AbstractThe Blackman's formula for the impedance seen

from an arbitrary terminal of a single-transistor feedback

circuit is extended to the case of multiple-transistor circuits. To
reach this aim, we revisit the proof of the Blackman's formula
for single-transistor circuits, proof it in a similar way for
double-transistor circuits, and then extend for the case of
multiple-transistor circuits.
Index TermsBlackman's formula, feedback circuits,
impedance evaluation, single-, double-, triple-, multiple-
transistor circuits, return ratio.
I. INTRODUCTION
To examine the effect of negative feedback [1]-[17] on
temina! im"edance# it i# im"otant to de#cibe the
im"edance# ana!$tica!!$ a# a f%nction of the feedback "atia!
gain#& #%ch a# et%n atio#. The im"edance of an abita$
temina! of a #ing!e-tan#i#to cic%it can be de#cibed b$ the
'!ackman(# fom%!a [)]*
oc
sc
t t
RR
RR
R R
+
+

1
1
& +1,
-hee Rt i# the c!o#ed-!oo" im"edance #een b$ a te#t #o%ce vt
connected to an abita$ temina! of a #ing!e-tan#i#to
cic%it [#ee .ig. 1+a,]& R't i# the o"en-!oo" temina!
im"edance& RRsc i# the et%n atio fo the #hot-cic%ited
temina!& and RRoc i# the et%n atio fo the o"en-cic%ited
temina!.
The aim of the "e#ent -ok i# to extend the '!ackman(#
fom%!a to the ca#e of m%!ti"!e-tan#i#to cic%it#. To each
thi# aim& -e evi#it the "oof of the '!ackman(# fom%!a fo
#ing!e-tan#i#to cic%it#& "oof it in a #imi!a -a$ fo do%b!e-
tan#i#to cic%it#& and then extend fo the ca#e of m%!ti"!e-
tan#i#to cic%it#.
II. /IN012-TR3N/I/TOR .22D'3C4 CIRCUIT/
1et %# con#ide a !inea e5%iva!ent mode! of a geneic
#ing!e-tan#i#to cic%it +#ee .ig. 1,. To find the im"edance of
an abita$ temina!& -e connect to it a vo!tage te#t #o%ce in
.ig. 1+a, and find b$ a""!$ing #%"e"o#ition the conto! #igna!
sc v t
RR s G v s

& +1,
-hee the in"%t tan#mittance fo the vo!tage te#t #o%ce
6
2. 7a"eno i# -ith the De"atment of 2!ectica! and Com"%te 2ngineeing& 'en-
0%ion Unive#it$ of the Negev& 7.O. 'ox 89)& 'ee-/heva :;1<9& I#ae! +e-
mai!* "a"eno=ee.bg%.ac.i!,.
t
v
v
s
G

& +>,
and the et%n atio fo the #hot-cic%ited +vt?<, temina!

s
s
RR
sc

. +),
Note that the #igna!# in +>, and +), -ith the #ing!e and
do%b!e "ime #$mbo!# coe#"ond# to the ca#e& -hee the on!$
active #o%ce# ae vt and aOLs

& e#"ective!$.
.om +1,& vt can be obtained a#*
v
sc
t
G
RR s
v
, 1 + +

. +;,
1et %# no- e"!ace in .ig. 1+b, #o%ce vt -ith it& #%ch that
it ? vt@Rt& to kee" the #ame condition# of the te#t #o%ce
b%nch. 4ee"ing the #ame b%nch vo!tage and c%ent !eave#
the #igna! s

. %nchanged. 3# a e#%!t&
oc i t
RR s G i s

& +9,
-hee the in"%t tan#mittance fo the c%ent te#t #o%ce
t
i
i
s
G

& +8,
and the et%n atio fo the o"en-cic%ited +it?<, temina!

s
s
RR
oc

. +7,
.om +9,& it can be obtained a#*
i
oc
t
G
RR s
i
, 1 + +

. +:,
Aence& the temina! im"edance
oc
sc
v
i
t
t
t
RR
RR
G
G
i
v
R
+
+

1
1
. +B,
Gv and Gi in +;, and +B, can be fo%nd fom .ig#. 1+c, and
+d,*
2xtending '!ackman(# .om%!a to
C%!ti"!e-Tan#i#to .eedback Cic%it#
2%gene 7a"eno
1
t
v
v
s
G

