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Conflict of Laws Cases 1951-1960 (1) (&) (+) (0) (5) (6) (5) (7) (9) (10) (11)

(1&) (1+) (10) (15) (16) (15) Saura Import and Export Co ! Inc " #i$iano L %eer GR No. L-2927 February 26, 1951 '(ilippine )efinin* " Ledesma GR No. L-2193 April 27, 1951 In re, -estate Estate of t(e deceased .ose # Sunta/ GR Nos. L-3087 an L-3088 !uly 31, 195" 'acific %icronisian Line " 1el )osario GR No. L-715" #$%ober 23, 195" 2in* %au 3u " S/cip GR No. L-5897 April 23, 195" 4rca " .a"ier GR No. L-6768 !uly 31, 195" 1e los Santos and 4stra6uillo " )epu$lic GR No. L-"818 February 28, 1955 Ca/etano Liwana* " )o$ert 8amill GR No. L-7881 February 27, 1956 'aul %ac 1onald " 9ational Cit/ #an: of 9; GR No. L-7991 &ay 21, 1956 Cu <n=ien* Sons " #oard of -ax 4ppeals GR No. L-6296 'ep%e(ber 29, 1956 %amerto Corre " >uadalupe Corre GR No. L-10128 No)e(ber 13, 1956 Lao Ic(on* et al " .aime 8ernande? 101 il 1155 &ay 31, 1957 East$oard 9a"i*ation " .uan ;smael Co 102 *+il 1 'ep%e(ber 10, 1957 L/ >io: 8a et al " >alan* 101 *+il "59 &ay 17, 1957 4merican #i$le Societ/ " Cit/ of %anila 101 *+il 386 April 30, 1957 Claudina @da de @illaruel " %anila %otor 10" *+il 926 ,e$e(ber 13, 1958 )oman Cat(olic 4postolic 4dministrator of 1a"ao " -(e Land )e*istration Commission 102 *+il 596 ,e$e(ber 20, 1957 Lim Sio: 8ue/ " 4lfredo Lapi? 103 *+il 930 &ay 28, 1958 Lee Suan 4/ et al " >alan* 106 *+il 707 ,e$e(ber 23, 1959 2o 3ai %e " >alan* 106 *+il 661 No)e(ber 28, 1959 -estate Estate of C A #o(anan " #o(anan et al ! G.R. No. L-12105 !anuary 30, 1960

(17) (19) (&0) (&1)

(&&)

#enito Lim " 8er$ert #rownwell 107 *+il 3"" &ar$+ 2", 1960

S4<)4 I%'A)- 491 EB'A)- CA ! I9C ! " #I#I49A L %EE) > ) 9o L-&9&5 Ce$ruar/ &6! 1951

Doctrine: While on army bases of installations within Philippines, the goods purchased were, in contemplation of law, on foreign soil. The result was that when Saura, after acquiring title to such goods, brought them outside of those bases or depots, there was importation in the ordinary sense. FA-.'/ .+is is an a$%ion %o re$o)er a %a0 pai in pro%es% by 'aura 1(por% an 20por% -o. 1n$. 'aura 1(por% an 20por% 1n$ bou3+% 4ro( %+e Forei3n Li5ui a%ion -o((ission, a 6ni%e '%a%es Go)ern(en% a3en$y, 7eeps, 8eapons $arriers, an %ru$9s, all o4 8+i$+, a% %+e %i(e o4 pur$+ase, 8ere lo$a%e in i44eren% 6ni%e '%a%es Ar(y epo%s in %+e *+ilippines. 1((e ia%ely %+erea4%er, 'aura +a %+e pur$+ases eli)ere %o i% 8+i$+ in %urn sol i% %o %+ir persons in %+e *+ilippines. Lower Court )ulin*, 'aura 1(por% an 20por% 1n$ is an i(por%er an le)ie on %+e (o%or )e+i$les pur$+ase %+e per$en%a3e %a0 as pres$ribe in 'e$%ions 185 an 186 o4 -o((on8eal%+ A$% No. "66. ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er or no% 'aura is an i(por%er. )4-IA, ;es, 'aura is an i(por%er. .+e sales i% (a e %o %+ir persons 8ere ori3inal sales %a0able un er %+e se$%ions (en%ione abo)e. A% %i(e o4 'aura<s pur$+ase, %+e 6ni%e '%a%es Ar(y in %+e *+ilippines 8as a belli3eren% o$$upan%, a% leas% o4 ar(y bases, ar(y epo%s, an ar(y ins%alla%ions i% 8as usin3 4or %+e prose$u%ion o4 %+e e0is%in3 8ar. =y se$%ion 280 o4 %+e Rules o4 Lan :ar4are, belli3eren% o$$upa%ion >in %+is $ase by %+e 6ni%e '%a%es Ar(y? $ease only 8+en @%+e o$$upan% evacuated %+e is%ri$% or was ri)en ou% by %+e ene(y, or by levee en massee, an %+e le3i%i(a%e 3o)ern(en% a$%ually resumed i%s 4un%ions.@ =y poli%i$al rela%ions+ip be%8een %+e *+ilippines an be%8een %+e 6ni%e '%a%es an by reason o4 8ar, %+e 6ni%e '%a%es Go)ern(en% on %+a% a%e en7oye 7uris i$%ional ri3+%s o)er $er%ain areas o4 %+e *+ilippine %erri%ory an o)er (ili%ary 3oo s brou3+% +ere an in%en e 4or %+e 6ni%e '%a%es Ar(y. :+ile on ar(y bases o4 ins%alla%ions 8i%+in *+ilippines %+ose 3oo s 8ere, in $on%e(pla%ion o4 la8, on 4orei3n soil. .+e resul% 8as %+a% 8+en 'aura, a4%er a$5uirin3 %i%le %o su$+ 3oo s, brou3+% %+e( ou%si e o4 %+ose bases or epo%s, %+ere 8as i(por%a%ion in %+e or inary sense.

'8ILI''I9E )ECI9I9> CA%'49;! I9C " CES4) LE1ES%4 >) 9o L-&91+ 4pril &5! 1951 Doctrine: nder the !aw Pia doctrine, a pre"war debtor who had paid his debt during the #apanese occupation with the authori$ed office%body of the occupant is released from all his liability to the former creditor.

C4C-S, *+ilippine Re4inin3 -orpora%ion is a o(es%i$ $orpora%ion opera%in3 as an oil (anu4a$%urer an re4iner, 8i%+ i%s $api%al s%o$9 bein3 o8ne (os%ly by =ri%is+ an ,u%$+ in%eres%s. #n February 15, 1939, %+e *+ilippine Re4inin3 -o(pany sol %o %+e e4en an% -esar Le es(a, a Filipino $i%iAen, %+ree par$els o4 lan in *arana5ue, RiAal 4or %+e a(oun% o4 *"13,6"". Le es(a eli)ere *103,"11 in $as+, an e0e$u%e si0 pro(issory no%es 4or %+e balan$e, ea$+ 4or %+e a(oun% o4 *51,705.50, (a%urin3 su$$essi)ely on February 15 o4 %+e years 19"0, 19"1, 19"2, 19"3, 19"", an 19"5. .o se$ure pay(en% o4 %+e no%es, Le es(a (or%3a3e %+e %+ree par$els o4 lan . .+e 4irs% %8o pro(issory no%es 8ere pai . Bo8e)er, urin3 %+e !apanese o$$upa%ion, Le es(a sa%is4ie %+e re(ainin3 4our pro(issory no%es %o %+e #44i$e o4 %+e 2ne(y *roper%y -us%o ian o4 %+e !apanese Ar(y, upon pre)ious e(an by %+e la%er. .+e pay(en% 8as (a e in !apanese (ili%ary no%es. -onse5uen%ly, %+e !apanese au%+ori%ies $ause %+e (or%3a3e %o be $an$elle an %+is 8as uly no%e in proper Re3is%ry o4 ,ee s. Lower Court )ulin*, .+e pay(en% (a e by Le es(a is )ali as per %+e Ba8 *ia o$%rine 8+i$+ absol)e a pre-8ar eb%or o4 %+e -+ina =an9in3 -orpora%ion 8+o +a pai +is eb% urin3 %+e !apanese o$$upa%ion 8i%+ !apanese (ili%ary no%es %o %+e =an9 o4 .ai8an, %+a% +a been esi3na%e by %+e !apanese &ili%ary %o li5ui a%e %+e a4oresai ban9, an ene(y-o8ne ins%i%u%ion es%ablis+e in o$$upie %erri%ory. ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er or no% %+e pay(en% is )ali as %+e presen% $on%ro)ersy in)ol)e i44eren% 4a$%s 4ro( %+e Ba8 *ia $on%ro)ersy as %+e %+e pay(en% 8as no% eli)ere %o %+e =an9 o4 .ai8an, or any o%+er ban9. C ;es. )4-IA, .+e pay(en% (a e by Le es(a is )ali . Be is release 4ro( all +is liabili%y %o +is 4or(er $re i%or, %+e *+ilippine Re4inin3 -orpora%ion. .+e -F1 is $orre$% in relyin3 in %+e Ba8 *ia o$%rine. 6pon %+e s%ren3%+ o4 %+is o$%rine, %+e -our% +a also )ali a%e pay(en%s un er si(ilar $ir$u(s%an$es in B'=- ) 'a(anillo.

