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Interpolation Features and Options

Interpolation Features and Options


Introduction
The purpose of this workshop is to review and clarify some of the important interpolation features and options available in MineSight, including updates made since the last couple of years.

Interpolation Features and New Developments


1. Ellipsoidal Search Viewing in MineSight 3-D and Debug Options. Procedure p624db.dat is used to output in MineSight 3-D format an object representing the ellipsoidal search. The ellipse created is based on the lengths of the major, minor, and vertical axes used in the interpolations, as well as the orientation used (see figure 1).

Figure 1. Ellipse in MineSight 3-D

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Interpolation Features and Options

This same procedure outputs a detailed report with detailed composite information (as used in interpolation). See figure 2.

** DEBUG FOR ROW= 75 YMID= 5490.0 Max Dist (PAR4)= 240.0

Kriging matrix:
0.0850 0.0112 0.0607 0.0607 0.0118 0.0103 0.0473 1.0000 0.0112 0.0850 0.0104 0.0118 0.0585 0.0584 0.120 1.0000 0.0607 0.0104 0.0850 0.0473 0.0105 0.0098 0.0368 1.0000 0.0607 0.0118 0.0473 0.0850 0.0128 0.0104 0.0607 1.0000 0.0118 0.0585 0.0105 0.0128 0.0850 0.0438 0.0135 1.0000 0.0103 0.0584 0.0098 0.0104 0.0438 0.0850 0.0103 1.0000 0.0473 0.0120 0.0368 0.0607 0.0135 0.0103 0.0850 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.0283 0.0241 0.0275 0.0275 0.0238 0.0228 0.0252 1.0000

Covariance between samples Kriging Variance = 0.05082 # PTS = 7 Lagrange Multiplier = -0.01091

Covariance between block and samples

NO. OF COMPOSITES IN OCTANTS/QUADRANTS= 10 10 6 0


Col 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 INDX 49 37 50 48 45 29 47 (Adj)DIST 69.59 71.14 71.19 71.19 71.82 74.61 75.78 EAST 2420.50 2523.20 2420.50 2420.50 2517.60 2528.70 2420.50 NORTH 5486.40 5434.70 5486.40 5486.40 5441.30 5428.00 5486.40 ELEV. 2435.0 2465.0 2420.0 2450.0 2480.0 2450.0 2465.0 VALUE1 0.0100 0.0800 0.0300 0.0300 0.0700 0.0700 0.0100 DH 52 104 52 52 104 104 52 KRIG WEIGHT 0.10842E+00 0.10417E+00 0.20469E+00 0.95391E-01 0.17106E+00 0.17085E+00 0.14542E+00 Oct/Qd 3 2 3 3 2 2 3

Block (75, 75) Calculated = 0.0438 0.0508 69.5932 7.0000 2.0000

Kriggin estimate, kriging variance, distance to the closest composite, # if composites, # of drill holes Local Error (Variance) = 0.000102 Row: 75 5490.0 Comps: 1 64 #Calc 1 End of BENCH 35 2435.0 #Blocks Calculated 1 100.0% Completed Figure 2. Detailed Kriging Debug Report

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Interpolation Features and Options

2. Ellipsoidal Search Versus Variogram Ranges There are two places where you will be asked to define length of a major, minor and vertical axes. One is for the ellipsoidal search and applies only to the selection of the composites (see figure 3).

Figure 3. Optional Search Panel

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Interpolation Features and Options

The second one is for the variogram ranges and it applies only to the calculation of the kriging weights (see figure 4).

Figure 4. Variogram Parameters Panel Those ranges are likely the same. If not, try to use the same major versus minor versus vertical length relationship. 3. Ellipsoidal Search Versus Primary Search Parameters The primary search parameters define a 3-D volume around a block (see figure 5 on next page). They are used to initially screen out the composites to be used for a given block. Four major search parameters have to be defined: X-search parameter (par1) Y-search parameter (par2) Z-search parameter (par3) Max 3-D search parameter (par4)

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Interpolation Features and Options

The search for the composites around the block includes the volume from the center of the block the distances in x, y, and z directions. If the max 3-D search distance (par4) is less than or equal to the smallest of par1-3, then the search volume has been reduced to a sphere (see figure 5).

