Primitive Data Types, Arrays, Loops, and Conditions Before diving into the object-oriented features of JavaScript, let's

first take a look at some of the basics. This chapter walks you through: The primitive data types in JavaScript, such as strings and numbers Arrays Common operators, such as +, -, delete, and typeof Flow control statements, such as loops and if-else conditions Variables Variables are used to store data. When writing programs, it is convenient to use variables instead of the actual data, as it's much easier to write pi instead of 3.141592653589793 especially when it happens several times inside your program. The data stored in a variable can be changed after it was initially assigned, hence the name "variable". Variables are also useful for storing data that is unknown to the programmer when the code is written, such as the result of later operations. There are two steps required in order to use a variable. You need to: Declare the variable Initialize it, that is, give it a value In order to declare a variable, you use the var statement, like this: var var

var var a; thisIsAVariable; _and_this_too; mix12three;Primitive Data Types, Arrays, Loops, and Conditions For the names of the variables, you can use any combination of letters, numbers, and the underscore character. However, you can't start with a number, which means that this is invalid: var 2three4five; To initialize a variable means to give it a value for the first (initial) time. You have two ways to do so: Declare the variable first, then initialize it, or Declare and initialize with a single statement An example of the latter is: var a = 1; Now the variable named a contains the value 1. You can declare (and optionally initialize) several variables with a single var statement; just separate the declarations with a comma: var v1, v2, v3 = 'hello', v4 = 4, v5; Variables are Case Sensitive Variable names are case-sensitive. You can verify this statement using the Firebug console. Try typing this, pressing Enter after each line: var case_matters = 'lower'; var CASE_MATTERS = 'upper'; case_matters CASE_MATTERS To save keystrokes, when you enter the third line, you can only type ca and press

the Tab key. The console will auto-complete the variable name to case_matters. Similarly, for the last linetype CA and press Tab. The end result is shown on the following figure. [ 22 ]Chapter 2 Throughout the rest of this book, only the code for the examples will be given, instead of a screenshot: >>> var case_matters = 'lower'; >>> var CASE_MATTERS = 'upper'; >>> case_matters "lower" >>> CASE_MATTERS "upper" The three consecutive greater-than signs (>>>) show the code that you type, the rest is the result, as printed in the console. Again, remember that when you see such code examples, you're strongly encouraged to type in the code yourself and experiment tweaking it a little here and there, so that you get a better feeling of how it works exactly . Operators Operators take one or two values (or variables), perform an operation, and return a value. Let's check out a simple example of using an operator, just to clarify the terminology. >>> 1 + 2 3 [ 23 ]Primitive Data Types, Arrays, Loops, and Conditions In this code: + is the operator

 The operation is addition The input values are 1 and 2 (the input values are also called operands) The result value is 3 Instead of using the values 1 and 2 directly in the operation, you can use variables. You can also use a variable to store the result of the operation, as the following example demonstrates: >>> var a = 1; >>> var b = 2; >>> a + 1 2 >>> b + 2 4 >>> a + b 3 >>> var c = a + b; >>> c 3 The following table lists the basic arithmetic operators: Operator symbol Operation Example + Addition >>> 1 + 2 - Substraction >>> 99.99 11 * Multiplication >>> 2 * 3 3 88.99 6 / Division

>>> 6 / 4 1.5 [ 24 ]Chapter 2 Operator symbol Operation % Example Modulo, the reminder of a division >>> 6 % 3 0 >>> 5 % 3 2 It's sometimes useful to test if a number is even or odd. Using the modulo operator it's easy. All odd numbers will return 1 when divided by 2, while all even numbers will return 0. >>> 4 % 2 0 >>> 5 % 2 1 ++ Increment a value by 1 Post-increment is when the input value is incremented after it's returned. >>> var a = 123; var b = a++; >>> b 123

>>> a 124 The opposite is pre-increment; the input value is first incremented by 1 and then returned. >>> var a = 123; var b = ++a; >>> b 124 >>> a 124 -Decrement a value by 1 Post-decrement >>> var a = 123; var b = a--; >>> b 123 >>> a 122 Pre-decrement >>> var a = 123; var b = --a; >>> b 122 >>> a 122 [ 25 ]Primitive Data Types, Arrays, Loops, and Conditions When you type var a = 1; this is also an operation; it's the simple assignment operation and = is the simple assignment operator. There is also a family of operators that are a combination of an assignment and an

arithmetic operator. These are called compound operators. They can make your code more compact. Let's see some of them with examples. >>> var a = 5; >>> a += 3; 8 In this example a += 3; is just a shorter way of doing a = a + 3; >>> a -= 3; 5 Here a -= 3; is the same as a = a - 3; Similarly: >>> a *= 2; 10 >>> a /= 5; 2 >>> a %= 2; 0 In addition to the arithmetic and assignment operators discussed above, there are other types of operators, as you'll see later in this and the following chapters.