I9 )E, -ES-4-E ES-4-E AC -8E 1ECE4SE1 .ASE # S<9-4; SIL@I9A S<9-4; @S I9 )E, I9-ES-4-E ES-4-E > ) 9os L-+075 and L-+077 .ul/ +1! 1950 Doctrine: Wills proved and allowed in a foreign country, according to the laws of such country, may be allowed, filed, and recorded by the proper &ourt of 'irst (nstance in the Philippines. C4C-S, !ose 'un%ay, a Filipino $i%iAen an resi en% o4 %+e *+ilippines, ie in %+e $i%y o4 A(oy, Foo9ien pro)in$e, Republi$ o4 -+ina, lea)in3 real an personal proper%ies in %+e *+ilippines an a +ouse in A(oy, Foo9ien pro)in$e, -+ina, an $+il ren by +is 4irs% (arria3e 8i%+ &anuela ..

-ruA na(ely, Apolonio, -on$ep$ion, An3el, &anuel, Fe eri$o, Ana, Aurora, 2(iliano, an $+il ren 8i%+ +is se$on (arria3e %o &aria Na%i)i a Li( =illian na(ely !ose, !r. an 'il)ino. 1n%es%a%e pro$ee in3s 8ere ins%i%u%e in %+e -our% o4 Firs% 1ns%an$e o4 =ula$an. Apolonio 'un%ay 8as e$lare a (inis%ra%or. A4%er +is ea%+, Fe eri$o -. 'un%ay 8as appoin%e a (inis%ra%or o4 %+e es%a%e. &aria Na%i)i a 4ile a pe%i%ion in %+e -our% o4 Firs% 1ns%an$e o4 =ula$an 4or %+e proba%e o4 a las% 8ill an %es%a(en% $lai(e %o +a)e been e0e$u%e an si3ne in %+e *+ilippines on No)e(ber 1929 by %+e la%e !ose =. 'un%ay. .+is pe%i%ion 8as enie be$ause o4 %+e loss o4 sai 8ill an o4 %+e insu44i$ien$y o4 %+e e)i en$e %o es%ablis+ %+e loss o4 %+e sai 8ill. An appeal 8as %a9en 4ro( sai or er enyin3 %+e proba%e o4 %+e 8ill an %+is -our% +el %+e e)i en$e be4ore %+e proba%e $our% su44i$ien% %o pro)e %+e loss o4 %+e 8ill an re(an e %+e $ase %o %+e -our% o4 Firs% 1ns%an$e o4 =ula$an 4or %+e 4ur%+er pro$ee in3s. 'il)ino 'un%ay, $lai(in3 %+a% +e +a 4oun a(on3 %+e 4iles, re$or s an o$u(en%s o4 +is la%e 4a%+er a 8ill an %es%a(en% in -+inese $+ara$%ers e0e$u%e an si3ne by %+e e$ease on " !anuary 1931 an %+a% %+e sa(e 8as 4ile , re$or e an proba%e in %+e A(oy is%ri$% $our%, *ro)in$e o4 Foo9ien, -+ina, 4ile a pe%i%ion in %+e in%es%a%e pro$ee in3s prayin3 4or %+e proba%e o4 %+e 8ill e0e$u%e in %+e *+ilippines or o4 %+e 8ill e0e$u%e in A(oy, Foo9ien, -+ina. :i%nesses 8ere presen%e %o pro)e %+e e0is%en$e o4 %+e 8ill alle3e ly le4% by !ose 'un%ay. Lower Court )ulin*, ,issallo8e alle3e 8ill an %es%a(en% e0e$u%e in &anila on No)e(ber 1929, an %+e alle3e las% 8ill an %es%a(en% e0e$u%e in Dulan3su, A(oy, -+ina, on " !anuary 1931, by !ose =. 'un%ay. ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er or no% %+e 8ills alle3e ly le4% by !ose '6n%ay $an be proba%e . )4-IA, 6p+el e$ision o4 %+e -our% o4 Firs% 1ns%an$e. Gran%in3 %+a% %+ere 8as a 8ill uly e0e$u%e by !ose =. 'un%ay, an %+a% i% 8as in e0is%en$e a% %+e %i(e o4, an no%e re)o9e be4ore +is ea%+, %+e %es%i(onies o4 %+e 8i%nesses presen%e 4all 4alls s+or% o4 %+e le3al re5uire(en% %+a% %+e pro)isions o4 %+e los% 8ill (us% be @$learly an is%in$%ly pro)e by a% leas% %8o $re ible 8i%nesses.@ -re ible 8i%nesses (ean $o(pe%en% 8i%nesses an %+ose 8+o %es%i4y %o 4a$%s 4ro( or upon +earsay are nei%+er $o(pe%en% nor $re ible 8i%nesses. As %o %+e 8ill $lai(e %o +a)e been e0e$u%e on " !anuary 1931 in A(oy, -+ina, %+e la8 on %+e poin% in Rule 78. 'e$%ion 1 o4 %+e rule pro)i es/ :ills pro)e an allo8e in a 4orei3n $oun%ry, a$$or in3 %o %+e la8s o4 su$+ $oun%ry, (ay be allo8e , 4ile , an re$or e by %+e proper -our% o4 Firs% 1ns%an$e in %+e *+ilippines. 'e$%ion 2 pro)i es/ :+en a $opy o4 su$+ 8ill an %+e allo8an$e %+ereo4, uly au%+en%i$a%e , is 4ile 8i%+ a pe%i%ion 4or allo8an$e in %+e *+ilippines, by %+e e0e$u%or or o%+er person in%eres%e , in %+e $our% +a)in3 7uris i$%ion, su$+ $our% s+all 4i0 a %i(e an pla$e 4or %+e +earin3, an $ause no%i$e %+ereo4 %o be 3i)en as in $ase o4 an ori3inal 8ill presen%e 4or allo8an$e. 'e$%ion 3 pro)i es/ 14 i% appears a% %+e +earin3 %+a% %+e 8ill s+oul be allo8e in %+e *+ilippines, %+e $our% s+all so allo8 i%, an a $er%i4i$a%e o4 i%s allo8an$e, si3ne by %+e !u 3e, an a%%es%e by %+e seal o4 %+e $our%s, %o 8+i$+ s+all be a%%a$+e a $opy o4 %+e 8ill, s+all be 4ile an re$or e by %+e $ler9, an %+e 8ill s+all +a)e %+e sa(e e44e$% as i4 ori3inally pro)e an allo8e in su$+ $our%. .+e 4a$% %+a% %+e (uni$ipal is%ri$% $our% o4 A(oy, -+ina, is a proba%e $our% (us% be pro)e . .+e la8 o4 -+ina on pro$e ure in %+e proba%e or allo8an$e o4 8ills (us% also be pro)e . .+e le3al re5uire(en%s 4or %+e e0e$u%ion o4 a )ali 8ill in -+ina in 1931 s+oul also be es%ablis+e by

$o(pe%en% e)i en$e. Bo8e)er, %+ere 8as no e)i en$e presen%e %o pro)e %+is poin%. .+e un)eri4ie ans8ers %o %+e 5ues%ions propoun e by $ounsel 4or %+e appellan% %o %+e -onsul General o4 %+e Republi$ o4 -+ina, ob7e$%e %o by $ounsel 4or %+e appellee, are ina (issible, be$ause apar% 4ro( %+e 4a$% %+a% %+e o44i$e o4 -onsul General oes no% 5uali4y an (a9e %+e person 8+o +ol s i% an e0per% on %+e -+inese la8 on pro$e ure in proba%e (a%%ers, i4 %+e sa(e be a (i%%e , %+e a )erse par%y 8oul be epri)e o4 +is ri3+% %o $on4ron% an $ross-e0a(ine %+e 8i%ness. -onsuls are appoin%e %o a%%en %o %ra e (a%%ers. &oreo)er, i% appears %+a% all %+e pro$ee in3s +a in %+e (uni$ipal is%ri$% $our% o4 A(oy 8ere 4or %+e purpose o4 %a9in3 %+e %es%i(ony o4 %8o a%%es%in3 8i%nesses %o %+e 8ill an %+a% %+e or er o4 %+e (uni$ipal is%ri$% $our% o4 A(oy oes no% purpor% %o proba%e %+e 8ill. 1n %+e absen$e o4 proo4 %+a% %+e (uni$ipal is%ri$% $our% o4 A(oy is a proba%e $our% an on %+e -+inese la8 o4 pro$e ure in proba%e (a%%ers, i% (ay be presu(e %+a% %+e pro$ee in3s in %+e (a%%er o4 proba%in3 or allo8in3 a 8ill in %+e -+inese $our%s are %+e a eposi%ion or %o a perpe%ua%ion o4 %es%i(ony, an e)en i4 i% 8ere so i% oes no% (easure sa(e as %+ose pro)i e 4or in our la8s on %+e sub7e$%. 1% is a pro$ee in3 in re( an 4or %+e )ali i%y o4 su$+ pro$ee in3s personal no%i$e or by publi$a%ion or bo%+ %o all in%eres%e par%ies (us% be (a e. .+e in%eres%e par%ies in %+e $ase 8ere 9no8n %o resi e in %+e *+ilippines. .+e e)i en$e s+o8s %+a% no su$+ no%i$e 8as re$ei)e by %+e in%eres%e par%ies resi in3 in %+e *+ilippines .+e or er o4 %+e (uni$ipal is%ri$% $our% o4 A(oy, -+ina, oes no% purpor% %o proba%e or allo8 %+e 8ill 8+i$+ 8as %+e sub7e$% o4 %+e pro$ee in3s. 1n )ie8 %+ereo4, %+e 8ill an %+e alle3e proba%e %+ereo4 $anno% be sai %o +a)e been one in a$$or an$e 8i%+ %+e a$$ep%e basi$ an 4un a(en%al $on$ep%s an prin$iples 4ollo8e in %+e proba%e an allo8an$e o4 8ills. -onse5uen%ly, %+e au%+en%i$a%e %rans$rip% o4 pro$ee in3s +el in %+e (uni$ipal is%ri$% $our% o4 A(oy, -+ina, $anno% be ee(e an a$$ep%e as pro$ee in3s lea in3 %o %+e proba%e or allo8an$e o4 a 8ill an , %+ere4ore, %+e 8ill re4erre %o %+erein $anno% be allo8e , 4ile an re$or e by a $o(pe%en% $our% o4 %+is $oun%ry.

