LABORATORY PROCRDURE

[.

structures associated with the Get microsections of the pig embryo and identiff all formation of the urinary system' Draw under LPOo,,rr,"

Pig embryo (LPO)

Pig embryo (LPO)

Pig embryo (LPO)

a What are the different

@ Ynnoyhonr

kidr'rey systems? Give their fates

ftr,n rle<figial
dclenerate<

ercreloa4

uat,{ -

lgph'ototry'r

o
o

illWOng,yhmrxr

degenerqler
t<,a"ey

il1a'laneph,o*

- fp.mdnPrlt

b. How is the definitive/permanent kidney formed? Give its anlage or beginning and its

fatelderivatives.

fi v fron lhe melaneFhrw or fermanenl X;dne! ,'th'ch drcapyea< i,t lhe \flh .ve}k. Excrehng t,n,l,! develop f*^ mlonpph,c
naroder6,

O \otlpchng ducl\t - ureleic 6vd O Aenot plrom:d e Urcfel , tenol Tetvi< O n"1Or, minle aorycg: ,/t

c. Discuss the development of the nephrons and collecting

eAd

cotlech'nq fubule Eaoh nervt| ft*ed Ay a rnPlaapphn'6. h'vcue copl.ute ,!nal!

,l.ir'rtp<

eoler'd

ol rAe dktol lu'ruP

captute

of /e
ieh in
lt

ffi,rt

the ft,tal fubul{.

a

ve,(;cle{ ,

furn g,re ntre h

on

{oall
end

cf-+hape{

faP'iloo*l
lwbd

'gan tr-rlo

of

the
,
.

tt - oh

yvcl

le

e F1oro! ol 4,ffiaahofe. ;nto glomvttlt 4ephnrl'{

9

Th8re

latbul{

lo7elhQr t}h

glonerwli ft"*

er.r-tary

urtil

d. discuss the formation of the ureter, urinary bladdpr and urethra. Give their anlage

e U,etef - fur,r-r urelenL bLtd @ U,ehrq - Einetiv,rl ,f uNthrq

endo4?rrtt

io

Ooth rexar on7;notpc )a

rhe

- th'

Q-onnpoh'te

and qmoolh tuc?rsl marodenn

Cloa6B

aw4y hv<uq< .

den,rtad fo"?

A U1na.X btadder --+ fun

umgtenital

tdn*f q

,pper q n,ye.l parl

,-: e. Differentiate between the mesoneprhic duct and mullerian duct and give their derivatives . .: Q ilulleiarl duclV - wti,t ulalecl fo funn ,'the' ufO,-tn fubU , utpn*l
,

'

aeNi\ ord upper vogi.o dqclN eTia''4t^p - dudw a{enor - qJdcutolory dud
{?minal vWi'lg

O'ne<ronefto't a)ct'| '

f. What is the urogenial sinus? Give its fate or derivatives.

fue urhgeo;tal o,4w & lhe *U-,. forhoa *hen the

the ua'no! btoddw, prVr{ahl
'..

otsaca

and

memb.alouc

& Gire some malforrrationslabnormalities associated with the development of the

uinry system and their causes/etiologies. e *dhcvrhc,::,:#

^r;.*ro,o.l!,0nu+oromol oom)nanf
.

::r:,.r"o;,* *"io ",,:-,;f

* Potycgyho idneg 4r<oae "Vvtt fo"- frvm c.tl r*gmen4 of lhe nephdn md unc,ott/ 4e no/ ooua .ehal fa')r'-e tnh'l adullhood

2.Labelall structures
all questions.

associated wih the development of the urinary system and answer

3. Let your proctor sign your drawings and answer to questions.

LABORATORY PROCEDURE

l. Sketch a renal corpuscle

and label the following: E. vascular Pole F. urinary Pole

A. glomerulus B. iisceral and parital layer of Bowman's capsule C. urinary space D. afferent and efferent arterioles
hfferunl

G. proximal convoluted tubule H. mesangial cells

; fxrculor polv
poNmarv

ooyule

glonerutu<

f.ol^at

\on'totvtecl lL/bvl(

present: 2. Geta microsection of kidney, draw and label the different structures

Kidney (HPO)

16

3. Sketch the ultastructure of a portion of glomerular filtration barrier and label the

following: A. glomerular capillary lumen B. glomerular capillary endotheliun_r C. endothelial fenestae D. fused basal laminae

''

E. pedicels F. filtration slits G. diaphragm covering filtration slits H. rninary space

firt at>rt

WW

Capinag balr'>enl nenb'arle

Capttory endothclun
4. Compare the proximal convoluted tubule from distal convoluted tubule in terms of location in the kidney, epithelial lining and substances absorbed from or secreted into filtrate.
@

f.or,:mal Wnsetutpd fubvl - vi^pte oubotNat *itt, o,,tvh border

aonv

O Oit l

olctt'li fubute

oiafte

oubo.idal

5. Describe a role

by the mesangial cells in maintaining filtration barrier

r&rT,ud Pr-et(uG fo
varoach',t

integrity.
eeN

Wbtfaocer ralc ,f

hdF ,na,ntairt

vtah'c

ophtmal

Vlh<tbn

6. What iS the general function of the loop of Henle?

7 lYloke unhe hypurfonrc ?

oon

roNe ltoo

its componerlts' 7- Describe the juxtaglomerular apparatus in terms of firnction of each comPonent.
J
Mq

location and

tompoap4tl

cula dprrna -

uo.tocorx lacftN

a.

