The Art of Tajweed

T h e A r t o f T a j w e e d
13 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension

Dr Abu Zayd Quran Li teracy Insti tute
An I s l ami c Le arni ng F oundat i on Af f i l i at e
2011
LESSON ONE:

INTRODUCTION
The Childrens Bequest


The Prophet:
[Musnad Ahmad]

Ahl al - Quran


Th e S t o r y

One Book
One Man
A Statement

A Team
A Divine Chain

An I n v i t a t i on


:

.
a l - T i r mi d h 2 9 8 5

THE COURSE:
A comprehensive review of the rules of Tajweed
according to the Reading of af based upon the text
Tuhfah al-Afl by Sulaymn al-Jamzr.
INTRODUCTION

Practice
History
Theory
The Formal Rules
of Tajweed
Biographies of the
Imms of Recitation
Iqr


INTRODUCTION

Advanced Topic



INTRODUCTION

PREREQUISITES

Ability to read Arabic script

Basic knowledge of Tajweed

WHAT YOU NEED FOR
THIS CLASS

Writing material
Mushaf (preferably Madinan
edition)
Voice Recorder (optional)
POSITIVE ATTITUDE

INTRODUCTION

Will improve your pronunciation and recitation of the Quran.
Will help you establish a relationship with Allahs Book
Will deepen your appreciation of the beauty and majesty of
the Quran.
Will help you live a purpose-driven and organized life.
Will help you appreciate real reciters versus popular ones
Will help you understand Allahs Book.
Benefits of
the Class

The
Ras hi d Hami d
Chai / S hai
Bre ak


INTRODUCTION

Will improve your pronunciation and recitation of the Quran.
Will help you establish a relationship with Allahs Book
Will deepen your appreciation of the beauty and majesty of
the Quran.
Will help you live a purpose-driven and organized life.
Will help you appreciate real reciters versus popular ones
Will help you understand Allahs Book.
Benefits of
the Class

INTRODUCTION

The letters that make up words
given an indication to their
meaning

/
/


INTRODUCTION

Surah Al-Masad (111)

The arms of Ab Lahab shall be broken,
Himself he shall expire,
By his own wealth and all his gains
forsaken,
Soon shall he burn inside a flaming Fire,
With him his wife, the one with fire-wood
laden,
Around her neck, a rope of palm-leaf fiber.

INTRODUCTION

Course Outline Lesson 1: Introduction/Terminology
Lesson 2: Mistakes in Tajweed
Lesson 3: How to Begin
Lesson 4: Rules of Doubled Nun/Meem
Lesson 5: Rules of Nun Sakin/Tanwin
Lesson 6: The Rules of Meem Sakin
Lesson 7: The Rules of Lam
Lesson 8: The Makharij
Lesson 9: The Attributes
Lesson 10: The Rules of Ra
Lesson 11: Rules of Assimilation
Lesson 12: Rules of Madd
Lesson 13: RulesStopping/Symbols/Voice Hygeine

INTRODUCTION

Terminology

Tarteel

Qirah

Tilwah

Tajweed
Surah al-Muzammil 4
Surah al-Nahl 98
Surah al-Anfal 2

INTRODUCTION

Contemporary
the precise methodology of reciting the Qurn, as it was transmitted from
the Prophet to subsequent generations, based upon a body of rules and
principles developed by those well-versed in its recitation
Technical
Reciting the Quran by granting each letter its due, including its intrinsic properties
and those features governed by its placement and relation to other letters

Linguistic
Beautify Embellish Adorn
Definition of Tajweed

INTRODUCTION

Advanced Vernacular
Advanced Topic

INTRODUCTION

Advanced Vernacular
Advanced Topic


INTRODUCTION

Advanced Topic
Learning the Variant Readings Today

A
l
l

1
0

LESSON TWO:

MISTAKES IN TAJWEED


INTRODUCTION

Mistakes in Tajweed

Mistakes
Major
Addition, ommision,
changing of words,
elements, vowels
Forbidden
Minor
Violations of madd
duration, ghunnah,
finer rules
Disliked
The Co mpani o ns and e ar l y Mus l i ms we r e ve r y
i nt o l e r ant o f al l t ype s o f mi s t ake s wi t h r e s pe c t t o t he
Qur n!

INTRODUCTION

Types of Reciters
Reciters
Experts Noble Company
Those who make
mistakes
Excused Double Reward
Blameworthy
Taj we e d i s t he o nl y s c i e nc e whe r e mi s t ake s ar e
r e war de d !

