Translation- going from nucleotide language to amino acid language. Protein synthesis factory is ribosomes.

What u need to do is bring the amino acids together. Amino acids get carried through the ribosomes by the tRNA. They are going to base-pair with the mRNA that is lined with the ribosomes. This puts the amino acid in the correct sequence-. What makes rna different from dna is that it has a ribose sugar and single stranded. tRNA molecule- looks like a ribbon. If you start from the 5 to the 3, it is a single strand. It has intramolecular hydrogen bonding within the single strand that causes it to fold into a special shape. At one end, the amino acid is attached to one end. Its gonna transfer the amino acids into the ribosomes. It has an anticodon end, which has a triplet code. It is going to base-pair with the sequence in mRNA (codon). If anticodon is aag, it will base pair with UUC in mRNA. Then, we can work out what amino acids what it is carrying- the amino acid must correspond with the amino sequence UUC. Note that there is a separate trna for every amino acid because every one has a unique sequence that is recognized. Therefore, there are 20 tRNA. UUC code for Phe. There is a special enzyme- aminoacyl-trna synthetase: synthesizes the trna with the amino acid. It has to be ver precise- it has to recognize the trna. There is a different one of these enzymes for every amino acid to guarantee that the amino acids get hooked up with the specific trna. It binds to the amino acid, uses energy in the form of ATP, and then binds with the Amp (releases two Phosphates_. Then it binds to the trna, but pushes out the AMP and then releases the trna attached with the amino acid. Ribosomes 2 subunits- small and large. The ribosomes itself is made of RNA. There are three sites- E, P and A site. The a site is where the incoming trna settle and bind. The growing peptide chain comes out is called the p site, and thee site is the exit site. we need to read the messenger rna so we have to set it in right orientation. The start codon is in the middle of the mRNA, because the front and back is the cap and tail. It has to be in the right orientation bounded to the ribosome. The initiated trna is the one that recognizes AUG (the start codon). So the very first trna always carry Met. He large ribosomal unit do the recognition and hooking up together. The next trna comes in at the A site, while the other one is at the P site. There is codon recognition and energy is used so that it delivers correctly at correct site. Then, we need to hook it up to the growing polypeptide chain. BUT, WE MOVE THE GROWING CHAIN TO THE AMINO ACID, NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND. The level u package dna affects how it gets accessed. E.g. in the liver cell, all the genes for eye cel are tightly packed up so that it is not exposed to transcription factor.