Julfaglome*tq-

celK -

emfa)r1 nanrn 'n"c1,:rtea1 to,noOh v,gnol rtom ndc-la de.na

,fitr<(

cle

6.

Mtrong,hl e.Clt\f -

parkovl

glomerulur{

8. Name in order, from bladder to exterior, the paits

of

the male urethra and the epithelial

lining

of each Part.
- r'.ooqr;tboat to yreudovfd*ftd
preu4o<lrahficd

@ PrNta{tL urethrV

CJ Tytvmbrong tt.<fAro -

Fe,.,f1'p

urclhra -

v,hahged

colwmrlar

function and epitheli 9. Compare the male and female urethra in terms of length, O 4ole urY-f-f.ru i( longe{ tl'o4 fomo/e urcll,ro

O no,te urtlAr @ for fi^o/p ,

fu,'^u d,( eolh QXrl ftr ee?net1 V unne the urcfhra furchbrw c^r cn e*7 fr. I
/ or urinary bladder' Study and

10. Get slides of ureter'and

Uereter (LPO)

Ureter (HPO)

l8

Urinary Bladder (LPO)

Urinary Bladder (HPO)

11. Compare the lining epithelium of the uereter or the urinary bladder.with the one found in the kidney. What are the layers of the tissue/sat focus?

tin'hg eptthetry* ,f u^etc/^ mcl Qano/Y bla{cled * /ra,whinal i,t the, kclheyv, lh tin','tq epilhelrury af Pq k tni^7lp oubo,do/ ; hqtvh t vdetr . r'thlv Ocr N onlg u'imple hv
etbi lal
"

12. Describe the variations in the

ium of the urinary bladder.

J"a oell lalp,x

n a conlrackl

oyifhclt'um i'r lhir'r ^,th

3-'/ lTailrned

bladder '

epilAeliun rJ
/ogler{

rh'1/(

-g

ce//

l9

LABORATORY PROCEDURE
LPO the placenta and draw under 1. Get microsections of
# ss # "s$ # l$ r.6 ila
]

md HPO:

d t-*

*r

,.

,l
et 6i

{sa}
ft>

t1-:

c*

bu'i 1'{
i.i ''

gb
Sr

J+t
J

ed

6o

.,

Placenta LPO

PlacentaHPO

identified' Z.Labelthe layers that canbe

placenta?' Describe each' a. What are the parts of the

* fttot Fot-hi cho4orl figndovu'r: 4Pctduq fuqalfu ' aqfPrnal Pocl;or1

,'"''' ,'/

the placental b. What are the structures forming

Give its significance

>

.t

goci l,'u,rl

f ' egfot*Ytn bta< > Aonneotue h|t<ue , yndolhehLn

c. How is the umbilical cord
0Plr'etoP'renl

d. What iSthe
space?

present in the chorionic

villi? In the intervillous

Chspionic
Jnlq/'v;ltrw

vitli
vPaee

fifot

btood

mofrnol 6lo0{

24

e. What is the decidual

ractiorr? Gine iF significmce?

Deaiduoi rpaofibrl

,- oe['t 'f

cndo me{nim

beeooar lwded
9 lhe t i<ue
$P

gtg.o?cn g
Pdemalou{

tF,A

6tn&t

and deciduas? f. Whatgfe the differenttypes of placehta

0o.c.tilt,a

baqalk

aont'trt't of amyac{ layer 4

hFgpr

ee/k

o{el- lhe prrttTyonic Ple

'-.-.,":

25

DEvELopMENrorrniffiv'cBnvr-llvBns(cAsrRulATrorg
GIO I.
germ layers of'gastrulation' To study thefonnatibnof primary

SIO.

1. Describe the formation of tlte'paltq

ofthe embryonic disc'

2.Entnneratethederivativesofthgegtoderr'nal'endodermal'and
mesodprmal laYers' cn occur during:the 3. Explain how abnormalities te,hh iah6n germ laYers.
ampulla
'vPe.7n

fostation of he different

, ufc'j'aP htle
wanda...1 oacylg

,tool

hW { -uP)

b.:ncl/

> Fo/hoho{1

tr

,ilom,na/ embrYon'c' 7P'n

akx

------1 luo 7t/uudc, lng?er( J

acNome L

rtachaa

- EtZto<t - hYPbtacl
ylppYc

ftler.Je ----a aanqana) e^)gn&f

A'8 (Emb,yo,'t;c len'od) rupe/< 3 (oagtt x-'2r ) t p-aiort 61 inlorynor Trrtbyoa;c gea

pene/ratc.!

| *" ,*,r, n

r'acfdn- 2o'at r@h.on '-+ corfical - U';' ceil nenbra4e-(

oonkntJ

n eo "1

ooclla'r

aix
- ga'lo dar-fi? ' ,nB'todP/r/) - erdode,arl

21t7f

7
-l
I

{'Pet11

/veP/<o

+
rno|nr

llalt PrtnudxN 'degnerarc! lail 9 tn'tocdmc'lnQ'

- dll

organ

,ryvfem{ begl

{teordaN

gocgN<.r/

h
NoQfr

deilo'oP

'

fnbYc
humofi

hoj! a ai'tl'hcl

,fffdo"ce

femolv Prtnvc +

low

r9*l(

19"*'*
-r

h ahfle^e v,inulatof tAQ Penekahd oocgte f'e wcond ^etnh'c aiuiion el^ d m D{JOqe{ {, Aerfurn ntraal a'pO'd nu^btt of

Pa!@qe tf
>

tt ntlgh

radtalo /Ae ao',''tna

' 'f* o{ llgalureaidate - a.e{,|tm|

rte qf"'

t%)

rygote
7

le/v,,tiaat

&ronoqohdl ee. of enb'ga

me

!.

gaw&t neloh:tt aslr'|af,on of

,ygDtt

lubel aucntol ort|ydd of tnc uPeto' ueteqcn{ tf t-As f-l Penslrahtn of tAe 2ua Terlvoda ?fe'n h e'sao fatuadq lana?c,f

"26

LABORATORY EXERCISES
Get microsections of pig embryo and draw under the LPO

1i *,
*..< l, rg{gid

fdj+: & H al
j'

1,{

,..WF;",,

Pig embryo (LPO)

a.