'4CICIC %IC)A9ISI49 LI9E! I9C " 1EL )AS4)IA > ) 9o L-5150 Acto$er &+! 1950 1octrine, 1n or er %+a% ser)i$es (ay be e44e$%e upon pri)a%e $orpora%ions, i% is re5uire %+a% %+e 4orei3n $orpora%ion be one 8+i$+ is doing business in the Philippines. .+is is a sine qua non re5uire(en%. .+is 4a$% (us% be 4irs% es%ablis+e in or er %+a% su((ons $an be (a e an 7uris i$%ion a$5uire . C4C-S, Al4onsa *elin3on 4ile a $lai( 4or $o(pensa%ion 4or +ersel4 an +er %8o (inor $+il ren 8i%+ %+e :or9(enEs -o(pensa%ion -o((ission a3ains% %+e LuAon '%e)e orin3 -o., 1n$., 8+o re4use %o en%er%ain %+e $lai( on %+e 3roun %+a% sai $o(pany 8as no% %+e e(ployer o4 %+e e$ease +usban o4 %+e $lai(an%. .+e :or9(enEs -o(pensa%ion -o((ission, belie)in3 %+a% %+e *a$i4i$ Far 2as% Line, 1n$., a 4orei3n $orpora%ion li$ense %o o business in %+e *+ilippines, 8as an a3en% o4 pe%i%ioner 8i%+ au%+ori%y %o re$ei)e ser)i$e o4 pro$ess, ser)e no%i$e o4 %+e $lai( on an o44i$ial o4 sai 4orei3n $orpora%ion 8+o in %urn 4or8ar e %+e no%i$e %o pe%i%ioner e)en i4 %+e la%%er 8as no% an a3en% o4, nor 8as i% au%+oriAe %o a$$ep% ser)i$e o4 pro$ess in be+al4 o4, sai pe%i%ioner. *a$i4i$ 4ile a spe$ial appearan$e 8i%+ %+e :or9(enEs -o(pensa%ion -o((ission 4or %+e sole purpose o4 as9in3 4or %+e is(issal o4 %+e $lai( on %+e 3roun %+a% %+e -o((ission +a no 7uris i$%ion o)er i% be$ause i% is a 4orei3n $orpora%ion no% o(i$ile in %+is $oun%ry, i% is no% li$ense %o en3a3e an is no% en3a3in3 in business %+erein, +as no o44i$e in %+e *+ilippines, an is no% represen%e by any a3en% au%+oriAe %o re$ei)e su((ons or any o%+er 7u i$ial pro$ess in i%s na(e an be+al4. Lower Court )ulin*, .+e :or9(enEs -o(pensa%ion -o((ission +as 7uris i$%ion o)er %+e pe%i%ioner. Ben$e, %+e $ase $an be %rie on i%s (eri%s. ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er or no%, pe%i%ioner, as a pri)a%e 4orei3n $orpora%ion no% oin3 business in %+e *+ilippines, $an be brou3+% 8i%+in %+e 7uris i$%ion o4 our $our%s by ser)in3 %+e su((ons

upon %+e a3en% 8+o represen%e i% in en%erin3 in%o %+e $on%ra$% o4 e(ploy(en% 8i%+ %+e e$ease +usban . )4-IA, .+e per%inen% rule %o be $onsi ere is se$%ion 1", Rule 7, o4 %+e Rules o4 -our%, 8+i$+ re4ers %o ser)i$e upon pri)a%e 4orei3n $orpora%ions. .+is se$%ion pro)i es/ '2-. 1". Service upon private foreign corporations. F 14 %+e e4en an% is a 4orei3n $orpora%ion, or a non-resi en% 7oin% s%o$9 $o(pany or asso$ia%ion, oin3 business in %+e *+ilippines, ser)i$e (ay be (a e on i%s resi en% a3en% esi3na%e in a$$or an$e 8i%+ la8 4or %+a% purpose, or, i4 %+ere be no su$+ a3en%, on %+e 3o)ern(en% o44i$ial esi3na%e by la8 %o %+a% e44e$%, or on any o4 i%s o44i$ers or a3en%s 8i%+in %+e *+ilippines. .+e abo)e se$%ion pro)i es 4or %+ree (o es o4 e44e$%in3 ser)i$es upon a pri)a%e $orpora%ion, na(ely/ >1? by ser)in3 upon %+e a3en% esi3na%e in a$$or an$e 8i%+ la8 %o a$$ep% ser)i$e o4 su((onsG >2? i4 %+ere be no spe$ial a3en%, by ser)in3 on %+e 3o)ern(en% o44i$ial esi3na%e by la8 %o %+a% e44e$%G an >3? by ser)in3 on any o44i$er or a3en% 8i%+in %+e *+ilippines. =u%, i% s+oul be no%e , in or er %+a% ser)i$es (ay be e44e$%e in %+e (anner abo)e s%a%e , sai se$%ion also re5uires %+a% %+e 4orei3n $orpora%ion be one 8+i$+ is doing business in the Philippines. .+is is a sine qua non re5uire(en%. .+is 4a$% (us% be 4irs% es%ablis+e in or er %+a% su((ons $an be (a e an 7uris i$%ion a$5uire . .+is is no% only $lear in %+e rule bu% is re4le$%e in a re$en% e$ision o4 %+is -our%. :e %+ere sai %+a% @as lon3 as 4orei3n pri)a%e $orpora%ion oes or en3a3es in business in %+is 7uris i$%ion, i% s+oul an 8ill be a(enable %o pro$ess an %+e 7uris i$%ion o4 %+e lo$al $our%s.@ *e%i%ioner is a $orpora%ion e0$lusi)ely en3a3e in %+e business o4 $arryin3 3oo s an passen3ers by sea be%8een %+e %erri%ory o4 Gua( an %+e .rus% .erri%ories o4 %+e *a$i4i$ 1slan s an 4or %+a% purpose i% 8as opera%in3 a 4lee% o4 )essels plyin3 be%8een %+ose por%s or %erri%ories. *e%i%ioner +as no proper%y or o44i$e in %+e *+ilippines, nor is i% li$ense %o o business in %+e *+ilippines. An %+e only a$% i% i +ere 8as %o se$ure %+e ser)i$es o4 Lu$eno *elin3on %o a$% as $oo9 an $+ie4 s%e8ar in one o4 i%s )essels au%+oriAin3 %o %+a% e44e$% %+e LuAon '%e)e orin3 -o., 1n$. a o(es%i$ $orpora%ion. *e%i%ioner en3a3e %+e ser)i$es o4 *elin3on no% as par% o4 %+e opera%ion o4 i%s business bu% (erely %o e(ploy +i( as (e(ber o4 %+e $re8 in one o4 i%s s+ips. .+a% a$% apparen%ly is an isola%e one, in$i en%al, or $asual, an @no% o4 a $+ara$%er %o in i$a%e a purpose %o en3a3e in business@ 8i%+in %+e (eanin3 o4 %+e rule. .+e -o((ission +as no 7uris i$%ion o)er %+e pe%i%ioner an , %+ere4ore, %+e presen% pro$ee in3s $anno% $on%inue an s+oul be is(isse .

