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USE OF SHREDDED END-OF-LIFE TYRES FOR
DRAINAGE IN LEACHATE RECIRCULATION TRENCHES,

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BIOGAS DRAINAGE AND DRAINAGE OF WATER UNDER
COVER IN MSW LANDFILLS

Session G13 – 15:30 – 17:10

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G. DIDIER*, R. MORETTO**, A. BUDKA***, A. de CAZENOVE****
*EEDEMS/LGCIE-INSA de Lyon, Bâtiment J.C. Coulomb, 34 avenue des Arts,
69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
**EEDEMS, 66 boulevard Niels Bohr, BP 2132, 69603 Villeurbanne Cedex,
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France
***SITA FRANCE, 132 rue des 3 Fontanot, 92758 Nanterre Cedex, France
****ALIAPUR SA, 71 cours Albert Thomas, 69003 Lyon, France
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With participation of
the French
Environmental Agency
 Contents

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Introduction

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„

Shredded tyres size characterization

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„

„ Geotechnical properties : density, compressibility

and permeability

„
tyres LI
Mutual impact between leachates and shredded
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„ Conclusion
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 R
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Introduction

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 Partners, Laboratory

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„ ADEME : French Environmental Agency

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„ ALIAPUR : Company in charge of the
recycling of 85% of the tyres on the French

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market in 2005;
„ SITA : French waste management company
in charge of more than 70 landfills i.e. 7.8 Mt
„
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EEDEMS/INSA : Research network
specialized in environmental impact
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assessments of waste, materials and polluted
soils and geotechnical approaches
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 Use of shredded End-of-Life Tyres (ELT) as drainage

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materials in MSW landfills

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Waste
Drainage layer 0,5 m

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Geomembrane

Clay 1m (10-9 m/s)

Natural soil
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 Use of shredded End-of-Life Tyres (ELT) as

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drainage materials in MSW landfills : available
literature data

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„ US publications mainly (Geosynthec consultants) :
elevated hydraulic conductivity : average = 0.07 m/s

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Æ equivalent to gravels

„ In needs of complementary information about

Æ Performance in relation with the use

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Æ Puncture behaviour
Æ Environmental impacts assessments
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Æ Design rules / recommendations
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 Objectives

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Program undertaken in a perspective of end-of-life shredded

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tyres usage in MSW landfills included the assessment of :

„ Physical and mechanical performances of different types of

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shredded tyres in terms of drainage of water and leachates and
of biogas

„ Impact of the use of shredded tyres on the physico-chemical

quality of leachate

„ LI
Impact on the physical and mechanical properties of shredded
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tyres after being in contact with leachates

„ On site design in relation with the characteristics of tested

shredded tyres.
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Shredded tyres size

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characterization

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 Why do we need to characterize the ELT chips?

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Several American studies exist on the subject often using ASTM Standard
D6070 to define the particle size (average size of the chips, size of the

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reduction process,…)

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4 mm
35 mm
50 mm
51mm
49-74 mm

Density LI 59-98 mm
100-200 mm
Permeability
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„ Does the term “average size” means something?
„ How were these measurements done? (dimension of the screens?)
„ Are similar chips sizes available from one production site to another within a
country?
„ How are protruding wires evaluated? (visual control?)
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 To validate the use of shredded ELT as drainage material,

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waste management companies and authorities must be sure of
the reproducibility of the experiments

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At first, to measure all the pieces of a sample ALIAPUR developed a manual
method, time-consuming and fastidious but efficient …

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„ In July 2006, AFNOR (French Standardization Body) published a technical
standard XP T47-751 (available in English on AFNOR website)
„ ALIAPUR identified is own products, representative of the production of the
majority of French Operators
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 To better improve measurement and evaluation of the

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protruding wires ALIAPUR developed a automatic method
(image processing system - VISIOPUR)

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„
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VISIOPUR automatically
calculate chips dimensions and
their protruding wires
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„ VISIOPUR edit a report in
conformity with the XP T47-753
AFNOR Standard (translation in
progress)
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 Since February 2007, each producer, subcontractors

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of ALIAPUR, analyses its own production at least
once a week

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„
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11 VISIOPUR Chambers in France and 2 in Spain
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„ Samples weigh 4 to 12 kg in order to obtain more than 100 pieces
longer than 20 mm
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 Identified possible uses of shredded End-of-Life

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Tyres (ELT) in MSW landfills

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Shredded Bottom Leachate Biogaz Surface run

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tyres type leachate recirculation drainage off water
drainage trenches drainage
layer
Large B x
Large A

Medium A
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x x x x
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TDF A x x x x
A : Passenger Car ELT Tyres
B : Trucks ELT Tyres
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 In accordance with the XP T47-753 (automatic

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method), the 4 products used for the study have
been measured

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LARGE A and LARGE B characteristics : MEDIUM A characteristics :
• More than 70 % of chips length are between • More than 70 % of chips length are between
50 and 200mm 40 and 140mm

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• Less than 7 % of chips are over a max of • Less than 7 % of chips are over a max of
230mm 160mm
• Less than 5 % of the weight are chips smaller • Less than 5 % of the weight are chips smaller
than 20mm than 20mm
TDF A characteristics :
•More than 70 % of chips length are between 30 and 80mm
•Less than 7 % of chips are over a max of 100mm

„
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ALIAPUR analyzed for each sample the percentage of pieces of
shredded tyres having protruding wires over 30mm:
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LARGE A: ≈ 15% maximum
LARGE B: ≈ 15% maximum
MEDIUM A: ≈ 3% maximum
TDF A: ≈ 3% maximum
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Geotechnical properties :

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density, compressibility and
permeability
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 Geotechnical characterizations : Solids density

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„ Tests done in a 30cm-diameter by 50cm height tank including :

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„ a cover watertighted with bentonite cement;

„ a piezometer tube to monitor the water level in the tank;

„ A hole to ensure the vacuum

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„ Shredded tyres are put in a grid bag before being introduced in the tank.
„ 5 tests were done to ensure the repeatability of the measurement.