. +1<,
t
t
t
t
i
R
v
i
i
s
G

fo

& +11,
-hee R't i# the o"en-!oo" temina! im"edance +fo aOL?<,.
Note that it?vt@R't in +11, he!"# kee"ing the #ame condition#
of the te#t #o%ce b%nch fo both vt and i't #o%ce#& a# a e#%!t
s'

in +1<, and +11, ha# the #ame va!%e.

Con#ideing +B,+11,& -e obtain the '!ackman(# fom%!a
fo #ing!e-tan#i#to cic%it#*
oc
sc
t t
RR
RR
R R
+
+

1
1
(
. +1>,
III. DOU'12-TR3N/I/TOR .22D'3C4 CIRCUIT/
.o!!o-ing #imi!a a""oach& -e extend in thi# #ection the
'!ackman(# fom%!a fo do%b!e-tan#i#to cic%it# +#ee .ig. >,.
.ig#. >+a, and +b, #%gge#t# that the conto! #igna!# of the
de"endent #o%ce#

'

sc sc v t
sc sc v t
RR s RR s G v s
RR s RR s G v s
1> 1 > > > >
>1 > 1 1 1 1


& +1),

'

oc oc i t
oc oc i t
RR s RR s G i s
RR s RR s G i s
1> 1 > > > >
>1 > 1 1 1 1


& +1;,
25%ation# +1), and +1;, can be #o!ved fo vt and it*
>
1> 1 1 > >
>1 1> > 1 > 1
1

s
RR G RR G G
RR RR RR RR RR RR
v
sc v sc v v
sc sc sc sc sc sc
t
+
+ + +

& +19,
>
1> 1 1 > >
>1 1> > 1 > 1
1

s
RR G RR G G
RR RR RR RR RR RR
i
oc i oc i i
oc oc oc oc oc oc
t
+
+ + +

& +18,
Dividing +19, b$ +18, give#
s

G
v
a
OL
s

RR
sc
s

G
i
a
OL
s

RR
oc
v
t
s'

G
v
a
OL
=<
v
t
R
'
t
s'

G
i
a
OL
=<
i
t
=
R
t
R
t
+a,
+b,
+c,
+d,
v
t
i'
t
=
R'
t
v
t
R
'
t
R
t
.ig. 1. .inding the im"edance #een b$ a te#t #o%ce connected to an abita$
temina! of a geneic #ing!e-tan#i#to feedback cic%it.
oc
sc
sc
v
v
sc
oc
i
i
oc
v
i
t
RR
G
G
RR
RR
G
G
RR
G
G
R
+
+
+
+

1
1
1
1
1>
>
1
1
1>
>
1
1
>
>
& +17,
-hee
oc oc oc oc oc oc oc
sc sc sc sc sc sc sc
RR RR RR RR RR RR
RR RR RR RR RR RR
>1 1> > 1 > 1
>1 1> > 1 > 1
+ +
+ +
. +1:,
>
The fi#t tem in +17, e"e#ent# the o"en !oo" im"edance
#een b$ vt*
t
t
s
v
t
s
v
v
i
R
i
v
s
v
i
s
G
G

>
>
>
>

& +1B,
-hee i't? vt @R't [#ee .ig. >+d,].
To find the #econd tem in +17,& !et %# con#ide .ig. )&
-hee vt?1& it?1@R
*
t& s
1?1& and s
>?<& and& hence*

'

oc i t
sc v
RR G i s
RR G s
1 1
D D
1
1 1
D
1

& +><,

'

oc i t
sc v
RR G i s
RR G s
1> >
D D
>
1> >
D
>

. +>1,
.om +><, and +>1,&
sc
i
i
sc
i
i
v
v
v oc
i
i
oc
RR
G
G
RR
G
G
G
G
G RR
G
G
RR
1>
>
1
1
>
1
>
1
> 1>
>
1
1