2I9> %4< 3< " C)49CISCA S;CI' >) 9o L-5795 4pril &+! 1950 Doctrine: ) non"resident may sue a resident in the courts of this country where the defendant may be summoned and his property leviable upon e*ecution in the case of a favorable, final, and e*ecutory +udgment. C4C-S, .+is is an a$%ion %o $olle$% 4ile by Din3 &a8 :u a3ains% Fran$is$o 'y$ip 4or %+e a(oun% o4 *59,082.92, %o3e%+er 8i%+ la84ul in%eres%s 4ro( 1" #$%ober 19"7, %+e a%e o4 %+e 8ri%%en e(an 4or pay(en%, an $os%s. Din3 &au :uu, a3en% o4 Fran$is$o 'y$ip, sol an eli)ere 1,000 %ons o4 $o$onu% oil e(ulsion %o !as &a08ell Fasse%. Fasse% in %urn assi3ne i% %o For%ra e -orpora%ion. 6n er an a3en$y a3ree(en% e0e$u%e in Ne8 ;or9, 8+i$+ 8as a resse an a$$ep%e by Fran$is$o 'y$ip on No)e(ber 22, 19"5, Din3 &au :u 8as (a e %+e e0$lusi)e a3en% o4 'y$ip in %+e sale o4 $o$onu% oil an i%s eri)a%ies ou%si e %+e *+ilippines an 8as %o be pai 2 H per$en% on %+e a$%ual sale pri$e o4 sales ob%aine %+ru +is e44or%s, in a i%ion %o 50 per$en% o4 %+e i44eren$e be%8een %+e au%+oriAe sale pri$e an %+e a$%ual sale pri$e. Din3 &au :u $lai(s %+a% 4or %+e sale %o Fasse%, +e is en%i%le un er %+e a3en$y $on%ra$% %o a $o((ission o4 2 H per$en% on %+e %o%al a$%ual sale pri$e o4 1,000 %ons o4 $o$onu% oil e(ulsion an 50 per $en% o4 %+e i44eren$e be%8een %+e au%+oriAe sale pri$e o4 I350 per %on an %+e a$%ual sellin3 pri$e o4 I"00 per %on. As 'y$ip alrea y (a e pre)ious pay(en%s, Din3 &au :u is 7us% $olle$%in3 on balan$e pay(en%s ue %o +i(. 'y$ip, on %+e o%+er +an , $on%en s %+a% %+e sales %ransa$%ion 8as no% $o)ere by %+e a3en$y $on%ra$% a%e No)e(ber 22 as %+e sales 8as a3ree upon on #$%ober 16 an %+a% i% 8as an in epen en% an separa%e %ransa$%ion 4or 8+i$+ Din3 &au :u +a been uly $o(pensa%e . Lower Court )ulin*, Ren ere 7u 3(en% in 4a)or o4 Din3 &au :u an enie bo%+ %+e (o%ion 4or re$onsi era%ion an ne8 %rial 4ile by 'y$ip. 'y$ip 4ile an appeal, $on%en in3 %+a% %+e -our% o4 Firs% 1ns%an$e o4 &anila +as no 7uris i$%ion o)er %+e $ase as %+e a3en$y $on%ra$% 8as e0e$u%e in Ne8 ;or9. ISS<E, :+e%+er or no% %+e -our% o4 Firs% 1ns%an$e o4 &anila +as 7uris i$%ion. )4-IA, -F1 +as 7uris i$%ion. A non-resi en% (ay sue a resi en% in %+e $our%s o4 %+is $oun%ry 8+ere %+e e4en an% (ay be su((one an +is proper%y le)iable upon e0e$u%ion in %+e $ase o4 a 4a)orable, 4inal, an e0e$u%ory 7u 3(en%. 1% is a personal a$%ion 4or %+e $olle$%ion o4 a su( o4 (oney 8+i$+ %+e -our%s o4 Firs% 1ns%an$e +a)e 7uris i$%ion %o %ry an e$i e. .+ere is no $on4li$% o4 la8s in)ol)e in %+e $ase, be$ause i% is only a 5ues%ion o4 en4or$in3 an obli3a%ion $rea%e by or

arisin3 4ro( $on%ra$%G an unless %+e en4or$e(en% o4 %+e $on%ra$% be a3ains% publi$ poli$y o4 %+e 4oru(, i% (us% be en4or$e . .+e plain%i44 is en%i%le %o $olle$% *7,589.88 4or $o((ission an *50,000 4or one-+al4 o4 %+e o)erpri$e, or a %o%al o4 *57,589.88, la84ul in%eres%s %+ereon 4ro( %+e a%e o4 %+e 4ilin3 o4 %+e $o(plain%, an $os%s in bo%+ ins%an$es.

S4L<1 ) 4)C4 and 4LC)E1A .4@IE) .) ! " 4LC)E1A .4@IE)! > ) 9o L-6567 .ul/ +1! 1950 Doctrine: ,ne of the essential conditions for the validity of a decree of divorce is that the court must have +urisdiction over the sub+ect matter and in order that this may be acquired, plaintiff must be domiciled in good faith in the State in which it is granted C4C-S, Al4re o !a)ier >Al4re o? 8as a na%i)e born $i%iAen o4 %+e *+ilippines 8+o, in 1937, (arrie 'alu R. Ar$a >'alu ?, ano%+er Filipino $i%iAen. =e4ore %+eir (arria3e %+ey +a alrea y a $+il , Al4re o !a)ier, !r., 8+o %+ereby be$a(e le3i%i(a%e . 1n 1927 appellan% enlis%e in %+e 6.'. Na)y an in 1938 saile 4or %+e 6ni%e '%a%es aboar a na)y s+ip in $onne$%ion 8i%+ +is ser)i$e lea)in3 be+in +is 8i4e an $+il , an on Au3us% 13, 19"0, +e 4ile an a$%ion 4or i)or$e in %+e -ir$ui% -our% o4 &obile -oun%y, Alaba(a, 6.'.A., alle3in3 as 3roun aban on(en% by +is 8i4e. Ba)in3 re$ei)e a $opy o4 %+e $o(plain%, 'alu 4ile an ans8er alle3in3, a(on3 o%+er %+in3s, %+a% appellan% 8as no% a resi en% o4 &obile -oun%y, bu% o4 Nai$, -a)i%e, *+ilippines, an %+a% i% 8as no% %rue %+a% %+e $ause o4 %+eir separa%ion 8as aban on(en% on +er par% bu% %+a% appellan% 8as in %+e 6ni%e '%a%es, 8i%+ou% +er, be$ause +e 8as %+en enlis%e in %+e 6.'. Na)y. Ne)er%+eless, %+e -ir$ui% -our% o4 &obile -oun%y ren ere 7u 3(en% 3ran%in3 appellan% a e$ree o4 i)or$e on April 9, 19"1. A4%er se$urin3 a i)or$e Al4re o (arrie .+el(a Fran$is, an A(eri$an $i%iAen. .+e la%%er, +o8e)er, ob%aine a i)or$e 4ro( +i( 4or reasons no% is$lose by %+e e)i en$e. Al4re o !a)ier re%urne %o %+e *+ilippines ar(e 8i%+ %8o e$rees o4 i)or$e F one a3ains% +is 4irs% 8i4e 'alu R. Ar$a an %+e o%+er a3ains% +i( by +is se$on 8i4e .+el(a Fran$is. :+en re%urne %o %+e *+ilippines an (arrie &aria # )ina o4 Nai$, -a)i%e. A% %+e ins%an$e o4 plain%i44 'alu R. Ar$a an in4or(a%ion 4or bi3a(y 8as 4ile by %+e -i%y Fis$al o4 &anila on !uly 25, 1950 a3ains% e4en an% Al4re o !a)ier. Lower Court )ulin*, Al4re o 8as a$5ui%%e o4 %+e $+ar3e o4 =i3a(y pre i$a%e on %+e proposi%ion %+a% %+e (arria3e o4 e4en an% Al4re o !a)ier 8i%+ %+e &aria # )ina 8as (a e in all 3oo 4ai%+ an in %+e +ones% belie4. ISS<ES, 1. ,oes %+is e$ree +a)e a )ali e44e$% in %+is 7uris i$%ionJ C N# 2. :+e%+er Al4re o is 3uil%y o4 bi3a(y C ;2' )4-IA, .+is $our% +as +a alrea y o$$asion %o pass upon 5ues%ions o4 si(ilar na%ure in a nu(ber o4 $ases an i%s rulin3 +as in)ariably been %o eny )ali i%y %o %+e e$ree. 1n essen$e, i% 8as +el %+a% one o4 %+e essen%ial $on i%ions 4or %+e )ali i%y o4 a e$ree o4 i)or$e is %+a% %+e $our% (us% +a)e 7uris i$%ion o)er %+e sub7e$% (a%%er an in or er %+a% %+is (ay be a$5uire , plain%i44 (us% be o(i$ile in 3oo 4ai%+ in %+e '%a%e in 8+i$+ i% is 3ran%e >-ousins Bi0 vs. Flue(er, 55 *+il., 851, 856?. 1% is %rue %+a% 'alu R. Ar$a 4ile an ans8er in %+e i)or$e $ase ins%i%u%e a% %+e &obile -oun%y in )ie8 o4 %+e su((ons ser)e upon +er in %+is 7uris i$%ion, bu% %+is a$%ion $anno% be

in%erpre%e as pla$in3 +er un er %+e 7uris i$%ion o4 %+e $our% be$ause i%s only purpose 8as %o i(pu3n %+e $lai( o4 appellan% %+a% +is o(i$ile or le3al resi en$e a% %+a% %i(e 8as &obile -oun%y, an %o s+o8 %+a% %+e 3roun o4 eser%ion i(pu%e %o +er 8as baseless an 4alse. 'u$+ ans8er s+oul be $onsi ere as a spe$ial appearan$e %+e purpose o4 8+i$+ is %o i(pu3n %+e 7uris i$%ion o4 %+e $our% o)er %+e $ase. 1n e$i in3 %+e -anson $ase, %+is $our% i no% o)erloo9 %+e o%+er $ases pre)iously e$i e on %+e (a%%er, bu% pre$isely %oo9 3oo no%e o4 %+e(. A(on3 %+e $ases in)o9e are -amire$ vs. .mur, "2 *+il. 855G -ousins Bi0 vs. Flue(er, 55 *+il., 851, an /arretto .on$ales vs. .on$ales, 58 *+il., 67. 1n %+e $ases 7us% (en%ione , %+is $our% lai o8n %+e 4ollo8in3 o$%rines/