INTRODUCTION

Ruling on Tajweed
Types of
Tajweed
Knowledge
Theoretical
Communal
Obligation
Practical
Individual
Obligation
2011
LESSON THREE:

HOW TO BEGIN YOUR RECITATION

LESSON FOUR:

RULES OF NN/MEEM MUSHADDADAH



SPOTLIGHT

QUIZ
1. The Qurn
commands us to recite
it with tarteel. What
does that term mean?
2. Define the term
Tajweed.
3. Who is the most
influential Companion
when it comes to the
Qurn?
4. What are the 2 Types
of Tajweed Knowledge?
5. What are the 2 Types
of Tajweed Mistakes?
What are Examples of
Each?
LESSON THREE:




HOW TO BEGIN

The Rules Of Istiadhah and Basmala


HOW TO BEGIN

Timing Before Recitation
Ruling Mustahabb
Form

Manner
Aloud Default
Silent In Salah or reciting alone
Al-Istiadhah

Surah al-Nahl 98

HOW TO BEGIN

Al-Basmalah

Surah al-Fatiha 1

HOW TO BEGIN

Reciting from
the middle of
surah
With Basmalah
Without Basmalah

HOW TO BEGIN

Reciting from the middle of a surah
WI T H O U T B A S MA L A H

HOW TO BEGIN

WA R N I N G S

HOW TO BEGIN

WA R N I N G S

HOW TO BEGIN

Joining 2 Surahs
Why Only 3 Ways ?

HOW TO BEGIN

Joining Surah Al-Anfal and Al-Tawbah

Al-Tawbah is the only Surah that does not begin with the Basmalah.

The
Ras hi d Hami d
Chai / S hai
Bre ak


Gue s s t he
Re c i t or !


LESSON FOUR:

RULES OF NN/MEEM
MUSHADDADAH



Imm Als definition of
Tarteel:


Levels of Tajweed
1. Tajweed of
Individual
Letters
2. Tajweed of
Letters in
Combination
3. Knowledge of
Stopping/Continuing

The Rules of the Letter Nun
and Meem

Why do we begin with Nun and Meem?

Surah al-Nisa 93

RULES OF THE DOUBLED NN & MEEM

And articulate ghunnah of the nn and meem
that carries the double accent,
and refer to both as letters of ghunnah, as is
obvious and apparent.

DEFINITIONS
The Letter
Nun and
Meem
Ghunnah

Definition

Length of 2 Durations
In Continuing and Stopping
Surah al-Baqarah 20
Surah al-Rahman 39
2011
LESSON FIVE:

RULES OF NN AND NNNATION



SPOTLIGHT

QUIZ
1. What is the ruling of
Istidhah prior to
recitation?
2. What is the only
Surah that doesnt
begin with Basmalah?
3. Is the Basmalah a
part of the Qurn?
4. Define the term
Ghunnah.
5. What is the duration
of the doubled Nun or
Meem?

Sul aymn al - J amzr ( d 1198H)

The most widely used resource for
Tajweed today
The Author
The Text
Canonical Meters of Arabic Poetry
Each line = bayt
Each half = shatr
THE TEXT
Advanced Topic

Advanced Topic

Advanced Topic

Advanced Topic

THE TEXT

Advanced Topic
LESSON FIVE:




DEFINITIONS
The Letter
Nun and
Meem
Sakin Tanween
Ghunnah
RULES OF NN & NNNATION

For the nn without vowels and the tanwn diction,
exist four basic rules, so take my depiction.


Rules of
Nn
Skin /
Tanwn
IHR
IKHF
IDGHM
IQLB

RULES OF NN & NNNATION 1.IHR (Manifestation)

The first of these, the rule of Ihr, is before the letters hence,
arising from the throat, six in number, in this known sequence:
Hamza and H, then Ayn and ,
without the marks, then Ghayn and Kh.

1. Definition

2. Its Letters: [Guttural Letters]



Levels of Ihr
Farthest Letters:

Middle Letters:

Closest Letters:

Advanced Topic


The
Ras hi d Hami d
Chai / S hai
Bre ak


RULES OF NN & NNNATION 2.IDGHM (Merging)

The second is Idghm, with six it takes effect,
in yarmuloon, a mnemonic which they accept.


Definition

Its Letters:



But this is of two types, with the first being verbalized,
with the trait of ghunnah, and by yanmu recognized.
Except if this occurs within one word, then there is none,
no idghm in articulation, as in the words dunya and inwn.
The second type is Idghm without the ghunnah trait,
in lm and r, but the latter you must reverberate.

