Cylindrical Hole in an Innite Mohr-Coulomb Material 1 - 1

1 Cylindrical Hole in an Innite Mohr-Coulomb Material

1.1 Problem Statement
Stresses and displacements are determined numerically for the case of a cylindrical hole in an
innite elasto-plastic material subjected to in-situ stresses. The material is assumed to be linearly
elastic, perfectly plastic, with a failure surface dened by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, and both
associated (dilatancy = friction angle) and nonassociated (dilatancy = 0) ow rules are used. The
results of the simulation are compared with an analytic solution.
This problem tests the Mohr-Coulomb plasticity model with plane-strain conditions imposed in
FLAC
3D
.
The Mohr-Coulomb material is assigned several properties:
shear modulus (G) 2.8 GPa
bulk modulus (K) 3.9 GPa
cohesion (c) 3.45 MPa
friction angle () 30

dilation angle () 0

and 30

The isotropic in-situ stress has a magnitude of 30 MPa, and the pressure inside the hole may be
neglected. (As a convention, compressive stresses are negative.) The radius, a, of the hole is small
compared to the length of the cylinder, so that plane-strain conditions are applicable.
1.2 Closed-Form Solution
The analytic solution for this problem may be found in Salenon (1969). The yield zone radius,
R
0
, may be expressed, in general terms, as
R
0
a
=
_
2
K
p
+ 1
1 +
q
P
0
k
p
P
i
P
0
+
q
P
0
k
p
_
k
p
(1.1)
in which a is the hole radius, P
0
is the absolute value of the in-situ isotropic stress, P
i
is the pressure
inside the hole (0 Pa, in our case), and
K
p
=
1 + sin
1 sin
k
p
=
1
K
p
1
q = 2 c
_
K
p
(1.2)
FLAC
3D
Version 5.01
1 - 2 Verication Problems
The radial stress at the elastic/plastic interface may be written as

re
P
0
=
1
K
p
+ 1
_
2
q
P
o
_
(1.3)
The stresses in the plastic zone have the form

r
P
0
=
q
P
0
k
p

_
P
i
P
0
+
q
P
0
k
p
_
_
r
a
_
K
p
1

P
0
=
q
P
0
k
p
K
p
_
P
i
P
0
+
q
P
0
k
p
_
_
r
a
_
K
p
1
(1.4)
in which r is the distance from the hole axis.
The stresses in the elastic zone are

r
P
0
= 1 +
_
1

re
P
0
__
R
0
a
a
r
_
2

P
0
=

r
P
0
2 (1.5)
The displacements in the elastic region are given as
u
r
a
=
P
0
2G
_
1 +

re
P
0
__
R
o
a
_
2 _
a
r
_
(1.6)
and, in the plastic region, as
u
r
a
=
P
0
2G
r
a

_
r
a
_
(1.7)
in which
FLAC
3D
Version 5.01
Cylindrical Hole in an Innite Mohr-Coulomb Material 1 - 3

_
r
a
_
=
_
2 1) (1 +
q
P
0
k
p
_
+
(1 )(K
2
p
1)
K
p
+ K
ps
_
P
i
P
0
+
q
P
0
k
p
_ _
R
0
a
_
K
p
+K
ps
_
r
R
0
_
K
ps
1
+
_
(1 )
K
p
K
ps
+ 1
K
p
+ K
ps

_ _
P
i
P
0
+
q
P
0
k
p
_
_
r
a
_
K
p
1
and
K
ps
=
1 + sin
1 sin
(1.8)
In these equations, is Poissons ratio, is the dilation angle, and G is the shear modulus.
1.3 FLAC
3D
Model
For modeling purposes, the problem is dened by the domain sketched in Figure 1.1, where ad-
vantage has been taken of the quarter-symmetry geometry. A system of reference axes is selected,
with orientation as indicated on the gure and origin located at the intersection of the hole axis
with the front face of the domain. The far x- and z-boundaries are situated at a distance of ve
hole-diameters from the axis of the hole. The thickness of the domain is selected as one-tenth of
the hole diameter.
The boundaryconditions appliedtothis domainare sketchedinFigure 1.2. The domainis discretized
into one layer of 900 zones. The zones are organized in a radial pattern, as shown in Figure 1.3.
In the numerical simulation, the initial stress state (corresponding to P
0
= 30 MPa) is applied
throughout the domain rst, and then the hole is removed.
The FLAC
3D
model requires approximately 141 MB RAM and takes roughly 6 seconds to reach
the equilibrium solution on a 2.7 GHz Intel i7 Quad Core computer.
FLAC
3D
Version 5.01
1 - 4 Verication Problems
z
x
y
1 m
10 m
1
0