1% is es%ablis+e by %+e 3rea% 8ei3+% o4 au%+ori%y %+a% %+e $our% o4 a $oun%ry in 8+i$+ nei%+er o4 %+e spouses is o(i$ile an %o 8+i$+ one or bo%+ o4 %+e( (ay resor% (erely 4or %+e purpose o4 ob%ainin3 a i)or$e +as no 7uris i$%ion %o e%er(ine %+eir (a%ri(onial s%a%usG an a i)or$e 3ran%e by su$+ a $our% is no% en%i%le %o re$o3ni%ion else8+ere. >See No%e %o 'u$$ession o4 =en%on, 59 L. R. A., 1"3? .+e )olun%ary appearan$e o4 %+e e4en an% be4ore su$+ a %ribunal oes no% in)es% %+e $our% 8i%+ 7uris i$%ion. >An re8s vs. An re8s, 188 6. '., 1"G "7 L. e ., 366.? 1% 4ollo8s %+a%, %o 3i)e a $our% 7uris i$%ion on %+e 3roun o4 %+e plain%i44Es resi en$e in %+e '%a%e or $oun%ry o4 %+e 7u i$ial 4oru(, +is resi en$e (us% be bona fide. >1" -y$. 817, 181.?@ >Ra(ireA vs. G(ur, 82 *+il., 855.? =u% e)en i4 +is resi en$e +a been %a9en up is 3oo 4ai%+, an %+e $our% +a a$5uire 7uris i$%ion %o %a9e $o3niAan$e o4 %+e i)or$e sui%, %+e e$ree issue in +is 4a)or is no% bin in3 upon %+e appellan%G 4or %+e (a%ri(onial o(i$ile o4 %+e spouses bein3 %+e -i%y o4 &anila, an no ne8 o(i$ile +a)in3 been a$5uire in :es% Kir3inia, %+e su((ons (a e by publi$a%ion, s+e no% +a)in3 en%ere an appearan$e in %+e $ase, ei%+er personally or by $ounsel, i no% $on4er 7uris i$%ion upon sai $our% o)er +er person. >-ousins Bi0 vs. Flue(er, 55 *+il., 851.? A% all %i(es %+e (a%ri(onial o(i$ile o4 %+is $ouple +as been 8i%+in %+e *+ilippine 1slan s an %+e resi en$e a$5uire in %+e '%a%e o4 Ne)a a by %+e +usban 4or %+e purpose o4 se$urin3 a i)or$e 8as no% a bona 4i e resi en$e an i no% $on4er 7uris i$%ion upon %+e $our% o4 %+e '%a%e %o issol)e %+e bon s o4 (a%ri(ony in 8+i$+ +e +a en%ere in 1919. >=arre%%o GonAales vs. GonAales, 58 *+il., 67.? 1n %+e li3+% o4 %+e 4ore3oin3 au%+ori%ies, i% $anno% %+ere4ore be sai %+a% %+e &obile -oun%y -our% o4 Alaba(a +a a$5uire 7uris i$%ion o)er %+e $ase 4or %+e si(ple reason %+a% a% %+e %i(e i% 8as 4ile appellan%Es le3al resi en$e 8as %+en in %+e *+ilippines. Be $oul no% +a)e a$5uire le3al resi en$e or o(i$ile a% &obile -oun%y be$ause a% %+a% %i(e +e 8as s%ill in %+e ser)i$e o4 %+e 6.'. Na)y an (erely ren%e a roo( 8+ere +e use %o s%ay urin3 +is o$$asional s+ore lea)e 4or s+i4% u%y. .+a% +e ne)er in%en e %o li)e %+ere per(anen%ly is s+o8n by %+e 4a$% %+a% a4%er +is (arria3e %o .+el(a Fran$is in 19"1, +e (o)e %o Ne8 ;or9 an a4%er +is i)or$e 4ro( .+el(a in 19"9 an +is re%ire(en% 4ro( %+e 6.'. Na)y, +e re%urne %o %+e *+ilippines an (arrie &aria # )ina o4 Nai$, -a)i%e, 8+ere +e li)e e)er sin$e. 1% (ay %+ere4ore be sai %+a% appellan% 8en% %o &obile -oun%y, no% 8i%+ %+e in%en%ion o4 per(anen%ly resi in3 %+ere, or o4 $onsi erin3 %+a% pla$e as +is per(anen% abo e, bu% 4or %+e sole purpose o4 ob%ainin3 i)or$e 4ro( +is 8i4e. 'u$+ resi en$e is no% su44i$ien% %o $on4er 7uris i$%ion on %+e $our%.

4'ALI94)IA > 1E LAS S49-AS and IS4#ELA 4S-)4D<ILLA! " . 8A34)1 %C>)4-8 4--A)9E; >E9E)4L AC -8E <9I-E1 S-4-ES! S<CCESSA) -A -8E '8ILI''I9E 4LIE9 ')A'E)-; 41%I9IS-)4-IA9 AC -8E <9I-E1 S-4-ES! )E'<#LIC AC -8E '8ILI''I9ES! > ) 9o L-0717 Ce$ruar/ &7! 1955 Doctrine: The failure of the Philippine government to incorporate its provisions in our statute boo0s, for a period of almost 12 years, is, to our mind, clear proof of the unwillingness of our department to change the policy set forth in section 32 of )ct 4o. 5126.