Types of Idghm:

1. With Ghunnah:

2. Without Ghunnah:


EXAMPLES

Surah al-Nisa 123

EXAMPLES

Surah 6:98

EXAMPLES

Surah 24:45

EXAMPLES

Surah 42:44

EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH

Surah Al-Baqarah 5

EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH

Surah 24:37

E X C E P T I O NS :
1. No Idghm within one word.
4 Quranic Examples:

2. No Idghm in the following 2 verses:
Surah Yasin: v1-2
Surah Nun: v1-2

The rule in the above examples is called Izhr Mutlaq.
Advanced Topic

Advanced Topic
Surah Yasin 1-2
Surah al-qalam 1
E X C E P T I O NS :

Advanced Topic
Types of
Assimilation
Complete

Incomplete

2011

SPOTLIGHT


QUIZ
1. List the letters of
Izhr.
2. List the letters of
Idghm.
3. What are the 2 types
of Idghm?
4. Does Idghm always
result in doubling of a
letter (shaddah)?
5. List 2 exceptions to
the rule of Idghm.
LESSON FIVE:




RULES OF NN & NNNATION 3. IQLB (Conversion)

The third rule is Iqlb which occurs with the
letter b,
which is converted to meem and pronounced
with Ikhf.

Definition
Letter:

3 Steps: 1. Nn converted to meem
2. Suppress meem (Ikhf)
3. Ghunnah


EXAMPLES
Surah al-Maidah 39

The
Ras hi d Hami d
Chai / S hai
Bre ak


RULES OF NN & NNNATION 4. IKHF (Suppresion)

The fourth is Ikhf for the respected student,
with specified letters mandatory for the
student.

In fifteen letters it takes effect,
within this prose that I erect:
Relate of the praiseworthy one, how excellent is
he who achieves status robust;
Be ever perpetual in virtue, cultivate piety,
and fend off the one who is unjust.


Definition
15 Letters:


B R E A K D O WN:
1) The articulation of nn like a
separate letter
2) between full manifestation and full
assimilation
3) without emphasis (shaddah)
4) with ghunnah (and 2 durations)
5) and association with the subsequent
letter (in characteristics)

EXAMPLES

EXAMPLES


Gue s s t he
Re c i t or !


THE 4 RULES: SUMMARY AND CASE STUDY
Muslim Immigrant Mahmood

The Nun: Muslim Identity The Subsequent Letter: US Society
4 Scenarios
Suppression
Assimilation
C o n v e r s i o n
Manifestation
2011
LESSON SIX:

RULES OF UNVOWELLED MEEM



SPOTLIGHT

QUIZ
1. List the four rules of
Nun Sakin and their
associated letters.
2. What is the reason
for the iqlab rule.
3. Explain the concept
of Ihkfa. What are you
doing in this rule?
4. List the 3 things you
must do with the Iqlb
rule.
5. True or False. The
Ikhfa is always
associated with its
subsequent letter.

RULES OF MEEM SAKIN

When stopping on meem before the letters of the alphabet,
but not before the alif layyinah, for he who is intelligent
are three rules for he who would endear them to memory,
and they are the rules of Ikhf, Idghm and Ihr only.

RULES OF MEEM SAKIN
Rules of
Meem
Skin
IHR
IKHF IDGHM

RULES OF MEEM SAKIN
Rules of
Meem
Skin
IHR
SHAFAWY
IKHF
SHAFAWY
IDGHM
MITHLAYN
AGHR

RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 1. IKHF SHAFAWY

The first is Ikhf with the letter b,
And termed by the reciters as Labial Ikhf.


The Letter:

The Meem pronounced with Ghunnah and Ikhf

Only occurs between 2 words

Functionally identical to Iqlb



The
Ras hi d Hami d
Chai / S hai
Bre ak


Gue s s t he
Re c i t or !


RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IDGHM

The second is Idghm when its likeness appears,
and name it the Smaller Idghm my dears.


Idghm Mithlayn aghr

The Letter:

The Meem is doubled (pronounced with Ghunnah)

Only occurs between 2 words

Functionally identical to Meem Mushaddah


IDGHM due to assimilation of 2 meems

MITHLAYN due to 2 identical letters

AGHR due to 1
st
Meem unvowelled, 2
nd
vowelled
Advanced Topic


RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IHR SHAFAWY

The third is Ihr which occurs with the balance
of the letters, and termed Labial Ihr in our
parlance.

The Remaining 26 Letter

The Meem is pronounced normally

Can occur within a word or between 2 words



RULES OF MEEM SAKIN WARNING

And be wary of making Ikhf with ww and f when
you read,
due to the closeness and unity of its makhraj, so
take heed.

RULES OF MEEM SAKIN WARNING
Al-Fatiha 7
Al-Baqarah 17
2011

LESSON SEVEN:

THE RULES OF LM

SPOTLIGHT

LESSON SEVEN:

THE RULES OF LM

RULES OF LM

The lm of the definite article exists in two states before the letters,
the first is its manifest articulation, and should be understood better,
Occurring before fourteen letters, so learn them well,
from this mnemonic: Seek your goal and vain pursuits repel.
The second is its assimilation, which in fourteen does exist,
and likewise, facilitate your recollection of them from this:
Be meritorious, maintain relations for success, and host those who are beneficent;
Shun ill estimations of others, and frequent the noble ones for munificence.