m
0
.
2

m
Figure 1.1 Domain for FLAC
3D
simulation quarter symmetry
plane view
Po
Po
z
y
x
r
side view
Figure 1.2 Boundary conditions for FLAC
3D
analysis quarter symmetry
FLAC
3D
Version 5.01
Cylindrical Hole in an Innite Mohr-Coulomb Material 1 - 5
IIAc1u 3.66
,rp, ,WDVFD URQVXOWLQJ OURXSl ,QFg
6WHS ee,p
8G,/G,rp, p,:SS:rr E0
Zene
URORUE\: OURXS EQ\
LTZE8/7
=21T
,WDVFD URQVXOWLQJ OURXSl ,QFg
0LQQHDSROLVl 01 86E
Figure 1.3 FLAC
3D
grid quarter symmetry
1.4 Results and Discussion
Figures 1.4 through 1.7 show comparisons between FLAC
3D
results and the analytic solution along
a radial line. Normalized stresses,
r
/P
0
and

/P
0
, are plotted versus normalized radius,
r/a, in Figures 1.4 and 1.5, while normalized displacements, u
r
/a, are represented versus r/a in
Figures 1.6 and 1.7. Note that numerical stress values for the two owrules cannot be differentiated
on the graphs.
FLAC
3D
Version 5.01
1 - 6 Verication Problems
2.00 1.00 4.00 :.00 6.00 .00 8.00 v.00
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.40
0.:0
0.60
0.0
0.80
0.v0
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.10
1.40
1.:0
IIAc1u 3.66
,rp, ,WDVFD DRQVXOWLQJ *URXSl ,QFg
6WHS ee,p
8G,/G,rp, p,:SS:rp F0
1able
p DQDO\WLFiVLJU
, DQDO\WLFiVLJW
. )/FD.NiVLJU
S )/FD.NiVLJW
,WDVFD DRQVXOWLQJ *URXSl ,QFg
0LQQHDSROLVl 01 86F
Figure 1.4 Stress solution comparison associated
(analytical values = lines; numerical values = crosses)
2.00 1.00 4.00 :.00 6.00 .00 8.00 v.00
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.40
0.:0
0.60
0.0
0.80
0.v0
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.10
1.40
1.:0
IIAc1u 3.66
,rp, ,WDVFD LRQVXOWLQJ *URXSl ,QFg
6WHS e5S5
9G,4G,rp, p,/SS/,e 30
1able
p DQDO\WLFiVLJU
, DQDO\WLFiVLJW
. U/3L.DiVLJU
S U/3L.DiVLJW
,WDVFD LRQVXOWLQJ *URXSl ,QFg
0LQQHDSROLVl 01 863
Figure 1.5 Stress solution comparison nonassociated
(analytical values = lines; numerical values = crosses)
FLAC
3D
Version 5.01
Cylindrical Hole in an Innite Mohr-Coulomb Material 1 - 7
0.10 0.20 0.10 0.40 0.:0 0.60 0.0 0.80 0.v0 1.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
1.00
x1o^1
IIAc1u 3.66
,rp, ,WDVFD 3RQVXOWLQJ *URXSl ,QFg
6WHS ee,p
8G,/G,rp, p,:SS:rp F0
1able
e DQDO\WLFiXU
5 U/F3.DiXU
,WDVFD 3RQVXOWLQJ *URXSl ,QFg
0LQQHDSROLVl 01 86F
Figure 1.6 Radial displacement solution comparison associated
(analytical values = lines; numerical values = crosses)
0.10 0.20 0.10 0.40 0.:0 0.60 0.0 0.80 0.v0 1.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
1.00
x1o^1
IIAc1u 3.66
,rp, ,WDVFD 3RQVXOWLQJ *URXSl ,QFg
6WHS e5S5
9G,4G,rp, p,/SS/,e F0
1able
e DQDO\WLFiXU
5 U/F3.DiXU
,WDVFD 3RQVXOWLQJ *URXSl ,QFg
0LQQHDSROLVl 01 86F
Figure 1.7 Radial displacement solution comparison nonassociated
(analytical values = lines; numerical values = crosses)
FLAC
3D
Version 5.01
1 - 8 Verication Problems
The average relative error on the stresses and displacements is less than 2.0% (except 4.4% for
displacements for the nonassociated model) throughout the grid. (Note that the error could be
reduced by more appropriate handling of the far eld conditions using, for example, the Lam
solution for a thick ring.)
Displacement contours and displacement vectors for the associated case are presented in Figure 1.8,
as an illustration:
IIAc1u 3.66
,rp, UWDVFD PRQVXOWLQJ 3URXSl UQFg
6WHS ee,p
8G,/G,rp, p,:SS:rp N0
rlane
2ULJLQ: Crlrgplro
1RUPDO: Crgrrrlpgrrrlrgrrro
tenteurOnislaeement
3ODQH: RQ
,g8,8/-ir,
,g9err-ir,
,gerrr-ir,
,g,err-ir,
,grrrr-ir,
pg9err-ir,
pgerrr-ir,
pg,err-ir,
pgrrrr-ir,
9gerrr-ir.
egrrrr-ir.
,gerrr-ir.
pg.prS-ir.
nislaeement
3ODQH: RQ
0D[LPXP: rgr,8,898
6FDOH: S
UWDVFD PRQVXOWLQJ 3URXSl UQFg
0LQQHDSROLVl 01 86N
Figure 1.8 FLAC
3D
displacement contours and displacement vectors asso-
ciated
The les sal-associated.f3dat and sal-non-associated.f3dat are used to generate the numerical
solutions to the associated and nonassociated cases. (The dilatation angle is 30

