Math 2080 Week 10

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Chapter 10

Partial derivatives and their application.

10.1 Partial Derivatives 10.2 Tangent Planes and slopes of surfaces. 10.3 Linear approximations and the differential of F(x, y). 10.4 Linear Stability analysis of multivariate dynamical systems.

Math 2080 Week 10

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The

first partial derivative of z = F(x, y) with respect to x is

F(x%h, y)&F(x, y) M F(x, y) = lim Mx h h60

provided the limit exists. This partial derivative is also denoted by Mz Mx

zx

and Fx(x, y) or, simply F x.

Math 2080 Week 10

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The

first partial derivative of F(x, y) with respect to y is

F(x, y%h)&F(x, y) M F(x, y) = lim My h h60

provided the limit exists. This partial derivative is also denoted by Mz , My and Fy(x, y) or simply Fy. zy,

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The four second partial derivatives of z = F(x, y) are : The second partial derivative of F with respect to x:
2 M F(x, y) = Fxx(x, y) M2/Mx2 F(x, y) = Mx 2

M M M / Fx(x, y) = F(x, y) Mx Mx Mx

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The second partial derivative of F with respect to y:

2 M F(x, y) = Fyy(x, y) M2/My2 F(x, y) = My 2

M M M / Fy(x, y) = F(x, y) My My My

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The (mixed) second partial derivative of F with respect to x and then y:

2 M F(x, y) = Fxy(x, y) M2/MyMx F(x, y) = My Mx M M M / Fx(x, y) = F(x, y) My My Mx

The (mixed) second partial derivative of F with respect to y and then x:

2 M F(x, y) = Fyx(x, y) M2/MxMy F(x, y) = Mx My

M M M / Fy(x, y) = F(x, y) Mx Mx My

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Problem Determine all first and second order partial derivatives of the given function. (a) F(x, y) = x3 + x2y - y4

(b) F(x, y) = x sin(y)

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(c) F(x, y) = x ln(y2) - eyx

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EQUALITY OF MIXED PARTIAL

DERIVATIVES.
If the partial derivatives Fxy and Fyx are continuous in a circular region about a point (x, y) then

Fxy(x, y) = Fyx(x, y).

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These concepts extends to functions of more than two variables, e.g.. If G(x,y,z) = xy -yz2 then Gx = Gz = Gzy = Gzx =

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For a function G of x, y, and z, there are 24 mixed partial derivatives that differentiate twice with respect to x, twice with respect to y and once with respect to z: Gxxyyz Gxyxyz Gyyxxz Gyxyxz Gyxxyz Gxyyxz Gxxyzy Gxyxzy Gyyxzx Gyxyzx Gyxxzy Gxyyzx Gxxzyy Gxyzxy Gyyzxx Gyxzyx Gyxzxy Gxyzyx Gxzxyy Gxzyxy Gyzyxx Gyzxyx Gyzxxy Gxzyyx Gzxxyy Gzxyxy Gzyyxx Gzyxyx Gzyxxy Gzxyyx

If G is smooth enough, all of these will have the same value. What does this mean? Eg. if G(x,y,z) = x sin(y) + xe
-zy

x%ln(x%z 2) x &2x %cos(x/z)

z 2

which way would you evaluate Gzxyyx ?

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Planes in 3-dimensional space.

Linear FUNCTION EQUATIONS 2-Dimensional Line: y = mx + b

3-Dimensional Plane: z = Ax + By +C more generally: 4-dimensions: Hyper-space

In N-dimensions,

a linear surface is an N-1 dimensional Hyper space.

N-dimensional vector:

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POINT-SLOPE EQUATIONS 2-D Line:

y 5 4

y = y0 + m(x - x0)

3-D Plane :

z = z0 + A(x - x0) + B(y - y0)

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INTERCEPT EQUATIONS 2-D Line:

y 5

x y % '1 a b

3 2

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3-D Plane:
z

x y z % % '1 a b c

X/4 + y/2 + z/3 = 1

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Planes parallel to two of the coordinate axes. Each pair of coordinate axes determine a plane, e.g., the x-y plane, the y-z plane. These planes are characterized by the fact that the third coordinated is zero at each point in the plane. The x-y plane is The x-z plane is The y-z plane is

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More generally, planes that are parallel to one of these two-axis planes are characterized by the property that one of their coordinates is constant. { (x, y, z) | }

This plane is then parallel to the plane formed from the two non-constant coordinate axes.

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Parallel Lines L1 : y = y0 + m(x - x0) Slope: Point:

Two lines are parallel if _________________________________. A line parallel to L1 is L2: y = What if the slope is m = P/Q? Then we could write the line L1 as (y - y0) - P/Q (x - x0) = 0 or (x - x0) (y - y0) = 0

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y 5 4 3 2 1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
grid axis -6 to 6

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What is a vector?

