 2. Which MRE teaching approach has proven to be most effective among communities at risk? (A) A passive approach, where mine experts lecture to community leaders about the risks and dangers of mines and UXO; (B) An active approach, encouraging locals to become active partners in mobilising their communities; (C) An active approach that includes practical sessions on the topic of how to disarm landmines; (D) None of the above. 3. Which of the following was established by UNICEF and ICBL to develop international standards on mine awareness and risk reduction education? (A) Landmine and UXO Awareness Association (B) Mine Awareness Working Group (C) Committee on Community Mine Risk Education (D) Organisation of Mine Awareness Education 4. In what ways may mine risk education information be spread? (A) Mass media; (B) Poster Campaigns; (C) Television and radio spots; (D) All of the above.
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5. Which of the following statements concerning children is FALSE, based on what you infer from reading this lesson? (A) Appropriate programmes in school curriculum should be developed to educate children on the risks associated with landmines and UXO; (B) Children should learn about the threats posed by landmines and UXO in their community and play areas; (C) Children should know how to recognize warning signals and signs; (D) Families and community members should prevent fear among children by avoiding conversations on the topic of landmines and UXO in their communities. 6. Children may seek landmines and other explosive remnants of war to: (A) Sell as a means of survival; (B) Use in the classroom at school; (C) Play with in the complete absence of other toys; (D) None of the above. 7. Which of the following groups is most likely to die because of a mine blast? (A) Women (B) Men (C) Boys (D) Girls 8. Who is most likely to fall victim to a landmine or UXO incident? (A) Women (B) Men (C) Boys (D) Girls 9. UNICEF works in seven regions throughout the world. In how many of these seven regions are landmines found? (A) Four (B) Five (C) Six (D) Seven
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10. Which of the following is NOT one of UNICEFs primary intents, goals, and objectives? (A) Mine survivors, especially children, have access to comprehensive support services; (B) The nature, extent, and potential impact of the mine/UXO problem is established in all countries where UNICEF works; (C) Mine Risk Education needs are identified and met in an appropriate, effective, and timely fashion; (D) The Mine Ban Treaty and other related legal instruments are universally ratified and implemented.
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LESSON 6 ANSWER KEY
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
C B B D D
Three: Victim assistance; mine risk education (MRE); and advocacy for the MBT. An active approach, encouraging locals to become active partners in mobilising their communities. Mine Awareness Working Group. All of the above. Families and community members should prevent fear among children by avoiding conversations on the topic of landmines and UXO in their communities. Play with in the complete absence of other toys. Boys. Men. Seven. The nature, extent, and potential impact of the mine/UXO problem is established in all countries where UNICEF works.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
C C B D B
LESSON 7 MINE INFORMATION