C4C-S, .+is a$%ion in)ol)es %+e %i%le %o 1,600,000 s+ares o4 s%o$9 o4 %+e Lepan%o -onsoli a%e &inin3 -o., 1n$. *lain%i44s $on%en %+a% ,e los 'an%os bou3+% 55,000 s+ares 4ro( !uan -a(pos, in &anila, early in ,e$e(ber, 19"2G %+a% +e bou3+% 300,000 s+ares 4ro( -arl BessG an %+a%, be4ore -+ris%(as o4 19"2, +e bou3+% 800,000 s+ares 4ro( -arl Bess, %+is %i(e 4or %+e a$$oun% an bene4i% o4 As%ra5uillo. =y )ir%ue o4 )es%in3 *-12, a%e February 18, 19"5, %i%le %o %+e 1,600,000 s+ares o4 s%o$9 in ispu%e 8as, +o8e)er, )es%e in %+e Alien *roper%y -us%o ian o4 %+e 6. '. >+ereina4%er re4erre %o as %+e *roper%y -us%o ian? as !apanese proper%y. Ben$e, plain%i44s 4ile %+eir respe$%i)e $lai(s 8i%+ %+e *roper%y -us%o ian. 1n ue $ourse, %+e Kes%e *roper%y -lai(s -o((i%%ee o4 %+e *+ilippine Alien *roper%y A (inis%ra%ion (a e a @ e%er(ina%ion,@ a%e &ar$+ 9, 19"8, allo8in3 sai $lai(s, 8+i$+ 8ere $onsi ere an +ear 7oin%ly as -lai( No. 535, bu%, upon personal re)ie8, %+e *+ilippine Alien *roper%y A (inis%ra%ion (a e by sai -o((i%%ee an e$ree %+a% @%i%le %o %+e s+ares in 5ues%ion s+all re(ain in %+e na(e o4 %+e *+ilippine Alien *roper%y A (inis%ra%or.@ -onse5uen%ly, plain%i44s ins%i%u%e %+e presen% a$%ion %o es%ablis+ %i%le %o %+e a4ore(en%ione s+ares o4 s%o$9 an pray %+a% 7u 3(en% be ren ere e$larin3 %+e( la84ul o8ners o4 sai s+ares o4 s%o$9, 8i%+ su$+ i)i en s, pro4i%s an ri3+%s as (ay +a)e a$$rue %+ere%oG re5uirin3 %+e e4en an% %o ren er a$$oun%s an %o %rans4er sai s+ares o4 s%o$9 %o plain%i44sE na(esG an sen%en$in3 %+e 4or(er %o pay %+e $os%s. .+e e4en an% +erein, A%%orney General o4 %+e 6. '., su$$essor %o %+e @A (inis%ra%or@, $on%en s %+a% prior %o %+e ou%brea9 o4 %+e 8ar in %+e *a$i4i$, sai s+ares o4 s%o$9 8ere bou3+% by Ki$en%e &a ri3al, in %rus% 4or, an 4or %+e bene4i% o4, %+e &i%sui =ussan Dais+a >+ereina4%er re4erre %o as %+e @&i%suis@?, a $orpora%ion or3aniAe in a$$or an$e 8i%+ %+e la8s o4 !apan, %+e %rue o8ner %+ereo4, 8i%+ bran$+ o44i$e in %+e *+ilippinesG %+a% on or be4ore &ar$+, 19"2, &a ri3al eli)ere %+e $orrespon in3 s%o$9 $er%i4i$a%es, 8i%+ +is blan9 in orse(en% %+ereon, %o %+e &i%suis, 8+i$+ 9ep% sai $er%i4i$a%es, in %+e 4iles o4 i%s o44i$e in &anila, un%il %+e libera%ion o4 %+e la%%er by %+e A(eri$an 4or$es early in 19"5G %+a% %+e &i%suis +a ne)er sol , or o%+er8ise ispose o4, sai s+ares o4 s%o$9G an %+a% %+e s%o$9 $er%i4i$a%es a4ore(en%ione (us% +a)e been s%olen or loo%e , %+ere4ore, urin3 %+e e(er3en$y resul%in3 4ro( sai libera%ion. Lower Court )ulin*, !u 3(en% 8as ren ere in 4a)or o4 %+e plain%i44s ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er plain%i44s +a pur$+ase %+e s+ares o4 s%o$9 in 5ues%ion.- N# )4-IA, 1% appears 4ro( %+e e)i en$e presen%e %+a% %+e only e)i en$e on %+e alle3e sale o4 %+e s+ares o4 s%o$9 in 5ues%ion %o %+e plain%i44s F %+e (ain issue in %+e $ase a% bar F is %+e %es%i(ony o4 Apolinario e los 'an%os, 8+o no8 $lai(s %o be %+e sole o8ner %+ereo4. .+us, %+e issue is base , an (us% s%an or 4all, %+ere4ore, upon %+e un$orrobora%e %es%i(ony o4 plain%i44 Apolinario e los 'an%os, an %+e $re en$e an 8ei3+% %+a% (ay be 3i)en %+ere%o. 6pon a re)ie8 o4 %+e re$or , 8e 4in , +o8e)er, %+a% sai %es%i(ony is +i3+ly i(probable an in+eren%ly 8ea9. .+e s%a%us o4 5uasi-ne3o%iabili%y 3enerally a$$or e %o, an a% presen% en7oye by, $er%i4i$a%es o4 s%o$9, un er %+e *+ilippine la8, is in i%sel4 a re$o3ni%ion o4 %+e 4a$% %+a% %+e $er%i4i$a%es are non"negotiable. 1ns%ea o4 sus%ainin3 appelleesE $lai(, se$%ion 5 o4 %+e uni4or( '%o$9 .rans4er A$%, 8+i$+ @3i)es 4ull ne3o%iabili%y %o $er%i4i$a%es o4 s%o$9,@ refutes sai $lai( an $on4ir(s the non"negotiable character of stoc0 certificates in the absence of said nifrom )ct , 4or, ob)iously, %+e sa(e $oul no% +a)e 3i)en, ne3o%iabili%y %o an ins%ru(en% alrea y possessin3 %+is a%%ribu%e prior %+ere%o. A3ain, apar% 4ro( bein3 distinct 4ro( %+e general -orpora%ion La8, %+e a4ore(en%ione 6ni4or( A$% is no% in 4or$e in %+e *+ilippines. 1n %+is $onne$%ion, i% s+oul be no%e %+a% %+is special pie$e o4 le3isla%ion 8as a op%e in so(e s%a%es o4 %+e union as early as %+e year 1910. .+e 4ailure o4 %+e *+ilippine 3o)ern(en% %o in$orpora%e i%s pro)isions in our s%a%u%e

boo9s, 4or a perio o4 al(os% "5 years, is, %o our (in , $lear proo4 o4 %+e un8illin3ness o4 our epar%(en% %o $+an3e %+e poli$y se% 4or%+ in se$%ion 35 o4 A$% No. 1"59. Nee less %o say, %+is 4a$% ne3a%es our au%+ori%y F 8+i$+ is li(i%e %o %+e in%erpre%a%ion o4 %+e la8, an i%s appli$a%ion, with all its imperfections F %o aban on 8+a% %+e issen%in3 opinion $+ara$%eriAes as %+e @$i)il la8 s%an poin%,@ an subs%i%u%e, in lieu %+ereo4, %+e $o((er$ial )ie8poin%, by applyin3 sai se$%ion 5 o4 %+e 6ni4or( '%o$9 .rans4er A$%, al%+ou3+ no% a par% o4 %+e la8 o4 %+e lan . 1n ee , e)en in (a%%ers 3enerally $onsi ere as 4allin3 8i%+in @$o((er$ial %erri%ory@, %+e Ro(an La8 $on$ep% +as no% 3i)en 8ay in %+e *+ilippines %o %+e -o((on La8 approa$+, e0$ep% 8+en %+ere is e*plicit s%a%u%ory pro)ision %o %+e $on%rary.

C4;E-49A # LI3494>! " )A#E)- S 84%ILL! E- 4L > ) 9o L-5771 Ce$ruar/ &5! 1956 Doctrine: 7aws of the Philippines continue to be in force in said bases e*cept when otherwise agreed upon in an agreement. C4C-S, Rober% '. Ba(ill, &a7or, 6'AF, Assis%an% =ase *ro)os% &ars+al, -lar9 Air For$e =ase, pro)in$e o4 *a(pan3a, 4ile an a(en e $o(plain% a3ains% Li8ana3 4or )iola%ion o4 se$%ion 17" o4 %+e 1n%ernal Re)enue -o e. 1% is alle3e in %+e a(en e $o(plain% %+a% Li8ana3, La pri)a%e in i)i ual, 8i%+ou% au%+ori%y 8+a%soe)er, an 8i%+ou% payin3 %+e $orrespon in3 spe$i4i$ %a0 o4 .:# *2'#' >*2? per $ar%oon, i %+en an %+ere 8ill4ully, unla84ully an 4eloniously, possess an +a)e in +is $on%rol se)en%een $ar%oons o4 i(por%e 4ree o4 %a0 A(eri$an $i3are%%es 4or use only o4 %+e 6' &ili%ary an Na)al For$es s%a%ione in %+e *+ilippines.M .+e $o(plain% 8as subs$ribe an s8orn %o be4ore !u 3e LorenAo ,. Li$up. -ounsel 4or Li8ana3 (o)e %o 5uas+ %+e $o(plain% in %+e !us%i$e o4 %+e *ea$e -our%, bu% %+is 8as enie . .+ereupon Li8ana3 4ile a pe%i%ion 4or pro+ibi%ion 8i%+ %+e -our% o4 Firs% 1ns%an$e, alle3in3 %+a% Rober% '. Ba(ill +as no personal $apa$i%y %o subs$ribe %o %+e $o(plain% an %+e !us%i$e o4 %+e *ea$e $our%, %+ere4ore, a$5uire no 7uris i$%ion %o $on u$% %+e preli(inary in)es%i3a%ion. Lower Court )ulin*, Rober% '. Ba(ill is no% a pea$e o44i$er o4 %+e Republi$ o4 %+e *+ilippines an , %+ere4ore, is no% au%+oriAe %o 4ile a $o(plain% in a$$or an$e 8i%+ se$%ion 2, Rule 106 o4 %+e Rules o4 -our%.

ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er a *ro)os% &ars+al o4 -lar9 Fiel is a pea$e o44i$er o4 %+e Republi$ o4 %+e *+ilippines 8+o is au%+oriAe %o 4ile a $o(plain% 4or )iola%ion o4 %+e 1n%ernal Re)enue -o e. C ;2'. )4-IA, 1% is a (i%%e %+a% %+e *ro)os% &ars+al o4 -lar9 Fiel is a pea$e o44i$er. *ro)os% &ars+als in Ar(y bases are poli$e o44i$ers, an %+ey +a)e %+e po8ers an u%ies o4 $+ie4s o4 poli$e in (uni$ipali%ies. 6n er %+e a3ree(en% be%8een %+e Republi$ o4 %+e *+ilippines an %+e 6ni%e '%a%es o4 A(eri$a, 4or %+e es%ablis+(en% o4 bases by %+e la%%er 8i%+in %+e %erri%ory o4 %+e 4or(er, la8s o4 %+e *+ilippines $on%inue %o be in 4or$e in sai bases e0$ep% 8+en o%+er8ise a3ree upon in %+e a3ree(en%. An 4or %+e purpose o4 +earin3 $ases %+erein, 7us%i$es o4 %+e pea$e are appoin%e an +ol o44i$e. .+ey are no% appoin%e by %+e 6ni%e '%a%e o4 A(eri$a, bu% by %+e *resi en% o4 %+e *+ilippines, sub7e$% %o $on4ir(a%ion by %+e -o((ission on Appoin%(en%s. =u% o%+er %+an 7us%i$es o4 %+e pea$e, no o%+er o44i$ers o4 %+e Republi$ o4 %+e *+ilippines are appoin%e in %+e bases, (u$+ less pea$e o44i$ers, al%+ou3+ a3en%s o4 %+e Republi$ o4 %+e *+ilippines (ay +a)e a$$ess in %+e bases %o see %+a% %+e la8s o4 %+e *+ilippines are en4or$e . =u% %+e 5ues%ion o4 pea$e an or er 8i%+in %+e bases is le4% %o pea$e o44i$ers o4 %+e 6ni%e '%a%es o4 A(eri$a, %+e $+ie4 o4 8+o( is %+e pro)os% (ars+al. .o allo8 pea$e o44i$ers o4 sai Republi$ %o 3o %+erein an (a9e arres%s or ins%i%u%e prose$u%ions 4or )iola%ion o4 *+ilippine la8s 8oul $er%ainly 3i)e o$$asion 4or $on4li$%s o4 au%+ori%y. 'o no pro)ision is (a e 4or %+e appoin%(en% o4 pea$e o44i$ers o4 %+e Republi$ o4 %+e *+ilippines 8i%+in %+e bases, an i% is un ers%oo %+a% %+e en4or$e(en% o4 *+ilippines la8s is le4% %o %+e o44i$ers o4 %+e 6ni%e '%a%es o4 A(eri$a. 1% is illo3i$al %o eny %o %+ese pea$e o44i$ers >o4 %+e 6ni%e '%a%es? %+e po8er %o prose$u%e )iola%ions o4 *+ilippine la8s in %+e (ili%ary bases. 'in$e %+ese bases 8ere es%ablis+e %+e Republi$ o4 %+e *+ilippines +as abs%aine 4ro( appoin%in3 pea$e o44i$ers o4 i%s o8nG %+is (us% +a)e been 8i%+ %+e un ers%an in3 %+a% %+e e0e$u%ion o4 *+ilippine la8s 8oul be %a9en $are o4 %+erein by %+e pea$e o44i$ers o4 %+e 6ni%e '%a%es o4 A(eri$a. .+e absen$e o4 pea$e o44i$ers o4 %+e Republi$ o4 %+e *+ilippines in %+ese bases is ue %o %+e 4a$% %+a% %+e en4or$e(en% an prose$u%ion o4 o44enses a3ains% *+ilippine la8s 8as in%en e %o be lo 3e 8i%+ %+e pea$e o44i$ers o4 %+e 6ni%e '%a%es o4 A(eri$a.

'4<L %4C1A94L1! E- 4L ! " 94-IA94L CI-; #492 AC 9E3 ;A)2 > ) 9o L-5991 %a/ &1! 1956 Doctrine: While an unregistered commercial partnership has no +uridical personality, nevertheless, where two or more persons attempt to create a partnership failing to comply with all the legal formalities, the law considers them as partners and the association is a partnership in so far as it is a favorable to third persons, by reason of the equitable principle of estoppel. C4C-S, *rior %o !une 3, 19"9, Defendant '%asi9ino$ey +a an o)er ra4% a$$oun% 8i%+ .+e Na%ional -i%y =an9 o4 Ne8 ;or9, a 4orei3n ban9in3 asso$ia%ion uly li$ense %o o business in %+e *+ilippines. #n !une 3, 19"9, %+e o)er ra4% s+o8e a balan$e o4 *6,13".92 a3ains% '%asi9ino$ey or %+e -ar inal Ra%%an, 8+i$+ a$$oun%, ue %o %+e 4ailure o4 %+e par%ners+ip %o (a9e %+e re5uire pay(en%, 8as $on)er%e in%o an or inary loan 4or 8+i$+ %+e $orrespon in3 pro(issory N7oin% no%e non-ne3o%iable< 8as e0e$u%e by Louis F. a -os%a 4or an in %+e na(e o4 %+e -ar inal Ra%%an, Louis F. a -os%a an Alan Gor$ey. .+is 8as se$ure on !une 7, 19"9, by a $+a%%el (or%3a3e e0e$u%e by Louis F. a -os%a, !r., General *ar%ner 4or an in %+e na(e o4 '%asi9ino$ey, alle3e %o be a uly re3is%ere *+ilippine par%ners+ip, oin3 business un er %+e na(e an s%yle o4 -ar inal Ra%%an. .+e (or%3a3e ee 8as 4ully re3is%ere by %+e (or%3a3ee on !une 11, 19"9, in %+e #44i$e o4 %+e Re3is%er o4 ,ee s 4or %+e pro)in$e o4 RiAal, a% *asi3 an a(on3 o%+er pro)isions i% $on%aine %+e 4ollo8in3/ >a? .+a% %+e (or%3a3or s+all no% sell or o%+er8ise ispose o4 %+e sai $+a%%els 8i%+ou% %+e (or%3a3ee<s 8ri%%en $onsen%G an >b? .+a% %+e (or%3a3ee (ay 4ore$lose %+e (or%3a3e a% any %i(e, a4%er brea$+ o4 any $on i%ion %+ereo4, %+e (or%3a3or 8ai)in3 %+e 30- ay no%i$e o4 4ore$losure. .+e Na%ional -i%y =an9 o4 Ne8 ;or9, -espondent +erein learne %+a% %+e par%ners+ip '%asi9ino$ey %rans4erre %o :illia( '+ae44er, 4ro( %+e la%%er %o *aul &$,onal , an 4ro( *aul &$,onal %o =en7a(in GonAales, o4 %+e )e+i$les pre)iously ple 3e by '%asi9ino$ey %o %+e -espondent. .+us Respon en% 4ile an a$%ion a3ains% '%asi9ino$ey an i%s alle3e par%ners Gor$ey an ,a -os%a, as 8ell as *aul &$,onal an =en7a(in GonAales, %o re$o)er i%s $re i% an %o 4ore$lose %+e $orrespon in3 $+a%%el (or%3a3e. &$,onal an GonAales 8ere (a e Defendants be$ause %+ey $lai(e %o +a)e a be%%er ri3+% o)er %+e ple 3e )e+i$le.

Lower Court )ulin*, !u 3(en% in 4a)or o4 %+e -espondent, annullin3 %+e sale o4 %+e )e+i$les in 5ues%ion %o =en7a(in GonAalesG sen%en$in3 ,a -os%a an Gor$ey %o pay %o %+e -espondent 7oin%ly an se)erally %+e su( o4 *6,13".92, 8i%+ le3al in%eres% 4ro( %+e eb% o4 %+e pro(issory no%e in)ol)e G sen%en$in3 %+e Petitioner GonAales %o eli)er %+e )e+i$les in 5ues%ion %o %+e -espondent 4or sale a% publi$ au$%ion i4 ,a -os%a an Gor$ey s+oul 4ail %o pay %+e (oney 7u 3(en%G an sen%en$in3 ,a -os%a, Gor$ey an '+ae44ers %o pay %o %+e -espondent 7oin%ly an se)erally any e4i$ien$y %+a% (ay re(ain unpai s+oul %+e pro$ee s o4 %+e sale no% be su44i$ien%G an sen%en$in3 Gor$ey, ,a -os%a, &$,onal an '+ae44er %o pay %+e $os%s. 4ppellate Court )ulin*, .+e e$ision appeale 4ro( is a44ir(e bu% (o i4ie as %o )ppellant :illia( '+ae44er in %+e obli3a%ion o4 payin3, 7oin%ly an se)erally, %o3e%+er 8i%+ Alan :. Gor$ey an Louis F. a -os%a, !r., any e4i$ien$y %+a% (ay re(ain unpai a4%er applyin3 %+e pro$ee s o4 %+e sale o4 %+e sai (o%or )e+i$les 8+i$+ s+all be un er%a9en upon %+e lapse o4 90 ays 4ro( %+e a%e %+is e$ision be$o(es 4inal, i4 by %+en Defendants Louis F. a -os%a, !r., an Alan :. Gor$ey +a no% pai %+e a(oun% o4 %+e 7u 3(en% eb%. ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er an unre3is%ere $o((er$ial $o-par%ners+ip 8+i$+ +as no in epen en% 7uri i$al personali%y $an +a)e a N o(i$ile so %+a% a $+a%%el (or%3a3e re3is%ere in %+a% N o(i$ile< 8oul bin %+ir persons 8+o are inno$en% pur$+asers 4or )alue C;2' )4-IA, :+ile an unre3is%ere $o((er$ial par%ners+ip +as no 7uri i$al personali%y, ne)er%+eless, 8+ere %8o or (ore persons a%%e(p% %o $rea%e a par%ners+ip 4ailin3 %o $o(ply 8i%+ all %+e le3al 4or(ali%ies, %+e la8 $onsi ers %+e( as par%ners an %+e asso$ia%ion is a par%ners+ip in so 4ar as i% is a 4a)orable %o %+ir persons, by reason o4 %+e e5ui%able prin$iple o4 es%oppel. 1n Bun3-&an ;o$ )s. Dien3--+ion3-'en3, 6 *+il., "98, i% 8as +el %+a% al%+ou3+ Li% +as no le3al s%an in3, i% is a par%ners+ip e 4a$%o an %+e 3eneral pro)isions o4 %+e -o e appli$able %o all par%ners+ips apply %o i%.M