Standard

LI TDF A
Gsm
Mean density

1.05
deviation
on 5 samples

0.04
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Medium A 1,30 0.10

Large A 1.55 0.04

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Large B 1.55 0.06

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 Geotechnical characterizations : Compressibility –

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permeability tests

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Hydraulic jack
Incremental position sensor

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Piezometer Loading plate
tubes
158 cm
1 138 cm
2
128 cm
3
118 cm
4
110 cm

108 cm

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30 cm
98 cm
88 cm
78 cm
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100 cm

Meter Pump
48 cm

Banc
Hydraulic
hydraulique
bench
Control
0 : Reference level valve
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 Geotechnical characterizations : Compressibility

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tests

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Example : MEDIUM A (Passenger Car tyres)

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„ Stress applied to shredded tyres Medium A put in place in 3
compacted layers.
„ Settlements in relation with the applied stress
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 Geotechnical characterizations : Compressibility -

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permeability

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„ Water permeability tests :

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„ Step by step compression stress (10 kPa, 20
kPa, 50 kPa, 100 kPa, 200 kPa, 300 kPa, 500
kPa)

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For each step : hydraulic conductivity was
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tested with variable load
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 Geotechnical characterizations : Results

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summary

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Density (kg/m3)

Total Porosity (%)

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Constraint (kPa) Constraint (kPa)

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Permeability (m/s)
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Constraint (kPa)

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 Geotechnical characterizations : Results

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σ (kPa) Density (kg/m3) Total porosity (%) Permeability (m/s)

LARGE

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LARGE A LARGE B MEDIUM A LARGE B MEDIUM A LARGE A LARGE B MEDIUM A
A

100 602 876 897 61 43 32 3.4 10-4 2.4 10-4 2.3 10-4

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200 732 969 1014 53 37.5 23 2.7 10-4 1.7 10-4 1.4 10-4

300 862 1023 1083 44 34 17 2.3 10-4 1.3 10-4 8.4 10-5

400 n.d. 1062 1132 n.d. 31.5 14 n.d. 1.0 10-4 4.5 10-5

500 n.d.

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1092 1170 n.d. 29.5

«TDF A»
10.5 n.d. 7.9 10-5 1.4 10-5
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Final density (kg/m3) 929
300 kPa Final porosity (%) 15.5
Final permeability (m/s) 3 10-5

Compressibility (%) 64
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 Geotechnical point of view

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„ Compressibility : whatever type of shredded tyres considered, high

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compressibility rate observed under low to average levels of stress : most of the
tested samples lost 50% of their initial height at the end of the test (30 % for the
TDF)

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„ Permeability : Shredded tyres permeability do not seem to be impacted by the
increase of the stress (# 5.10-4 m/s under 10 kPa to 10-5 m/s for an average
stress of 300 kPa to 500 kPa). Results in accordance with literature data (Holtz et
Kovacs, 1991) in which the lowest measured value is 5.10-6 m/s for shredded

„
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tyres of 4 mm size under a stress above 350 kPa.

Geotechnical information : shredded tyres types LARGE A, LARGE B and

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MEDIUM A seem to be adapted for uses :
„ At the bottom of a landfill (leachate drainage layer) for a maximum waste
mass height of 30 m
„ for the other identified applications without any other criteria
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Mutual impact between

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leachates and shredded
tyres
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 Impact of the shredded ELT on the physicochemical

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quality of leachate and vice versa :
6 months-experiments

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Pompe de recirculation
Leachates recirculation
Event
Gas gaz
evacuation des lixiviats
pumps
Sonde T°
Thermometer

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Thermometer
Sonde T°

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Chauffage
heating
thermostaté
system

Each tank contains 500 kilos of chips in Recirculation

Hot air
Cuves PUNR
contact with + Lixiviats
young anciens
leachates air chaud
circulation

EachCuves
tank contains
PUNR +500 kilos of chips
Lixiviats jeunesin
contact with old leachates
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 Analytical program

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„ For TDF A shredded tyres sample type, determination of the following

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parameters
„ Sample mass

„ Compressibility

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„ Porosity

„ Permeability

„ Leachate quality evolution monitoring after being in contact with

shredded tyres
„ LI
Analytical program : pH, BOD, COD, TOC, Conductivity,
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Phenol, PAH, THC, Heavy metals (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg,
Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn), CN, Nitrates, Ammonia, Sulfates
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 Results

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„ Impacts on shredded tyres :

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«TDF A» «TDF A»- «TDF A»-
LJ LV
Final density (kg/m3) 929 865 877

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Final porosity (%) 15.5 21.0 17.5
Final permeability (m/s) 3 10-5 4.6 10-5 1.2 10-4

Compressibility (%) 64 58 56

„ Impacts on leachate quality :

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No major changes in leachate quality
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„ Young leachate more aggressive than mature leachate
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Conclusion

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 General conclusions

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„ Mechanical and physical properties in compliance with the

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French legislation request for drainage layers (K > 10–4 m/s)
for Medium A and Large A & B classes of shredded tyres

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„ Long term behavior of shredded tyres used as drainage
materials in landfill sites : study in progress – very positive
first results on TDF

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Impact of shredded tyres on leachate quality : a low impact
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identified (needs to be confirmed). But no impact on
treatability of leachate from a landfill using shredded tyres
compared with leachate from standard landfill site.
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