Identifu some derivatives of the ectodermal layers.

>

(ry;na

ao.d

| {krrf/al ne^l.tt( Vltvkm , fprde.mia > na)r . Naik

b. Identify some derivatives of the

l layer

fo*X"t
grnail thfNthvt
Colo4

f,<opha?

qf
of the mesodermal layer.

c. Identiff some derivati

0er-rnalvrnC

d. The ectodermal layer is formed during what week? Give all the derivatives

od - &h
$'nol

Nee-R

cs-d

@nh-al Nr'rot't( {tg'rrc'a

e. The endodermal layer is formed during rvhat week? Give all the

derivatives

Ard- d6 tx'

ya'egut
n'dgr'tt

thndXtut

f. The mesodermal layer is formed dtring what week? Give all the
derivatives

MlDda*.
{odfuaerq.
Npuro
(lC/V,D
rzrrn

^Wr.r

klyefon e

(}orr,7ev

Ag"^alo^<

g. What is the significance of the formation of the germ layers in the causation of abnormalities or malfonnations?

'giW

ndE to
t

> gylabltvfinsnt -' -2/{rendeqhg

tna)a o/yoq Vrttol

lhe r^dJw f*furtf

boay , fur,n ,e.4g^;)ab/f

,non

VtO

o)a

,f rAc ty le

tf)

4. Label com 5.

y your drawings and answer all the questions

Let your proctors sign your drawings and answers to questions

1.. !

3t

ASSIGI\IMENT NO. 5 EXTERNAL A}tD INTERNAL FEATURES OF THE CEREBELLTJM

GIO.

I.

To study the external and internal featur6s of the cerebellum.

SIO. l. Enumerate the different lobules in tlie vennis and their corresponding
continuous in the cerebellar hemispheres. ftnttqor Lobe : Cpnhal labule , Octlrhp 4

rwrtenot

pbe '

:'il:,,,:;"::',-,::::,'u*,rnn,.

nu<ur<

tih,ur^

4 fioa2onlat {it,ru,x ) la|rt * p.e - fy.onidal fi,rrrqry : pyram,N , Utula flosulo'nodula/ Lobe I par/eru - takral flv.tvty i *odvlur(
2. Enumerate ttre prominent transverse fissure thay separate the lobules.
iloniontot ftuv,tr

Iuber

lnftn7r

Fqr,J'e

Lnpnor

,.eh,l\./ta

q7

3. Describe the phylogenetic divisions of the cerebellum arrdW6 structures it contains

namely:
>

,''

a.

Archicerebellum

- ltdett'l ditivion nonvirt of ftcctulo - noduta' lob , "eguldho,l ,{ Turhhnqrt , > 4cett6( a'r'a-c'i inyul ft"'n
and
7y1y5lral Vg{

y*hhulor
nt

nentC

b. Paleocerebellum I > fotned ti,e anten'gt^ bbe > pnpriscsphve ancJ e^ty.ra 'f
ftc.pr',,/e

"tpi

h'ut

in

rflutahrn of c. Neocerebellum
,

? ,4Pvl f-ra
hody

Xtu'v' {rs,t,

rn9, he\d

hcrl crd
lo
r'l

aeNg\fl and
d,rco"r'Ct

kd

/ k,ub&/tV t'o11 neocA.lt'x ,f tfif ce/eb'ut/) , ponfi'nY ,hferior ohta"y nrt9l9ut't of rl\e
no
vm n

t<

32

4. Enumerate the stiuctures forming the cerebellar nuclei

, fathgeal nuclEv,( ' globu{g avcleut a Emb7liforn nucleL{ 7 0entof, nv.cleu{

5. Enumerate the different lobes of the cerebellum and theii co$-csponding

strucfures, namely:
a. flocculo-nodular lobe

' ooa45r1 ,f floccuh' and no.luluf > iavolvd in nainlenartce df clutlrbnum

b. anterior lobe > Foleocerebellurn

stderl fotf of eorebetlu"t > )l re"eive< p,opiocrpi,t2 inpul fto'n the v7)nat col'd and conlyol\t the anti - gravi'E mu'tc!( 0f bodg, fhLt< tgutah'ng Potttule >
tl,econd
neoce/f
bP

c. posterior lobe

't

y'to in,tot,ted in the eoordraah'or-t of mu,role *ort|monl ;nh; btlion of in,)ohtntagt l4one$enl ) the , int";aitoA , erpecictllj. if,|, arx fivnd ^eu(atansm;lle^.
.

