15 Optimization Problems

Section 4.
5 Optimization Problems
V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I
New York University
June 14, 2010
Announcements The midterm is graded! Quiz 4 Thursday on 4.14.4 Guest speaker on Thursday: Arjun Krishnan . . . . . .
Announcements
The midterm is graded! Quiz 4 Thursday on 4.14.4 Guest speaker on Thursday: Arjun Krishnan
V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)
Section 4.5 Optimization Problems
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Objectives
Given a problem requiring optimization, identify the objective functions, variables, and constraints. Solve optimization problems with calculus.
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Outline
Leading by Example
The Text in the Box
More Examples
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Leading by Example
Example What is the rectangle of fixed perimeter with maximum area?
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Leading by Example
Example What is the rectangle of fixed perimeter with maximum area? Solution Draw a rectangle.
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Leading by Example
Example What is the rectangle of fixed perimeter with maximum area? Solution Draw a rectangle.
. .
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Leading by Example
Example What is the rectangle of fixed perimeter with maximum area? Solution Draw a rectangle. w . . .
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Solution Continued
Let its length be and its width be w. The objective function is area A = w.
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Solution Continued
Let its length be and its width be w. The objective function is area A = w. This is a function of two variables, not one. But the perimeter is fixed.
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Solution Continued
Let its length be and its width be w. The objective function is area A = w. This is a function of two variables, not one. But the perimeter is fixed. p 2w Since p = 2 + 2w, we have = , 2
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Solution Continued
Let its length be and its width be w. The objective function is area A = w. This is a function of two variables, not one. But the perimeter is fixed. p 2w Since p = 2 + 2w, we have = , so 2 A = w = 1 1 p 2w w = (p 2w)(w) = pw w2 2 2 2
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Solution Continued
Now we have A as a function of w alone (p is constant).
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Solution Continued
Now we have A as a function of w alone (p is constant). The natural domain of this function is [0, p/2] (we want to make sure A(w) 0).
. . . . . .
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Solution Concluded
We use the Closed Interval Method for A(w) = At the endpoints, A(0) = A(p/2) = 0. 1 pw w2 on [0, p/2]. 2
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Solution Concluded
We use the Closed Interval Method for A(w) = 1 pw w2 on [0, p/2]. 2
At the endpoints, A(0) = A(p/2) = 0. dA 1 To find the critical points, we find = p 2w. dw 2
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Solution Concluded
At the endpoints, A(0) = A(p/2) = 0. dA 1 To find the critical points, we find = p 2w. dw 2 The critical points are when 0= 1 p p 2w = w = 2 4
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Solution Concluded
Since this is the only critical point, it must be the maximum. In this p case = as well. 4
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Solution Concluded
Since this is the only critical point, it must be the maximum. In this p case = as well. 4 We have a square! The maximal area is A(p/4) = p2 /16.
. . . . . .
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Outline
Leading by Example
The Text in the Box
More Examples
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Strategies for Problem Solving
1. Understand the problem 2. Devise a plan 3. Carry out the plan 4. Review and extend
Gyrgy Plya (Hungarian, 18871985)

. . . . . .
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The Text in the Box
1. Understand the Problem. What is known? What is unknown? What are the conditions?
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The Text in the Box
1. Understand the Problem. What is known? What is unknown? What are the conditions? 2. Draw a diagram.
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The Text in the Box
1. Understand the Problem. What is known? What is unknown? What are the conditions? 2. Draw a diagram. 3. Introduce Notation.
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The Text in the Box
1. Understand the Problem. What is known? What is unknown? What are the conditions? 2. Draw a diagram. 3. Introduce Notation. 4. Express the objective function Q in terms of the other symbols
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The Text in the Box
1. Understand the Problem. What is known? What is unknown? What are the conditions? 2. Draw a diagram. 3. Introduce Notation. 4. Express the objective function Q in terms of the other symbols 5. If Q is a function of more than one decision variable, use the given information to eliminate all but one of them.
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The Text in the Box
1. Understand the Problem. What is known? What is unknown? What are the conditions? 2. Draw a diagram. 3. Introduce Notation. 4. Express the objective function Q in terms of the other symbols 5. If Q is a function of more than one decision variable, use the given information to eliminate all but one of them. 6. Find the absolute maximum (or minimum, depending on the problem) of the function on its domain.
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Polya's Method in Kindergarten