RULES OF LM
TYPES:
1. Lm of the Definite Article ( )
2. Lm of the Verb
3. Lm of Commands
4. Lm of the Noun
5. Lm of Particles ( )
Advanced Topic

RULES OF LM Lm of the Definite Article

Definition

a book the book

2 Rules: Manifestation and Assimilation

RULES OF LM
The Lm of al-
The Moon
Letters: Ihr

The Sun Letters:
Idghm


RULES OF LM Lm of the Definite Article
Al-Fatiha 2-3

The
Ras hi d Hami d
Chai / S hai
Bre ak


RULES OF LM Other Types of Lm

Default: Ihr

If followed by the letter Lm or R: Idghm

RULES OF LM Other Types of LmLm of the Verb
Izhr
Idghm [ followed by or ]

_! `l _ .| _l

_,L.`. _-. . _

[al-Kahf 18: 72]

_! `l _ ,l ,.| _l

_,L.`. _-. . _

[al-Kahf 18: 75]

RULES OF LM Other Types of LmLm of Commands
Izhr

_ > < .> _
Say, He Allah is one. [al-Ikhlas ]

_ , _.: !.ls _
O my Lord, increase me in knowledge.
[Taha 20: 114]

_ _| _.> < > _.> _
Say: The Guidance of Allah, that is the
(only) Guidance. [al-Baqarah 2: 120]

_ l l ``>,l :.. ..l>l
_ ..l ``>,l _, ...
..l _ l !..> ..., :.. _
Say: "If the ocean were ink (wherewith to
write out) the words of my Lord. Sooner
would the ocean be exhausted than
would the words of my Lord, even if we
added another ocean like it, for its aid."
[Kahf 18:109]

RULES OF LM Other Types of LmLm of the Particle
Izhr

_, ..1. _>'!, _ls _L.,l
.-.., :| > _> _
Nay, We hurl the Truth against falsehood, and it
knocks out its brain, and behold, falsehood doth perish!
Ah! woe be to you for the (false) things ye ascribe (to
Us). [al-Anbiy 21:18]

_, - < ,l| l < ,s
!,,>> _
Nay, Allah raised him (Jesus) up unto Himself; and
Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise. [al-Nis 4: 158]

_, ,. s!.l!, !...s _.l
,. s!.l!, ,-. _
Nay, they deny the Hour (of the Judgment to come):
but We have prepared a Blazing Fire for such as deny
the Hour. [al-Furqan 25: 11]

l! !.,l ls _, `.-l <
>>, ,l1 !. `..`, _
Nay, Allah's curse is on them (Israelites) for their
blasphemy: little is it they believe. [al-Baqarah 2: 88]

_> ',> _..> | _..> _
Is there any reward for good other than good? [al-
Rahmn 55: 60]

_1 _> ,l _|| _. _
And say (O Ms) to him (Pharoah): Would you
purify yourself (from the sin of disbelief by becoming a
believer)? [al-Nzit 79:18]

Gue s s t he
Re c i t e r !


RULES OF LM The Grand Word (Laf Jallah)

If preceded by fatha or dhamma: Heavy

,.l` ,> < | ,> < `> >l _

If preceded by kasrah: Light

..>l < _,.l.-l _
2011

LESSON EIGHT:

THE MAKHRIJ
(POINTS OF ARTICULATION)


SPOTLIGHT

QUIZ
1. Which of the 4 rules
of Nun Sakin does not
apply to Meem Sakin?
Why?
2. What rule of Nun
Sakin is the Ikhfa
Shafawy (of Meem
Sakin) identical to?
3. Explain the concept
of Ihkfa. What are you
doing in this rule?
4. Which two letters
always lead to
assimilation with Lam
Sakin?
5. The lam of the Grand
Word is heavy when it
is preceded by which 2
vowels?

Singular: Makhraj
Plural: Makhrij
Definition: The Point of Articulation of each letter
Total Number: 17 in 5 Locations
Technique: Make the letter unvowelled and precede
it with a vowelled hamzah

MAKHRIJ

MAKHRIJ

MAKHRIJ

ONE: ORAL CAVITY (AL-JAWF)
Not a real makhraj, approximated

Makhraj of the Madd Letters

Madd Letters:
Unvowelled Alif preceded by fatha

Unvowelled Y preceded by kasrah

Unvowelled Waw preceded by dhamma

Mnemonic:

MAKHRIJ

ONE: ORAL CAVITY (AL-JAWF)
MAKHRIJ
MADD LN
Unvowelled Ww preceded by Fata

Unvowelled Y preceded by Fata


TWO: THROAT (AL-ALQ)
Six Guttural Letters

3 Levels:
The Farthest Portion

The Middle of the Throat

The Closest Portion

MAKHRIJ

The
Ras hi d Hami d
Chai / S hai
Bre ak


THREE: THE TONGUE (AL-LISN)
Posterior:

Middle:

Edge:

Tip:

MAKHRIJ

Gue s s t he
Re c i t or !