I utn

hp/Y

t f,rt orotg' aqrdtra4on 6. Enumerate and describe

different peduncles;'namely:

llar peduncle or brachium conjunctivum ,ec?v corebetlvn 6 *e *iauam fu.,nt tllg t a.getl eerebeyqT ef|.enf bundlg ft.^ed of ".fi'b?^t frtr, lle donia|. e"teorp'tt' ?in"g glob,Ne nuat9 \ . b. middle cerebellar peduncle or brachium peduncle
',

> w{;tt mq,^ly of afftieaf ftbal\f c. inferior cerebellar peduncle or brachiumrestiformis

I e6nnect'{ ap.ebolar7l d lhe F*h 1 1,',rPd b3t efDn4lr\a 2 frtled 6 otF

;,';::;'*'ff *: f,:;rT* re rb,h -ae,*ta, r.oct

33

manifestations' 7. Give some cerebellar lesions and their clinical

t,

tlnitotual -

irritatera

t, 0icrooturl -

411a,rlho'4

atgt<tog"'u<

lremo*l

of the cerebellum' cut 8. Draw and label the anterior and posterior surfaces sections of the vermis and cerebellar hemisphere'
calntn
eenLal

ch'tql firtr< ': - Wnro4lol fuaun \F IvEr

L'ngulq

4l

4ulq11

--- fre-pla^)bt
Pl r amt't

Fiwu't

lont(rk

GIO.

U.
SIO.

To studY the

-;;x!87.--r

tucvrc

mt vintiicles of the brain.

boundaries' 1. Describe the lateai ventriqles, its parts and

7 g,.ritl24 4 aerebral hemicyhe'e > pa*t t ";:il,, horn (fn>ntat)

iafe;or nc.n (k-po"at)

ailaleral ln'goaf Pira;or horn (otr'-Pilc,t) 3'd ventricle and its boundaries' 2. Describe the @it -l;ke oqniU Mv)een tAe &' totvN ef , ,,;; , "oof , Pemed of tt'e cho"rLLr YExut
'>

6|pn6'pphd0r)

floor

! erlcndt into

lhe opic recrr,;. ' infundt:htTtar and irtto fie qqueduc'l of {Yt0t<

rfcetrc

3. Describe the 4ft ventricles and its

, d)amond -

roof

ahafed go,ily in fie

oupea:or

-*",ffir,!n?,-

medulla'Y {eh)rnt Y

fo *o

fi!ongala

> floor: rhombtd f|aa 4. Define:

, the foof rf
by
the

fts+1

venti"tg

of the 6rdn fi:nted

fo^ and medutlq

'qunfacar

"

of

rhe

Obio^gdlo

b. choroids plexus , a, u;gut! \td'rculq^ forhan of he Pt' roler thal proiecf< ond r\t hovght ta i^tb he ft ntr'ct< of tAe 66oir-t
.1pc^efe c. tela chroidea

the

a\{F

, at frtd ,f y'o nold ntfr"! o

34

ttentn'de

Of fie

brd'n

5. Draw and label the venfticles of the brain and the different structures that founs their boundaries.

GIO. m.
SIO

To study how the cerebro-spinal fluids is formed, its circulation and drainage
1. Describe the production of the CSF and its drainage.

2. Defiue:,
a.

. \
'0lis"r<

Aiachnoid granulations or Pacchonian bodies.

qrf fu e<capv

villi - ".e v,nvtler vacZlor ynctx<'-in y*tenh ing f.* lfo tautfuc* of du.a m.,te? 3. Give the importance of the csF in'the diagnosis of clinical cases,
b. Arachnoid
0p*

namely:
a. meningits

7 i,
.

qr-, )aftam*ohoo

t no neninger

g?pe<b<y ft,e

pd

,nolalr

and arachnoiQ
nen,hgthk tAea N

> }tF tut\? ay.-iivnh:fy rhat' A,ad of

b. lesions of the

P"; of fiu hnt

b. brain tumor

> ia tl,e frsrene * o ru;or

sq ,rry neft

d. cerebro-vagcular accidents 2 leokt tfiot ,rag @ottw

1:::}i3.

.'

t'n

1*

&dta(v of

votuoe.

4. Give the effects of obstruction in any part of the ventricles resulting in the accumulation of CSF. >
tud,otef^a{.^t

3s

ASSIGNMENT NO. 6 FORMATION AIYD ASCENDING E'IBER TRACTS IN THE SPINAL CORD FOR GENERAL SOMATIC SENSORY I{ERYE IMPULSE ARISING.FROM THE BACK OF HEAD, TRUNK, UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES

GIO.

I.
Src.

To study the different ascending fiber tracts for general sensations

1. Describe the ascending pathways for the

following general sensations

and identifu the pathway involve;

A. crude touch and pressure , frr ulrcan'rcl'D/< Profo'ocePffon t fathw4| ; t/enl'al f tnteso" t\p;noapNbello/- frac:l > feeeyh>rt lrlei*nerl Crrp*ae , ilteruelJ dtqc
B.discriminative touch and pressure

, Nr s*oCt| pmfnocEPf|'o\ , ?alhwag : p;-:/en:Dn cnluhn / Dwal fothna! , Recey ft:/a : fadaiaa aofPlltcle

o4lum^

/ /oed'ol llmnkcal

C. pain and temperature

' ftr uqcancq'0,,t't 'liognoce/t'm z fothta!: loSual cp'rnlAalatlre lreef

,

D. proprioception > arleabr ad Txlc"br cpnothalnD lftel > neucetebellum lrocf

venhal spinothalamic tract

one oo each qide 0l lh! qnleio( rned,o,'i 1;t<u& lhal carios her\te inyuke'r re.6.l,'1g /o qt/l( of touch B, lateral spinothalamic tact > ,ne an eoeh laleral F4 of xe epirol co.d fol camo! nede imfuk6l lEtohhg tg @/xe

of fu*,
C: posterior colwrn

pun oad lenletofu&

1 as^(o\ pthadj

eedial.lenriiigcal pathway rorpgaai6te fu kon,rm,'rbig t,ie corl<ct'Ju'( poTn o ce/'A louctl , yi$1ql7oa -4 infi.mofton f** lhe bd! f, aetebrol arlsx