Name [_
Problem Solving Strategy Draw a Picture

Kathy had a box of 8 crayons. She gave some crayons away. She has 5 left. How many crayons did Kathy give away?
UNDERSTAND
What do you want to find out? Draw a line under the question.
You can draw a picture to solve the problem.
crayons
CHECK
What number do I add to 5 to get 8? 8 = 5 5 + 3 = 8
Does your answer make sense? Explain. Draw a picture to solve the problem. Write how many were given away. I. I had 10 pencils. I gave some away. I have 3 left. How many pencils did I give away?
What number do I add to 3 to make 10?
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U U ~7 Section 4.5 Optimization Problems
H 11 M i l
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Recall: The Closed Interval Method

See Section 4.1
The Closed Interval Method To find the extreme values of a function f on [a, b], we need to: Evaluate f at the endpoints a and b Evaluate f at the critical points x where either f (x) = 0 or f is not differentiable at x. The points with the largest function value are the global maximum points The points with the smallest/most negative function value are the global minimum points.
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Recall: The First Derivative Test

See Section 4.3
Theorem (The First Derivative Test) Let f be continuous on (a, b) and c a critical point of f in (a, b). If f changes from negative to positive at c, then c is a local minimum. If f changes from positive to negative at c, then c is a local maximum. If f does not change sign at c, then c is not a local extremum.
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Recall: The First Derivative Test

See Section 4.3
Theorem (The First Derivative Test) Let f be continuous on (a, b) and c a critical point of f in (a, b). If f changes from negative to positive at c, then c is a local minimum. If f changes from positive to negative at c, then c is a local maximum. If f does not change sign at c, then c is not a local extremum. Corollary If f < 0 for all x < c and f (x) > 0 for all x > c, then c is the global minimum of f on (a, b). If f < 0 for all x > c and f (x) > 0 for all x < c, then c is the global maximum of f on (a, b).
. . . . . .
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Recall: The Second Derivative Test

See Section 4.3
Theorem (The Second Derivative Test) Let f, f , and f be continuous on [a, b]. Let c be in (a, b) with f (c) = 0. If f (c) < 0, then f(c) is a local maximum. If f (c) > 0, then f(c) is a local minimum.
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See Section 4.3
Theorem (The Second Derivative Test) Let f, f , and f be continuous on [a, b]. Let c be in (a, b) with f (c) = 0. If f (c) < 0, then f(c) is a local maximum. If f (c) > 0, then f(c) is a local minimum. Warning If f (c) = 0, the second derivative test is inconclusive (this does not mean c is neither; we just dont know yet).
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See Section 4.3
Theorem (The Second Derivative Test) Let f, f , and f be continuous on [a, b]. Let c be in (a, b) with f (c) = 0. If f (c) < 0, then f(c) is a local maximum. If f (c) > 0, then f(c) is a local minimum. Warning If f (c) = 0, the second derivative test is inconclusive (this does not mean c is neither; we just dont know yet). Corollary If f (c) = 0 and f (x) > 0 for all x, then c is the global minimum of f If f (c) = 0 and f (x) < 0 for all x, then c is the global maximum of f
. . . . . .
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Which to use when?

Pro
CIM no need for inequalities gets global extrema automatically only for closed bounded intervals 1DT works on non-closed, non-bounded intervals only one derivative Uses inequalities More work at boundary than CIM 2DT works on non-closed, non-bounded intervals no need for inequalities More derivatives less conclusive than 1DT more work at boundary than CIM
Con
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Which to use when?

