i PETROLEUM RESERVOIR ENGINEERING Physical PropertiesMcGraw-Hill Classic Textbook Reissue Series AMYX, BASS and WHITING: Petroleum Reservoir Engineering: Physical Properties CHOW: Open-Channel Hydraulics DAVENPORT: Probability Random Process: An Introduction for Applied Scientists and Engineers DRAKE: Fundamentals of Applied Probability Theory GOODMAN: Introduction to Fourier Optics HARRINGTON: Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields HINZE: Turbulence KAYS and CRAWFORD: Convective Heat and Mass Transfer KRYNINE and JUDD: Principles of Engineering Geology and Geotechnics MEIROVITCH: Methods of Analytical Dynamics MELSA: Linear Control Systems MICKLEY: Applied Mathematics in Chemical Engineering PAPOULIS: The Fourier Integral and Its Applications PHELAN: Fundamentals of Mechanical Design SCHLICHTING: Boundary Layer Theory SCHWARTZ and SHAW: Signal Processing: Discrete Spectral Analysis, Detection, and Estimation TIMOSHENKO: Theory of Plates and Shells TIMOSHENKO and GOODIER: Theory of Elasticity TIMOSHENKO and GERE: Theory of Elastic Stability TREYBAL: Mass-Transfer Operations TRUXAL: Introductory Systems Engineering WARNER and McNEARY: Applied Descriptive Geometry WELLMAN: Technical Descriptive Geometry PETROLEUM RESERVOIR ENGINEERING Physical Properties JAMES W. AMYX DANIEL M. BASS, JR. ROBERT L. WHITING The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas -aBA Bin. McGRAW-HILL CLASSIC TEXTB®K REISSUE SS McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY New York St.Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogoté Caracas Colorado Springs Hamburg Lisbon London Madrid Mexico Milan Montreal New Delhi Oklahoma City Panama Paris San Juan Sao Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoPETROLEUM RESERVOIR ENGINEERING Copyright © 1960 by the McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Reissued 1988 by the McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be repro- duced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the pub- lisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 59-13191 15 16 VBAVBA 89321098 ISBN O0-O7-001b00-3 PREFACE This book, the first of two volumes on petroleum-reservoir engineering, presents concepts aud applications of rock and uid properties which are fundamental to engineering analyses of petroleum reservoirs. In addition the organization and evaluation of laboratory and field data for reservoir analyses are presented together with applications of such ordered data to the determination of the volume of hydroca:bons “in place.”” ‘The book is arranged so that it can be used as a text or as a reference work. If it is used as a text, the organization of material permits flexibility in designing course offerings. Although planned for use in a course or courses comprising a total of four semester hours of work and presuming a prerequisite course in oil-field development, the book ean be used in a first course in petroleum engineering if desired. Chapter 1 is comprised of an introductory discussion of hydrocarbon accumulations, oil-field development, and production methods. Chapters 2 and 8 present rock properties in a complete and cohesive independent unit. Chapters 4 to 6 present a study of fluid properties also as a com- plete, cohesive independent unit. Chapter 7 deals with evaluation of rock and fluid properties both from laboratory and field data. Chapter 8 pre- sents the derivation of the material balance and the applications of such balances to the determination of volume of hydrocarbon in place. This volume is a direct outgrowth of a multilithed book used in a series of summer schools in reservoir engineering offered to industry personnel during 1956 and 1957. Much of the material on which the book is based was drawn from the literature published by the Society of Petroleum Engineers of the Ameri- can Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, the Division of Production of the American Petroleum Institute, the Natural Gasoline Association of America, and the American Association of Petro- Jeum Geologists. In addition, the authors are indebted to the host of authors who have contributed to the petroleun literature in various other publications. Core Laboratories, Incorporated, and Shell Oil Company provided additional data not generally available in the literature. ‘The authors are indebted to the following companies who supported the industry summer courses: Argo Oil Corporation, The California Company, vvi PREFACE The California Standard Company, Canadian Seaboard Company, Champlin Oil and Refining Company, Core Laboratories, Ine, Delhi- ‘Taylor Oi Corporation, Honolulu Oil Corporation, Humble Oil and Refining Company, Kewanee Oil Company, Lion Oil Company, Magnolia Petroleum Company, Mound Company, Murphy Corporation, MeAlester Fuel Company, Plymouth Oil Company, Pure Oil Company, Railroad Commission of Texas, Republic National Bank of Dallas, Richmond Exploration Company, Rotary Engineers Laboratories, Shell Oil Company, Southern Minerals, Inc., Sun Oil Company, Sunray-Mid-Continent Oil Company, Standard Oil Company of California, Standard Oil Company of Texas, Western Leascholds, Ltd., and Western Operations. Mr. Donald A. Flanagan, Mr. Robert L. Ridings, and Dr. Denton R. Wieland worked out many of the numerical examples, Mrs. Wilmoth Boring, Mrs. Lora Watson, Mrs, Joan Hodges, Mrs. Gloria Conrad, and Mrs. Betty Short typed and retyped the many drafts of the manuscript. We are especially indebted to our wives, Mrs, Louise Amyx, Mrs Dorothy Bass, and Mrs. Sharon Whiting, for their patience and encourage- ment during the preparation of this volume, James W. Amyz Daniel M. Bass, Jr. Robert L. Whiting CONTENTS Preface Se ee 1. Introduction a General Composition of Petroleum—Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons— Origin of Petroleum—Traps~—Distribution of Rydrocarbon Fluide in Traps— Lithology of Petroleum Reservoirs—-Drilling—Cable-tool Drilling—Rotary Drilling—Well Completion and Production—Reservoir Performance. 