in the associated
case.) The les sal-associated-nmd.f3dat and sal-non-associated-nmd.f3dat generate the same
two cases, but using FLAC
3D
s nodal mixed discretization (NMD) feature. For the NMD models,
an all-tet grid is used (sal nmd.Flac3dD, which is imported into FLAC
3D
not listed here). The
tet grid has gridpoints identical to the hex grid.
The le sale.f3dat compares the numerical solutions to the analytical solution using two FISH
functions:
(1) nastr calculates (i) numerical and corresponding analytical values of
r
/P
0
and

/P
0
at the centroid of zones closest to the x-axis, and (ii) average relative error of
r
/P
0
and

/P
0
throughout the grid;
FLAC
3D
Version 5.01
Cylindrical Hole in an Innite Mohr-Coulomb Material 1 - 9
(2) nadis calculates (i) numerical and analytical values of u
r
/a at gridpoints located on the
x-axis, and (ii) the average relative error of the displacement u
r
/a throughout the grid.
The resulting errors are within 2% of the analytical solution for stresses and displacements for both
associated and nonassociated ow rules. Figures 1.9 1.13 show the NMD results, and correspond
directly with Figures 1.4 1.8 (results with an all-hex grid). As can be seen, the results are very
similar.
2.00 1.00 4.00 :.00 6.00 .00 8.00 v.00
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.40
0.:0
0.60
0.0
0.80
0.v0
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.10
1.40
1.:0
IIAc1u 3.66
,rp, ,WDVFD LRQVXOWLQJ *URXSl ,QFg
6WHS e777
/G,9G,rp, p,8SS8pe 30
1able
p DQDO\WLFiVLJU
, DQDO\WLFiVLJW
. U/3L.DiVLJU
S U/3L.DiVLJW
,WDVFD LRQVXOWLQJ *URXSl ,QFg
0LQQHDSROLVl 01 863
Figure 1.9 NMD stress solution comparison associated (analytical values
= lines; numerical values = crosses)
FLAC
3D
Version 5.01
1 - 10 Verication Problems
2.00 1.00 4.00 :.00 6.00 .00 8.00 v.00
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.40
0.:0
0.60
0.0
0.80
0.v0
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.10
1.40
1.:0
IIAc1u 3.66
,rp, ,WDVFD DRQVXOWLQJ *URXSl ,QFg
6WHS ee9r
/G,9G,rp, p,:SS:.9 F0
1able
p DQDO\WLFiVLJU
, DQDO\WLFiVLJW
. )/FD.NiVLJU
S )/FD.NiVLJW
,WDVFD DRQVXOWLQJ *URXSl ,QFg
0LQQHDSROLVl 01 86F
Figure 1.10 NMDstress solution comparison nonassociated (analytical val-
ues = lines; numerical values = crosses)
0.10 0.20 0.10 0.40 0.:0 0.60 0.0 0.80 0.v0 1.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
1.00
x1o^1
IIAc1u 3.66
,rp, ,WDVFD LRQVXOWLQJ UURXSl ,QFg
6WHS e777
/G,9G,rp, p,8SS8pe 60
1able
e DQDO\WLFiXU
5 N/6L.3iXU
,WDVFD LRQVXOWLQJ UURXSl ,QFg
0LQQHDSROLVl 01 866
Figure 1.11 NMD radial displacement solution comparison associated (an-
alytical values = lines; numerical values = crosses)
FLAC
3D
Version 5.01
Cylindrical Hole in an Innite Mohr-Coulomb Material 1 - 11
0.10 0.20 0.10 0.40 0.:0 0.60 0.0 0.80 0.v0 1.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
1.00
x1o^1
IIAc1u 3.66
,rp, ,WDVFD LRQVXOWLQJ *URXSl ,QFg
6WHS ee9r