D. anterior spinocerebellar tract

e,onnegs gap$oca1fite

)op,no6;ry fom he bdg

f, trfr

cer-ebellurr')

E. posterior spinothalamic traet > cDr'1ve!< irtcortce,enl fmn ffipnlocephte ioformohaO

tlc bo49 fu

oerebollurn

F. cuneocerebellar ract aunoale nuolerl.t otnd enknng he cetebe)lum e* a corvTooe4t of ne rg1|'furn eug 3. Enumerate some clinical mahifestations of injury to the posterior column - medial lemniscal pathways , /o.t(( o( d FO;t1f of dricn",arnoli\o > /o(( of audibA qeo( e

> the lcrve frbn "yvkn oogirrrrtg fron fie acLexry

,t) rho,nbeqi 'c'9n

4. Describe Brown-Sequard Syndrome secondary to hemisection of the spinal cord and its effect on th ascending fiber tacts.

, letitnt { the N@+ tate-ot n i/cflaW'al go,erzt beto.tt tAe pvel of ;1ln!
5. Define and characterize the following:

$pa-{ha

A. Syringomyelia , a genehc lcrm refo-;A P a &ord9r )n rthieh a q<l ff eomg folrru Ntlh';n fie u/rtctl c^,.d'
B. Amyotophic Lateral Sclerosis

'

) o deb;titohnj 4riec,,(e w;th yan\gd Q,h'otagv {etazkd>e4 bg rwp,c'lly logre$){e, naakns.*t , qil"& aby\!, aod
far.tco'cttlo h'rn'(

C. Subacute Combined Degeneration > co(e of t/,"t. 0p defcrenq alaled TerntL|arr onmb > deTttt$ion af 4o,val ofuao, 4)nocC rc betru,tt to4 D. Tuneofs of the Spinal Cord , cdu,(e du-<ql w-d gad
> all gareC brlo

e,y'rylw

6. Reviewpafts ofthe and spinal cord > atcxtdi.y1 f;bv lt'oo,t ,* bod! t Nlat lean)asrn ' @nq.tow po7,'ocytlo't

llnf<nbt' -

laleral cUokn - labal vyiaoltalam'C Venhat $PhofAa@'no

42

ASSIGIYMENT NO. 7 DIENCEPTT,{LOTT

GIO-

I.

To study the subdivision of the diencephalon and its parts.

sro

l.

Decribe the subdivisions of the diencephalon and their corresponding structures; namely:
a.

thalamuas > medral nucleu<

> toletal aucleuv t Oo.val nuclpN

b. hypothalamus
>

<(uP'Aeh':araahL

> iznl-enor /

ptkior

c. subthalamus

' Batal ga.Atio

d. epithalamus
z llabenulat nucl2t

2. Enumerate and describe the different tharamic nuclei.' t. 4nlsrV nvclw gry - !: bdret n^itlothaton< tv,c/ ^aa,:wyl .1, maiq iluclear g.wto - lt aaygddo,
onl<n'{

qlcx * lempual lo4/

r'^b f

in/erno/

*pc"rb

aagulokcl gyrvu

EJ;;# #I*Jff
> parcVentniulo > tlupro oplial

""3i#s,rr;

> {enlttt ' Ntl

fi'bict

4. Describe the functions of the > thalamrh

subdivisions of the diencephalon.

' \PlaP"*'(
> Epitlolmtw
5. Draw and label the

sagittal section

of

ifslstructures of the diecephalon including a diencephalon.

48
E.

ASSIGNMENT NO.8 BASAL GANGLIA AI\D ITS COI\INECTION

GIO.

I.

To know the basal ganglia and its associated disorders.

SIO. l. Describe the structures forming the basal ganglia

t (orptxr l{#a'lu'n - N@\rtyvlurn
> Caudaf nucleLr{ > psfaaefl

Phnwhiatum > lobu< potilAut

r ltngdaataid
t AavtfY-ufi1

2. Describe the functions of the component structures of the basal ganglia and their role in the extrapyramidal system.

* @,yt< \(tiqtum > q vuborhcol foi ,f lre > coneetrled 6 wqahcz noltr fi,tnet)On
il firgXolatot'd 4uc)ear ctmplS< > tqardpd a< a @ilWe.t of limbic , hcakd 6*neoth lhe uqc.aI
>

ff,'tbro;O

vJtRn
'-

kndrol I

lotx
@n/)eoh01t

ydmantgl ha{ olfuforg )oyut -c hilfolhota^us I

mc;amcol t-

3. Give some clinical manifestations > ,bffiage h batal ganglio c obilA ,r ant tl ,tyeech, I na! ho{e affS,:cutfu

ing lesion of basal ganglia

olaY cotxl ptubtenk 6 unek dnd Pwtue. 6? casutaini,'rg nc.vFn1t ,

PoUle,rx

Mehv! lo(.r f nwcl( fon?

nwcle g,yo+,t 2

2 atelklng

fiWmg dotdt "tficutt!