Section 7.1: General Mine Action Assessment Section 7.2: LIS Advisory 3Survey Overview Section 7.3: The Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) Section 7.4: The Electronic Mine Information Network (E-MINE) End-of-Lesson Quiz
Lesson 7/ Mine Information
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Lesson 7 Objectives Section 7.1: General Mine Action Assessment This section introduces the student to general mine action assessment. The student will learn about the motivation behind general mine action assessment, the aim/purpose of the process, and the scope or extent of general mine action assessment. Four underlying principles will be discussed, and the six-part process will be introduced. Students will read about the connection between general mine action assessment and the Mine Ban Treaty, as well as learn about the responsibilities assumed by the UN, national mine action authorities, and demining organisations in this process. At the end of the section, the student will receive a brief introduction on the use of the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) as part of the assessment process. After studying this section, the student should: Possess an understanding of the motivation behind general mine action assessment; Be able to discuss what general mine action assessment does and does not encompass; Be able to identify and explain the six steps (planning and preparation; collection; collation and evaluation; analysis, integration and interpretation; dissemination; and review) of the general mine action assessment process; Have a familiarity with the way responsibilities are shared among organisations involved in the assessment process. Section 7.2: LIS Advisory 3Survey Overview This section introduces the student to the Global Landmine Survey, or Level One Impact Survey (LIS). It discusses the survey: its objective and definition; what it provides; its four basic components (Survey Contact Group (SCG), Survey Working Group (SWG), Survey Executive (SE), Survey Action Centre (SAC)); and four standard phases of the Level One Impact Survey process. After studying this section, the student should: Know the objective for Level One Impact Surveys; Be able to identify who facilitates a Level One Impact Survey, what these surveys provide, who performs the survey, and what happens to data after collection; Be familiar with way in which data may be used post-collection; Be aware of the four components that facilitate the coordination of resources; Be knowledgeable about the phases of a Level One Impact Survey: (1) Planning, Preparation and Office Establishment; (2) Project Expansion and Survey Instrument Refinement; (3) Data Collection, Processing and Verification; (4) Data Analysis, Presentation and Hand-over.
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Section 7.3: The Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) This section introduces the student to the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA): its capabilities, the types of information it stores, the computer systems it uses, and how the introduction of SQL server has improved the system. The section also discusses current versions of IMSMA in use and plans for future development of the IMSMA system. After studying this section, the student should: Be familiar with the ways IMSMA can store and manage mine action data; Understand how IMSMAs capabilities influence mine action activities; Be aware of the computer programs used to run the database, and how these programs will be developed in the future. Section 7.4: The Electronic Mine Information Network (E-MINE) This section introduces the student to the Electronic Mine Information Network (EMINE), a website launched by UNMAS (United Nations Mine Action Service) providing online up-to-date mine-related data and supporting global mine action efforts. This section covers the history behind the development of the extensive web-based network, discusses organisations contributing to the network, and outlines a basic map of the website. After studying this section, the student should: Be knowledgeable about the E-MINE website and where to search for information; Appreciate the collaboration necessary for developing a comprehensive website such as E-MINE.
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO LESSON SEVEN
Minefields and UXO are identified, marked, and cleared in every region of the world. How are mine action activities managed, tracked, and recorded? What means exist to keep information about a global problem organised and accessible to as many people around the globe as possible?
In the first six lessons of this course, you had the opportunity to read and learn about mine action in the broadest sense of the term. Your studies covered technical details distinguishing among anti-personnel mines, anti-tank mines, and unexploded ordnance. You read primary text of UN documents and protocol, victim assistance and UNICEF strategy reports, and International Mine Action Standards. You learned about the ways in which civilians and others receive training in mine/UXO safety. As the end of the course packet draws closer, students commonly find themselves trying to integrate and process the information contained here. How do the lessons fit together? How does one component of mine action, perhaps the Mine Ban Treaty, influence another component, for instance, the Electronic Mine Information Network (E-MINE)? The landmine and UXO problem exists on a global level. Countries must ask themselves similar questions concerning the integration of mine action activities. How do mine action programmes fit together? How do organisations involved with mine action programmes communicate with like-minded organisations to ensure standards are followed and information shared? How do countries manage information on a problem spanning the entire globe?
Lesson 7 will show you a few of the ways the global community acts together to collect, record, process, and manage data related to mine action. The importance of keeping good records cannot be emphasised strongly enough. We live in the Information Age. The existing technological capabilities provide us with the means for effectively storing and sharing mine action information.
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Section 7.1: General Mine Action Assessment1 INTRODUCTION Planning for mine action requires accurate and timely information on the form, scale and impact of the threat posed by mines, UXO and other explosive hazards. Such information will come from assessment missions and surveys, from ongoing local mine action projects and tasks, and from local information. For new programmes, the planning process should ideally start with a formal countrywide assessment of the country situation. This assessment will draw heavily on existing information provided by agencies and organisations familiar with the mine-affected country or region. If requested a UN inter-agency, multi-disciplinary assessment team will deploy to the country to validate and update existing information, and to determine at first hand the scale and impact of the landmine situation. The country assessment should determine whether a UN-supported national mine action programme is required, whether such a programme is possible, or what other action is required. It may also define the scope of additional information gathering requirements. Should a decision be taken to develop a national mine action programme, it will be necessary to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the mine-affected country. Existing programmes should also begin the general mine action assessment process as early as possible. The aim of the general mine action assessment is: (a) to assess the scale and impact of the landmine problem on the country and individual communities; (b) to investigate all reported and/or suspected areas of mine or UXO contamination, quantities and types of explosive hazards; and (c) to collect general information such as the security situation, terrain, soil characteristics, climate, routes, infrastructure and local support facilities, to assist the planning of future mine action projects. The general mine action assessment process gathers information on national capabilities and potential to address the problem, and the need for external assistance including financial, human skills, material and information. The information collected should be sufficient to enable priorities to be established or updated and plans to be developed. It is a continuous process. The previous mine clearance standards implied a sequential Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 process; this was not always achieved or practiced; a general mine action assessment is
Editors note: The material in Section 7.1 comes directly from the International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) 08.10, First Edition, dated 01 October 2001, and prepared for the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) by the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD).
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more complex that that. More often the processes of a general mine action assessment require the use of complementary skills and procedures. Technical Survey, an Impact Survey and the Post Clearance Inspection and Sampling functions are still functional areas of the overall general mine action assessment; they are covered as separate IMAS or TNMA2 for ease of use and simplicity during technical operations. For the purposes of this IMAS an assessment defines a continually refined process of information gathering and evaluation, whereas a survey is a distinct operational task capable of being contracted. The following diagrammatic is a possible illustration of the functional flow during a general mine action assessment in a mine affected country:
Editors note: Technical Notes for Mine Action.
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SCOPE
This standard establishes principles and provides guidance on the requirements of the general mine action assessment process, and details responsibilities and obligations. 2 REFERENCES
A list of normative references is given in Annex A. Normative references are important documents to which reference is made in this standard and which form part of the provisions of this standard. 3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
A list of terms and definitions used in this standard is given in Annex B1. A complete glossary of all the terms and definitions used in the IMAS series of standards is given in IMAS 04.10. In the IMAS series of standards, the words shall, should and may are used to indicate the intended degree of compliance. This use is consistent with the language used in ISO standards and guidelines. (a) shall is used to indicate requirements, methods or specifications which are to be applied in order to conform to the standard. (b) should is used to indicate the preferred requirements, methods or specifications. (c) may is used to indicate a possible method or course of action. The term national mine action authority or authorities refers to the government department(s), organisation(s) or institution(s) in each mine-affected country charged with the regulation, management and co-ordination of mine action. In most cases the national mine action centre (MAC) or its equivalent will act as, or on behalf of, the national mine action authority. In certain situations and at certain times it may be necessary and appropriate for the UN, or some other recognised international body, to assume some or all of the responsibilities, and fulfil some or all of the functions, of a national mine action authority. 4 GENERAL MINE ACTION ASSESSMENT PURPOSE AND SCOPE
The purpose of a general mine action assessment is to continually gather, evaluate, analyse and make available sufficient information to assist and update the strategic planning of a national mine action programme. It should provide a source of continually updated data on the nature and extent of the hazards and hazardous areas, the impact of such hazards at community and country level, and other important planning information
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Editors note: Because Annex B referred to here is part of the original IMAS standard 08.10, it is included within Section 7.1 and not at the end of the course packet.
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such as local soil characteristics, vegetation and climate, and safe access routes and local facilities such as water and medical support. The general mine action assessment should also provide an inventory of national capabilities and potential to implement national mine action projects, and to support the work of external organisations and agencies. The scope and extent of the general mine action assessment depends on many factors, including the availability of (and access to) existing information, the local security situation, and the human and financial resources available. Its scope and thoroughness will also depend on the urgency and need for planning information. The process of gathering information carried out in the early stages of an emergency programme will be quite different in form and detail to those conducted as part of a more stable developmental mine action programme. 5 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Although general mine action assessments will vary significantly in terms of scope, complexity and duration, four general principles apply: (a) Control: The general mine action assessment forms part of a national mine action programme, or in some cases, (on a limited scale) may, precede a national mine action programme. It should therefore be controlled by the national mine action authority, or by an agency or organisation acting on behalf of the national mine action authority. The national mine action authority should normally be custodian of the data, reports and related products such as maps; (b) Dynamism: The general mine action assessment is not merely a ' snap-shot' of the situation on a particular date. It is a continuous process which aims to collect and to refine relevant information. As such, a general mine action assessment should use systems and methods which are robust and sustainable; (c) Cooperation: Government departments, UN agencies, NGOs, commercial demining contractors and other organisations operating within a mine-affected country shall assist the general mine action assessment by providing access to information, and by giving practical support, if needed. This requires a unity of purpose and effort, and a willingness to cooperate or at least not to hinder the work of staff gathering information for the general mine action assessment; and (d) Transparency: Whenever possible, information collected during the general mine action assessment should not be restricted or sensitive. The use of unclassified material will assist and encourage the wide distribution of survey reports, maps, data and assessments. But there will be occasions when information is provided with national security implications, and with restrictions on its further distribution. Such information may be provided by national authorities who perceive the information to have some military security value, or by members of former warring factions or others who wish to remain anonymous. The use of such information, and its exploitation, should be considered by national mine action authorities on a case-by-case basis. Where information collected is not sensitive or restricted it should be made widely available to all stakeholders.
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Throughout the general mine action assessment process, major principles of mine action, such as capacity building and information sharing should always remain a major priority.
6 6.1
GENERAL MINE ACTION ASSESSMENT THE PROCESS Planning and preparation
Careful planning and preparation is essential in order to ensure that the general mine action assessment objectives can be achieved with the resources available and in a timely manner. All possible sources of information should be considered. Survey or assessment teams will provide the principal sources of information. Local information gathering teams may not exist and will need to be established, trained, equipped and briefed. Valuable information may also be obtained from technical sources such as satellite images, aerial photographs, military dossiers and hospital records. Special arrangements should be established and procedures should be developed, including the use of liaison officers to improve access to such information and data collection techniques and methodologies for collection. The relationship between the three categories of information (the mine/UXO threat, its impact and general planning data) should be addressed fully during the planning stage. It will normally be appropriate to collect all three categories of information at the same time, but in such circumstances the specialist skills needed to analyse and interpret the different sets of data must be included in the joint project team. 6.2 Collection
The second stage involves the collection of information. Wherever possible the original documentation (such as maps, minefield records, questionnaires, interview notes and satellite imagery) should be retained, although additional information may be added for clarity or amplification. However, no formal attempt should be made at this stage to analyse or interpret the information as this may lead to early and false deductions being drawn from an incomplete set of data; and these deductions may, in turn, influence the way in which the remaining information is collected and interpreted. (The teams will obviously be sensitive to the information they obtain, and may need to act on such information in order to save life or improve operational efficiency). The type and detail of the data collected will vary, and should be appropriate to its intended use. There will be the obvious constraints of time and resources, but the general mine action assessment should aim to implement as comprehensive a system of data collection as early as possible.
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The general mine action assessment shall, inter alia, collect information on: (a) The numbers, locations and livelihoods of communities at risk and otherwise affected by the presence, or perceived presence, of mine and UXO hazards. This should include details such as access to drinking water, housing and shelter, productive land, roads and infrastructure. It should identify the numbers and demography of mine victims and survivors, and the availability of victim assistance. It should include an assessment of the ability of the affected communities to cope and adapt to the threat. Guidelines on the collection, collation and subsequent evaluation of such information (the impact survey) will be given in Technical Notes for Mine Action (TNMA) 08.10 series; Note: The United Nations subscribes to the methodology of the impact component of the general mine action assessment in TNMA 08.10 series. In order to enable a consistent, global picture to be developed of the impact of landmines on communities, the UN will certify those surveys conducted in accordance with this methodology. Certification guidelines will be applied using quality assurance monitors. (b) The extent of the national mine and UXO threat, in order to assess the amount and type of resources needed to remove (or at least to reduce) the risk through hazard marking, risk education and education, and/or clearance; (c) The approximate location and extent of each suspected or confirmed hazard area in order to locate it safely and quickly at some later stage, in order to conduct a technical survey and/or clearance; (d) The local terrain including ground profile, soil type, soil contamination (mineral and scrap metal), drainage, vegetation (type and density) and access, in order to describe in general terms the technical factors which will influence the resources required for clearance; (e) The mine and UXO types and density. The detail collected as part of the general mine action assessment need only be sufficient to assess in general terms the resources required for clearance. More detailed information on the density and depth of the mines and UXO in each hazardous area shall be collected during the technical survey, (should one be conducted). Furthermore, personnel conducting such general assessments are unlikely to be trained or equipped to enter suspected mined areas, so the nature and accuracy of the information sought should be commensurate with the resources available; and (f) the APM stockpile situation. This should include quantities, locations, stability in storage, storage conditions, technical data and any proposed destruction methodologies. The general mine action assessment should also collect information on: (a) the condition and potential of the local infrastructure, including logistic facilities, transportation, communications and medical facilities, which could be used to support technical survey and/or clearance projects;
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(b) The availability of suitable local staff for employment as deminers, support staff and management; (c) The local climate (rainfall, temperature and humidity) and its potential impact on technical survey and/or clearance projects. The information should be collected in a systematic manner. Wherever possible use should be made of standard and proven information management systems and GIS, such as the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA). Guidance on the use of IMSMA data collection sheets as part of the general survey process is given in Annex C1. 6.3 Collation and evaluation
Collation is the procedure for receiving, sorting and recording all information collected from all sources, both planned and unplanned. A collation system should be simple to operate and maintain, and require minimum staff effort. Wherever possible use should be made of standard and proven information management systems and GIS, such as IMSMA. Evaluation occurs concurrently with collation. It involves the assessment of each piece of information as it is received for its relevance, accuracy and duplication. Obvious errors such as transposed grid references should be corrected. Each source of information should be assessed in terms of its proven reliability and credibility. It is most important to reduce uncertainty and to correct inaccuracies at this stage. Inaccurate and misleading data will impact on later stages of the process, and may reduce confidence in other (and more accurate) information collected during the survey. Greater effort at this stage enables resources to be focused more effectively on follow-on activities such as mine risk education, technical survey and clearance projects. Organisations should remain vigilant to the risk of database contamination with unsubstantiated information. A system of credible verification of information must be adopted in order to avoid unnecessary clearance operations for land that should never have been classified as mine affected in the first place. 6.4 Analysis, integration and interpretation
Analysis involves the detailed examination of each piece of information, once it has been evaluated, to identify significant facts and to draw appropriate conclusions. At this stage it may be considered necessary to revisit the source of information to confirm its accuracy or completeness. Integration involves the detailed examination of two or more pieces of information to establish patterns and to draw conclusions. Examples are the integration of aerial
Editors note: Similarly to Annex B, Annex C referenced here was originally part of the IMAS standard 08.10. For this reason, Annex C is included within Section 7.1 and not at the end of the course packet. In addition, more information about IMSMA will be found in Section 7.3.
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photographs showing evidence of significant military activity, with unconfirmed reports from local communities; or the integration of information from bomb-damage assessment folders with UXO-casualty data. Interpretation is a systematic process which leads to deduction. It relies on experience, professional judgement and an understanding of the local context in which the data was collected. New information is compared with what is already known or suspected. This may increase confidence in the reliability of a source of data, or it may raise new questions or uncertainty. Effective analysis, integration and interpretation requires specialist skills such as photographic/imagery interpreters, linguists and experienced deminers. Such skills may be in short supply and it will take time to obtain suitably qualified specialists. This stage of the process should be well documented with assumptions clearly stated and reasons given for all deductions and conclusions. This provides an audit trail which can be re-visited should new information become available or should assumptions subsequently be challenged, revised or refined. 6.5 Dissemination
Dissemination involves the publication of the information collected during the general mine action assessment process so that it can be readily and easily used and exploited. The form and means of dissemination should have been agreed at the start of the survey, but may need to be revised to reflect changing requirements such as the handling of restricted information. Information should be made available in a form which is appropriate for its local use and exploitation, and subsequent review. This may include reports, summaries, maps, verbal briefings and electronic media. Whenever possible, use should be made of standard and proven information management systems and GIS, such as IMSMA. 6.6 Review
The general mine action assessment is not an end in itself. As stated earlier, it should normally be subject to continuous review with new information being added, and the implication(s) of that information being adequately addressed. In particular, changes to assumptions and to the reliability of sources of information should be revisited on a regular basis, and the implication(s) of these changes examined fully. 7 MINE BAN TREATY SURVEYS
Article 7.1 of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on their Destruction (commonly known as the Ottawa Convention or Mine Ban Treaty) requires each State Party to report annually to the United Nations . to the extent possible, the location of all mined areas that contain, or are suspected to contain, anti-personnel mines under its jurisdiction or control, to
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include as much detail as possible regarding the type and quality of each type of antipersonnel mine in each mined area and when they were emplaced. The UN Department of Disarmament Affairs (DDA) provides guidance on the level of detail required, the form in which it should be provided, and the reporting schedule. States Party who are required to provide information to DDA in accordance with Article 7.1 of the Mine Ban Treaty should consider using the general mine action assessment process to collect, collate and present the necessary information on mined areas which contain, or are suspected to contain, anti-personnel mines. 8 8.1 RESPONSIBILITIES AND OBLIGATIONS United Nations
The United Nations assesses and monitors the global landmine threat and its impact with a view to identifying needs and developing appropriate responses. This is accomplished through inter-agency and multi-disciplinary assessment missions, and by providing support to the general mine action process. The United Nations has a general responsibility for ensuring the establishment of a regime conducive to the effective management of mine action programmes. This includes mine action standards, including this standard. It also includes IMSMA which is the information management system preferred by the United Nations for use in all new mine action programmes, including the general mine action assessment. 8.2 National mine action authority
The national mine action authority is responsible for the regulation, management and coordination of mine action in a mine-affected country, and for ensuring the national and local conditions which will enable the effective management of demining projects. The national mine action authority is ultimately responsible for all phases of a demining project within its national boundaries, including the general mine action assessment. In particular, the national mine action authority shall establish and maintain a system and procedures for the collection, collation, analysis and dissemination of information on the mine and UXO threat and its ongoing impact. 8.3 Demining organisations
Where the national mine action authority is in the process of formation, such demining organisations as are well placed assist the formation process by giving advice and assistance, including the framing of national standards. Until the formation of the national mine action authority, the demining organisation should assume its responsibilities.
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Where mine/UXO information is available to demining organisations, this information should be freely made available to the national mine action authority or others involved in the general mine action assessment process.
ANNEX A (NORMATIVE) REFERENCES The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of the standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of the standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid ISO or EN: (a) IMAS 05.10. Information systems and communications The latest version/edition of this reference should be used. GICHD hold copies of all references used in this standard. A register of the latest version/edition of the IMAS standards, guides and references is maintained by GICHD, and can be read on the IMAS website (www.mineactionstandards.org). National mine action authorities, employers and other interested bodies and organisations should obtain copies before commencing mine action programmes. ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE) TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
GIS Graphical or geographic information system An organised collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyse, and display all forms of geographically referenced information. IMSMA The Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) Note: This is the United Nations preferred information system for the management of critical data in UN-supported field programmes and at the UN headquarters in New York. IMSMA consists, essentially, of two modules: the Field Module (FM) and Global Module (GM). The FM provides for data collection, information analysis and project management. It is used by the staffs of mine action centres at national and regional level, and by the implementers of mine action projects - such as demining organisations. The GM refines and collates data from IMSMA FMs (and other field-based information systems) and provides the UN and others with accurate, aggregated information for the strategic management of mine action. national mine action authority The government department(s), organisation(s) or institution(s) in each mine-affected country charged with the regulation, management and co-ordination of mine action.
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Note: In most cases the national mine action centre (MAC) or its equivalent acts as, or on behalf of, the national mine action authority. Note: In certain situations and at certain times it may be necessary and appropriate for the UN, or some other recognised international body, to assume some or all of the responsibilities, and fulfil some or all of the functions, of a national mine action authority. technical survey Note: previously referred to as a Level 2 survey. The detailed topographical and technical investigation of known or suspected mined areas identified during the planning phase. Such areas will have been identified during the general mine action assessment or have been otherwise reported.
ANNEX C (INFORMATIVE) Guidance on the use of IMSMA for the general mine action assessment IMSMA. The Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) is the United Nations preferred information system for the management of critical data in UNsupported field programmes and at the UN headquarters in New York. IMSMA consists, essentially, of two modules: the Field Module (FM) and Global Module (GM). The FM provides for data collection, information analysis and project management. It is used by the staffs of mine action centres at national and regional levels, and by the implementers of mine action projects - such as demining organisations. The GM refines and collates data from IMSMA FMs (and other field-based information systems) and provides the UN and others with accurate, aggregated information for the strategic management of mine action. General mine action assessment. The general mine action assessment is the collection, collation, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of information on the mine and UXO threat and its impact in order to assist the planning of mine action projects. The general mine action assessment provides a source of accurate and reliable information on the nature and extent of the hazards and hazardous areas on mine-affected communities, and other important planning information such as local soil characteristics, vegetation and climate. IMSMA enables the User to enter, store and retrieve the information from such investigations using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) in a flexible manner. The relationship between data entry, storage and retrieval of technical survey information is shown in Figure 1, (using information gathered from an impact survey as an example).
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Figure 1: IMSMA FM - general mine action assessment data entry, storage and retrieval Data entry. The normal means of entering information is via two forms in the FM: the Dangerous Area Report and the Mined Area Report (the Mined Area Report can be used when UXOs exist with mines, or when UXOs exist alone such as areas affected by cluster bomb strikes). The report formats defined in IMSMA may be used as provided, or they may be customised to meet local requirements. (a) A Dangerous Area Report allows the User to enter data on suspected but unconfirmed hazards and hazardous areas. Such details include: the general location and extent of the hazardous area (longitude, latitude, easting, northing, MGRS coordinates); description of a reference point; distance from and direction to the nearest town; the category and type of mines and UXO reported (if known), the estimated quantity of mines and UXO (if known), and details of minefield records (if they exist). The Report also allows other related information to be entered such as access and land use. (b) A Mined Area Report allows the User to enter additional information once the hazardous area has been confirmed following a site visit conducted as part of the general mine action assessment process. The Mined Area Report contains sufficient information to enable detailed planning for clearance to begin, although it may still be necessary to carry out a much more detailed Technical Survey of the site prior to clearance to confirm the perimeter of the contaminated area containing mines and/or UXO.
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Additional information on the mine and UXO threat will come from Accident, Incident and Contact Reports. As part of the general mine action assessment process it is also necessary to collect and record other general information such as the condition and potential of the local infrastructure, including logistic facilities, transportation, communications and medical facilities which could be used to support technical survey and/or clearance projects. This information can be entered using Country, Province and/or District Features data entry forms. Data storage. Information is stored in tables within the IMSMA FM database. These tables are structured and named to reflect the category and function of information held, for example the Hazardous Areas Table or the Country Features Table. Reporting and Analysis Tools. IMSMA contains predefined reports useful for summarising data collected during the general mine action assessment. IMSMA GIS functionality includes analysis tools which assist in developing mine clearance plans from the database.
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Section 7.2: LIS Advisory 3Survey Overview OVERVIEW In this section, you will read text from the LIS Advisory 3, a document created by the Survey Action Centre in January 2003. This document discusses the process of the LIS or Landmine Impact Survey (also called the Global Landmine Survey or Level One Impact Survey). At the outset, the document notes that the International Standards for Humanitarian Mine Clearance Operations are now superseded by the International Mine Action Standards (IMAS). THE NEED STRUCTURE AND IMPLEMENTATION After almost a decade of humanitarian mine action, the global landmine problem remains poorly defined. A fair amount is known about the suspected location of mine fields, but little is known about the socio-economic impact of landmines upon communities. Without information about this impact, it is impossible to develop effective strategies that seek to minimise the human and economic costs that these weapons inflict. If the terror of landmines must be contained within several years, as envisioned by the Ottawa Convention, rather than in decades as assumed in the early days of mine action programmes, then better information is an immediate and unavoidable requirement. A Global Landmine Survey (Level One Impact Survey) will provide: accurate information for strategic planning & resource mobilisation: clearly defined needs and programme requirements; informational tool for planning support and reporting; baseline data to measure progress and support country Mine Action Centres: clear measures of performance; well supported comprehensive quality assurance; a platform to support multi-sector programming and research efforts. In a unique cooperative effort, the NGO community, in collaboration with the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) and the Geneva Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD), established the Survey Working Group in May 1998. The Survey Working Group (SWG) facilitates the international coordination of resources and expert personnel for the completion of Level One Impact Surveys. The Survey Working Group charged the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation (VVAF) to establish a Survey Action Centre, and to manage and serve as a fiscal agent for SAC in the implementation of the Global Landmine Survey Programme.
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OBJECTIVE To facilitate the prioritising of human, material and financial resources supporting humanitarian mine action at the national, regional and global level through the completion of Level One Mine/UXO Impact Survey. -The objective as defined by the Survey Working Group, Brussels, June 1998 DEFINITION Level One Impact Survey This Survey identifies the general outline of the landmine problem, at the community level, through rapid rural appraisal techniques developed by NGOs and international institutions for general development and emergency programmes. It focuses upon community knowledge and the perception of the social and economic impact of landmines within their communities, and the general location of contaminated or suspected areas. Trained enumerators from the local area carry out this Survey with no specialised mine action training other than mine awareness training. Through a controlled group interview process, the interviewers will gather information about mine victims, suspected mined areas, and the socio-economic impact of these mined areas. Because they lack the technical expertise to enter mined areas or assist victims, the enumerators will stop their enquiries at the community interview level. However, enumerators will undertake a visual proximity verification of the reported mined areas from a safe area. This information is collated and entered into the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA), developed by the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining for the UNMAS. IMSMA allows economic and geographic data to be integrated into Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that allows for analysis and interpretation. An indexing system will provide a community risk profile based on three negative categories victims, blockage of economic assets, and blockage of infrastructure and one positive factor mine awareness programmes in the community. The architecture for the indexing system will be open so that national and regional groups, or groups with a particular sector interest, can modify the system to meet their individual needs. The completed Survey will provide data for the development of priorities and improved planning in the context of existing mine action programmes, and on overall national priorities and operational plans where no programmes yet exist. The data will also provide a baseline against which to measure progress. The information provides policymakers at the national and international level with information at the village level on the social and economic impact of landmines on the lives and livelihoods of affected communities. Through this process, a ranking of problem areas can be identified
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geographically and mapped, thus permitting policy-makers to focus efforts in the most affected areas first. These surveys enable mine action specialists to specifically target programmes for training, mine awareness, marking, technical surveys (Level Two), clearance, and victim assistance. INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM In a unique cooperative effort, the NGO community, in collaboration with the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) and the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining and key donors, established an institutional mechanism in 1998, specifically designed to facilitate the coordination of resources. The primary organisations committed to Level One Mine Surveys have joined in a collaborative arrangement to act as a resource multiplier to facilitate the survey process. The institutional mechanism consists of four basic components. Survey Contact Group (SCG) The Survey Contract Group is an open mailing list of a wide range of international organisations, NGOs, and donors. A periodic e-mail newsletter keeps the group informed of Survey activities. Survey Working Group (SWG) The Survey Working Group advocates the standardisation of Level One Impact Survey, and facilitates strategic planning to implement surveys among NGOs, the UN, donors and mine-affected countries. This group will review standards, principles, and policies on survey issues. The core members of the Survey Working Group are: Association for Aid and Relief (AAR) Japan Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) Switzerland Handicap International (HI) Belgium & France Landmine Survivors Network (LSN) USA Medico International (MI) Germany Mines Advisory Group (MAG) United Kingdom Mine Clearance Planning Agency (MCPA) Afghanistan Norwegian Peoples Aid (NPA) Norway United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) United Nations Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation (VVAF) USA Survey Executive (SE) The Survey Executive consults and reports to the Survey Working Group, providing guidance to and reviewing the process of ongoing surveys and the Survey Action Centre. The Survey Executive meets on a regular basis to plan future Survey initiatives. The
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Survey Executive is comprised of the following members: Handicap International, Landmine Survivors Network, Mine Clearance Planning Agency, Norwegian Peoples Aid, and the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation. Survey Action Centre (SAC) The SAC is managed by the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation and acts as the focal point for resource planning and mobilisation. The SAC raises funds to implement or sub-contract Level One Impact Surveys. The SAC implements Survey Working Group policies, standards and Survey Executive decisions and regularly reports on progress to the Survey Executive and Survey Working Group. Funding Mechanisms The Global Landmine Survey initiative is an international effort with funding for surveys coming from a wide range of governments, international organisations, and foundations. GLS donors have an array of mechanisms that they can use to provide funds to the survey. These mechanisms include providing direct contributions to the Survey Action Centre or to an implementing NGO, providing a bilateral contribution of in-kind services from one state to another, or using one of the various UN trust fund mechanisms. The United Nations Foundation has put in place a one-to-three matching programme for funds routed through the Foundation and into the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP). In most cases, several funding mechanisms are used simultaneously to support a survey. Although this may increase the administrative and reporting challenges, multi-funding sources allow a greater degree of flexibility, enabling the Survey Action Centre of the United Nations to build multi-donor packages. The following sources have provided funding for the Global Landmine Survey Programme: US State Department United Nations Foundation (1:3 challenge match) Canada CIDA & DFAIT European Commission United Kingdom DFID Foundations (Rockefeller, J&C MacArthur, Compton) Japan Norway Ministry for Foreign Affairs VVAF Australia Germany Finland World Bank $7,032,000 $4,000,000 $4,000,000 $1,700,000 $ 880,000 $ 500,000 $ 450,000 $ 380,000 $ 300,000 $ 115,000 $ 100,000 $ 92,000 $ 20,000
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THE SURVEY PROCESS A Level One Impact Survey is conducted in different phases. These phases and their component activities are presented in a general chronological order, which corresponds to the task/sub-task matrix of the Certification Guidelines. A number of activities (or tasks) will occur within each phase, although in some cases a given task may continue throughout two or more phases. This general process may be modified as required by the particular conditions encountered in any given country, particularly if that country has a pre-existing mine action programme. PHASE 1: PLANNING, PREPARATION AND OFFICE ESTABLISHMENT UN Assessment Mission The United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) is currently conducting a series of assessments in mine-afflicted nations to determine the nature of the problem and affirm the host nations support for humanitarian mine action. The recommendations provided by UNMAS assessment missions indicate the need for a Level One Impact Survey. UNMAS begins the process to promote the establishment of a sustainable national mine action programme. A UN Assessment Mission is an expected precursor to humanitarian mine action interventions for Mine/UXO affected countries. The assessment mission will examine first the need for mine action and the utility of mine action within a countrys existing institutional mechanisms. This mission will explicitly call for the execution of a Level One Impact Survey when it is justified. An assessment mission report calling for the conduct of a survey is the first step in the process. Advance Survey Mission UNMAS formally requests that the Survey Action Centre mobilise an Advance Survey Mission to the identified mine affected country. The Advance Survey Mission establishes contacts with national authorities, in-country NGOs and the UN to develop the working relationships needed to execute a Level One Impact Mine/UXO Survey. In addition to confirming the need and utility for a survey, this mission will also examine the feasibility for the actual execution of the survey. The purpose of an Advance Survey Mission is to develop the contacts and information required to plan for the actual survey. This mission will coordinate closely with National Authorities. Critical planning information is gathered and capacity assessment made of organisations and resources, which may be capable of supporting a survey. Using this collected information, the Survey Action Centre prepares a country proposal and develops the initial survey operations plan. In some cases information may suggest that a survey is not appropriate and activities will stop, or be delayed.
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Operational Set-up and Establishment of Country Presence Upon the approval and funding of the impact survey, an operational base will be prepared to support the survey team, complete with temporary offices and a communications system. An open and transparent recruitment and selection process must be undertaken to attract and retain competent local and international staff. Ideally, each country survey team will include members with a wide range of skills including social science methodology, information management and technical mine expertise. Final selection of staff is the responsibility of the implementing survey team. Collection of Expert Opinion (EOC) The survey team should begin the systematic collection of informed opinion of national experts familiar with the mine contamination problem. This should be done by using a standardised interview format and should involve a broad cross-section of agencies and individuals representing diverse interests and regions. The EOC process should build on the contacts established during the advance survey mission and should produce a basic understanding of areas within the country suspected of having mine/UXO contamination. This is an ongoing activity and will be repeated as needed throughout the survey, especially as the actual enumerator teams move into new areas or regions. The expert opinion could also be collected through mailing of forms to various organisations across a country. Meetings with Stakeholders The global survey instrument and methodology will be discussed with local stakeholders including relevant government bodies, mine action NGOs, and experienced social scientists to ensure that it meets local requirements and cultural sensitivities. This could be done through extensive consultation with relevant local experts. A workshop should be held to fine tune the survey instrument and methodology meeting local needs.
PHASE 2: PROJECT EXPANSION AND SURVEY INSTRUMENT REFINEMENT
Training Based on the selection process and the level of academic and professional skills of the survey staff recruited, a training programme must be developed. The aim of the training programme must teach survey-related skills and knowledge to reinforce the survey process. The team training should be based on the expected outputs and requirements of the survey mission. Conduct Pre- and Pilot Tests Following the survey training stage, a pre-test of the survey instrument itself must be conducted to determine its utility and cultural acceptability. Likewise a pilot test must be
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conducted of the entire survey process to analyse management, logistics and administrative systems and planning assumptions. This is a critical stage in the survey process: decisions made at this juncture must be well documented to support the full survey. A complete review and analysis of the pilot test results and adjustment of the survey process must be completed before finalising the National Level One Impact Mine/UXO Survey implementation plan. Develop Survey Sampling Methodologies The refined survey process must be used to develop methodologies for conducting both a sample survey as well as a sampling to check for false negatives. These will be used to build a predictive model of the survey results as well as to build a measure of confidence regarding survey findings. Revise Operational Plan Prior to actually conducting the survey, information gained during the testing exercises must be used to revise and update the final operations plan. This will be done in-country and will involve input from national authorities, survey implementing agency personnel, the UN and other stakeholders. PHASE 3: DATA COLLECTION, PROCESSING AND VERIFICATION Administer and Manage Level One Impact Mine/UXO Survey The conduct of the Level One Impact Survey must take place under contractual agreements and in close collaboration with national authorities. An independent Quality Assurance Monitor will evaluate the survey. The survey must be conducted in accordance with SWG and UN policies. There will be a results-based management system established to track team assignments and outputs, rigorous field supervision and extensive quality controls on data editing and entry. Community Group Interviews The field supervisors are to visit mine-affected areas prior to the survey teams and make overall arrangements for communities to be surveyed. The teams will conduct a group interview of the key informants within a community. The questionnaire will be administered to register the information of the group. The group interview will be conducted based on participatory approaches. Visual Verification of Mined Areas Reported mined areas will be visually verified from a safe area. Strict procedures are in place to ensure that enumerators do not take unnecessary risks. Visual verification will not only improve the quality of the data but will also provide relevant data for subsequent technical (Level II) survey.
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Supervision and Field Editing Field operations will be regularly monitored and supervised. Trained local supervisors, appointed for specific areas/regions, will ensure quality information is gathered. International staff will also conduct regular field visits. All data will be checked and edited by a full time data editor, as close to the field as possible, prior to entry into databases. Quality Assurance Monitoring Survey quality is assured by a Quality Assurance Monitor who records and documents survey progress in accordance with the UNMAS Certification Guidelines. To ensure high quality of the survey process and results, an Independent Quality Assurance Monitor (QAM) will monitor and document all critical activities of the survey for corrective actions. The QAMs reports will also serve as an instrument for certification of the survey results. PHASE 4: DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND HAND-OVER Data Analysis The objective analysis of data collected during the survey is vital to ensure acceptance of the survey results. The analysis of data, and the way impact weighting is applied, must be transparent, logical and understandable. The analysis of data must meet the informational needs of the national authorities. Handover As part of completing the survey, the survey team must present its preliminary findings, maps and data to national authorities and other stakeholders in the country. This will be done not only to share the survey results, but to gather comments and input prior to publishing the final report and electronic release of the data. Prior to departing the country, the survey team must provide all information to mine action agencies involved with the implementation of the national strategic plan. This information is extensive and will include data, maps and a draft written report. Reports The Survey Team must produce a final report as a product for the national authorities in order to allow them to continue the mine action process. This report must focus on an objective presentation and analysis of the data gathered in the survey. The survey team leader will also produce a more subjective report providing commentary and recommendations for how future mine action programmes should be conducted.
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Section 7.3: The Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) OVERVIEW The Information Management System for Mine Action was developed by the Centre for Security Studies at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich on behalf of the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining and is part of Switzerlands effort to strengthen humanitarian demining.1 IMSMA the Information Management System for Mine Action The Information Management System for Mine Action is a data management tool which has been expressly designed to assist with the management of the information needed to implement efficient and effective field programmes in mine action. The information that can be held in the system, together with data analysis functions, can assist in the planning, managing and reporting of mine action related tasks. The system has strived to find a way to meet the most common needs of mine action programmes, however it also recognises that each case will be somewhat different. As a response to this, a variety of aspects within the IMSMA system can be customised locally. The principal focus of the system is demining, but it also provides support for the collection of victim and mine risk education (MRE) data. With regards to demining, the system is currently capable of storing information on dangerous areas; impact, technical and completion surveys; and mined areas, minefields, and clearances. As mentioned earlier, the system can also manage information on mine accidents, demining accidents and MRE activities. Along with the categories of data mentioned above, the system can also register tasks, progress reports, lessons learned, organisations working in mine action (MA) and so on. While recognising IMSMAs abilities mentioned above, it is important to recognise that the analytical assistance IMSMA provides is also of key value. One example of this is the systems ability to measure the impact of landmines on communities via the Impact Survey (See Section 7.3). Within this ability, the system can modify the value of each impact factor according to local realities. Another analytical tool is the ability to project information held in the database onto maps by using the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) functionality based on Arc View. The latest version of IMSMA In the Spring of 2003, IMSMA Version 3.0 was released. Despite the introduction of a number of new functions in Version 3.0 of the system, the general handling of information within IMSMA has not changed significantly. As in previous versions, IMSMA V.3.0 is a client server system, based on the Microsoft Access User Interfaces
1
IMSMA homepage, http://www.imsma.ch.
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(IMSMA.mdb). The most important addition to V.3.0 is the replacement of the Microsoft Access database engine for data handling activities. The new system retains Access for its user interface while using MSDE for data handling. The use of this free version of SQL Server provides a number of user benefits including improvements to system reliability and an increase in the number of simultaneous users possible. Perhaps most importantly, SQL Server enhances the security and reliability of the system by reducing the possibility of database corruption. In the unlikely event that corruption does occur, a number of built-in back up and restoration features, along with a set of IMSMA specific administrative tools, make it easier to make repairs. The use of this customised IMSMA tool set for administration means that the administrative tools available to full SQL versions are not needed to use IMSMA. Apart from some SQL syntax changes, which are important in the design of database queries, no structural changes have been made. This means that for the average user occupied with entering and processing data, the change will be entirely transparent. However, system administrators will find that some additional knowledge of SQL Server may be required to maintain and support the system. But the change does not require an in-depth knowledge of SQL Server. Additionally, it is important to note that there are key structural differences between SQL Access and SQL Server. This will make it necessary to ensure that any customised queries and views are made compliant with the new Microsoft SQL Server protocols. The introduction of the SQL Server has provided the opportunity to make some changes to the table structure designed to improve system performance. The changes include a restructuring of the ammunition information (to increase the level of user friendliness) and the addition of the tables for recording MRE activities and agency archival information. The principal tables, containing process and object information such as Minefield, Dangerous Areas or Clearance, have not been modified. Again, these changes are transparent to system users, but are noted here for the benefit of system administration and maintenance staffs. The new Mine Risk Education function provides support for the storage and retrieval of data relating to MRE activities by organisation and location. IMSMA MRE permits the user to store information on mine action actors and their individual capacities, resources and tasks assigned. In support of the MRE function, a standard system for the assignment of a status to mine action activities or areas being tracked was developed. Built-in error-checking routines help managers ensure that both areas and activities follow logical workflows by flagging possible work sequence errors. This allows managers to track and monitor the work carried out in support of mine action more easily. While originally designed for MRE specifically, this function is also linked and provides the same kind of check to all other activities registered in IMSMA.
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Finally, improved organisational and task tracking extends the ability of managers to ensure accountability and provides an additional base from which to examine the need for, usefulness of, and the end result of the work being accomplished by each organisation. The combination of these new functions should greatly enhance the ability of the system to support the planning and monitoring of MRE activities. IMSMANG Looking to the future, the next generation of IMSMA or IMSMANG is already in the final design stages. Planned for release in 2004, IMSMANG will build on the lessons learned from the work already completed and current updates from the field. Planned enhancements include an improved user interface based on the functional role of each system user, improved reporting and analysis functions and simplified data entry and retrieval. While the focus of the system will remain support to field operations, improvements to the existing Victim Data and Mine Risk Education modules, and the addition of a Quality Assurance function, will add new support mechanisms for operations and programme managers.
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Section 7.4: The Electronic Mine Information Network (E-MINE) OVERVIEW The Electronic Mine Information Network (E-MINE) is a web-based information system for exchanging and sharing extensive information about mine action. It supports the planning and coordination of global mine action and provides reliable, up-to-date information on many diverse topics, which will be discussed on the following pages. Located on the Internet at http://www.mineaction.org, E-MINE increases the accessibility of mine action information and allows for the sharing of information on current mine action programmes, issues, best practices, and technologies. BACKGROUND2 The United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) launched E-MINE in Managua, Nicaragua, in September 2001 at the Third Meeting of States Parties to the AP Mine Ban Convention. The project received a United Nations 21 award 15 months later, in December 2002, for its innovation and creativity. In addition, the General Assembly, in its annual Resolution on Assistance in Mine Action (A/57/159) requested UNMAS to develop E-MINE further as a user-friendly repository of mine-related information and as a means for mine-action programmes to circulate on a regular basis to donors and other partners standard reports on the scope and impact of the mine problem, available mineaction resources and capacities and the progress achieved in the field. Before the creation of E-MINE, information concerning mine action was accessed via a database created by the United Nations in 1995. This database involved the UN and other partners. The development of E-MINE is supported by the United Nations and was made possible by financial and in-kind contributions from the Governments of Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom. It draws information from a number of sources including, but not limited to:
2
The Information Management System for Mine Action developed by the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining in cooperation with UNMAS; The Stockpile Destruction Resource Site and the Database of Mine Action Investments developed by the Government of Canada for UNMAS; The International Mine Action Standards website managed by James Madison University; The database developed by the UN Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA) to manage the reports submitted by State Parties to the AP Mine Ban Treaty under its article 7; The databases established by UNMAS to manage documents and projects related to mine action, as well as lists of experts, expert agencies and national points of contact on mine action; The Landmine Monitor initiative of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL).
Information adapted from E-MINE website. See http://www.mineaction.org.
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All Member States and regional, governmental and non-governmental organisations and foundations are encouraged to contribute to E-MINE. In this respect, it should be noted that under both the amended protocol II to the CCW Convention, and the AP Mine Ban Treaty, Each State Party undertakes to provide information to the database on mine clearance established within the United Nations System, especially information concerning various means and technologies of mine clearance, and lists of experts, expert agencies or national points of contact on mine clearance. E-Mines content and structure undergo regular updates. Therefore, this description of the site may not exactly reflect the actual, current appearance.
NAVIGATING E-MINE When an individual uses a computer to access http://www.mineaction.org, the page displayed on the screen will provide links to pages containing topics relevant to mine action. The user can choose to explore the E-MINE website in any of three languages, English, French, or Spanish. The purpose of the following few paragraphs is to give the student an idea of the types of links provided within E-MINE as well as to demonstrate the extensive nature of the website and the sorts of information contained therein. LINKS TO MAIN TOPICS As of May 2003, the main E-MINE homepage gives users links to the following topics: News, Updates and Events Advocacy and Conventions Victim Assistance Stockpile Destruction Mine Risk Education (MRE) Iraq Update Countries Projects Mine Action Standards Documents and Reports from the UN, Other Sources Resource Mobilisation Technology, Research & Development
When the user clicks on any of the above-listed 14 topics, he or she will be directed to a new page. This new page will contain detailed information on the chosen topic (including associated documents, standards, guidelines, projects, investments, contacts) as well as a scrolling bar highlighting the most current items of interest. In some cases, the new page will also provide the user with additional links on the chosen topic. LINKS TO UN AND LIKE-MINDED ORGANISATIONS The user will find links to the homepages of UN and link-minded organisations across the top of the main E-MINE homepage. These links include: UN Mine Action, United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS), United Nations Development Programme
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(UNDP), United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organisation (WHO), Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA), United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD), International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), International Mine Action Standards website (managed by JMU), Landmine Monitor (LM), and ReliefWeb. Clicking on any of these links will take the user to the page specifically discussing the chosen organisationss role in mine action programmes and activities. RESEARCH AND RESOURCE LINKS Across the bottom of the main E-MINE homepage, the user will have the opportunity to link to (or search for) mine action contacts, mine action maps, and employment opportunities in mine action. If the user chooses to search for a mine action contact, he or she will be directed to a screen giving options on how to find the desired contact. The user can choose to search by Contact Type (i.e. academic/research institutions, government, international organisations); Countries/Regions of Activity (i.e. Afghanistan, Cambodia, Sri Lanka); Mine Action Category (i.e. mine action (general) field coordination, mine/UXO clearancemarking, mine awarenessmedia campaign); and/or Organisation Name (i.e. International Campaign to Ban Landmines, United Nations Mine Action Service). In addition to a specific search like the one described here, the user also has the option of searching the entire website for keywords, key topics, and other information by using a search bar called Search E-MINE. CONCLUSION Sharing information on a global scale is made possible through the use of the Internet. As is evidenced above, E-MINE creates links among people, places, activities, and programmes related to mine action. These links provide users with extensive and comprehensive information on a problem spanning the planet in a way that would not have been possible in the past. As the world moves forward in its efforts to address the landmine/UXO problem, and as E-MINE continues to grow and develop, the value of sharing information will retain its importance. Individuals and organisations around the globe will learn how to use E-MINEs resources and navigate its pages, and E-MINEs ability to support global mine action efforts will continue to be strengthened.
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END-OF-LESSON QUIZ
1. Which of the following is NOT an aim of general mine action assessment? (A) To assess the scale and impact of the landmine problem on a country and an individual community; (B) To do a detailed evaluation of existing mine action programmes and assign ratings; (C) To investigate all reported and/or suspected areas of mine/UXO contamination; (D) To collect general information about the area to help plan future mine action projects. 2. For new mine action programmes, what is the ideal way to begin the planning process? (A) Individual reports; (B) Community-based information gathering; (C) Regional Study; (D) Country-wide assessment of the situation drawing from existing information provided by agencies and organisations familiar with the country. 3. The general mine action assessment process is: (A) Completed once; (B) Completed monthly; (C) A continuous process; (D) None of the above. 4. What is the main responsibility of the Survey Working Group (SWG)? (A) To facilitate the international coordination of resources and expert personnel for the completion of Level One Impact Surveys; (B) To train community enumerators in mine extraction techniques; (C) To remove all mines and UXO reported in a Level One Impact Survey within one year of the survey report; (D) To provide clearance survey services for all countries with a history of landmine and UXO problems. 5. Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) A Global Landmine Survey (or Level One Impact Survey) will provide accurate information for strategic planning and resource mobilisation; (B) A Global Landmine Survey (or Level One Impact Survey) will provide information on a communitys ability to maintain demining equipment; (C) A Global Landmine Survey (or Level One Impact Survey) will provide baseline data to measure progress and support country Mine Action Centres; (D) A Global Landmine Survey (or Level One Impact Survey) will provide a platform to support multi-sector programming and research efforts.
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6. What does IMSMA do with geographic and economic information from Level One Impact Surveys once it is received? (A) Sends the information via e-mail to UNMAS for additional analysis; (B) Archives the information to a location where it will be destroyed after two years; (C) Integrates the information into GIS for analysis and interpretation; (D) Gives the information to the community for their own pre-determined uses. 7. What is the main focus of IMSMA? (A) Support to field operations concerned with demining; (B) Support to Mine Risk Education (MRE) programmes; (C) Support to Victim Assistance programmes; (D) None of the above. 8. Below you will read a series of four statements about the abilities of the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA). Which statement is FALSE? (A) IMSMA has the ability to measure the impact of landmines on communities; (B) IMSMA has the ability to pinpoint the location of active anti-personnel mines; (C) IMSMA has the ability to customise data analysis to local realities in a variety of ways; (D) IMSMA has the ability to project information in the database onto a map, creating a visual representation of the data. 9. Who is permitted to contribute information to E-MINE? Choose the most complete answer. (A) UN organisations involved in mine action; (B) NGOs and donors; (C) Member-States, regional organisations, governmental organisations, NGOs and foundations; (D) Member-States and NGOs. 10. For what purpose was E-MINE developed? (A) To give access to up-to-date mine related data; (B) To support the planning of global mine action efforts; (C) To support the coordination of global mine action efforts; (D) All of the above.
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LESSON 7 ANSWER KEY
1. 2.
B D
To do a detailed evaluation of existing mine action programmes and assign ratings. Country-wide assessment of the situation drawing from existing information provided by agencies and organisations familiar with the country. A continuous process. To facilitate the international coordination of resources and expert personnel for the completion of Level One Impact Surveys. A Global Landmine Survey (or Level One Impact Survey) will provide information on a communitys ability to maintain demining equipment. Integrates the information into GIS for analysis and interpretation. Support to field operations concerned with demining. IMSMA has the ability to pinpoint the location of active anti-personnel mines. Member-States, regional organisations, governmental organisations, NGOs and foundations. All of the above.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
C A B C A B C D
Appendix A/ Glossary
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APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY This glossary provides simple explanations for technical terms included in the Landmine and UXO Safety Training Module. The aim is to assist the reader and not to replace or amend in any way existing legal or technical definitions, such as those found in the 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons and its annexed Protocols, or the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition on the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction. This Glossary also includes the mine action terms and abbreviations used in the International Mine Action Standards (IMAS). If two or more alternative definitions are in common use, then both are given in this glossary. ABC
Access lane: A marked passage leading through a mined area that has been cleared to provide safe movement to a required point or area. Acceptance: The formal acknowledgement by the sponsor that the equipment meets the stated requirements and is suitable for use in mine action programmes. An acceptance may be given with outstanding caveats. Accident: An undesired event which results in harm. (Modified from definition in OHSAS 18001:1999). Accreditation: The procedure by which a demining organization is formally recognised as competent and able to plan and manage mine action activities safely, effectively and efficiently. For most mine action programmes, the national mine action authority will be the body which provides accreditation. International organizations such as the United Nations or regional bodies may also introduce accreditation schemes. ISO 9000 usage is that an Accreditation body accredits the Certification or Registration bodies that award ISO 9000 certificates to organizations. The usage in IMAS is completely different to this, and is based on the main definition above, which is well understood in the mine action community. Accreditation body: An organization, normally an element of the National Mine Action Authority, responsible for the management and implementation of the national accreditation system. Active surveillance: Systems to identify the presence and impact of mine/UXO contamination, including accidents. An active (as opposed to passive) surveillance system goes beyond data collection to include reporting and response mechanisms, so that affected communities can inform and get a response from the mine action programme, and that such programmes are alert and responsive to public safety needs. Information gathered through such systems assists in appropriate mine risk education programme design by identifying not only risky areas, but risky behaviours, and target groups. It also assists in the prioritisation of mine action tasks. Advocacy: In the context of mine action, the term refers to public support, recommendation or positive publicity with the aim of removing, or at least reducing, the threat from, and the impact of, mines and UXO.