,
_

. +>>,
Con#ideing that in +>>, in accodance -ith +1B,&
t
i
v
i
v
i
i
v
v
R
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G

>
>
1
1
>
1
>
1

& +>),
+>>, can be e-itten a# fo!!o-#*
sc
v
v
sc oc
i
i
oc
RR
G
G
RR RR
G
G
RR
1>
>
1
1 1>
>
1
1

. +>;,
Con#ideing +17,& +1B,& and +>;,& Rt can event%a!!$ be
obtained a#*
oc
sc
t t
R R
+
+

1
1
. +>9,
s
2
a
OL>
s
2
s
1
G
1v
a
OL1
s
1
G
>v
RR
1sc
RR
1>sc
RR
>sc
RR
>1sc
s
2
a
OL>
s
2
s
1
G
1i
a
OL1
s
1
G
>i
RR
1oc
RR
1>oc
RR
>oc
RR
>1oc
v
t
s'
2
a
OL>
?<
s'
1
G
1v
a
OL1
?<
G
>v
v
t
R
'
t
s'
2
a
OL>
?<
s'
1
G
1i
a
OL1
?<
G
>i
i'
t
=
R'
t
R
t
+a,
+b,
+c,
+d,
i
t
=
R
t
v
t
R
'
t
v
t
R
t
.ig. >. .inding the im"edance #een b$ a te#t #o%ce connected to an abita$
temina! of a geneic do%b!e -tan#i#to feedback cic%it.
)
IE. CU1TI712-TR3N/I/TOR .22D'3C4 CIRCUIT/
.o!!o-ing the a""oach given in the "evio%# #ection#& the
temina! im"edance can be obtained in accodance -ith +>9,
fo m%!ti"!e-tan#i#to feedback cic%it#. .o exam"!e& fo
ti"!e-tan#i#to cic%it# the #hot- and o"en-cic%it et%n
atio# in +>9, ae a# fo!!o-#*
sc sc sc
sc sc sc sc sc sc
sc sc sc sc sc sc
sc sc sc sc sc sc
sc sc sc sc
sc sc sc sc
sc sc sc sc sc
RR RR RR
RR RR RR RR RR RR
RR RR RR RR RR RR
RR RR RR RR RR RR
RR RR RR RR
RR RR RR RR
RR RR RR RR
)> >1 1)
)1 >) 1> ) > 1
)> >) )1 1) >1 1>
) > ) 1 > 1
>1 1> ) )
)1 1) > >
)> >) 1 1






+
+ +

+ + +
+
+

& +>8,
oc oc oc
oc oc oc oc oc oc
oc oc oc oc oc oc
oc oc oc oc oc oc
oc oc oc oc
oc oc oc oc
oc oc oc oc oc
RR RR RR
RR RR RR RR RR RR
RR RR RR RR RR RR
RR RR RR RR RR RR
RR RR RR RR
RR RR RR RR
RR RR RR RR
)> >1 1)
)1 >) 1> ) > 1
)> >) )1 1) >1 1>
) > ) 1 > 1
>1 1> ) )
)1 1) > >
)> >) 1 1






+
+ +

+ + +
+
+

. +>7,
3772NDIF
DOU'12-TR3N/I/TOR 2F3C712 CIRCUIT
1et %# #o!ve a do%b!e-tan#i#to cic%it +#ee .ig. 3.1, fo
the im"edance #een b$ the in"%t #o%ce. .om .ig. 3. 1+c,&
,] + GG , + GG [ GG
1 > > > > 1 o ie C o E f ie B t
r h R r R R h R R + + + +
&
+3.1,
.om .ig. 3.1+d,&
1 1 > > >
> > >
1 > > > > 1
1 1
<
1
1
GG , + GG
, + GG
, GG + GG , + GG
ie B
B
ie B f C o E
C o E
ie B f C o E ie o
o fe
v
s
b
sc
h R
R
h R R R r R
R r R
h R R R r R h r
r h
v
i
RR
t
+ + + +
+

+ + + +

& +3.>,
, GG + GG , + GG
1 > > > > 1
1 1
<
>
1>
ie B f C o E ie o
o fe
v
s
b
sc
h R R R r R h r
r h
v
i
RR
t
+ + + +