Figure 5. Major search parameters If par3 is smaller than the bench height, the search volume is reduced to a 2-D plane rectangular or circular search. The ellipsoidal search follows the primary search, however this is optional. If you want to have a true ellipsoid, then the search box around the block should be big enough to include the ellipsoid; otherwise the smaller box will truncate the ellipsoid. The safest way to apply this is to ensure par4 is equal to the length of the major axes of the ellipsoid. See figure 6.

Figure 6. Ellipse inside a sphere

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Interpolation Features and Options

4. Effect of Weighting Factor The most common use of a special weight during estimation is to adjust the weights to take into account aberrant composite lengths or densities. If a composite is only defined for part of its length, then it should only contribute to the interpolation according to its length. In M624V1 the composite length weighting is done after the Kriging weights are computed as follows: Grade = [sum (grd x Kwt x wt)] / [sum (Kwt x wt)] grd = grade wt = weighting item Kwt = Kriging weights In the debug report, the program prints the kriging weights before using the weighting factor. Therefore you see the original weights. If you use weighting factors in IDW, the grades will be calculated as follows: grd1 x (wt1 /d1)2 + grd2 x (wt2 /d2)2 (wt1/d1)2 + (wt2/d2)2 where grd = grade d = distance wt = weighting item A new option was added to apply a weighting factor from a weight item after using the inverse distance: grd1 x wt1 /(d1)2 + grd2 x wt2 /(d2)2 wt1/(d1)2 + wt2/(d2)2

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Interpolation Features and Options

5. Search from Mid-Point of the Bench If the check for fixed length/ZMID composites switch is ON, this indicates the bench midpoint elevation will be used. This option will work if the composites are indeed stored at the bench midpoint elevation option (see figure 7).

Figure 7. Composite Stored at Mid-bench. Note: Center of block to mid bench is correct distance. ZMID option is needed.

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Interpolation Features and Options

The reason for this is to take into account that in bench composites, although composites are stored at the toe or the mid bench, they represent the grade of the whole bench. Therefore, the distance to the block needs to be measured from the center of the composite interval to the center of the block (or from the toe of the composite to the toe of the block; see figure 8).

Figure 8. Composite Stored at Toe. Note: Toe to toe is correct distance. No need for ZMID option.

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Interpolation Features and Options

If fixed length composites are used, use the center of the block for distance measurements (see figure 9).

Figure 9. Composite Stored at Mid Bench. Note: Center of block to mid-bench is correct distance. ZMID option is needed. Without the mid-bench option, programs will calculate distance from toe of block. If the mid-bench option is used, programs will calculate the distance from the center of the block.

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Interpolation Features and Options

6. Closest Distance Checking After Versus Before Geologic Matching

Figure 10. Panel for Geologic Matching Assume the following composites fall within the search parameters:

Composite #

Value

Distance to the Block

Rock Type

1 2 3 4 5 6

0.50 1.50 0.05 0.55 5.50 0.75

50 60 70 80 90 100

1 2 2 1 1 2

If you want to use block rock type = 2, max # of composites allowed = 3, and max distance to the closest composite = 55 , if you use the option above the block will not be interpolated.

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Interpolation Features and Options

7. Rotation Changes Primary search distances are with respect to model coordinates (see figure 11)

Figure 11. Primary Search in a Model Rotated 45 degrees Options for angles in variograms and ellipses recently added to accommodate the model rotation updates include:

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Interpolation Features and Options

1.

Variogram rotation angles can be defined with respect to Project Coordinates or Model Coordinates (see figure 12).

Figure 12. Panel for Variogram Rotation Angles

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Interpolation Features and Options

2.

Search rotation angles can also be defined with respect to Project Coordinates or Model Coordinates (see figure 13).

Figure 13. Panel for Search Model Rotation Option

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Interpolation Features and Options

8. Octant/Quadrant Searches An octant/quadrant search can now be defined with respect to project axes or anistropic axes (see figures 14, 15 and 16).