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Alienation: In the context of mine action, the term refers to the transfer of ownership or property rights following the handover of cleared land. Amended Protocol II (APII): Amended Protocol II (APII) to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW). It prohibits the use of all undetectable anti-personnel mines and regulates the use of wider categories of mines, booby-traps and other devices. For the purposes of the IMAS, Article 5 lays down requirements for the marking and monitoring of mined areas. Article 9 provides for the recording and use of information on minefields and mined areas. The Technical Annex provides guidelines on, inter alia, the recording of information and international signs for minefields and mined areas. Ammunition: See munition. Anti-handling Device: A device intended to protect a mine and which is part of, linked to, attached or placed under the mine and which activates when an attempt is made to tamper with or otherwise intentionally disturb the mine. [Mine Ban Treaty] Anti-handling Device: A device fitted to an anti-tank or anti-personnel mine that causes the mine to explode when it is handled or disturbed. Anti-handling devices are intended to prevent the clearing of mines by opposing forces. Anti-personnel mines (AP Mine or APM): A mine designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person and that will incapacitate, injure or kill one or more persons. Mines designed to be detonated by the presence, proximity or contact of a vehicle as opposed to a person, that are equipped with anti-handling devices, are not considered anti-personnel mines as a result of being so equipped. [MBT] Anti-personnel mines are usually detonated when they are stepped on or when a tripwire is disturbed, but they can also be set off by the passage of time or by controlled means. Anti-tank Mine (AT Mine): A landmine designed to disable or destroy vehicles, including tanks. Like anti-personnel mines, anti-tank mines can be detonated by pressure (though normally much greater weight is needed) or remote control, as well as by magnetic influence or through the disturbance of a tilt rod (a sort of vertical tripwire). Applied research: Research focused at clearly defined problems and market opportunities. Its principal purpose is to establish the feasibility of applying technology to solve a clearly defined problem, within defined parameters such as cost, time and risk. Area reduction: The process through which the initial area indicated as contaminated (during the general mine action assessment process) is reduced to a smaller area. Area reduction may involve some limited clearance, such as the opening of access routes and the destruction of mines and UXO which represent an immediate and unacceptable risk, but it will mainly be as a consequence of collecting more reliable information on the extent of the hazardous area. Usually it will be appropriate to mark the remaining hazardous area(s) with permanent or temporary marking systems. Likewise, area reduction is sometimes done as part of the clearance operation. Benchmark: In the context of mine action, the term refers to a fixed point of reference used to locate a marked and recorded hazard or hazardous area. It should normally be located a short distance outside the hazardous area. A benchmark may not be necessary if the reference point is sufficiently close to the perimeter of the hazardous area.
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Blast Effect AP Mine: An anti-personnel landmine designed to injure or kill primarily from the blast of its explosive charge. Bomblet: See submunition. Booby trap: An explosive or nonexplosive device, or other material, deliberately placed to cause casualties when an apparently harmless object is disturbed or a normally safe act is performed. [AAP-6] Booby trap: A device or material which is designed to injure or kill and which functions unexpectedly when a person or vehicle approaches or disturbs an apparently harmless object or performs an apparently safe act. Boundary lane: A cleared lane around the perimeter of a hazardous area. Bounding AP Mine: A fragmentation AP mine designed, once triggered by a tripwire or pressure, to be lifted to waist height by an initial charge before the main charge detonates scattering fragments in all directions. Briefing area: In the context of clearance operations, a clearly identifiable control point intended to be the first point of entry to a demining worksite. The briefing area contains a plan of the minefield and its current level of clearance, at a scale large enough for briefing purposes, showing the location of control points (car park, first aid point, explosive storage areas, the areas where mine clearance work is progressing and distances), and where safety equipment is issued to visitors. Box: A squared area that is developed for the purpose of being searched by mine detection dogs during the license test. A box normally measures 10m x 10m, but other sizes may be preferred. Burning ground: An area authorised for the destruction of ammunition and explosives by burning. Call Sign: Name or mean of identification assigned to personnel for radio communications. Cancelled area: An area previously recorded as a hazardous area which subsequently is considered, as a result of actions other than clearance, not to represent a risk from mines and UXO. This change in status will be the result of more accurate and reliable information, and will normally only be authorised by the national mine action authorities, in accordance with national policy. The documentation of all cancelled areas shall be retained together with a detailed explanation of the reasons for the change in status. CASEVAC MEDEVAC: CASEVAC = Casualty Evacuation; it is the evacuation of a casualty from the injury site to the nearest medical facility. MEDEVAC = Medical Evacuation; it is the evacuation of the casualty from the medical facility to the next higher-level facility. CEN (Committee European Normalisation): CEN is the European Committee for Standardisation. The mission of CEN is to promote voluntary technical harmonisation in Europe in conjunction with worldwide bodies and its European partners. European standards (referred to as EN (Europe Normalisation)) form a collection which ensures its own continuity for the benefit of users.
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Certification committee: A committee appointed by UNMAS to regularly review compliance of the impact component of the general mine action assessment process with the UN certification guidelines based on the reports of the UN quality assurance monitor from the field. Acceptance of the findings of the impact component of the general mine action assessment of a specific country by the international community is dependent on its certification by the UN certification committee. Cleared area (cleared land): An area that has been physically and systematically processed by a demining organization to ensure the removal and/or destruction of all mine and UXO hazards to a specified depth. IMAS 09.10 specifies the quality system (i.e. the organization, procedures and responsibilities) necessary to determine that land has been cleared by the demining organization in accordance with its contractual obligations. Cleared areas may include land cleared during the technical survey process, including boundary lanes and cleared lanes. Areas cleared for worksite administrative purposes, such as car parks, storage locations, and first aid posts need not be officially documented as cleared, unless national procedures so require. Cleared lane (safety lane): The generic term for any lane, other than a boundary lane, cleared by a survey or clearance team to the international standard for cleared land. This may include access lanes outside the hazardous area or cross/verification lanes inside a hazardous area. Cluster Bomb Unit (CBU): An expendable aircraft store composed of a dispenser and submunitions. [AAP-6]; A bomb containing and dispensing sub-munitions which may be mines (anti-personnel or anti-tank), penetration (runway cratering) bomblets, fragmentation bomblets etc. Collaboration: In the context of mine action equipment procurement, the term refers to an activity which applies solely to the procurement of common equipment by two or more organizations. Commercial off the shelf (COTS): In the context of mine action equipment procurement, the term refers to an equipment that is available direct from the manufacturer and requires no further development prior to introduction into service apart from minor modifications. Commonality: In the context of mine action equipment procurement, the term refers to a state achieved when groups of individuals or organizations use common procedures and/or equipment. Community liaison: A process designed to place the needs and priorities of mine affected communities at the centre of the planning, implementation and monitoring of mine action and other sectors. This shall be one of the major strategic principles of mine action. Community liaison is based on an exchange of information and involves communities in the decision making process, (before, during and after demining), in order to establish priorities for mine action. In this way mine action programmes aim to be inclusive, community focused and ensure the maximum involvement of all sections of the community. This involvement includes joint planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of projects. Community liaison also works with communities to develop specific interim safety strategies promoting individual and community behavioural change. This is designed to reduce the impact of mine/UXO on individuals and communities until such time as the threat is removed. Compatibility: In the context of mine action equipment procurement, the term refers to the capability of two or more components or sub-components of equipment or material to exist or function in the same environment without mutual interference.
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Concept formulation: The first stage in the procurement process, and covers the period of the emergence of the idea to the initial statement of the operational need. Control area or point: All points or areas used to control the movements of visitors and staff in a demining worksite. Cost-effectiveness: An assessment of the balance between a systems performance and its whole life costs. Critical non-conformity: The failure of a 1.0m2 unit of land during inspection to meet the stated clearance requirements.
DEF
Decontamination: A process of removing undesired contamination from test items, tools and accessories that are used when preparing a field test. [Definition for mine detection dog use only]. Deflagration: The conversion of explosives into gaseous products by chemical reactions at or near the surface of the explosive (c.f. detonation). Demilitarisation: The process that renders munitions unfit for their originally intended process. Deminer: A person, including a public servant, qualified and employed to undertake demining activities or work on a demining worksite. Demining: The clearance of contaminated land by the detection, removal or destruction of all mine and UXO hazards. Demining may be carried out by different types of organizations, such as NGOs, commercial companies, national mine action teams or military units (when carrying out humanitarian demining). Demining may be emergency-based or developmental. Demining (humanitarian demining): Activities which lead to the removal of mine and UXO hazards, including technical survey, mapping, clearance, marking, post-clearance documentation, community mine action liaison and the handover of cleared land. Demining may be carried out by different types of organisations, such as NGOs, commercial companies, national mine action teams or military units. Demining may be emergency-based or developmental. In IMAS standards and guides, mine and UXO clearance is considered to be just one part of the demining process. In IMAS standards and guides, demining is considered to be one component of mine action. In IMAS standards and guides, the terms demining and humanitarian demining are interchangeable. Demining accident: An accident at a demining workplace involving a mine or UXO hazard (c.f mine accident). Demining accident response plan: A documented plan developed for each demining workplace which details the procedures to be applied to move victims from a demining accident site to an appropriate treatment or surgical care facility. Demining incident: An incident at a demining workplace involving a mine or UXO hazard (c.f mine incident).
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Demining organization: Refers to any organisation (government, NGO, military or commercial entity) responsible for implementing demining projects or tasks. The demining organisation may be a prime contractor, subcontractor, consultant or agent. Demining sub-unit: An element of a demining organisation, however named, which is licensed to conduct one or more prescribed demining activities, such as technical surveys, manual clearance, EOD or the use of mine detection dog teams. Demolition (dml): Destruction of structures, facilities or material by use of fire, water, explosives, mechanical or other means. Demolition ground: An area authorised for the destruction of ammunition and explosives by detonation. Destruction: The process of final conversion of ammunition and explosives into an inert state that can no longer function as designed. Destroy (destruction) in situ (blow in situ): The destruction of any item of ordnance by explosives without moving the item from where it was found, normally by placing an explosive charge alongside. Detection: In the context of demining, the term refers to the discovery by any means of the presence of mines or UXO. Detonator: A device containing a sensitive explosive intended to produce a detonation wave. [AAP-6] Detonation: The rapid conversion of explosives into gaseous products by means of a shock wave passing through the explosive (c.f. deflagration). Typically, the velocity of such a shock wave is more than two orders of magnitude higher than a fast deflagration. Development: The stage of the project (and its associated costs) prior to production concerned with developing a design sufficiently for production to begin. Directional AP Mine (also called Claymore-type AP Mine): A fragmentation AP mine designed to project a dense pattern of fragments within a specific arc. Directional AP mine are usually command-detonated, but they can also be initiated by tripwire. Disarm: The act of making a mine safe by removing the fuse or igniter. The procedure normally removes one or more links from the firing chain. Disposal site: An area authorised for the destruction of ammunition and explosives by detonation and burning. DNT (Dinitrotolulene): An impurity product of TNT. As the vapour pressure of DNT is much higher than that of TNT itself, it may prove easier to characterize a mine by detecting the vapour from DNT rather than TNT. Donor: All sources of funding, including the government of mine affected states.
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Drill: An inert replica of ammunition specifically manufactured for display or instructional purposes. Durability: The ability of an item or material to continue to perform its required function under stated conditions as time progresses. Durability is a function of reliability with time. Durability involves resistance to degradation, corrosion, cracking, de-lamination, thermal shock, wear and the effects of foreign object damage. Education: The imparting and acquiring over time of knowledge, attitudes and practices through teaching and learning. Ensemble: The group of protective clothing designed to be worn as a protective measure. Equipment: A physical, mechanical, electrical and/or electronic system which is used to enhance human activities, procedures and practices. Environmental factors: Factors relating to the environment and that influence the transportation of scent from the mine, the detection of the target scent or the ability of people and dogs to work safety and effectively. (i.e. wind, rain, temperature, humidity, altitude, sun and vegetation). [Definition for mine detection dog use only]. ETA: Estimated Time of Arrival. ETD: Estimated Time of Departure. Evaluation: The analysis of a result or a series of results to establish the quantitative and qualitative effectiveness and worth of software, a component, equipment or system, within the environment in which it will operate. (Definition when used in context of equipment test and evaluation); A process that attempts to determine as systematically and objectively as possible the merit or value of an intervention. The word objectively indicates the need to achieve a balanced analysis, recognising bias and reconciling perspectives of different stakeholders (all those interested in, and affected by programmes, including beneficiaries as primary stakeholders) through use of different sources and methods. Evaluation is considered to be a strategic exercise. (Definition when used in relation to programmes). (UNICEF Policy and Programming Manual). Expert opinion: Existing information on the location of mine impacted communities at a level higher than the second administrative level in a given country, (e.g.: higher than district level). This information is key to decide which communities to survey. It should be based on information that is community driven, in accordance with community needs. Explosives: A substance or mixture of substances which, under external influences, is capable of rapidly releasing energy in the form of gases and heat. [AAP-6] Explosive materials: Components or ancillary items used by demining organisations which contain some explosives, or behave in an explosive manner, such as detonators and primers. Explosive ordnance: All munitions containing explosives, nuclear fission or fusion materials and biological and chemical agents. This includes bombs and warheads; guided and ballistic missiles; artillery, mortar, rocket and small arms ammunition; all mines, torpedoes and depth charges; pyrotechnics; clusters and dispensers; cartridge and propellant actuated devices; electro-explosive
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devices; clandestine and improvised explosive devices; and all similar or related items or components explosive in nature. [AAP-6] Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD): The detection, identification, evaluation, render safe, recovery and disposal of UXO. EOD may be undertaken (1) as a routine part of mine clearance operations, upon discovery of the UXO; (2) to dispose of UXO discovered outside mined areas, (this may be a single UXO, or a larger number inside a specific area); (3) to dispose of explosive ordnance which has become hazardous by damage or attempted destruction. Explosive Remnants of War: the collective term for any explosive ordnance or other explosive item, object, or part thereof, whether fired or unfired, left over as the result of armed conflict. Failure: An event in which any system, equipment, components or sub-components does not perform as previously specified. Failures may be classified as to cause, degree, relevance, dependence and responsibility. Feasibility study: A study to establish the feasibility of the Statement of Tasks and Output (STO) in terms of technology, costs and time. Field editor: An individual whose main responsibility is to ensure accuracy, consistency, readability and clarity of the information gathered by enumerators in the field. The field editor must work closely with the survey teams in order to ensure that the review process is done shortly after the survey has been completed and while the teams are in the same general vicinity as the community being reviewed. Fragmentation AP Mine: An anti-personnel landmine designed to injure or kill primarily from fragments propelled by its explosive charge. Full development (FD): The procedure containing all of the engineering processes, trials and tests necessary to establish the final detailed design to enable full production to commence. Fragmentation hazard zone: For a given explosive item, explosive storage or mine/UXO contaminated area, the area that could be reached by fragmentation in the case of detonation. Several factors should be considered when determining this zone: the amount of explosive, body construction, type of material, ground conditions, etc. (See also secondary fragmentation). Fuse: A mechanism which sets off a mine or munition.
GHIJ
General mine action assessment: The process by which a comprehensive inventory can be obtained of all reported and/or suspected locations of mine or UXO contamination, the quantities and types of explosive hazards, and information on local soil characteristics, vegetation and climate; and assessment of the scale and impact of the landmine problem on the individual, community and country. These elements of the general mine action assessment can be conducted concurrently or separately. Generic requirement: The performance and environmental characteristics which will be common to all planned uses of the proposed equipment.
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Georeferencing: A process whereby graphic coordinates or other indirect referencing codes are added to tabular data in order to allow simple comparison, compilation and analysis of disparate datasets based on common locations. GIS (Geographical (or Geospatial) Information System): An organised collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyse, and display all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS allows a user to graphically view multiple layers of data based on their geographic distribution and association. GIS incorporates powerful tools to analyse the relationships between various layers of information. Global Positioning Satellite System (GPS): Instrument used to read the satellite references (latitude and longitude) of a geographical point. Group interview: The conduct of a formal interview with a group of key informants in an impacted community on what to survey within that community. Guide: An IMAS Guide provides general rules, principles, advice and information. Handover: The process by which the beneficiary (usually the national mine action authority) accepts responsibility for the cleared area. The term alienation is sometimes used to describe a change of ownership of the land which accompanies the handover of a cleared area. Handover certificate: Documentation used to record the handover of cleared land. Hardware: Equipment with physical size and mass; as opposed to software. Harm: Physical injury or damage to the health of people, or damage to property or the environment. [ISO Guide 51:1999(E)] Hazard: Potential source of harm. [ISO Guide 51:1999(E)] Hazard(ous) area (contaminated area): A generic term for an area not in productive use due to the perceived or actual presence of mines, UXO or other explosive devices. Hazard marker: Object(s), other than hazard signs, used to identify the limits of a mine and UXO hazard area. Hazard markers shall conform to the specification established by the National Mine Action Authority. Hazard sign: A permanent, manufactured sign which, when placed as part of a marking system, is designed to provide warning to the public of the presence of mines. Hazard marking system: A combination of measures (signs and barriers) designed to provide the public with warning and protection from mine and UXO hazards. The system may include the use of signs or markers, or the erection of physical barriers. Health: In relation to work, indicated not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, it also includes the physical and mental elements affecting health, which are directly related to safety and hygiene at work. [ILO C155]
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Humanitarian demining: See demining. (In IMAS standards and guides, the terms demining and humanitarian demining are interchangeable). Impact: The level of social and economic suffering experienced by the community resulting from the harm or risk of harm caused by mine and UXO hazards and hazardous areas. Impact is a product of (1) the presence of mine/UXO hazard in the community; (2) intolerable risk associated with the use of infrastructure such as roads, markets etc.; (3) intolerable risk associated with livelihood activities such as agricultural land, water source etc.; (4) number of victims of mine and UXO incidents within the last two years. Impact survey (landmine impact survey) (LIS): An assessment of the socio-economic impact caused by the actual or perceived presence of mines and UXO, in order to assist the planning and prioritisation of mine action programmes and projects. Improvised Explosive Device (IED): An explosive device designed locally with all the characteristics of a mine or booby trap. IMSMA (the Information Management System for Mine Action): This is the United Nations preferred information system for the management of critical data in UN-supported field programmes and at the UN headquarters in New York. IMSMA consists, essentially, of two modules: the Field Module (FM) and Global Module (GM). The FM provides for data collection, information analysis and project management. It is used by the staffs of mine action centres at national and regional level, and by the implementers of mine action projects, such as demining organisations. The GM refines and collates data from IMSMA FMs (and other field-based information systems) and provides the UN and others with accurate, aggregated information for the strategic management of mine action. Inert: An item of ammunition that contains no explosive, pyrotechnic, lachrymatory, radioactive, chemical, biological or other toxic components or substances. An inert munition differs from a drill munition in that it has not necessarily been specifically manufactured for instructional purposes. The inert state of the munition may have resulted from a render safe procedure or other process to remove all hazardous components and substances. It also refers to the state of the munition during manufacture prior to the filling or fitting of explosive or hazardous components and substances. Incident: An event that gives rise to an accident or has the potential to lead to an accident. [ILO C155] Inspection: In the context of mine action, the term refers to the process of measuring, examining, testing or otherwise comparing a sample of cleared land with the clearance requirements. Inspection body: An organisation which conducts post-clearance QC on behalf of the national mine action authority by applying random sampling procedures, or other appropriate and agreed methods of inspection. Insurance: An arrangement for compensation in the event of damage to or loss of (property, life or a person). Insurance should include appropriate medical, death and disability coverage for all personnel as well as third party liability coverage. Such insurance need not necessarily have to be arranged through an insurance broker or company, unless otherwise required by contractual arrangements. Self insurance (under-writing) schemes, provided they are formally constituted on accepted actuarial principles and provide adequate cover, may be an acceptable alternative.
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Intended use (land): Use of land following demining operations. Intended use: use of a product, process or service in accordance with information provided. [ISO Guide 51:1999(E)]. Intended land use should be included in the clearance task specification and clearance task handover documentation. Interchangeability: In the context of mine action equipment procurement, the term refers to a condition which exists when two or more items of equipment possess such functional and physical characteristics as to be equivalent in performance and durability, and are capable of being exchanged for one another without alteration of the items themselves, or of adjoining items, except for adjustment, and without selection for fit and performance. Intermediate point: Survey markers used between start and finish markers, or between turning points that are more than 50m apart. International Mine Action Standards (IMAS): Documents developed by the UN on behalf of the international community, which aim to improve safety and efficiency in mine action by providing guidance, by establishing principles and, in some cases, by defining international requirements and specifications. They provide a frame of reference which encourages, and in some cases requires, the sponsors and managers of mine action programmes and projects to achieve and demonstrate agreed levels of effectiveness and safety. They provide a common language, and recommend the formats and rules for handling data which enable the free exchange of important information; this information exchange benefits other programmes and projects, and assists the mobilisation, prioritisation and management of resources. International Organization for Standardization (ISO): A worldwide federation of national bodies from over 130 countries. Its work results in international agreements which are published as ISO standards and guides. ISO is a NGO and the standards it develops are voluntary, although some (mainly those concerned with health, safety and environmental aspects) have been adopted by many countries as part of their regulatory framework. ISO deals with the full spectrum of human activities and many of the tasks and processes which contribute to mine action have a relevant standard. A list of ISO standards and guides is given in the ISO Catalogue [www.iso.ch/infoe/catinfo/html]. The revised mine action standards have been developed to be compatible with ISO standards and guides. Adopting the ISO format and language provides some significant advantages including consistency of layout, use of internationally recognised terminology, and a greater acceptance by international, national and regional organisations who are accustomed to the ISO series of standards and guides. Investment appraisal: The process of defining the objectives of expenditure, identifying the alternative ways of achieving those objectives and assessing which way is likely to give best value for money.
KLM
Key informants: Individuals who have relatively good knowledge on the hazardous areas in and around their community. Key informants may include, but are not limited to, community leaders, mine-affected individuals, schoolteachers, religious leaders, etc. Lachrymatory ammunition: Lachrymatory ammunition contains chemical compounds that are designed to incapacitate by causing short-term tears or inflammation of the eyes.
Appendix A/ Glossary Level 2 survey: The term previously used for a technical survey.
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Licence: In the context of humanitarian demining, the term refers to a certificate issued by a national mine action authority to a demining organization which indicates an endorsement of the organizations demining capabilities such as survey, manual clearance or the use of mine detection dogs. (See also accreditation). Local requirement: The performance and characteristics of the proposed equipment which reflect local environmental conditions, operating procedures and operational requirements. Logistic disposal: In the context of humanitarian demining, the term refers to the removal of ammunition and explosives from a stockpile utilising a variety of methods (that may not necessarily involve destruction). Logistic disposal may or may not require the use of RSP. Lot size: In the context of humanitarian demining, the term refers to an area (comprising a number of 1.0m2 units of cleared land) offered for inspection. Magazine: In the context of humanitarian demining, the term refers to any building, structure or container approved for the storage of explosive materials. Maintainability: The ability of an equipment, component or sub-component under stated conditions of use, to be retained or restored to a specific condition, when maintenance is performed by personnel having specific skill levels, under stated conditions and using prescribed procedures and resources. Marking: Emplacement of a measure or combination of measures to identify the position of a hazard or the boundary of a hazardous area. This may include the use of signs, paint marks, etc., or the erection of physical barriers. Marking system: An agreed convention for the marking of hazards or hazardous areas. Mechanically-assisted clearance: The use of appropriate mechanical equipment to augment other procedures in humanitarian demining such as manual clearance and mine detection dogs (MDDs). Medical support staff: Employees of demining organisations designated, trained and equipped to provide first aid and further medical treatment of demining employees injured as a result of a demining accident. Memorandum of understanding (MoU): A document used to facilitate a situation or operation when it is not the intention to create formal rights and obligations in international law but to express commitments of importance in a non-binding form. Mine: A mine is an explosive or other material, normally encased, designed to destroy or damage vehicles, boats, or aircraft, or designed to wound, kill, or otherwise incapacitate personnel. It may be detonated by the action of its target, the passage of time, or by controlled means. In addition, a mine is munition designed to be placed under, on, or near the ground or other surface area and to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person or a vehicle. [Mine Ban Treaty] Mine accident: An accident away from the demining workplace involving a mine or UXO hazard (c.f demining accident).
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Mine action: Mine action refers to all those activities geared towards addressing the problems faced by populations as a result of landmine contamination. Activities which aim to reduce the social, economic and environmental impact of mines and UXO. Mine action is not just about demining; it is also about people and societies, and how they are affected by landmine contamination. The objective of mine action is to reduce the risk from landmines to a level where people can live safely; in which economic, social and health development can occur free from the constraints imposed by landmine contamination, and in which the victims needs can be addressed. UN Mine action comprises five complementary groups of activities: (1) mine risk education; mine awareness education; (2) humanitarian demining, i.e. mine and UXO survey, mapping, marking and (if necessary) clearance; (3) victim assistance, including rehabilitation and reintegration; (4) stockpile destruction; and (5) advocacy against the use of anti-personnel mines; advocacy to stigmatise the use of landmines and support a total ban on antipersonnel landmines and stockpile destruction. A number of other enabling activities are required to support these five components of mine action, including: assessment and planning, the mobilisation and prioritisation of resources, information management, human skills development and management training, quality management and the application of effective, appropriate and safe equipment. Mine Action Centre (MAC): An organization that carries out mine risk education training, conducts reconnaissance of mined areas, collection and centralisation of mine data and coordinates local (mine action) plans with the activities of external agencies, of (mine action) NGOs and of local deminers. [UN Terminology Bulletin No. 349] For national mine action programmes, the MAC usually acts as the operational office of the national mine action authority. A centre that coordinates mine action initiatives within a country. A government or the United Nations usually runs such centres. Mine awareness: See Mine Risk Education. Mine Ban Treaty (MBT) (Ottawa Convention): Provides for a complete ban on the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines (APMs) and on their destruction. For the purposes of IMAS documents, Article 5 of the MBT lays down requirements for the destruction of APMs in mined areas. Article 6 details transparency measures required under the Treaty including on the location of mined or suspected mined areas and measures taken to warn the local population. Mine clearance: The clearance of mines and UXO from a specified area to a predefined standard. Mine detection dog (MDD): A dog trained and employed to detect mines, UXO and other explosive devices. Mine incident: An incident away from the demining workplace involving a mine or UXO hazard (c.f demining incident). Mine Marking: The organised marking of minefields. Standard, easily recognisable mine warning signs are placed around the perimeter of the minefield to alert people to the presence of mines. Mine risk: refers to the probability of occurrence and the potential severity of physical injury to people, property or the environment. Mine Risk Education (MRE): A process that promotes the adoption of safer behaviours by atrisk groups, and which provides the links between affected communities, other mine action
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components and other sectors. Mine risk education is an essential component of Mine Action. There are two related and mutually reinforcing components: (1) Community liaison ; and (2) Public education. Generally, mine action programmes use both approaches, as they are mutually reinforcing. They are not, however, alternative to each other, nor are they alternative to eradicating the mine/UXO threat by clearance operations. Mine risk reduction: refers to those actions which lessen the probability and/or severity of physical injury to people, property or the environment. Mine risk reduction can be achieved by physical measures such as fencing, marking, or partial clearance, and through mine risk education programmes. Mine sign: A sign which, when placed as part of a marking system, is designed to provide warning to the public of the presence of mines. Mine threat (mine and UXO threat): An indication of the potential harm from the number, nature, disposition and detectability of mines and UXO in a given area. Mined area: An area which is dangerous due to the presence or suspected presence of mines. [MBT] Minefield: An area of ground containing mines laid with or without a pattern. [AAP-6] Monitoring: (1) In the context of humanitarian demining, the term refers to the authorised observation by qualified personnel of sites, activities or processes without taking responsibility for that being observed . This is usually carried out to check conformity with undertakings, procedures or standard practice and often includes recording and reporting elements; (2) In the context of mine risk education, the term refers to the process of measuring or tracking what is happening. This includes: (a) measuring progress in relation to an implementation plan for an intervention programmes/projects/activities, strategies, policies and specific objectives; (b) measuring change in a condition or set of conditions or lack thereof (e.g. changes in the situation of children and women or changes in the broader country context). [Definition from UNICEF Policy and Programming Manual] Monitoring body: An organisation, normally an element of the national mine action authority, responsible for management and implementation of the national monitoring system. Munition: A complete device charged with explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics, initiating composition, or nuclear, biological or chemical material for use in military operations, including demolitions. [AAP-6] In common usage, munitions (plural) can be military weapons, ammunition and equipment.
NOP
National mine action authority: The government department(s), organisation(s) or institution(s) in each mine-affected country charged with the regulation, management and coordination of mine action. In most cases the National Mine Action Centre (MAC) or its equivalent will act as, or on behalf of, the national mine action authority. In certain situations and at certain times it may be necessary and appropriate for the UN, or some other recognised international body, to assume some or all of the responsibilities, and fulfill some or all the functions, of a national mine action authority.
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Neutralise: The act of replacing safety devices such as pins or rods into an explosive item to prevent the fuse or igniter from functioning. It does not make an item completely safe as removal of the safety devices will immediately make the item active again (c.f. disarm). A mine is said to be neutralised when it has been rendered, by external means, incapable of firing on passage of a target, although it may remain dangerous to handle. [AAP-6] Non-sparking material: Material that will not produce a spark when struck with other tools, rocks, or hard surfaces. Operational analysis (operational research): A field of research that applies scientifically based quantitative and qualitative analysis to assist management decisions. Operational research: See operational analysis. Organiser: The person or organisation charged with setting up an equipment trial to meet the Sponsors requirements. The organiser is responsible for the design and planning of the trial. Particle board: A composition board made of small pieces of wood, bonded together. Permanent marking system: A marking system having an indefinite period of use, usually requiring maintenance (c.f. temporary marking system). Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): All equipment and clothing designed to provide protection, which is intended to be worn or held by an employee at work and which protects him/her against one or more risks to his/her safety or health. Policy: Defines the purpose and goals of an organisation, and articulates the rules, standards and principles of action which govern the way in which the organisation aims to achieve these goals. Policy evolves in response to strategic direction and field experience. In turn, it influences the way in which plans are developed, and how resources are mobilised and applied. Policy is prescriptive and compliance is assumed, or at least is encouraged. Post Design Services (PDS): Further services such as ongoing development and modification of equipment, subsequent to the acceptance of the equipment. PDS may be used after the initial contract in order to update the equipment in response to changing circumstances and requirements. Public education: The process aimed at raising general awareness of the mine and UXO threat; through public information, formal and non-formal education systems. Public education is a mass mobilisation approach that delivers information on the mine/UXO threat. It may take the form of formal or non-formal education and may use mass media techniques. In an emergency situation, due to time constraints and the lack of available data, it is the most practical means of communicating safety information. In other situations it can support community liaison. Public information: Information which is released or published for the primary purpose of keeping the public fully informed, thereby gaining their understanding and support. The objective of PInfo within mine action is to raise general awareness. PInfo is a mass mobilisation approach that delivers information on the mine/UXO problem. In an emergency situation, due to time constraints and lack of accurate data it is the most practical means of communicating safety information. In other situations, PInfo can support community liaison.
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Preliminary development (PD): The planning, design and engineering work necessary to explore areas of technical uncertainty and to provide detailed estimates of duration and cost before the decision to proceed to full development is made. During PD a relatively flexible relationship must exist between the technical specification and the operational requirements. Preliminary study: A study to give an indication of the practicability of the idea in terms of technological possibilities and cost. Pre-test: A process at the start of a survey to validate clarity and appropriateness of the selected survey instrument. Pilot test: A process ahead of the commencement of wide range data collection to ensure that all survey project elements, such as team deployment, data collection, reporting and administration, are functioning as planned. Primer: A self-contained munition which is fitted into a cartridge case or firing mechanism and provides the means of igniting the propellant charge. Procurement: The process of research, development and production or purchase which leads to an equipment being accepted as suitable for use, and continues with the provision of spares and post design services throughout the life of the equipment. Prodding: A manual and very hazardous method of searching for mines, involving prodding the ground at a 30o from the ground angle at regular intervals so that contact is made with the mine from the side, thereby normally avoiding the pressure plate; A procedure employed in the process of demining whereby ground is probed to detect the presence of sub-surface mines and/or UXO (c.f. sapping). Protective measure: Means used to reduce risk. [ISO Guide 51:1999(E)] Prototype: An equipment, component or sub-component built as nearly as possible to the final design and build standard. Prototypes are used to aid development of the final production standard and/or to demonstrate performance or specification compliance. Proximity verification: An activity to observe mine/UXO hazard areas reported during the community interview. Observation must be done from a safe area and in accordance with the relevant protocols. Pure research: Research activities not linked to any specific application. The outcome of pure research may eventually lead to a product, but its immediate aim is to establish generic principles.
QRS
Quality: Degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements. [ISO 9000:2000] Quality assurance (QA): Part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be met. [ISO 9000:2000] The purpose of QA in humanitarian demining is to confirm that management practices and operational procedures for demining are appropriate, and will achieve the stated requirement in a safe, effective and efficient manner. Internal QA will
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be conducted by demining organisations themselves, but external inspections by an external monitoring body should also be conducted. Quality control (QC): Part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements. [ISO 9000:2000] QC relates to the inspection of a finished product. In the case of humanitarian demining, the product is safe cleared land. Quality management: Coordinated activities to direct and control an organisation with regard to quality. [ISO 9000:2000] Random sampling: Selection of samples by a process involving equal chances of selection of each item. Used as an objective or impartial means of selecting areas for test purposes. Raster data: The use of an imaginary grid of cells to represent the landscape. Point features are stored as individual column/row entries in a grid; lines are identified as a set of connected cells; and areas are distinguished as all of the cells comprising a feature. RDX (1, 3, 5-triazacyclohexane): RDX is another military explosive which is used extensively as an explosive in many munitions formulations, especially in artillery shells. RDX is relatively insensitive; it has a high chemical stability, although lower than that of TNT. RDX is never handled pure and dry because of the danger of accidental explosion. It is used as a component in explosive mixtures, especially plastic explosives. Reduced area: The area of hazardous land remaining after the process of area reduction. It is still referred to as a hazardous area. (See also area reduction). Reference point (landmark): A fixed point of reference some distance outside the hazard(ous) area. It should be an easily recognised feature (such as a cross-roads or a bridge) which can be used to assist in navigating to one or more benchmarks. Internationally these are often also referred to as Geodetic Points when they refer to a pre-surveyed location such as a trig point. Relational Database Management System (RDMS): As opposed to a single table with numerous fields for each record entered, a RDMS uses identification codes to link multiple tables of data. The codes used establish the relationship between data tables. RDMS are very effective in managing large amounts of data and permitting detailed queries to determine the relationship among data compiled against different records. Reliability: The ability of an equipment, component or sub-component to perform a required function under stated conditions for a stated period of time. Render safe procedure (RSP): The application of special EOD methods and tools to provide for the interruption of functions or separation of essential components to prevent an unacceptable detonation. Research: The systematic inquiry, examination and experimentation to establish facts and principles. Residual risk: In the context of humanitarian demining, the term refers to the risk remaining following the application of all reasonable efforts to remove and/or destroy all mine or UXO hazards from a specified area to a specified depth. [Modified from ISO Guide 51:1999]
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Risk: Combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm. [ISO Guide 51:1999(E)] Risk analysis: Systematic use of available information to identify hazards and to estimate the risk. [ISO Guide 51:1999(E)] Risk assessment: Overall process comprising a risk analysis and a risk evaluation. [ISO Guide 51:1999(E)] Risk evaluation: Process based on risk analysis to determine whether the tolerable risk has been achieved. [ISO Guide 51:1999(E)] Risk reduction: Actions taken to lessen the probability, negative consequences or both, associated with a particular risk. Route Card: A card used to monitor the movement of staff in the field, their ETD, itinerary and ETA. RPG: Rocket Propelled Grenades Safe: The absence of risk. Normally the term tolerable risk is more appropriate and accurate. Safe Path: A road or path known to be free of mines. Safety: The reduction of risk to a tolerable level. [ISO Guide 51:1999(E)] Sample: In the context of humanitarian demining, the term refers to one or more 1.0m2 units of land drawn at random from a lot. Sample size: In the context of humanitarian demining, the term refers to the number of 1.0m2 units of land in the sample. Sampling: In the context of humanitarian demining, the term refers to a defined procedure whereby part or parts of an area of cleared land are taken, for testing, as a representation of the whole area. Sampling plan: In the context of humanitarian demining, the term refers to a specific plan that indicates the number of 1.0m2 units of land from each lot which are to be inspected (sample size or series of sample sizes) and the associated criteria for determining the acceptability of the lot (acceptance and rejection numbers). Sapping: In the context of humanitarian demining, the term refers to a procedure employed in the process of demining whereby, in conjunction with other procedures, ground is cleared by digging forward to a specified depth from a safe start point. Scent: A distinctive odour. Secondary fragmentation: In an explosive event, fragmentation which was not originally part of the mine/UXO.
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Self-neutralisation: Action generated by means of a device integral to a mine, which renders the mine inoperative, but not necessarily safe to handle. In landmines, this process may be reversible. [AAP-6] Specified area: In the context of humanitarian demining, the term refers to that area for which mine clearance activity has been contracted or agreed, as determined by the national mine action authority or an organization acting on its behalf. Specified depth: In the context of humanitarian demining, the term refers to the depth to which a specified area is contracted or agreed to be cleared of mine and UXO hazards, as determined by the national mine action authority or an organisation acting on its behalf. Specified Quality Limit (SQL): In the context of humanitarian demining, the term refers to an indication of the quality required from clearance operations. For acceptance sampling purposes, the SQL is a specified borderline between what can be considered reasonable as a process average and what can not. It has to be attainable by the producer (demining organization) but tolerable to the consumer (national mine action authority or contracting agency). In the case of mine clearance, the SQL indicates the average contamination (in terms of non-conforming items per square metre) following a lengthy and steady process run. Sponsor: The sponsor of an equipment trial is the authority requiring the trial to be carried out. This is most likely to be an international organisation, national mine action centre, donor or demining organization. Stake AP Mine: A fragmentation AP mine designed to fit on wooden or metal stakes hammered into the ground until the mine is resting about 21cm above the surface. Standard: A standard is a documented agreement containing technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose. Mine action standards aim to improve safety and efficiency in mine action by promoting the preferred procedures and practices at both headquarters and field level. To be effective, the standards should be definable, measurable, achievable and verifiable. Standing Operating Procedures (SOPs): Instructions which define the preferred or currently established method of conducting an operational task or activity. Their purpose is to promote recognisable and measurable degrees of discipline, uniformity, consistency and commonality within an organisation, with the aim of improving operational effectiveness and safety. SOPs should reflect local requirements and circumstances. Standards: Requirements, specifications or other precise criteria, to be used consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose. Mine action standards aim to improve safety and efficiency in mine action by promoting the preferred procedures and practices at both headquarters and field level. Standard operating procedures: See standing operating procedures. Statement of Need (SON): The document that describes the Users operational needs. The SON should be prepared by the User who has identified the need, or by a Sponsor acting on a Users behalf.
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Statement of Requirement (SOR): The document that provides a detailed statement of the characteristics and performance expected of the equipment, based on the preferred solution. Statement of Tasks and Outputs (STO): The document that articulates the Users needs in broad terms, giving the tasks of the equipment and the key characteristics, with the emphasis on the output required rather than the means of achieving it, so as to enable full consideration of alternative solutions. Stockpile: In the context of mine action, the term refers to a large accumulated stock of EO. Stockpile destruction: The physical destructive procedure towards a continual reduction of the national stockpile. Submunition: Any munition that, to perform its task, separates from a parent munition. [AAP-6] (i.e. mines or munitions that form part of a cluster bomb, artillery shell or missile payload). Survey marker: A durable and long lasting marker used to assist in the management of marked and cleared land demining operations. Survivor: See victim. Survivor assistance: See victim assistance.
TUV
Task identification number (ID): A unique number used to designate a hazardous area. Task identification numbers shall be allocated by the national mine action authority. Technical survey (previously referred to as a Level 2 survey): The detailed topographical and technical investigation of known or suspected mined areas identified during the planning phase. Such areas may have been identified during the general mine action assessment or have been otherwise reported. Temporary marking system: A marking system having a stated finite period of use (c.f. permanent marking system). Test: Determination of one or more characteristics according to a procedure. [ISO 9000:2000] Test and evaluation (T&E): Activities associated with the testing of hardware and software. Activities include the formation and use of procedures and standards, the reduction and processing of data and the assessment and evaluation of test results and processed data against criteria such as defined standards and specifications. Threat: See mine and UXO threat. Tilt Rod: A post or pole attached to a fuse mechanism on the upper surface of a mine. Pressure exerted on the tilt rod sets off the mine.
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TNT (2, 4, 6 Trinitrotoluene): One of the most widely used military high explosives. TNT is very stable, non-hygroscopic and relatively insensitive to impact, friction, shock and electrostatic energy. TNT is the most widespread type of explosive used in mines and munitions. Tolerable risk: Risk which is accepted in a given context based on current values of society. [ISO Guide 51:1999(E)] Trial: A series of tests organised in a systematic manner, the individual results of which lead to an overall evaluation of a component, equipment or system. Tripwire: A thin, non-reflective coloured metal wire, which can be used as a mechanism to trigger an anti-personnel mine or a booby trap. A tripwire is usually but not always stretched low above the ground so that any passer-by will trip over it, thus setting off the explosive. Turning point: A fixed point on the ground which indicates a change in direction of the perimeter of the hazardous area. Undesirable scent: Factors related to the environment and that influence the transportation of scent from the mine, the detection of the target scent or the capability of people and dogs to work safely and effectively. Such factors can be, wind strength, temperature, humidity, rain, altitude, sun and vegetation. Unexploded Ordnance (UXO): Items of UXO are explosive munitions or ordnance that have been primed, fused, armed (or otherwise prepared for use or used) but that have not yet been set off. UXO may already have been fired, dropped, launched or projected but it has failed to detonate as intended either through malfunction or design or for any other reason. United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS): The focal point within the UN system for all mine-related activities. UNMAS is the office within the UN Secretariat responsible to the international community for the development and maintenance of International Mine Action Standards (IMAS). UNICEF is the designated focal point for mine risk education, within the guidelines of UNMAS overall responsibility. It is placed under the responsibility of the UnderSecretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations. Usable area (safe area): Areas considered to have no risk or tolerable risk from mines and UXO. This may include an area known as a safe play area for children. It shall be accompanied by an agreed, specific hazard sign. User: The individual or organisation that will operate the equipment. For the purpose of mine action, the user could also be defined as a composite body of informed and authoritative opinions on the needs of national commercial and NGO users, today and in the future. UXB: Unexploded bomb. Validation: The act of ratification that takes place after a process of verification. Vector data: The use of (X, Y) coordinates to locate three basic types of landscape features: point, line and areas. Points (towns, incident locations, etc.) are represented by a single pair of (X,Y) coordinates. Lines (roads, rivers, etc.) are represented by a series of (X,Y) coordinate points connected in order. Areas or polygons (lakes, boundaries, etc.) are represented by a set of (X,Y) coordinates closing on itself and implying its interior.
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Verification: Confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence that specified requirements have been fulfilled. [ISO 9000:2000] Victim (survivor): An individual who has suffered harm as a result of a mine or UXO accident. In the context of victim assistance, the term victim may include dependants of a mine casualty, hence having a broader meaning than survivor. Victim assistance: Refers to all aid, relief, comfort and support provided to victims (including survivors) with the purpose of reducing the immediate and long-term medical and psychological implications of their trauma.
WXYZ
Workplace: All places where employees need to be or to go by reason of their work and which are under the direct or indirect control of the employer. [ILO R164]
Appendix B/ Internet Links
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APPENDIX B: INTERNET LINKS WEBSITES FOR MINE-RELATED UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMMES E-MINE http://www.mineaction.org United Nations Mine Action http://www.mineaction.org/misc/dynamic_overview.cfm?did=11 United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) http://www.mineaction.org/misc/dynamic_overview.cfm?did=12 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) http://www.mineaction.org/misc/dynamic_overview.cfm?did=13 United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) http://www.mineaction.org/misc/dynamic_overview.cfm?did=14 World Health Organisation (WHO) http://www.mineaction.org/misc/dynamic_overview.cfm?did=15 Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA) http://www.mineaction.org/misc/dynamic_overview.cfm?did=16 United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) http://www.mineaction.org/misc/dynamic_overview.cfm?did=17 WEBSITES FOR MINE RELATED NGOs AND LIKE-MINDED PARTNERS Geneva Call http://www.genevacall.org Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining http://www.gichd.ch/ International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) http://www.icbl.org International Organisation for Standardisation http://www.iso.ch International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement http://www.icrc.org/eng/mines
Appendix B/ Internet Links
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Landmine Monitor http://www.icbl.org/lm/ Mine Action Information Centre at James Madison University http://maic.jmu.edu/ Mine Advisory Group http://www.mag.org.uk/ Relief Web http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf Safe-Lane website, Government of Canada http://www.mines.gc.ca./
Appendix C/ Use of Route Cards
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APPENDIX C: USE OF ROUTE CARDS 1. The strict use of route cards effectively monitors the movements of staff members in order to facilitate appropriate action to be taken should they fail to reach their destination or meet a deadline. An example of route card is given below. Route cards should be completed by all personnel travelling in potentially dangerous regions, and handed over to the responsible staff designated. The person receiving the route card should sign it and place it in a prominent place a notice board on the wall - where it can be checked daily. The staff responsible should have a notice board for this purpose. The person receiving the card should be responsible for checking whether or not the staff travelling has returned or not, by the given Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA), and if not, should report the non-arrival of staff to responsible senior staff. The person making the journey must report back when they arrive and, if delayed, every attempt must be made to report back the problem and new ETA. After completion of the journey, the route card should be signed by the staff responsible for checking, and the card is removed from the notice board and filed. Relevant information from returned route cards should be forwarded to the local Mine Action Centre, UN Security Offices and local authorities.
2. 3.
4.
5. 6.
Appendix C/ Use of Route Cards
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ROUTE CARD
NAME VEHICLE TYPE CANOPY VEHICLE REG.NO. Date From (Start) To (Finish) Via (Route) VEHICLE NO. VEHICLE COLOUR CANOPY COLOUR VEHICLE I.D. NO. ETD ETA Time Arrival Confirmed Confirmed by (Name)
NOTES 1: 2: Ensure that this card is completed prior to departure and handed to: _____________________________________________________
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
Have you checked the following:
i.
Water / fuel / oil / tyre pressure Tools / jack Emergency pack / food / water Documents / identification Radio / GPS / compass working Radio channels and call signs Emergency contacts and numbers Medical pack Maps with appropriate mine/UXO-related information
3:
Remember: if you do not complete this card or report upon your arrival, you may not receive assistance and/or you may be liable for all search expenses.
CARD RECEIVED ON DEPARTURE BY: NAME SIGNATURE TIME DATE
I ACKNOWLEDGE THAT I RETURNED FROM THE ABOVE JOURNEY NAME SIGNATURE TIME DATE
NAME
SIGNATURE
TIME
DATE
Appendix D/ Safety Video Script
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APPENDIX D: SCRIPT OF THE LANDMINE AND UXO SAFETY VIDEO Be Aware of the Threat! (00:00 06:05 min)
If you will be working in a country where conflict is occurring, or has recently occurred, your work may require you to travel in areas affected by landmines and unexploded ordnance, also known as UXO. Even countries which have been at peace for years may have areas where mines and UXO have not yet been removed. Landmines and UXO can kill you or leave you permanently and severely disabled. It is crucial for you to have a basic understanding of the threat they pose, since ultimately you alone are responsible for your personal safety. Landmines are designed to kill or injure people, or to damage or destroy vehicles. When a mine is detonated, injury or death is caused by the explosive charge or by metal fragments. Anyone close to a mine which detonates may be killed, and serious injuries are possible at much greater distances from the mine. Mines can be found on almost any hard or soft paved or unpaved surface, and even in water. Because most mines are deliberately hidden, they are usually difficult or impossible to see. Mines are often buried. They can also be placed on or above the ground, on stakes, or fixed to trees. Mines can be detonated in a number of different ways: direct pressure, trip wires, tilt rods, remote detonation, the passage of time, or by a combination of methods. Because mines come in many shapes, colours, and sizes, it is especially important that you become familiar with the mines most commonly used in your assigned country or area. But dont expect that deployed mines will ever be easy to see; they are almost always invisible. And remember that any suspicious object may be dangerous, whether or not it initially appears to be a mine. Dont take chances! In addition to military uses, mines are often used against civilian targets and to instil a sense of fear and vulnerability. As a result, mines may be found in areas with little or no military value, such as schools or agricultural fields. Areas where fighting or bombing has occurred may also be littered with unexploded ordnance of all types. UXO is often very unstable; even a slight movement can cause bombs, missiles, shells, rockets and cluster munitions to explode. You must know how to recognize potential risks, how to avoid them, and what you can do to ensure your personal safety, and the safety of those around you at all times.
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It is not always possible to avoid mine- and UXO-affected areas completely, but obtaining the most up-to-date information and knowing the signs which warn of mined areas can greatly lessen the risks. All mines and UXO are extremely dangerous. Avoid suspicious-looking objects if you have any doubt at all, and report them to the proper authorities. Always pay attention to the warnings and advice of local residents. If local residents refuse to enter an area, walk along a path, or drive along a road, you should certainly avoid it as well. Remember, however, as time passes, people living in an area can become complacent. If you are unsure, ask several local residents, and if even one suggests an area is dangerous, dont go! Known mined areas will sometimes be marked, although the markings may not always be clear or readily understandable. In some instances, you may even find formal warning signs with the word mine in the local language, possibly with additional warning symbols. But often warnings will be less obvious, made from whatever materials are at hand. Local mine warnings can include: a piece of cloth tied on sticks or a fence; a can on a post; small piles or circles of rocks, or rocks laid across a path; sticks tied to form a cross placed across a path; or even a cross cut into the bark of a tree. Many other warnings may also be used. Be sure you understand the warnings used in the country or region where you will be working.
Be Informed and Prepared!
(06:05 09:48 min)
Because of the danger posed by mines and UXO, it is essential to be well prepared when you are assigned to, or travel in countries or regions affected by these weapons. This means being aware of all safety procedures of your organisation. You must always seek out the best, most up-to-date information on the exact landmine/UXO situation you will be facing. Reliable current information should be obtained from all possible sources. These include: Mine Action Centres and demining organisations, where they exist; Field Security Officers; UN Military Observers or Liaison Officers, and especially local sources. These include NGOs and aid agencies working in the area, local authorities and local residents. But dont assume that local sources will always volunteer information on areas affected by mines and UXO. It is your responsibility to ask! The Landmine and UXO Safety Handbook is also a valuable resource, which provides detailed information on landmines, and on safety and emergency procedures to be followed. Be sure you have a copy, and take time to review the Handbook often. Take it with you when you travel. Keep a list of emergency contacts, telephone numbers, radio channels and call signs in it.
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Always take time to ask about, and understand, the risks you may be facing, and always remember the most important safety rule concerning mines and UXO: If you have any doubt, dont go! Never, under any circumstance, attempt to handle anything that might be a mine or UXO. Only specially trained personnel should ever handle mines or UXO. The types of mines and UXO used, their deployment and the degree of danger will vary from country to country, but basic safety and awareness information is applicable to any mine- or UXO-affected country. Ensure that you and your colleagues have received mine and UXO awareness and safety training, and that you are familiar with first aid and safety procedures. Be sure to understand, and use, a personal travel checklist of safety, health and medical items, including maps with the most up-to date mine and UXO information available. In an emergency, these items could save your life. Check to be sure you have every item, every time, and that you know how to use each one. Where applicable, check the expiration dates. Dont assume others can provide these items. When travelling in any vehicle, your organization may recommend the use of Route Cards or other charts, to provide a record of your travel, including date, route, and estimated times of departure and arrival. They will then expect confirmation of safe arrival at your intended destination. If you have properly filled out and filed a Route Card, you can be sure that help will be available if you do not arrive at your destination. Make sure that any vehicle you travel in has all necessary safety and communications equipment, and that you know how to use it. Dont assume that someone else will do this. If you are unsure what this equipment is, or how to use it, ask for proper training. Whenever you leave your vehicle, always carry your radio and first aid kit with you. If you find yourself in a mined area, they will do you no good if they are not available.
Be Careful!
( 09:48 15:45 min)
The single best way to stay safe is to stay out of mine- and UXO-affected areas. Always avoid any non-essential travel to or through high-risk areas. If, however, you have to work in high-risk areas, follow all safety procedures. Check for information each time you must travel. Be alert to mine signs and clues, and if in doubt, dont go. Whenever possible, travel with a companion. Always talk with local residents and observe their behaviour to determine whether an area is safe. If even one source indicates an area is dangerous, do not go there.
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Whether walking or driving, stay on approved routes and do not change these routes unless absolutely necessary. If you must change your route, advise your base or head office. If you are driving, try to stay on hard-surfaced roads. If you have to use dirt roads, stay on the existing tracks. In the morning, dont be the first to travel on any route. In the evening, plan to be back two hours before sunset. Always allow some time for delays. Do not leave the tracks of the road for any reason; if necessary, back up, keeping the vehicle on the road. Remember, a travelled road is not necessarily a cleared road. Antitank mines are often laid on roadsides. Whether on a paved or unpaved road, do not make speed a higher priority than safety. Driving more slowly will allow you a bit more time to react to obstacles or suspicious objects that might be encountered. If you are walking, try to stick to paved roads or hard surfaces where your vision is unobstructed. Do not walk through overgrown areas. If an obstacle is in your path, do not attempt to move it. An obstacle, or the areas around it, may be mined or booby-trapped. Do not enter abandoned buildings, or visit deserted locations; similarly, do not approach an abandoned car or truck, or any type of military vehicle; mines and booby traps may be hidden in these locations. Be aware of other clues that an area may be mined, such as carcasses or skeletons of dead animals. If you do see a mine, or something you suspect to be a mine or UXO, never approach or attempt to touch it! Note the mines location on your map, and report it to your organisation, the local Mine Action Centre or demining agency, and the local authorities. The best way to avoid injury or death from landmines or UXO is simply to avoid affected areas. If you see a mine, or there has been an explosion, stop immediately, inform the other members of your team, and assess the exact situation carefully and fully. If you are walking, examine the ground around your feet slowly and carefully, without moving, to make sure this immediate area is safe. Look carefully for any mines, trip wires or suspicious objects. Then, call your base for help, and wait for assistance to arrive. This should always be the preferred course of action when possible. If you have filled out route cards, and followed safety procedures, it will be only a matter of time before help arrives.
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If you are in a situation where no external help can be expected, you will need to decide whether safe escape is possible. Visually locate the nearest safe ground, which may be the last place you knew you were on a hard surfaced road or other firm surface. If you have been walking in soft or muddy ground, and your footsteps are visible, slowly and very carefully retrace your steps back to safe ground. Step only where you have already stepped before. If you cannot retrace your footsteps, or find a mine on what you thought was a safe route, or if you cannot remember which path you took, you will simply have to remain where you are and wait for assistance. There is no other safe choice. Remember, it is better to spend a day or two in a minefield than be injured or killed. If you are in a vehicle and find yourself in a minefield, stop! Stay in the vehicle, and dont move the steering wheel. Call for help using your radio or mobile telephone. If it is absolutely necessary to get out, do so only at the back of the vehicle, and step only in the tracks where the vehicle has driven. Being in a minefield is an emergency, but clear thinking and following proper procedures will greatly reduce the risk of further injury or death. If you are in a situation where you or someone else is injured by a mine or UXO, do not panic. Assess the situation and call for both mine clearance and MEDEVAC assistance immediately. Do not rush over to the victim; this could result in your becoming a second casualty. After the victim has been brought to safe ground by mine experts, you can assist and administer first aid. If you can get the victim to a vehicle, proceed at once to the nearest medical facility. If faster or better transport can be arranged along the way, do so.
Remember! (15:45 18:22 min)