/G,9G,rp, p,:SS:./ 60
1able
e DQDO\WLFiXU
5 U/6L.DiXU
,WDVFD LRQVXOWLQJ *URXSl ,QFg
0LQQHDSROLVl 01 866
Figure 1.12 NMD radial displacement solution comparison nonassociated
(analytical values = lines; numerical values = crosses)
IIAc1u 3.66
,rp, UWDVFD NRQVXOWLQJ -URXSl UQFg
6WHS e777
prG,5G,rp, /8.r8pS (0
rlane
2ULJLQ8 Crlrgplro
1RUPDO8 Crgrrrlpgrrrlrgrrro
tenteurOnislaeement
3ODQH8 RQ
.grrr5Pir,
.grrrrPir,
,g7errPir,
,gerrrPir,
,g,errPir,
,grrrrPir,
pg7errPir,
pgerrrPir,
pg,errPir,
pgrrrrPir,
7gerrrPir.
egrrrrPir.
,gerrrPir.
pg.p/pPir.
nislaeement
3ODQH8 RQ
0D[LPXP8 rgr.rrr5p
6FDOH8 S
UWDVFD NRQVXOWLQJ -URXSl UQFg
0LQQHDSROLVl 01 86(
Figure 1.13 NMD FLAC
3D
displacement contours and displacement vectors
associated
FLAC
3D
Version 5.01
1 - 12 Verication Problems
1.5 Reference
Salenon, J. Contraction Quasi-Statique Dune Cavite a Symetrie Spherique Ou Cylindrique Dans
Un Milieu Elastoplastique, Annales Des Ponts Et Chaussees, 4, 231-236 (1969).
1.6 Listing of Data Files
The project le for this problem is located in mechanical\salencon.
Example 1.1 SAL-ASSOCIATED.F3DAT
;---------------------------------------------------------------------
; numerical solution for a long tunnel in pre-stressed
; Mohr Coulomb material (salencon problem)
; associated and non-associated plastic flow
;---------------------------------------------------------------------
new
gen zone radcyl size 1 1 30 30 rat 1 1 1 1.1 p1 10 0 0 p2 0 0.2 0 &
p3 0 0 10 dim 1 1 1 1
model mech mohr
prop bul 3.9e9 shea 2.8e9 cohesion 3.45e6
prop friction 30. dilation 30. tension 1.e10 ; associated flow
;prop friction 30. dilation 0. tension 1.e10 ; non-associated flow
ini sxx -30e6 syy -30e6 szz -30e6
fix z range z -.001 .001
fix x range x -.001 .001
fix y
apply sxx -30e6 range x 9.9 10.1
apply szz -30e6 range z 9.9 10.1
hist add gp xdisp 1 0 0
hist add gp xvel 1 0 0
hist add gp yf 1 0 0
hist add gp zf 1 0 0
hist n 20
solve
save associated
return
Example 1.2 SAL-ASSOCIATED-NMD.F3DAT
;---------------------------------------------------------------------
; Nodal Mixed Discretization (NMD) solution
; for a long tunnel in pre-stressed
; Mohr Coulomb material (salencon problem)
FLAC
3D
Version 5.01
Cylindrical Hole in an Innite Mohr-Coulomb Material 1 - 13
; Associated plastic flow
;---------------------------------------------------------------------
new
impgrid sal_nmd
set nmd on
model mech mohr overlay 1
prop bulk 3.9e9 shea 2.8e9 cohesion 3.45e6
prop friction 30. dilation 30. tension 1.e10 ; associated flow
;prop friction 30. dilation 0. tension 1.e10 ; non-associated flow
ini sxx -30e6 syy -30e6 szz -30e6
fix z range z -.001 .001
fix x range x -.001 .001
fix y
apply sxx -30e6 range x 9.9 10.1
apply szz -30e6 range z 9.9 10.1
hist add gp xdisp 1 0 0
hist add gp xvel 1 0 0
hist add gp yf 1 0 0
hist add gp zf 1 0 0
hist n 20
solve
save associated_nmd
return
FLAC
3D
Version 5.01
1 - 14 Verication Problems
FLAC
3D
Version 5.01