Figure 14. Panel for Anisotropic Octant/Quadrant Options

Figure 15. Quadrant Search in Project Axes

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Interpolation Features and Options

Figure 16. Quadrant Search in Anistropic Axes

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Interpolation Features and Options

9. Alternative Coordinate Items The composite coordinate items are used to determine the position of composites in space. The default coordinate items retrieved from the composite file are EAST, NORTH, ELEV. (3-D Block Models). You can now optionally use other composite items such as XBOT, YBOT, and ZBOT (see figure 17).

Figure 17. Panel for Optional Coordinate Items

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Interpolation Features and Options

10. Outliers The maximum search distance can be changed for these composites greater or smaller than a specified cutoff. See figure 18.

Figure 18. Panel for Outliers PAR31 = Outlier cutoff to change the search distance PAR32 = Max 3-D distance for outliers This means that composites greater than PAR31 will be included in the calculation only if the distance to the block is less than PAR32. If PAR32 is negative, then the outlier high grades are cut-down to PAR31. PAR33 = Low Grade cutoff to change the search distance PAR34 = Max 3-D distance for low grades This means that composites less than PAR33 will be included in the calculation only if the distance to the block is less than PAR34. All of the above logic was added to both the kriging and inverse distance programs.

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Interpolation Features and Options

11. Variograms in MineSight 3-D In MineSight Compass, you can run procedure PVGCTR.DAT to create a 2-D contour map of variogram values. If you want to see those contours in MineSight 3-D and use colors for different variogram values you can load them to a grided surface (file 13 item). You can then make a colored MineSight 3-D model view of the variogram values. Procedure PVGCTR.DAT outputs an ASCII points file (x, y coordinates along with the variogram values). This file can be loaded to file 13 within the procedure (see figure 19). You need to have a file 13 item with the appropriate minimum and maximum variogram values. If you normalize the values before contouring, the maximum value of the item needs to be 100.

Figure 19. Panel for Variogram Contours

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Interpolation Features and Options

After you run the procedure, create a file 13 view in MineSight 3-D. The best way to view the contours is on a -90 degrees dip view with the viewer lights off (see Figure 20).

Figure 20. Variogram Contours in MineSight 3-D 12. Composite Data Distance Analysis Mintec now has a new program to perform composite data distance analysis to be used in, among other things, the interpolation search strategy. Procedure P52201.DAT can be found under group composites/operation calculations. On the following pages is a sample report and a graph of bench elevation per average distance:

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Interpolation Features and Options

Sample Report

Composite Data Distance Analysis by Bench Based on the Specified Search Window Moving From Point to Point: Max. Search Distance: PAR4 = 100.0 Max. No. of Data Points = 8 Available Data Distance Analysis Bench No. of Item Nearest Average Toe Data Average Distance Distance 2660.0 4 0.447 40.86 60.94 2645.0 30 0.193 39.30 68.41 2630.0 73 0.333 42.05 69.65 2615.0 81 0.554 41.31 67.97 2600.0 58 0.698 46.52 72.88 2585.0 49 0.610 47.90 75.74 2570.0 48 0.585 50.92 76.89 2555.0 44 0.755 50.77 76.00 2540.0 45 0.798 50.47 75.71 2525.0 48 0.700 50.86 75.22 2510.0 50 0.753 51.82 75.00 2495.0 50 0.760 52.18 74.62 2480.0 47 0.799 52.00 74.43 2465.0 38 0.831 52.76 76.31 2450.0 33 0.803 53.54 77.17 2435.0 26 0.848 52.36 75.31 2420.0 25 0.733 49.53 76.35 2405.0 28 0.799 47.39 74.77 2390.0 28 0.811 45.27 73.40 2375.0 26 0.825 44.55 72.80 2360.0 12 0.723 52.97 74.64 2345.0 8 0.731 51.79 74.60 TOTAL 851 0.670 48.19 73.68

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Interpolation Features and Options

Figure 21. Bench Drillhole Spacing Analysis

13. Multiple Indicator Kriging Program Using GSLIB Routines. Mintec now has a new Multiple Indicator Kriging program using the GSLIB routines. One advantage of this program over the standard M624IK is the user can specify the extrapolation type assumed at either end of the distribution. In M624IK, only the linear extrapolation is assumed. The program can be found in the MineSight Compass menu under group MIK.

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Interpolation Features and Options

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