When you are working in a mine- or UXO-affected country, you must take time to understand the threat these weapons pose, how they work, how and why they are used, how to avoid minefields, and what you must do to ensure your personal safety. Dont get careless after you have been working in a mine- and UXO-affected country for some time. One small oversight can easily lead to a serious accident endangering yourself and others. Always get the most up-to-date information on mines and UXO from all available sources, including local residents. Get and use the Landmine and UXO Safety Handbook, which provides detailed information on safety and emergency procedures.
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Avoiding mines and UXO is the only sure way of staying safe. If you have any doubt whether an area, path or road is safe, dont go! There are no second chances with landmines. Remember also never to touch a landmine, UXO or suspicious-looking object. Always report these objects, and call for assistance. No one can guarantee that landmine or UXO accidents will never occur, but by following all safety and awareness procedures, you will greatly lessen the chance that you will become a victim. Your safety, and the safety of your colleagues, is in your hands.
Appendix E/ Report of the Secretary-General
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APPENDIX E: REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL
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253
254
255
256
257
258
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Appendix F/ List of Ottawa Convention Signatories and States-Parties
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APPENDIX F: LIST OF OTTAWA CONVENTION SIGNATORIES AND STATES-PARTIES
Participant Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Australia Austria Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cte d' Ivoire
Signature
Ratification, Acceptance (A), Approval (AA), Accession (a) 11 Sep 2002 a 29 Feb 2000 9 Oct 2001 29 Jun 1998 5 Jul 2002 3 May 1999 14 Sep 1999 14 Jan 1999 29 Jun 1998 31 Jul 1998 6 Sep 2000 26 Jan 1999 3 Sep 2003 a 4 Sep 1998 23 Apr 1998 25 Sep 1998 9 Jun 1998 8 Sep 1998 1 Mar 2000 30 Apr 1999 4 Sep 1998 16 Sep 1998 28 Jul 1999 19 Sep 2002 3 Dec 1997 14 May 2001 8 Nov 2002 a 6 May 1999 10 Sep 2001 6 Sep 2000 19 Sep 2002 a 4 May 2001 a
8 Sep 1998 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 7 May 1998 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 27 Feb 1998 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 6 Jul 1998 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997
3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 17 Mar 1999 30 Jun 2000