2, Fundamental Properties of Fluid Permeated Rocks . . 2. . | Introduction Porosity 2. Laboratory Measurement of Porosity—Precision of Porosity Meseurements— Carbonate Rocks—Compressibility of Porous Rocks. Permesbility bo Horizontal Flow—Vertical Flow—Racial Flow—Permesbility of Combination Layers—Channels and Fractures in Parallel—Analogy of Darey’s Law and Other Physical Laws—Measurement of Permesbility—Factors Affecting Per- meability Measurements—Factors in Evaluation of Permeability from Other Parameters. Fluid Saturations 2 | we le Methods of Determining Fluid Saturation—-Determination of Fluid Satura- tions from Rock Samples—Factors Affecting Fluid Saturations of Cores—The Use of Core-determined Fluid Saturations, Electrical Conductivity of Fluid Saturated Rocks . 2. 2... Resistivity Relations—Measurement of Electrical Resistivity of Rocks—Em- pirical Correlation of Electrical Properties. 8. Properties of Porous Media Containing Multiple Fluid Saturations Surface Forces and Capillary Pressure... Se Fundamentals of Surface and Capillary Forees—Laboratory Measurements of Capillary Pressure—Interstitial Water Saturations—Caleulation of Wettabil- ity—Pore-size Distribution and Calculation of Permeability from Capillary- pressure Data. Effective and Relative Permeability . . . . Boe ee eee Laboratory Investigations of Relative Permesbility—Three-phase Relative Permeability—Measurement of Relative Permeability Data—Use of Effective and Relative Permeability Data. 4 Fundamentals of the Behavior of Hydrocarbon Fuids . . |. Introduction 2 2 2 2 1 we. Basie Concepts of Phase Behavior . S88 110 133 133 174 au 2 212viii CONTENTS: Singie-component Systems—Binary Systems—Multicomponent Systems, Properties of the Gaseous State. - . | Ideal Gas Laws—Impurities in Natural Gas—Viseosity of Gases—Summary- of Properties of Gases. ‘Properties of the Liquid State. 2. | : Volumetric Behavior of Liquids—Density of Hydrocarbon Mixtures in the Liquid State—Surface Tension—Viscosity of Liquids—Vapor Preseure. Properties of Two-phase Systems 2 2. | Equilibrium Relations—Development of Equations for Calculating Equilibrium Relations—Separator Problems, 5. Determination and Application of Reservoir Fluid Properties Introduction... Sampling Reservoir Fluids || eee Bottom-bole Sampling—Recombination Samples—Split-stream Sampling, Laboratory Analysis of Reservoir-fiuid Samples 9... Relative Total Volame—Differential Oil Formation Volume Factor and Gas in Solation— Flash Separation Test—Gas Compressibility—Fluid Viscosity — Differential-flash Oil Formation Volume Factors and Gas in Solution Equilibrium Ratios—Fluid Composition—Presentation of a Fluid Analysis for a Gas-Crudeoil System. - Preparation of Fluid-analysis Data for Use in Reservoir Caloulations . . Smoothing Laboratory Data—Correction of Laboratory Sample Data for Sepa- rator Conditions—Total Volume Factors—Correcting Fluid-analysis Data to Reservoir Bubble-point Pressure. Fluid-analysis Data on Gas-condeneate Systems... |... Laboratory Measurements. Applications of Fluid-analysio Data. 2 2 | |) | Fitting Published Equilibrium-ratio Data to Laboratory Fluid-analysis Data Other Mothods of Determining Hydrocarbon Fluid Properties... . Modified Ideal Solutions—Empirical Methods—Caleulating Reservoir Vol- umes for Gas-condensate Systems—Correlations for Fluid Viscosities, & Properties of Water © 2 Introduction 2 2 2. Physical Properties of Water «| | DD Solubility of Natural Gas in Water—Compressibility of Water —Thermal Ex- pansion of Water Water Formatiou Volume Factor—Density, Specitie Volume, and Specific Gravity—Viscosity of Water—Solubility of Water in Natural Gas—Eleetrical Resistivity of Water. Chemical Properties of Water... 7, Data Evaluation for Reservoir Calculations Introduction Field Records. © et Completion and Workover Records—Production Records—Well Tests. Average Fluid Properties . 2.) 2.) Reservoir Fluids Existing in the Gaseous State—Reservoir Fluids Existing in the Liquid State. Evaluation of Rock Volume . Areal Extent—Isopach Maps. ait 415 47 425 448 450 470 473 473, 475 497 517 CONTENTS Hydrocarbon Volume © = "Bralution of Porosity and Permeability—Water Saturation—Calculation of ‘Hydrocarbon Volume. 8 The Material Balance. 2 2... Introduction... se Bgutticn | Derivation of Material-balance Equation ©... ee Solution-gas Drive—Solution-gas-Gas-eap Drive~Simple Solution-g2s-Gas- cap-Water-drive Reservoire—Solution-gas-Gos-cap-Water-drive with Fluid Injection—Slightly Compressible Hydrocarbon Reeervoirs—Gas Reservoir— Comparison of Drives. Datafor Material Balance =... | Fluid-production Data—Reservoir Temperatures—Reservoir Pressures—Fluid Analysis—Core Analysis and Laboratory Rack Data, Calculation of Oil in Place Using the Material-balance Bquation . . Estimation of Oil in Place for a Solution-gas-drive Reservoir—Estimation of Oil in Place for Slightly Compressible Fluids—Estimates of Gas in Place from ‘Material Balance. NameIndex © 2 2, 2 1 ee De Subject Index. 2. 2 1 1 we 586 361 561 515 599 608