FOUR: THE LIPS (AL-SHAFATAYN)
Bottom lip with upper teeth (incisors):

Between the lips:

MAKHRIJ

FIVE: NASAL CAVITY (AL-KHAYSHUM)
Ghunnah

MAKHRIJ
2011
LESSON SIX:

THE IFT (ATTRIBUTES)


SPOTLIGHT

QUIZ
1. What is the
technique to illustrate
the makhraj?
2. Approximately how
many makharij are
there?
3. Which makhraj
(location) has the most
letters associated with
it?
4. What is the
difference between ma
and ba?
5. What is the makhraj
of ghunnah?
LESSON SIX:

THE IFT (ATTRIBUTES)


Attributes

Basic

Paired

Unpaired

Conditional

e.g. Idghm,
Ikhf, etc.
OVERVIEW OF THE ATTRIBUTES


THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES

1. Whispered or Loud
2. Forceful or Soft or
Moderate
3. Elevated or Depressed
5. Flowing or Sharp
4. Closed or Open
There are a total of 11 paired attributes
arranged within 5 pairs that
necessarily affect each letter.
Every Letter
is either:


Pair 1:
Examples
Attribute
Quality
Exhalation of Breath

Whisper

Loudness

The Rest


Pair 2:
Examples
Attribute
Quality
Flow of Sound

Forceful

Moderate

Soft

The Rest

EXERCISE: List the letters that are
both Loud [Jahr] and Forceful
[Shiddah].
1. Forceful:

2. Both:

Understanding Qalqalah:


Pair 3:
Examples
Attribute
Quality
Heavy/elevated articulation

Elevated

Depressed

The Rest


Pair 4:
Examples
Attribute
Quality
Adhesion of tongue against
palate
Closed

Open

The Rest


Pair 5:
Examples
Attribute
Quality
Smooth, flowing
articulation
Flowing

Sharp

The Rest
Advanced Topic
Linguistics Rule: Any Arabic word of more than 3
letters must contain a Flowing letter!

The
Ras hi d Hami d
Chai / S hai
Bre ak


THE UNPAIRED ATTRIBUTES

The hissing Sound of
Whistle

The echo when stopping on:

Echo

The soft aw and ay madd sounds
Lenience

The slight bending of the tongue tip
towards the roof of the mouth in:
Drifting

The vibrating, trilling quality of
Repetition

The expansive sound of
Spreading

The expansive, elongated quality of
Lengthening


Gue s s t he
Re c i t e r !


HEAVY versus LIGHT

Separating the novice
from the expert
Advanced Topic
Always Heavy
7
Letters:

Variable

The Madd
Alif
Always Light
The Rest
Note the configuration
of the mouth

HEAVY versus LIGHT

from the expert
Advanced Topic
By the 5
Heavy Letters:
Heaviest to least:

By the States
of the Letters:
Vowelled by fata
and followed by
alif

Vowelled by fata

Vowelled by
dhammah

Unvowelled

Vowelled with
kasrah

By Vowels:
Strongest: fatah
Strong: dhamma
Weakest: kasrah

Scales of Heaviness

HEAVY versus LIGHT

from the expert
Advanced Topic
Attributes Summarized by Strength
2011

SPOTLIGHT

QUIZ
1. What are the 2 types
of basic attributes?
2. How many total
paired attributes are
there?
3. How many total
unpaired attributes?
4. What are conditional
attributes?
5. What are the 7 heavy
letters?
LESSON TEN:

THE RULES OF THE LETTER R


THE RULES OF R

A Peak at the Rules of R:

Basic Premise:
Fata/dhamma heavy vowels
Kasrah light vowel

Basic Principles:
1. Look to the vowel of the r
2. If unvowelled, look to preceding
vowel
3. If unvowelled, look to preceding,
etc.
4. Pay attention to heavy letters,
conditional vowels

THE RULES OF R

The R is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases.
1. Vowelled with fata or
dhamma
2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fata or dhamma
unvowelled (other than y) and
preceded by fata or dhamma
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
wal
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
1. Vowelled with kasrah
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT

THE RULES OF R

dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT

THE RULES OF R

dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT

THE RULES OF R

dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT


THE RULES OF R

dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT

THE RULES OF R

dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT


THE RULES OF R

dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT

THE RULES OF R

dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT

Note that this sukn is due to
stopping on the word

The
Ras hi d Hami d
Chai / S hai
Bre ak


THE RULES OF R

dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT

THE RULES OF R

dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT


THE RULES OF R

dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT

THE RULES OF R

dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT

THE RULES OF R

dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT

THE RULES OF R

dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT
Only 5 such examples in
the Qurn:


THE RULES OF R

E XC E P T I ONS
dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT
Advanced Topic
There are a limited number of
Qurnic words which are
exceptions to these rules
In their case the r may be
pronounced heavy or light
These are subject to the rules of
Riwyah

THE RULES OF R

E XC E P T I ONS
dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT
Advanced Topic
Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah
but followed by heavy letter vowelled
with kasrah:

Only one such example in the Qurn: al-
Shuar 63
The r may be pronounced heavy (due to
the preceding rules)
But it may also be pronounced light due to
that heavy letter being vowelled with
kasrah, which is a light vowel that lessens
its heaviness

THE RULES OF R

E XC E P T I ONS
dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT
Advanced Topic
Al-Qamar 54:16
The r may be pronounced heavy

(due to the preceding rules)
But it may also be pronounced
light due to a fine grammatical
point:
The original word was

The y was dropped in writing

THE RULES OF R

E XC E P T I ONS
dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT
Advanced Topic

The r may be pronounced heavy
light due to a fine grammatical
point:
The original word was

The y was dropped in writing


THE RULES OF R

E XC E P T I ONS
dhamma
fata or dhamma
wal
letter
HEAVY
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled y
LIGHT
Advanced Topic
Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than y) heavy
letter and preceded by kasrah

Only two such words in the Qurn: al-Saba
34:12, Ysuf 12:21/99, and al-Zukhruf 43:51
The r may be pronounced light
heavy due to it being preceded by a
heavy letter
2011

SPOTLIGHT

QUIZ
1. Whic are heavy
vowels, and which are
the light vowels?
2. List one other heavy
influence on the ra,
other than the vowels.
3. Is the ra in the word
Quran heavy or light?
4. Heavy or light?
Unvowelled ra
preceded by kasrah.
Is this always so?
5. Heavy or light?
Unvowelled ra, preceded
by unvowelled ya,
preceded by fatha.
LESSON ELEVEN:

THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION




Basic Issue: When are two adjacent letters assimilated into each
other?

Basic Rule:
1. The default articulation of every letter is ihr (overt pronunciation)
2. Sometimes the letters are assimilated based upon their similarities and their vowel states

Basic Principles:
There are four basic types of adjacent letter pairs:
1. Mithlayn 2 Identical Letters (same makhraj + attributes)
2. Mutaqribayn 2 Close Letters (similar makhraj + attributes)
3. Mutajnisayn 2 Similar Letters (same makhraj, different attributes)
4. Mutabidayn 2 Distant Letters (very different makraj + attributes)
There are four basic vowel configurations for adjacent letters:
1. Unvowelled/vowelled aghr: often results in assimilation
2. Both vowelled Kabr: rarely results in assimilation
3. Both unvowelled Muqayyad: no assimilation
4. Vowelled/unvowelled Mulaq: no assimilation


Basic Examples:
Mithlayn Letters:
Mutaqribayn Letters:
Mutajnisayn Letters:
Mutabidayn Letters:

Four basic vowel configurations for adjacent letters:
1. Unvowelled/vowelled aghr:

2. Both vowelled Kabr:

3. Both unvowelled Muqayyad:

4. Vowelled/unvowelled Mulaq:

Note that these last 2 categories never result in assimilation and will not be
discussed further, leaving only aghr and Kabr.


AGHR
When 2 identical letters appear
adjacently, with the first
unvowelled and the second
vowelled, they are always
assimilated
This is known as Idghm
Mithlayn aghr
This can occur within one word
or between 2 words
Examples:

KABR
When 2 identical letters appear
adjacently that are both
vowelled, their default
articulation is ihr in nearly all
cases:

Only a few limited exceptions
exist, where these letters are
assimilated (Idghm Mithlayn
Kabr) **details next slide **

1. MITHLAYN (IDENTICAL) LETTERS
1 . M I T H L A Y N


Idghm Mithlayn Kabr Examples
Original word

The nn is pronounced with ishmm or ikhtils as a remnant of the
first nn
Ishmm = circling of the lips
Ikhtils = 2/3 of a arakah

Surah Yusuf 12:11
1 . M I T H L A Y N

Gue s s t he
Re c i t e r !