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Fiji France Gabon Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See Honduras Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg 3 Dec 1997 26 Feb 1999 4 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 11 Aug 1998 5 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 23 Apr 1999 17 Jul 1998 30 Sep 1998 A 13 Nov 1998 23 Jan 2001 7 Sep 2000 a 2 Dec 1998 23 Dec 1999 a 5 Oct 1999 12 May 2003 14 Jun 1999 17 Feb 1998 24 Sep 1998 6 Apr 1998 5 May 1999 10 Jun 1998 23 Jul 1998 8 Sep 2000 23 Sep 2002 23 Jul 1998 30 Jun 2000 25 Sep 2003 19 Aug 1998 26 Mar 1999 8 Oct 1998 22 May 2001 5 Aug 2003 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 20 May 1998 17 Jan 2003 26 Oct 1999 2 May 2002 a 8 Jun 1998 18 May 1998 26 Mar 1999 30 Jun 2000 29 Apr 1999 27 Jan 1999 16 Sep 1998 a 27 Aug 2001 a
261

Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Monaco Mozambique Namibia Nauru Netherlands Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of Moldova Romania Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Serbia and Montenegro Seychelles Sierra Leone Slovakia Slovenia 4 Dec 1997 29 Jul 1998 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 30 Apr 1998 3 Dec 1997 19 Feb 1999 13 Oct 1998 8 Sep 2000 30 Nov 2000 8 Jun 2000 2 Dec 1998 13 Apr 1999 1 Aug 2001 23 Jul 1998 18 Mar 1998 31 Mar 2003 24 Sep 1998 18 Sep 2003 a 2 Jun 2000 25 Apr 2001 25 Feb 1999 AA 27 Oct 1998
1
262
4 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 1 Oct 1998 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997
16 Sep 1999 13 Aug 1998 22 Apr 1999 7 Sep 2000 2 Jun 1998 7 May 2001 21 Jul 2000 3 Dec 1997 9 Jun 1998 17 Nov 1998 25 Aug 1998 21 Sep 1998 7 Aug 2000 a 12 Apr 1999 A 27 Jan 1999 30 Nov 1998 23 Mar 1999 27 Sep 2001 a 15 Apr 1998 9 Jul 1998 7 Oct 1998 13 Nov 1998 17 Jun 1998 15 Feb 2000
New Zealand