;0;dtu

./

4. Identify the fiber

connections associated with basal ganglia

f 'bst

'6fa1urr

- o.e^Tniagal

fofli$et &1n?.ehb11 - ?ottiao ffinnt - fatlido lungol

$oer<

54

PALLIDAL CONNECTIONS
A. Pallidal Afferent Jib ers : - projections to the globus pallidus arising from the striatum and subthalamic
nucleus

- Subthalamo-pallidal fibers arise from that claudal and medial2l3 of subthalamic nucleus and project upon the medial pallidal segment
B. PallidofugalJiber: - Principal efferent system of the corpus striatum - pallidal efferent fibers can be divided into 4 main bundles a. Ansa lenticularis I b. Lenticular fasciculus I arise from medial pallidal segment c. Pallidotegmental fibers ) d. Pallidosubthalamic fibers segment - mise from lateral pallidal segment

-1r.t*-"1
#7rd*ti ?n/trral
Ccprrutc

+t'

{v L*,**i

*"'t'i l1;.!*is 'V

e/&n.trf,rryr
, a{tdt rt6r.}., e#e

".jL i"1? ,","{*f" *o

*f

, '

qy

f*...

oa-&t.i-t
t

o Auf *.ieu4{_.t* *. , t*<a5:t r. ag.1a;;(

CA* *.(;
"t

'Y'."j: &f
A.ie-fi'l**e*'gt*

Q4{#n}t d.f.3g"a"& z ilhla c,t{a/,i$ r*

Lg.y''*
L:ir

q:,t

16,*.r

frufe*u,,
76-*.;rt.+E-

;:f*

6rru

&i^{ vyr&._,

s r. ii'rc

^
d.x'- 2.. Cs,.<-,u

\re"&#*

".frie

ar,,-4,i;,rr...{_

-\

..7*t"A*m$ fef*?/ q * -.grr-f {

Ji-* fr*61r'.u1

"
,i

/+...
I

".'+.;,"U

- / jno* ,,*

,gzSe,c

rat>a {e e .

*i"rro-gg?F.'d'

.
l'

LABORATORYPROCEDURES

Get microsections of big embryo and identifr all sttuctures associated with the development of the eye.

2. Whrit are the coats/tunics of the eyeball and how do they develop? * Tbron', brnegveeral 6ss1 ,r Neraou.- o,o.,l
> ootf,eo

' ,blerq * t/a<aular ," rtu<&ld. Coat > chontj 1 a't'ag htd! - i;a 3. Give some malformations/abnormalitips with the formation of the eye. * hlobsrna ila* )? bngahtlal *1ae<f

> Rehoo

x x

Mbro-

Opnlhalm,'a

hnopthdpt;q

4'Let your proctor sign your drawings and answers to questions.

l'/aoa27fia.. a.4

(t+/r.{c o*4 /

**kn,

lo^nlY futtlv ./

ole-*y d"d
0,4

L ! xtaau/

Mey4aVA^L

52

LABORATORY PROCEDURE
1.

Get microsections

of the eyeball. study this first under Lpo.

Draw ahonzontal section of the eyeball showing the importantparts of its different coats. Label these.

"r;

F.
;

3.

Enumerate the 3 main."r,JJihl':r:i3,, and their subdivisions.

,, 2-

2ionrL

eD^rlaoale.ctl

I\

*-oo
\ncrplc;,
A

rlen

o,tr coa/ -

&,stinq

_Vanrular

6-

ohonrd
a,ta,y ao41 I r,\i

4.

Place now the microscope under HPO. Focupoo the cornea and illustrate and label its

different

layers.

--'-

7t

5" -Enumerate the refractive media of the eyeball , eorn@o, 1 aquaOU.( hurt*'

len<

, vit*orl,r

humot

6.

Focus now on the sclera. Identify the limbus or sclerocorneal

jucntion. What is its

importance?

/fr1 inTorla4

ta.td'nort pt

+qutoN

hutr'tsr

Pothwag

7.

Trace the flow of aqueous humor from site of production to its drainage.

pm{uced. ty er't'b<y Tocst< '-o fo*f' ahaaber ---t yvTil a paforo/ iidourrleal angl. -o frabocu/al' nsrhrvor. 4 rWennk giambr

-b paol --t, 4e(f vqlN )n l;4?b4! =, epi"t""t

uvVx(

-.

i"

8.

Describe the iris. -y

/ aeavtly fgrrcnfed alo.ed pat of eye > a4( trke q liaphrc,gda ; a cenlral TuPti' "r"/^g ette6{ riglv of ,)^ Vwoolh muol( i, u an lrrl the a,nounl g.,'ng fo lhe nr*yo.

9. Describe the composition of the ciliary

un(/irt of .'t;*y n'M, ulia,j
c't.JN"t

/ PoN

f lona

72

10. Discuss the rnechanism of accomodation of the eyeball for near

t whw the eye Aw b frrrxr or) nedr objoel t;e oiibgr o&de Mhock- n,h ltv aatracl,orl qr h,v .s,clpr fre Fw< n fhe pnular tuga,tqa1 and lii atakgr /4e /p^v ^etdx , htlLOr Or moe dorllex . lhe lena no,rt har q h,flher nTracfi polue' fo todt a* n&r ob)edv

vision

t 1.

Putthe retina under HpO. What layers can you identi&?