&
+3.),
;
s
*
2
a
OL>
?<
v
t
?1
s
*
1
G
1v
a
OL1
1
G
>v
RR
1sc
s
*
2
a
OL>
?<
s
*
1
G
1i
a
OL1
1
G
>i
RR
1oc
RR
1>sc
RR
1>oc
i
*
t
=
R
*
t
R
*
t
1
+a,
+b,
R
*
t
.ig. ). 3 geneic do%b!e-tan#i#to feedback cic%it -ith vt?1& i
*
t?1@R
*
t& s1?1&
and s>?<.
1 > > >
> > >
1 > > > > 1
1 1
<
1
1
, + GG
, + GG
, + GG , + GG
ie f C o E
C o E
ie f C o E ie o
o fe
i
s
b
oc
h R R r R
R r R
h R R r R h r
r h
v
i
RR
t
+ + +
+

+ + + +

& +3.;,
, + GG , + GG
1 > > > > 1
1 1
<
>
1>
ie f C o E ie o
o fe
i
s
b
oc
h R R r R h r
r h
v
i
RR
t
+ + + +

. +3.9,
.om .ig. 3.1+e,&
1 > 1 >
1 >
1 > 1 > > >
> >
<
>
>
, GG + GG
, GG + GG
, + GG , GG + GG
o ie ie B f E
ie B f E
o ie ie B f E C o
o fe
v
s
b
sc
r h h R R R
h R R R
r h h R R R R r
r h
v
i
RR
t
+ + +
+

+ + + +

& +3.8,
1 1 1 > >
1 > >
1 > 1 > > >
> >
<
1
>1
GG , + GG
, + GG
, + GG , GG + GG
ie B
B
ie B f o ie E
o ie E
o ie ie B f E C o
o fe
v
s
b
sc
h R
R
h R R r h R
r h R
r h h R R R R r
r h
v
i
RR
t
+ + + +
+

+ + + +

&
+3.7,
1 > 1 >
1 >
1 > 1 > > >
> >
<
>
>
, + GG
, + GG
, + GG , + GG
o ie ie f E
ie f E
o ie ie f E C o
o fe
i
s
b
oc
r h h R R
h R R
r h h R R R r
r h
v
i
RR
t
+ + +
+

+ + + +

. +3.:,
1 1 > >
1 > >
1 > 1 > > >
> >
<
1
>1
, + GG
, + GG
, + GG , + GG
ie f o ie E
o ie E
o ie ie f E C o
o fe
i
s
b
oc
h R r h R
r h R
r h h R R R r
r h
v
i
RR
t
+ + +
+