Solomon Islands South Africa Spain Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Thailand The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and 2 Northern Ireland United Republic of Tanzania Uruguay Vanuatu Venezuela Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 24 Feb 1999 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 12 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 14 Apr 1999 1 Sep 1998 23 Feb 2001 18 Jun 1998 31 Jul 1998 13 Nov 2000 7 Jun 2001 4 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 4 Dec 1997 3 Dec 1997 23 May 2002 22 Dec 1998 30 Nov 1998 24 Mar 1998 12 Oct 1999 a 27 Nov 1998 9 Sep 1998 a 7 May 2003 a 9 Mar 2000 27 Apr 1998 9 Jul 1999 25 Sep 2003 a 19 Jan 1998 25 Feb 1999 26 Jan 1999 26 Jun 1998 19 Jan 1999
263
1. On behalf of the Kindom in Europe. 2. On 4 December 2001: Extension to the following territories for whose international relations the United Kingdom is responsible: Anguilla, Bermuda British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Monsterrat, Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, St. Helena and Dependencies, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia and Turks and Caicos Islands. On 3 April 2002: Extension to the Bailiwick of Guernsey, Bailiwick of Jersey and the Isle of Man.
Appendix G/ List of CCW Countries
264
APPENDIX G: LIST OF CCW COUNTRIES
Participant Afghanistan Albania Argentina Australia Austria Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Cape Verde China
2 1
Signature 10 Apr 1981
Ratification, Acceptance (A), Approval (AA), Accession (a), Succession (d) 28 Aug 2002 a
2 Dec 1981 8 Apr 1982 10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981
2 Oct 1995 29 Sep 1983 14 Mar 1983 6 Sep 2000 a 23 Jun 1982 7 Feb 1995 27 Mar 1989 a 21 Sep 2001 a 1 Sep 1993 d 3 Oct 1995 a
10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981 14 Sep 1981
15 Oct 1982 25 Mar 1997 a 24 Jun 1994 16 Sep 1997 a 7 Apr 1982 6 Mar 2000 a 17 Dec 1998 a 2 Dec 1993 d
Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Guatemala Holy See Hungary 10 Apr 1981
4 3 1
10 Apr 1981
2 Mar 1987 12 Dec 1988 a 22 Feb 1993 d
10 Apr 1981 9 Sep 1981 10 Apr 1981
7 Jul 1982 29 Jul 1996 a 4 May 1982 26 Jan 2000 a 20 Apr 2000 a
10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981
8 Apr 1982 4 Mar 1988 29 Apr 1996 a 25 Nov 1992 28 Jan 1992 21 Jul 1983 a 22 Jul 1997 a 14 Jun 1982