7he
cclerd

oufir 7lu)ftrn , inne. n,tdeorr it ner pte*fo.rn gangtie lay er , bge.q of rad< ? ^ oukr ti,n;1fig mrrlbrant r y)gnenrcd eyihet,um
ohontf
nucl@r

, \ul<r

oona<

12. Illustrate and label

their l0layers of the rtina Pg*"enf tpithe ti,a,

4ocif 3 eoor

0vW lia,\* me.ng6ap 0ot1. rt1getg.* lnye-

Oakr Plexf*m
InnCr fi1u.fg@^

Ihng.

?le*-tfonnr

g*17t,ba &g

ape

ale.vg

fiktr

lnae. !,or{l.as
Retina, HPO maara"{ne

73

ASSIGIIMENT NO. 1I VISUAL PATHWA.Y

GIO :

To study the visual pathway.

SIO

l. Illustrateand abel the parts of the eyeball(horizonta\section)

2. Discuss briefly the parts of ttre different coats of the eyeball.

* ,t ,

frehno - yhola<eovt4,le e.ea vb/t -a - p,kE,D Oveiag Cor/,ea

lr,lPr)o,r ClttQn;M

3. Trace the visual pathway from the retina to te visual cortex.

Reh'na

-t

Afl;o Nu4, +

qptie Chia<,n a

Lafer.t geoiautale b04y (LOP)

eerc.btl qrtef

-.

Aft{" toct -i @pl;c .addi\n --+

4. Enumerate and discuss the different visual defects arising from injury at different levels of the visual pathway (use back page0

O @'F"' n*o
> aaopia

,f @ e|e
dia<m

Tp,riort<

of @ y.

' @ nar..t 1rp6r'capyio

> bitcmTorel
homo4'1

mou't

ne*)onop<'b

O @ opic T,ael > @ hOmonTaut<, hea)6a6p4)q

74

--______.
,ASSIG}IMENT NO..12 VISUAL)BETLEXES AND EYE MOVEMENTS

i\

GlO I. To study visual reflexesand

eye movements.

SIO 1. Describ.e the visual reflexes and identi$ its parts. tltrufiu AE.Lry. - tf ltu trght choryn to drle O,ge, tte pupit )n both elg natmalty eDfl{fn'of< pa'r'ded tal D ao not lfan(,le<e

,r

ege.

9Pho lros''t > tlupvior o tllculi

>

> fftte4ol avclu'! > ldt\A'- aetlPal , $cqrlo,ndff nerr/e

nuclrl't

> ito*leor nete

SIO 2. Give the importance of visual reflexes clinically.

1. tf wlt deler6,|4 ,uu @ *px if n*v fu ano'natg' 0. {, getermine lAe @ fu"*A" f he eye mlvcne,.l
), To uadwfad l
or
e

eonPltcdion

of

e'li,nutu't

lo

4gs'ain@

It

.rh

+lo

dafe"m,he lne @ eefter .for"a,'di 'qfmultt<

II. To understand how accommodation

convergence reflex is elicited.

ASSIGNMtrNT NO. 13 SPINAL REFLEX ARC AND ITS CLASSIFICATION

GIQ I. To study the different types of spinal reflexes. SIO l.Enumerate the parts of a reflex arc.

>
>

receplof

oo/\Jo(y neu.tr)

> apnttf

> mlttr nevrin 1 Effector

2. Classifu spinal reflexes as: a. somato-somatic

>

jvti 4Pr > ftenr *ft*

knee
>- aqaaed

e*te,{tg

-rege4

b. somato-visceral bvau<e

of hot 4 dpfv ufon

on lhe qk'4

d,f

agyttcolho

of

heal

.c.

viscero-somatic

> iafla*no\)rn of apperAix ftltor,el bg ennhvohort 0f

abdo,n)na/ mucde

> Palf.tratcd Pepho

dlcer fwortd

bJ

cakoclillrl Af

dbdDm;nol ntccle

d. viscero-visceral > ttetiel ,eflex

' &fecaiort

..eflox

84

sro

3. Differentiate between somatic stuctures and visceral structures.

> {omaL \./rucldr.r are afuvc}u*t 1sa1 ftr>n< rhc bdy antie vkceral al.uott* anw furmed in fie Mg Orpolh ntuqcle / o64iac mrqolg, and grcn)y

r,tatr

4av/h.a(,

It ^ei

.s

L=.
I
: ,

SIO 4. Differentiate whether spinal reflexes are; A. intrasegmental > hg g/nat efiex. ;awltre onl| . one o/nat ' and vyrrtertl

i.iq .;
:

i\\F!dib:r':

B. intersegmental
.> the Vfial rpfter )aapg'1 rvlote lhaay vp)nat oyd wgnanl

C. ipsilateral I hfh

the (Irrro.V aftit aM molor aern are { Vr&re Of lhe ,.p,:"ol

he <an9

"4d

[. +eruory 'advhgen\enf Qnlrz(,; oN vd of the tilranXenent ,e4qE fle OfaOr ,c&e

moio/

],,

:.85

SIO 5. G-ive examples of the different lypgs of spinal reflexes.

> Knee )erR
> ,ef{eX

fleros

rafte{

> Ary1'ral refleX ) dare flwh reflet t fervp)ahon ,nfte{

slo 6. classiff
fi't0 IDR

the spinal and cranial nelTes according to firnction.