Pro
CIM no need for inequalities gets global extrema automatically only for closed bounded intervals 1DT works on non-closed, non-bounded intervals only one derivative Uses inequalities More work at boundary than CIM 2DT works on non-closed, non-bounded intervals no need for inequalities More derivatives less conclusive than 1DT more work at boundary than CIM
Con
Use CIM if it applies: the domain is a closed, bounded interval If domain is not closed or not bounded, use 2DT if you like to take derivatives, or 1DT if you like to compare signs.
. . . . . .
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Outline
Leading by Example
The Text in the Box
More Examples
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Another Example
Example (The Best Fencing Plan) A rectangular plot of farmland will be bounded on one side by a river and on the other three sides by a single-strand electric fence. With 800m of wire at your disposal, what is the largest area you can enclose, and what are its dimensions?
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Solution
1. Everybody understand?
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Another Example
Example (The Best Fencing Plan) A rectangular plot of farmland will be bounded on one side by a river and on the other three sides by a single-strand electric fence. With 800m of wire at your disposal, what is the largest area you can enclose, and what are its dimensions?
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Another Example
Example (The Best Fencing Plan) A rectangular plot of farmland will be bounded on one side by a river and on the other three sides by a single-strand electric fence. With 800m of wire at your disposal, what is the largest area you can enclose, and what are its dimensions? Known: amount of fence used Unknown: area enclosed
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Another Example
Example (The Best Fencing Plan) A rectangular plot of farmland will be bounded on one side by a river and on the other three sides by a single-strand electric fence. With 800m of wire at your disposal, what is the largest area you can enclose, and what are its dimensions? Known: amount of fence used Unknown: area enclosed Objective: maximize area Constraint: fixed fence length
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Solution
1. Everybody understand?
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Solution
1. Everybody understand? 2. Draw a diagram.
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Diagram
A rectangular plot of farmland will be bounded on one side by a river and on the other three sides by a single-strand electric fence. With 800 m of wire at your disposal, what is the largest area you can enclose, and what are its dimensions?
.
.
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Solution
1. Everybody understand? 2. Draw a diagram.
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Solution
1. Everybody understand? 2. Draw a diagram. 3. Length and width are and w. Length of wire used is p.
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Diagram
A rectangular plot of farmland will be bounded on one side by a river and on the other three sides by a single-strand electric fence. With 800 m of wire at your disposal, what is the largest area you can enclose, and what are its dimensions?
.
.
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Diagram
A rectangular plot of farmland will be bounded on one side by a river and on the other three sides by a single-strand electric fence. With 800 m of wire at your disposal, what is the largest area you can enclose, and what are its dimensions? . w . . .
.
.
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Solution
1. Everybody understand? 2. Draw a diagram. 3. Length and width are and w. Length of wire used is p.
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Solution
1. Everybody understand? 2. Draw a diagram. 3. Length and width are and w. Length of wire used is p. 4. Q = area = w.
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Solution
1. Everybody understand? 2. Draw a diagram. 3. Length and width are and w. Length of wire used is p. 4. Q = area = w. 5. Since p = + 2w, we have = p 2w and so Q(w) = (p 2w)(w) = pw 2w2 The domain of Q is [0, p/2]
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Solution
1. Everybody understand? 2. Draw a diagram. 3. Length and width are and w. Length of wire used is p. 4. Q = area = w. 5. Since p = + 2w, we have = p 2w and so Q(w) = (p 2w)(w) = pw 2w2 The domain of Q is [0, p/2] dQ p 6. = p 4w, which is zero when w = . dw 4
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Solution
1. Everybody understand? 2. Draw a diagram. 3. Length and width are and w. Length of wire used is p. 4. Q = area = w. 5. Since p = + 2w, we have = p 2w and so Q(w) = (p 2w)(w) = pw 2w2 The domain of Q is [0, p/2] dQ p 6. = p 4w, which is zero when w = . dw 4
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Solution
1. Everybody understand? 2. Draw a diagram. 3. Length and width are and w. Length of wire used is p. 4. Q = area = w. 5. Since p = + 2w, we have = p 2w and so Q(w) = (p 2w)(w) = pw 2w2 The domain of Q is [0, p/2] dQ p 6. = p 4w, which is zero when w = . Q(0) = Q(p/2) = 0, but dw 4 Q (p) 4 =p p2 p2 p 2 = = 80, 000m2 4 16 8
. . . . . .
so the critical point is the absolute maximum.