Idghm Mithlayn Kabr Other Examples
The word
Original word
[18:95]
The word
Original word
[6:80]
The word
Original word
[39:64]
The word
Original word
[2:271/4:58]

1 . M I T H L A Y N
Advanced Topic

The
Ras hi d Hami d
Chai / S hai
Bre ak

Similar makhraj
& attributes

Similar attributes
but not makhraj

Similar makhraj
but not attributes

Same attributes,
similar makhraj

Same attributes,
different makhraj


MUTAQARIBAYN
(CLOSE) LETTERS
2 . M U T A Q R I B A Y N


AGHR
Assimilation mandatory in 4
specific cases [next slide]
Mutaqribayn aghr
KABR
Never assimilated

2. MUTAQARIBAYN (CLOSE) LETTERS


Idghm Mutaqribayn aghr 4 Cases
Single Qurnic
example 77:20

Nn
Skin/Tanw
n followed
by [ ]


AGHR
General rule is ihr
Assimilation mandatory in only
5 cases and optional in 2 cases
[next slide]
Mutajnisayn aghr
KABR
Never assimilated

3. MUTAJANISAYN (SIMILAR) LETTERS
3 . M U T A J N I S A Y N


Idghm Mutajnisayn aghr 5 Mandatory Cases
1. Unvowelled [ ] followed by vowelled [ ]



4. Unvowelled [ ] followed by vowelled [ ] occurs in 2 verses

5. Unvowelled [ ] followed by vowelled [ ] Incomplete Idghm


Idghm Mutajnisayn aghr 2 Opti onal Cases




AGHR
Never assimilation
KABR
Never assimilated

4. MUTABAIDAYN (DISTANT) LETTERS
4 . M U T A B I D A Y N
These are the majority of letter combinations


2011

The Tenth Imm:
Khalaf al-Baghdd
(d 229H)

SPOTLIGHT
LESSON TWELVE:



THE RULES OF ELONGATION

Basic Issue: When are some vowels and sounds elongated
to longer durations, and exactly how long?

Only Tajweed term found in the Sunnah

Linguistically: To elongate/lengthen/prolong

Technical Definition:
Elongation of the vowel sounds of the three madd letters



A Peak at the Rules of Madd


Types of Madd

Basic

Derived



T H E B A S I C MA D D
All the madd rules are built upon the 3 basic madd letters:
Unvowelled Alif preceded by Fata

Unvowelled Y preceded by Kasrah

Unvowelled Ww preceded by Dhamma

Mnemonic:
Its duration: 2 arakas [referred to as
]



Even small mistakes in Basic Madd changes meanings !!

Verily we
that
we took
the women took



The Basic Madd is the most common type of madd, with
examples in every Qurnic verse !!

How many examples can you find in the following verse?


The
Ras hi d Hami d
Chai / S hai
Bre ak



There are 4 additional types of madd that follow the pattern of the Basic Madd:
1. MADD LN
Unvowelled Ww
preceded by Fata

Unvowelled Y preceded
by Fata

Its duration: 2- arakas
[
]
2. 5 DISJOINTED
LETTERS [

3. SUBSTITUTE
MADD [
]
Stopping on tanwn
fata is articulated as a
Basic Madd Alif

Exception words
ending with are
pronouned with
unvowelled h on
stopping

4. LESSER
CONNECTING
MADD [
]
The attached 3
rd
person
masculine pronoun [ / ]
plus the word [ ] also
follows the basic madd
when
it is vowelled and between 2
vowelled letters


EXCEPTIONS TO THE LESSER CONNECTING MADD [
]
There are 5 exceptions to this rule according to the af reading
Al-Zumar 39:7
Al-Furqan 25:69
They said: "Keep him and his brother and send to the cities men to collect. Al-Araf 7:111
Al-Shuaraa 26:36
Al-Naml 27:28

Gue s s t he
Re c i t e r !

2011

Imm al-Shib
(d 590H)

SPOTLIGHT
LESSON TWELVE:




A Peak at the Rules of Madd


T H E D E R I V E D MA D D
Sometimes the basic madd is prolonged beyond 2 durations
due to certain elements (known as causes, sabab/asbb, for
madd)
There are 2 causes of madd

Causes of
Madd

Hamzah

Sukn



The Derived Madd
Hamzah
After
Different
word

2,4,5

Same
word

4,5

Before

Sukn (following madd letter)
Actual
6 arakahs

In a word
Shaddah
Heavy

Sukn
Light

In a letter

Shaddah
Heavy
l
Sukn
Light
l
Presented
(due to
stop)

2, 4, 6









The Derived Madd
Hamzah
After
Different
word

2,4,5

Same
word

4,5

Before

Sukn (following madd letter)
Actual
6 arakahs

In a word
Shaddah
Heavy

Sukn
Light

In a letter

Shaddah
Heavy
l
Sukn
Light
l
Presented
(due to
stop)

2, 4, 6

LESSON THIRTEEN

THE FINAL SESSION:
MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS
1. The Imlah Vowel
2. Rules of Stopping
3. Symbols of Mushaf
4. Voice Hygiene
5. What Next?