Wr,J,(oA/ J
tYll/ ID

v
vir

il
vill

t,

lx

4 l,l
L

SIO 7. Review the parts of the brainstem and spinal cord.

lLa/cLF r6^tE I orhh^uaLq and f a{{,tp yuha/ > k-lft 'f ^v1"/'e,4 aa.^la.h fon t 4
t<Ar

t *5+6r\,

> fuzt'^a1 ,n,A

fl--/
7,7e. Auo<)

fa$rton"4 tt-*t

"

,ly/*"fuh.4 , qar'r,l tCrich

aft-{hr- *'t*A ot"y - k^,fc. n

l<,t

/-4'

r ti7'tl'-ia
t Ltmt irw

>

7rucl fba,t',, tlt yotb""'1"

86

ASSIGIYMENT NO. 14 LIMBIC SYSTEM','

GIO.

To study the cqrpg4e,nt part of ttre limbic system together with their functions.

SIO. l. Deftnt*fiWtlkf\bic

system.
sniler

) il a anpler oe/ ol rlructurt( hot \ev on bolh ,t the lholorn*r , )"v.t under 7^e cc,ebrun.

' Pn|ron'tg rr,Tonrble M our emohonal t,fe aad trt( o hl lo do ith ftrmoh'$n of neanogV
2. Name the general functions of this system.

>

tucg

6 ote Is- fr.t^g, ftr*Ig, f7frry, Aang,

nah'ng
eC$vr

vtdutok>g

ly

3. Discuss the cornponent partsof this system.

A. found in cerebral cortex

> QigtJaa.

B: fourd in diencephalon
> lloQt-n"'g

> ro*'to-Y

O*&+

4. Discuss and i[ustrate with complete labeling the Papez Circuit..

daC\rlut^

*ff **f*

*/

ll*|s,nuA na,n:ile-r

\"

N*

a/

92

ASSIGNMENT NO. 15 RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM

GIO
I.

To understand the Reticular Activating System and its associated clinical significance
1. Enumerate and

SIO

briefly discuss the anatomical cornponents of the Reticular Activating System

2. Discuss the Structures that comprises the Reticular Formation

3. Give the Functions of the Reticular Activating System

4. Give the Clinical Significance of the Reticular Activating System

SEttcuvftt< foRM*nerYl
Co*ivlrt df infera>nneckd tughrN \ fe1tnehluTtl \ tale.dl fltTafholo^tc a"eO > fhal qmt\!:
No* pea ftc .'e{fon(C

9OL/,\7N+PTIC- Palhellv - xrql and ool4 crowed

faft.n< a genera/izc ft7qtdln.V funcf'x) Eilendtr - t4F,hd) csd tr ceregrum vllllytLollg ptccpd a6ong fhe L^1orta^l nerlut- to+.tt (tucwdrhg 9, darcendng) nuetei *p|rcl urd (uahnltouyf 6 |hg ;n6^euan1,

ond uncryatd accvndtng ? t a*end.ag yatA^tagu I I I afpr<nl tv he rehulot- PmahD^ -f*jn*on. 'tfr4Arehc.le - <wtoolhalam6 frocfu - mediol leryrA^t eqt - rre<h:butt pathra{ - t'/'Vqdl fatq{a"/ - eekbelloref{cqld. ' (wbfhalunrT, hyTathatam,C t thetanfc qu.-toq' a co?ttit tl<bl-ur4 - l,'mO,c_ cgvle,n ef{<.ru4 y,oject$'oa af rle R. F - ,2fi'cubAutban traC,f r rel{culWpinal tad '4N( ' eprfw tll,;afum - 6e.prbuluftl - rtd n*c.lett , ,aulvS-nlga n]g@ - lecfqm ' {ubl$alubqg , hyyolhalanul , }halatau!
fe'lh"a1

I
+ Ncdullct 4

gt"J motkr)
Ptiru a m'ilbta,n
toubth

olanv,t t

hyTdh alaaut

y*o-''r
eere bell urrl

i
;

oilVpd '

fhr<z loagllrd,hax/ eplumrt( med;d4 /

^edtal /
..tdla-at/

i
I

t--

I
I

Jnl',n'u
,, b.t-Ol d Wete/ctl au<cl3 r<fiedlo lft^dl l,aq t' *h'<ulo eutbor t ac{ -odutda nl.ttcle g3ae g rflter eh'wlll .+ciTacot indib rhOa o-ftsa,ia ^,,*-ro d r fttfnl.or,1 n.a^LL^ .J ^uec-le ,.rqttofc.jl ppnfia - p-r{ of r-eficotlar
chlynthng ouvclt af fae|a/
ex7rc,r<ion

I I I | I E I |

Z et1of1vr'\ 6 dexc4ndng 1""4 - qegaro-k f,.r1

oo<frcuoulbat Vs"1

l- thCn *o.tc,ltdl

1, 96

e0.Lol of trornafrL I Sohog mecAdh'itn

vxlsptal

9.2r1sotbbO{

L:_

:_n_

t,
1

Ar.f,o

I 4 \,? ltr and

frftc

o;^l'+l f|o,rt. e*n'loral q4<x , Ayfbfhalq'\u( ,

olhQr

saps6Tjlrtl nuclU

s h

(
h n b

"$*NI b! reioutovf,nol t*d r<hrqtoAur6e to.{ I a

\?g

r,-Taltehc
V

pald4

t^fofAert

oulftorX

b"h"t ,f fn4wnu qlt km fi,^J hgptAalaic. uuclf-i

fluen cg n/1
a.
rt-4,
b

/otoyr'utl atD'k

( euza-*ba

rhy16n

ItSt.ul*

a,-eh'rrA

Wvkm
LaC./

DEV
Then

qrz.uula4

rgticu

lo;dbrato-

kg^ellum

RETI
sues

and ax

the

mi