What is the (position) vector v = (Q, P) ? What is the relationship of the vector v = (Q, P) to the line L1?
y 5 4 3 2 1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 1 2 3 4 5 x

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(Parametric) Vector Equation of a Line

L1 = { (x, y) | (x, y) = (x0, y0) + t(Q, P) for t 0 (-4, 4) }

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Perpendicular Lines Two lines are perpendicular if ____________________________________ What is the slope of the line perpendicular to the line L1? Slope of :L1: m = 8 = Slope of perpendicular line L1-N: m Equation of perpendicular line:

Do you know another word that in mathematics means perpendicular? ________________ The line L1-N is ___________ to the line L1 at the point (x0, y0).

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Dot Products The dot product or inner product of two vectors is the sum of the product of their respective components: Let V = (v1, v2) U = (u1, u2)

the dot product of V and U is VC U / v 1 u 1 + v 2 u 2 If V = (2, -3) U = (4, 5) then VCU = __________

In 3-dimensions, if then N = (2, 3, 5) and T = (-1, 7, 4)

NCT = ___________________

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The dot-product of two vectors can also be expressed as uCv = ||u|| ||v|| cos() where is the angle between the two vectors, and || u || is the length of the vector u:
O

_ v

(u1 + u2 )

_ U

Notice that since -1 # cos() # 1 we have - ||u|| ||v|| # uCv # ||u|| ||v||

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Geometrically, the dot product is the product of the length of the vector u and the length of the projection of the vector v onto u this is how much v goes in the direction of u In the diagram at the right, the length A is ||v||, and C is the length of the projection of v onto u, This is the distance from the common vertex to the point Pv which is given as C = ||v|| cos() since cos() = C/A.

_ v A O C Pv B _ U

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What is a vector perpendicular to a given vector v = (v1, v2) ? N=( , )

If two vectors are perpendicular what is their dot product? If N is perpendicular to v then N C v =

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Returning to the line L1 = { (x, y) | (x, y) = (x0, y0) + t(Q, P) for t 0 (-4, 4) }

What is the vector N = (P, -Q)? What is the relationship of the vector N = (P, -Q) to the line L1?
y 5 4 3 2 1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 1 2 3 4 5 x

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The Normal Equation of the line through the point (x0, y0) perpendicular to the vector N = (P, -Q): L1 = {(x, y) | [(x, y) - (x0, y0)] C (P, -Q) = 0} or , without using the set notation L1: (x - x0 , y - y0) C(P, -Q) = 0 or L1: P(x - x0) - Q(y - y0) = 0

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Exercises. What is a point on the given line and what is a normal vector to the line? (a) 2(x - 3) + 3(y + 2)= 0 Point: (x0,y0) = Normal vector: N = (b) y = 4x+ 5 Point: (x0,y0) = Normal vector: N = (c) x/2 + y/3 = 1 Point: (x0,y0) = Normal vector: N =

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The Normal Equation of a Plane through the point (x0, y0, z0) perpendicular to the vector (nx, ny, nz): P1 = {(x, y, z) | [(x, y, z) - (x0, y0, z0)] C (nx, ny, nz) = 0} or , without the set notation P1: [(x, y, z) - (x0, y0, z0)] C (nx, ny, nz) = 0 or P1: nx(x - x0) + ny(y - y0) + nz(z - z0) = 0 If we expand the last equation we get the more common equation for a plane ____ x + ___ y + ___ z = _____ or, if nz 0, solving for z z = ____x + ____ y +

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What is a normal vector to the plane (d) 2(x - 3) + 3(y + 2) - (z -5) = 0 N= (e) z = 4x - 2y + 5 N= (f) x/2 + y/3 + z/5 = 1 N=

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TANGENT Lines and SURFACES as lines or planes perpendicular to a normal vector: 2-D: Tangent line to y = f(x) at (x0, y0) is the line perpendicular to the Normal vector: (fN(x0), -1) fN(x0)(x - x0) + -1(y - y0) = 0

y 5

3 2

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3-D: Tangent Plane to z = F(x, y) at (x0, y0, z0) is the plane perpendicular to the normal vector N = ( Fx(x0, y0), Fy(x0, y0), -1)

Fx(x0, y0)(x - x0) + Fy(x0, y0)(y - y0) - 1(z - z0) = 0

or z = z0 + Fx(x0, y0)(x - x0) + Fy(x0, y0)(y - y0)

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TANGENT Lines and SURFACES 2-D: Tangent line to y = f(x) at (x0, y0) y = L(x) =
y 5 4

3-D: Tangent Plane to z = F(x, y) at (x0, y0, z0) z = P(x, y) =

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In 2-D The intersection of 2 lines is __________ In 3-D. The intersection of two planes is _____________
Line of intersection of two planes. z

y x

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Line in three-space as the intersection of two planes. L = {(x, y, z) * z = z0 + A0 x + B0y and z = z 1 + A 1 x + B1 y }

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Line in three-space as the intersection of two planes. If (x0, y0, z0) is a point on the line L which is the intersection of the planes z = z0 + A0 x + B0y and z = z1 + A1 x + B1y Then the line L is the set of points that simultaneously satisfies the point-slope equations A0 (x - x0) + B0(y - y0) + C0( z - z0) = 0 and A1 (x - x0) + B1(y - y0) + C1( z - z0) = 0 with C1 = C0 = _____ Example: What is the line given by x= y and y = z ? What is the line given by y = 2 and z = 3