THE IMLAH VOWEL

FAT
IMLAH
Y
Advanced Topic

THE IMLAH VOWEL

Advanced Topic
FAT
Y
IMLAH

THE IMLAH VOWEL

Advanced Topic
Only one place of Imalah in the reading of Hafs: Hud
11:41

THE IMLAH VOWEL

Advanced Topic
FAT
Y
IMLAH
TAFKHM TARQQ
TAQLL
2011

LESSON THIRTEEN

THE FINAL SESSION:
MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS
1. The Imlah Vowel
2. Rules of Stopping
3. Symbols of Mushaf
4. Voice Hygiene
5. What Next?



THE RULES OF STOPPING

The Importance of the Topic
The Foundational Principle
** Stop on Each Verse **
Umm Salamah:
: {
{ {
{
When the Prophet used to recite, he would pause on each verse.
[Amad, al-Tirmidh, Ab Dwd, al-kim, authenticated by Ibn ajar, Amad Shkir, al-Albn]
Types of Stopping:
1. The Forced Stop [ ]
Restart at the word itself or prior to it at appropriate place
2. The Tested Stop [ ]
3. The Waiting Stop [ ]
4. The Elective Stop [ ]


Types of Elective Stopping:
1. The Perfect Stop [
]
Stopping on a word, usually at the end of a verse, which completes the
meaning of the verse or passage and is not in any way connected to
what follows it.


]
what follows it.



]
what follows it.
2. The Sufficient Stop [ ]
Stopping on a word, either at the end of a verse or within it, which
completes the meaning of the verse or passage but is still
contextually connected to what follows it.



]
what follows it.
3. The Good Stop [ ]
completes the meaning of the verse or passage but is still connected
to what follows it both contextually and grammatically.
May stop on it but not begin at that point, unless it is the end of a verse.


]
what follows it.
3. The Good Stop [ ]
completes the meaning of the verse or passage but is still connected
to what follows it both contextually and grammatically.
May stop on it but not begin at that point, unless it is the end of a verse.
4. The Reprehensible Stop [ ]
Stopping on any word that corrupts the meaning of the text


4. The Reprehensible Stop [ ]
Al-Nisaa 4:43
Al-Baqarah 2:22
Al-Fatiha 1:1


Symbols for Stopping
1. [ ]: Mandatory stopping

2. [ ]: Stopping prohibited

3. [ ]: Stopping allowed but joining preferred
4. [ ]: Stopping preferred but joining allowed
5. [ ]: Stopping or joining equally preferred

6. [ ]: May stop on either of the two, but not both

Ya sin 36:76
Mumtahina 60:1
Al-baqarah 2:271
Al-baqarah 2:2
Al-maidah 5:26


Ways of Stopping

1.
2.
3.
Advanced Topic

The
Ras hi d Hami d
Chai / S hai
Bre ak


VOICE MAINTENENCE

V O I C E H Y G E I N E

VOICE MAINTENENCE

V O I C E H Y G E I N E

VOICE MAINTENENCE

8 S T E P S T O V O I C E
H Y G E I N E
1. Adequate Rest
2. Exercise to Keep You Fresh/Energetic
3. Adequate Hydration/Prevent Dryness
Humidifiers/Plants/Water 8 glasses per day
Avoid decongestants/antihistamines/caffeine
4. Avoid Mucogenic Foods
Milk/Dairy
Greasy Foods
5. Take Care of Your Sinuses
6. Avoid Lethargy-Inducing Foods
Red Meat/Animal Proteins
Heavy Meals

VOICE MAINTENENCE

8 S T E P S T O V O I C E
H Y G E I N E
7. Prevent Vocal Abuse
Shouting, Loud Speech
Excessive Clearing of Throat
Avoid Temperature Extremes
Adopt silence as a rule
8. Pay Attention to Medical Conditions
GERD
Asthma
Allergic Rhinitis/Sinusitis
Common Colds

VOICE MAINTENENCE

P OWE R UP YOUR
RE C I T AT I ON !

1. Focus on Tajweed precision
rather than sounding Good
2. Use the Power of Breathing
3. Use the Power of Ghunnah
4. Use Silence/Pauses
5. Vary the Tempo/Volume/Pitch


Gue s s t he
Muadhdhi n !


Introducing . . .
Quran Literacy Institute
Vision: Ahl al-Qurn
History
Class structure
1. Formal class
2. Iqraa program
Tajweed halaqah
Annual plan: 3-4 classes/year
What makes us different?
Future prospects


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Congratulations!
What NEXT ?
The Advice to Sufyaan
ibn Abdillah:
I STI QAMAH

[Ibn Hibban, authenticated by al-Mundhiri,
Ahmad Shakir, Albani and Arnaut]


2011

The Art of Tajweed

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The Art of Tajweed

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T h e A r t o f T a j w e e d

13 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension

The r may be pronounced heavy

Its duration: 2 arakas [referred to as

the women took

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