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU) Section 4.5 Optimization Problems June 14, 2010 24 / 31
Your turn
Example (The shortest fence) A 216m2 rectangular pea patch is to be enclosed by a fence and divided into two equal parts by another fence parallel to one of its sides. What dimensions for the outer rectangle will require the smallest total length of fence? How much fence will be needed?
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Your turn
Example (The shortest fence) A 216m2 rectangular pea patch is to be enclosed by a fence and divided into two equal parts by another fence parallel to one of its sides. What dimensions for the outer rectangle will require the smallest total length of fence? How much fence will be needed? Solution Let the length and width of the pea patch be and w. The amount of fence needed is f = 2 + 3w. Since w = A, a constant, we have f(w) = 2 The domain is all positive numbers.
. . . . . .
A + 3w. w
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Diagram
w .
. . f = 2 + 3w A = w 216
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Solution (Continued)
We need to find the minimum value of f(w) = 2A + 3w on (0, ). w
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We need to find the minimum value of f(w) = df 2A = 2 +3 dw w 2A which is zero when w = . 3 We have 2A + 3w on (0, ). w
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We need to find the minimum value of f(w) = We have 2A + 3w on (0, ). w
df 2A = 2 +3 dw w 2A which is zero when w = . 3 Since f (w) = 4Aw3 , which is positive for all positive w, the critical point is a minimum, in fact the global minimum.
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We need to find the minimum value of f(w) = We have 2A + 3w on (0, ). w
df 2A = 2 +3 dw w 2A which is zero when w = . 3 Since f (w) = 4Aw3 , which is positive for all positive w, the critical point is a minimum, in fact the global minimum. 2A So the area is minimized when w = = 12 and 3 3A A = = = 18. The amount of fence needed is w 2 ( ) 2A 3A 2A f =2 +3 = 2 6A = 2 6 216 = 72m 3 2 3
. . . . . .
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Try this one
Example An advertisement consists of a rectangular printed region plus 1 in margins on the sides and 1.5 in margins on the top and bottom. If the total area of the advertisement is to be 120 in2 , what dimensions should the advertisement be to maximize the area of the printed region?
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Try this one
Example An advertisement consists of a rectangular printed region plus 1 in margins on the sides and 1.5 in margins on the top and bottom. If the total area of the advertisement is to be 120 in2 , what dimensions should the advertisement be to maximize the area of the printed region? Answer The optimal paper dimensions are 4 5 in by 6 5 in.
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Solution
Let the dimensions of the printed region be x and y, P the printed area, and A the paper area. We wish to maximize P = xy subject to the constraint that 1 cm . A = (x + 2)(y + 3) 120 Isolating y in A 120 gives 120 y= 3 which yields x+2 ( ) 120 120x P=x 3 = 3x x+2 x+2 The domain of P is (0, )
. .
1.5 cm . . Lorem
ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam dapibus vehicula mollis. Proin nec tristique mi. Pellentesque quis placerat dolor. Praesent a nisl diam. Phasellus ut elit eu ligula accumsan euismod. Nunc condimentum lacinia risus a sodales. Morbi nunc risus, tincidunt in tristique sit amet, ultrices eu eros. Proin pellentesque aliquam nibh ut lobortis. Ut et sollicitudin ipsum. Proin gravida ligula eget odio molestie rhoncus sed nec massa. In ante lorem, imperdiet eget tincidunt at, pharetra sit amet felis. Nunc nisi velit, tempus ac suscipit quis, blandit vitae mauris. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae;
y .
1.5 cm . x .
. . . .
June 14, 2010
1 cm .
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Solution (Concluded)
We want to find the absolute maximum value of P. Taking derivatives, dP (x + 2)(120) (120x)(1) 240 3(x + 2)2 = 3 = dx (x + 2)2 (x + 2)2 There is a single critical point when (x + 2)2 = 80 = x = 4 5 2 (the negative critical point doesnt count). The second derivative is d2 P 480 = 2 dx (x + 2)3 which is negative all ( )along the domain of P. Hence the unique critical point x = 4 5 2 cm is the absolute maximum of P. This means 120 the paper width is 4 5 cm, and the paper length is = 6 5 cm. 4 5
. . . . . .
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Summary
Name [_
Problem Solving Strategy Draw a Picture

Kathy had a box of 8 crayons. She gave some crayons away. She has 5 left. How many crayons did Kathy give away?
Remember the checklist Ask yourself: what is the objective? Remember your geometry:
similar triangles right triangles trigonometric functions
UNDERSTAND
What do you want to find out? Draw a line under the question.
You can draw a picture to solve the problem.
crayons
CHECK
What number do I add to 5 to get 8? 8 = 5 5 + 3 = 8
Does your answer make sense? Explain. Draw a picture to solve the problem. Write how many were given away. I. I had 10 pencils. I gave some away. I have 3 left. How many pencils did I give away? ~7
What number do I add to 3 to make 10?
ft
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June 14, 2010
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15 Optimization Problems

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Section 4.

June 14, 2010

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

The Text in the Box

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

Example What is the rectangle of fixed perimeter with maximum area?

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

Now we have A as a function of w alone (p is constant).

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010

The Text in the Box

V63.0121.002.2010Su, Calculus I (NYU)

Section 4.5 Optimization Problems

June 14, 2010