Iceland India Ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Lao People' s Democratic Republic Latvia Lesotho Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Maldives Mali Malta Mauritius Mexico Monaco Mongolia Morocco Nauru Netherlands Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Republic of Korea Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation Senegal Serbia and Montenegro Seychelles Sierra Leone 1 May 1981
1 6 5
265
10 Apr 1981 15 May 1981 10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981 22 Sep 1981 1 Mar 1984 13 Mar 1995 22 Mar 1995 a 20 Jan 1995 9 Jun 1982 A 19 Oct 1995 a 3 Jan 1983 a 4 Jan 1993 a 6 Sep 2000 a 11 Feb 1982 10 Apr 1981 16 Aug 1989 3 Jun 1998 a 21 May 1996 7 Sep 2000 a 24 Oct 2001 a 26 Jun 1995 a 6 May 1996 a 10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981 20 May 1981 26 Jan 1982 10 Apr 1981 26 Jan 1982 7 Jun 1983 1 Apr 1985 26 Mar 1997 a 3 Jul 1997 a 15 May 1981 10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981 15 Jul 1996 2 Jun 1983 4 Apr 1997 9 May 2001 a 8 Sep 2000 a 8 Apr 1982 10 Apr 1981 26 Jul 1995 10 Jun 1982 29 Nov 1999 a 12 Mar 2001 d 8 Jun 2000 a 11 Feb 1982 12 Aug 1997 a 8 Jun 1982 19 Mar 2002 12 Nov 2001 a 18 Jun 1987 A 18 Oct 1993 5 Dec 2000 10 Nov 1992 a
New Zealand

Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sudan Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan The Former Yugoslav Republic of 1 Macedonia Togo Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America Uruguay Uzbekistan Viet Nam 10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981 8 Apr 1982 26 Mar 1982 14 Nov 1995 a 23 Jun 1982 13 Feb 1995 24 Mar 1995 6 Oct 1994 a 29 Sep 1997 a 15 Sep 1981 10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981 10 Apr 1981 18 Jun 1981 7 Jul 1982 20 Aug 1982 12 Oct 1999 a 30 Dec 1996 d 4 Dec 1995 A 15 May 1987 a 28 May 1993 d 6 Jul 1992 d 13 Sep 1995 a 29 Dec 1993
266
Consent to be bound by Protocols I, II, and III, adopted on 10 October 1980, pursuant to article 4 (3) and (4) of the Convention7
Participant Albania Argentina Australia Austria Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Cape Verde China
1
Protocol I Protocol II x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Protocol III x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Ecuador El Salvador Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Guatemala Holy See Hungary India Ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Lao People' s Democratic Republic Latvia Lesotho Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Maldives Mali Malta Mauritius Mexico Monaco Mongolia Morocco Nauru Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua x x x x
1
267
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (18 Jul 2002) x x x x x x x x

Niger Norway Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Republic of Korea Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation Senegal Serbia and Montenegro Seychelles Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Uganda Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America Uruguay Uzbekistan
1 1 1
268
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
South Africa
1. The former Yugoslavia had signed and ratified the Convention on 5 May 1981 and 24 May 1983, respectively, consenting to be bound by Protocols I, II and III adopted on 10 October 1980. See also note 1 under "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "former Yugoslavia", "Slovenia", "The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" and "Yugoslavia" in the "Historical Information" section in the front matter of this volume. 2. See note 2 under "China" in the "Historical Information" section in the front matter of this volume. 3. Czechoslovakia had signed and ratified the Convention accepting Protocols I, II and III, on 10 April 1981 and 31 August 1982, respectively. See also note 1 under "Czech Republic" and note 1 under "Slovakia" in the "Historical Information" section in the front matter of this volume.
269
4. The German Democratic Republic had signed and ratified the Convention on 10 April 1981 and 20 July 1982, respectively, accepting all three Protocols. See also note 2 under "Germany" in the "Historical Information" section in the front matter of this volume. 5. A signature was affixed on behalf of the Lao People' s Democratic Republic on 2 November 1982, i.e. after the time-limit of 10 April 1982 prescribed by article 3 of the Convention, as a result of an administrative oversight. The signature was cancelled; the Government of the Lao People' s Democratic Republic subsequently acceded (on 3 January 1983) to the Convention, accepting the three Protocols. 6. For the Kingdom in Europe. 7. The protocols concerned are: - Protocol on non-detectable fragments (Protocol I); - Protocol on prohibitions or restrictions on the use of mines, booby-traps and other devices (Protocol II); - Protocol on prohibitions or restrictions on the use of incendiary weapons (Protocol III). Each participant must consent to be bound by any two or more of the Protocols. Acceptance of a Protocol is denoted by an "X". Unless otherwise indicated, acceptance was notified upon ratification, acceptance, approval of, accession or succession to the Convention.
Copyright Acknowledgements
270
COPYRIGHT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Course Authors and the Peace Operations Training Institute would like to thank the following individuals for their contributions to the development of this course: Noel Mulliner (UNMAS), Ananda Millard (IMSMA), Jacqueline Seck (UNMAS), and Sebastian Kasack (UNMAS). Portions of Lesson 1 were taken from a CD-ROM produced by the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) called Landmines: The World Takes Action. The production was developed in cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), the World Health Organisation (WHO), the UN Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA), and the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). Funding for the project was generously provided by the United Kingdom. For more information, or to request a copy of the CD-ROM, contact UNMAS using the bolded contact information at the bottom of this page. The Peace Operations Training Institute highly recommends the CDROM as a supplement to this course. Portions of Lesson 3 were taken from the Landmine and UXO Safety Project, which has been developed with the technical support of various United Nations entities, International Organisations, and Non-Governmental Organisations, including the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS), the Office of the UN Security Coordinator (UNSECOORD), the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE). Funding for its implementation has been generously provided by the United Nations Foundation (through the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships), and by the Governments of Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, and Norway. Portions of Lesson 4 and Lesson 7 were taken from the International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) First Edition, dated 01 October 2001. Information is current with this date. As the International Mine Action Standards are subject to regular review and revision, users should consult the IMAS project website in order to verify the most current versions of the standards (http://www.mineactionstandards.org or through E-MINE at http://www.mineaction.org). International Mine Action Standards are copyright protected by the UN. Portions of Lesson 7 discuss the Electronic Mine Information Network (E-MINE). For further information about this project, contact United Nations Mine Action Service: 304 East 45th Street FF-360; New York, NY 10017 USA; Tel. (212) 963-5677; Fax (212) 963-2498; E-mail: emine@un.org. Portions of this course were drawn from sources including the 2002 publication of the Landmine Monitor (International Campaign to Ban Landmines) and websites developed by the United Nations, found on the E-MINE network.
For further information on Mine Related Issues, contact UNMAS: New York, NY 10017, USA Tel. (212) 963-1875, Fax (212) 963-2498 URL: http://www.mineaction.org
End-of-Course Examination Instructions
271

The End-of-Course Examination is provided as a separate component of this course.
The examination questions cover the material in all the lessons of this course.
Read each question carefully and follow the provided instructions to submit your exam for scoring.
272
INFORMATION ABOUT THE END-OF-COURSE EXAMINATION
Format of Questions The End-of-Course Examination consists of 50 questions. Exam questions generally give you a choice of answers, marked as A, B, C, or D. You may choose only one response as the correct answer.
Time Limit to Complete the End-of-Course Examination Because your enrolment in the course is valid for one year only, the examination must be submitted before your enrolment expires.
Passing Grade A score of 75% is the minimum score required for a passing grade. You will be presented with an electronic Certificate of Completion when you pass your exam. If your score is less than 75%, you will be informed that you have received a failing grade. You will be provided with an alternate version of the End-of-Course Examination, which you may complete when you feel you are ready. If you pass the second version of the examination, you will be presented with an electronic Certificate of Completion. If you fail the second time, you will be informed and dis-enrolled from the course.
TO VIEW OR SUBMIT YOUR EXAMINATION, PLEASE VISIT THE WEBSITE FOR YOUR TRAINING PROGRAMME.
IF YOU ARE UNSURE OF YOUR PROGRAMMES WEBSITE, VISIT HTTP://WWW.PEACEOPSTRAINING.ORG/JOIN.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Martin Donoghue has sixteen years of background experience with the Royal New Zealand Engineers. He also trained in Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Specialist Search in the UK. He has held various command appointments including Commander Specialist Search Team (SST), Officer Commanding 2 Field Squadron RNZE. His overseas experience includes: SST Commander Bougainville: Papua New Guinea, Liaison Officer UNPROFOR, Senior Instructor Angolan Demining School. In 2001, Mr. Donoghue joined UNMAS, which is the focal point for the Emergency Response and Landmine Impact Survey, and he provides technical input into International Mine Action Standards and training.
Adrian Wilkinson is an ex-British Army Senior Ammunition Technical Officer (SATO) with operational bomb disposal experience in Northern Ireland, Gulf 1991, Falkland Islands, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North West Europe and West Bank and Gaza. He also established the UK Demilitarisation Facility for the destruction of surplus stocks of ammunition and explosives. His education includes an MSc in Explosive Ordnance Engineering from Cranfield University and an MA in International Conflict Analysis from the University of Kent, Canterbury. On leaving the Army in 1999 he conducted consultancy work in bomb disposal (EOD), micro-disarmament and explosive related matters for the United Nations and national governments. In November 2000 he became the Head of Technology and Standards at the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD), where he was responsible for the review and revision of International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) and the provision of technical advice to the UN, EC, ICRC and national authorities on EOD and explosive engineering matters. He is currently the Head of the joint UN/Stability Pact Micro-Disarmament Mission to SE Europe.
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Peace Operations Training Institute

MINE ACTION: HUMANITARIAN IMPACT, TECHNICAL ASPECTS, AND GLOBAL INITIATIVES

2008 Peace Operations Training Institute

MINE ACTION: HUMANITARIAN IMPACT, TECHNICAL ASPECTS, AND GLOBAL INITIATIVES

Peace Operations Training Institute

Copyright Acknowledgments ....................................................................................... 270 End-of-Course Examination Instructions ..................................................................... 271

Peace Operations Training Institute

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LESSON 1 THE GLOBAL LANDMINE PROBLEM AND UNITED NATIONS RESPONSE

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

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Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

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UN Mine-Action Policy / add.1 / 01-1999

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

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Lesson 1/ The Global Landmine Problem and United Nations Response

LESSON 1 ANSWER KEY

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Lesson 2/ Anti-Personnel Landmines: Treaty, Protocol, and Agreements

Lesson 2/ Anti-Personnel Landmines: Treaty, Protocol, and Agreements

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