+ + + +

. +3.B,
'$ #%b#tit%ting +3.1, +3.B, into +1:, and +>9,& one can
obtain the im"edance #een b$ the in"%t #o%ce.
9
v
t
h
ie1
v
t
r
o1
i
b1
Q
1
v
O
V
CC
R
E>
R
C>
Q
>
R
B
R
f
R
B
h
ie>
R
E>
r
o>
R
C>
h
fe1
i
b1
h
fe>
i
b>
i
b>
R
f
+a,
+b,
h
ie1
v
t
r
o1
i'
b1
R
B
h
ie>
R
E>
r
o>
R
C>
i'
b>
R
f
+c,
h
ie1
r
o1
i"
b1
R
B
h
ie>
R
E>
r
o>
R
C>
h
fe1
i
b1
i"
b>
R
f
+d,
h
ie1
r
o1
R
B
h
ie>
R
E>
r
o>
R
C>
h
fe>
i
b>
R
f
+e,
v
t
?<
v
t
?<
h
fe>
?<
h
fe>
?<
h
fe1
?<
h
fe1
?<
i'''
b1
i'''
b>
I
C1
R
t
R'
t
i
t
?<
i
t
?<
.ig. 3.1. .inding the in"%t im"edance of a do%b!e-tan#i#to cic%it. +a,. 2xam"!e
cic%it. +b, Oigina! e5%iva!ent #ma!!-#igna! cic%it. +c, The H"imeH cic%it&
-hee the inde"endent #o%ce i# the on!$ active one. +d, The Hdo%b!e-"imeH
cic%it& -hee hfe1ib1 i# the on!$ active #o%ce. +e, The Hti"!e-"imeH cic%it&
-hee hfe>ib> i# the on!$ active #o%ce. Note that the de"endent #o%ce# in +d, and
+e, ae conto!!ed b$ the coe#"onding #igna!# of the oigina! cic%it +b,.
R2.2R2NC2/
[1] A. N$5%i#t& HRegeneation theo$&H Bell System ech!ical "o#r!al& vo!.
11& "". 1>8-1;7& 1B)>.
[>] A. /. '!ack& H/tabi!iIed feedback am"!ifie#&H Electrical E!$i!eeri!$& vo!.
9)& "". 11;-1><& 1B);.
[)] R. '. '!ackman& H2ffect of feedback on im"edance&H the Bell System
ech!ical "o#r!al& vo!. >>& "". >8B->77& 1B;).
[;] A. J. 'ode& %et&or' a!alysis a!( fee(bac' am)lifier (esi$!* %e& +or',
Va! %ostra!(& 1B;9.
[9] .. A. '!eche& HTan#i#to C%!ti"!e 1oo" .eedback 3m"!ifie#&H in -roc.
of %atl. Elect. Co!fere!ce& 1B97& vo!. 1)& "". 1B-);.
[8] C. 'e!ove and D. 1. /chi!!ing& H.eedback made ea#$ fo the
%ndegad%ate&H IEEE ra!sactio!s o! E(#catio!& vo!. 2-1>& "". B7-1<)&
1B8B.
[7] /. Ro#en#tak& H3 #im"!ified method of feedback am"!ifie ana!$#i#&H IEEE
ra!sactio!s o! E(#catio!& vo!. 2-17& "". 1B>-1B:& 1B7;.
[:] 3. C. Davi#& H0enea! method fo ana!$Iing feedback am"!ifie#&H IEEE
ra!sactio!s o! E(#catio!& vo!. 2->;& "". >B1->B)& 1B:1.
[B] 4. / Ke%ng& H3n a!tenative a""oach fo ana!$Iing feedback am"!ifie#&H
IEEE ra!sactio!s o! E(#catio!& vo!. 2->9& "". 1)>-1)8& 1B:>.
8
[1<]
[11] /. Ro#en#tak& /ee(bac' 0m)lifier -ri!ci)les& Ne- Kok* CacCi!!an&
1B:8.
[1>] 7. L. A%#t& H3 com"ai#on of t-o a""oache# to feedback cic%it ana!$#i#&H
IEEE ra!sactio!s o! E(#catio!& vo!. )9& "". >9)->81& 1BB>.
[1)] /. .anco& 1esi$! &ith o)eratio!al am)lifiers a!( a!alo$ i!te$rate(
circ#its& Cac 0a--Ai!!& 1BB7.
[1;] '. Niko!ic and /. CaManovic& H3 genea! method of feedback am"!ifie
ana!$#i#&H in -roc. of the 2334 IEEE Sym)osi#m o! Circ#its a!(
Systems* ISC0S '34& vo!. )& "". ;19-;1:.
[19] .. Co#i& C. CaIocca& and 0 Catae#e& HOn im"edance eva!%ation in
feedback cic%it#&H IEEE ra!sactio!s o! E(#catio!& vo!. ;9& "". )71-
)7B& ><<>.
[18] 3. /. /eda and 4. C. /mith& 5icroelectro!ic Circ#its& 9th ed.& Oxfod
Unive#it$ 7e##& ><<).
[17] 0. 7a!%mbo and /. 7enni#i& /ee(bac' am)lifiers, theory a!( (esi$!&
4!%ve 3cademic 7%b!i#he#& ><<).
[1:] 7. R. 0a$& 7. L. A%#t& /. A. 1e-i#& and R. 0. Ce$e.& 0!alysis a!(
1esi$! of 0!alo$ I!te$rate( Circ#its* Lohn Ji!e$ N /on#& ><<B.
7