C< <9.IE9> SA9S @ #A4)1 AC -4B 4''E4LS > ) 9o L-6&96 Septem$er &9! 1956 Doctrine: &ommonwealth )ct 4o. 188 94ational (nternal -evenue &ode: does not authori$e deductions for war losses which were compensated by the War Damage &ommission since such compensation does not fall within the purview of ;compensation by insurance or otherwise,< as the .S. .overnment was not under any legal obligation to do so, until .S. &ongress passed the Philippine -ehabilitation )ct of 5618 9Public 7aw 3=>:. C4C-S, -u 6n7ien3 'ons >-6'? is a o(es%i$ $orpora%ion. &ore %+an 70O o4 i%s $api%al s%o$9 is o8ne by Filipino $i%iAens. #n February 19"8, -6' 4ile 8i%+ %+e *+ilippine :ar ,a(a3e -o((ission >-o((ission? a $lai( 4or $o(pensa%ion in a$$or an$e 8i%+ %+e *+ilippine Re+abili%a%ion A$% o4 19"5. .+e *1,079,388.05 $lai( is base on alle3e losses sus%aine urin3 %+e ba%%le o4 libera%ion o4 &anila an o%+er par%s o4 %+e *+ilippines. #4 %+e su( $lai(e , only *671,770.19 8as appro)e by %+e -o((ission an *"70,239.19 8ill be pai . #n !une 15, 1950, -'6 re$ei)e a 6.'. .reasury :arran% 4or *202, 531.06 as par%ial pay(en% o4 %+e appro)e $lai(. Ano%+er .reasury :arran% 4or *151,1".31 8as %rans(i%%e on No)e(ber 8, 1950. .o3e%+er 8i%+ %+e se$on $+e$9, -6' 8as no%i4ie %+a% i% 8oul be %+e las% pay(en% %o be (a e by %+e -o((ission $o)erin3 -6'<s $lai( unless %+e 6.'. -on3ress (a9es 4ur%+er appropria%ion %+ere4ore. 1n i%s in$o(e %a0 re%urns 4or %+e years 19"5-1950, -6' i no% pay in$o(e %a0 4or %+e years 19"5-19"6 an i% e u$%e 8ar losses in %+e years 19"5-19"7. Bo8e)er, %+e -o((issioner on 1n%ernal Re)enue >-1R? isallo8e e u$%ions 4or 8ar losses $lai(e by -6' 4or %+e years 19"6 an 19"7 on %+e 3roun %+a% all 8ar losses sus%aine by -6' s+oul +a)e been $lai(e as a e u$%ion 4or %+e year 19"5 8+en %+e sai losses 8ere a$%ually sus%aine , pursuan% %o %+e Na%ional 1n%ernal Re)enue -o e >N1R-?. -6' (ain%ains %+a% %+e sai losses 8ere $o(pensa%e by Linsuran$e or o%+er8ise,M an %+a% sin$e no%i$e 8as 3i)en by %+e -o((ission in 1950, i% 4ollo8s %+a% %+e losses in 5ues%ion 8ere no% $+ar3eable as e u$%ions in %+e year 19"5. Commissioner of Internal )e"enue )ulin*, .+e losses 8ere no% $o(pensa%e 4or by insuran$e or o%+er8ise, an %+a%, a$$or in3ly, %+e $orrespon in3 e u$%ion 8as per(issible in 19"5 only. #oard of -ax 4ppeals )ulin*, A44ir(e -1R Rulin3. ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er %+e losses su44ere by -6' in 19"5 8ere e u$%ible, 4or in$o(e %a0 purposes, in 19"5, 8+en %+e losses 8ere p+ysi$ally sus%aine , or in 1950, 8+en -6' 8as a )ise by %+e -o((ission %+a% no pay(en%s, o%+er %+an %+ose (a e by %+e -o((ission in !une an No)e(ber 1950, 8oul be (a e 4or sai losses. )4-IA, .+e e%er(ina%ion o4 %+is 5ues%ion +in3es on %+e in%erpre%a%ion an $ons%ru$%ion o4 'e$. 30 o4 %+e N1R-, as i(ple(en%e by Re)enue Re3ula%ion No. 2. A$$or in3 %o %+e la8, %+e losses in 5ues%ion $oul only be $+ar3e o44 in %+e in$o(e %a0 re%urn 4or %+e year 19"5, unless $o(pensa%e 4or by Linsuran$e or o%+er8ise.M

:i%+ re3ar %o %+e 5ues%ion on 8+e%+er %+e losses a4ore(en%ione 8ere L$o(pensa%e 4or by insuran$eM in 19"5, -6' relies upon 'e$%ion 5>3? o4 an A$% o4 -on3ress o4 %+e 6ni%e '%a%es o4 &ar$+ 27, 19"2 >*ubli$ La8 506?. .+e pro)ision au%+oriAes %+e Re$ons%ru$%ion Finan$e -orpora%ion %o e(po8er %+e :ar ,a(a3e -orpora%ion L%o use i%s 4un %o pro)i e, %+rou3+ insuran$e, reinsuran$e or o%+er8ise, reasonable pro%e$%ion a3ains% loss o4, or a(a3e %o, proper%y 8+i$+ (ay resul% 4ro( ene(y a%%a$9M an %+a% Lsu$+ pro%e$%ion s+all be (a e a)ailable upon pay(en% o4 su$+ pre(iu( or o%+er $+ar3e as %+e -o((ission (ay es%ablis+.M 1n or er %o $o(e un er sai pro)ision, %+ere (us% be >1? Linsuran$e, reinsuran$e, or o%+er8iseM an >2? Lpay(en% o4 su$+ pre(iu( or o%+er $+ar3e as %+e :ar ,a(a3e -orpora%ion (ay es%ablis+.M Nei%+er re5uire(en% is presen% in %+e $ase a% bar. Ben$e, -6' is no% en%i%le %o %+e bene4i%s o4 %+e *ubli$ La8 506. -6' insis%s %+a% i%s proper%y 8ere, in e44e$%, $o)ere by a Lspe$ial s%a%u%ory insuran$e,M re3ar less o4 any le3isla%ion %+ereon, be$ause/ >1? on ,e$. 13, 19"1, %+e Fe eral Loan A3en$y o4 %+e 6.'. announ$e %+a% %+e Re+abili%a%ion Finan$e -orpora%ion +a $rea%e %+e :ar ,a(a3e -orpora%ion %o pro)i e pro%e$%ion a3ains% losses resul%in3 4ro( ene(y a%%a$9 8+i$+ (i3+% be sus%aine by o8ners o4 proper%y in $on%inen%al 6.'.G >2? on ,e$. 23, 19"1, sai A3en$y 4ur%+er announ$e %+a% %+e :ar 1nsuran$e -orpora%ion 8oul e0%en %+e sa(e pro%e$%ion %o proper%y o8ners in %+e *+ilippinesG %+ese announ$e(en%s 8ere publis+e in %+e &anila ,ay =ulle%in an 8ere subse5uen%ly $on4ir(e in ra io broa $as%s o4 %+e LKoi$e o4 A(eri$aMG >"? !esse !ones, %+e Fe eral Loan A (inis%ra%or o4 %+e 6.'. e$lare %+a% sai announ$e(en% 8as in%en e as insuran$e poli$yG an , >5? $o(plian$e %+ere8i%+, a$$or in3 %o 'ena%or .y in3s, 8as a Lle3al obli3a%ionM on %+e par% o4 %+e 6.'. -6' a (i%s %+a% losses sus%aine la%er %+an !uly 1, 19"2, oes no% $o)er losses or proper%y a(a3e 8+i$+ (ay resul% 4ro( ene(y a%%a$9 >in$lu in3 any a$%ion %a9en by (ili%ary, na)al, or air 4or$es o4 %+e 6.'. in resis%in3 ene(y a%%a$9?. -6' su44ere i%s a4ore(en%ione losses in 19"5, urin3 %+e ba%%le 4or %+e libera%ion o4 %+e *+ilippines by %+e Allie , espe$ially A(eri$an For$es. .+ose losses 8ere no% %+e resul% o4 ene(y a%%a$9, or o4 a$%ion by %+e ar(e 4or$e o4 %+e 6.'. in resis%in3 ene(y a%%a$9. .+e (ain ene(y 8as !apan, an nei%+er !apan nor any o4 i%s asso$ia%es, 8as a%%a$9in3 in %+e *+ilippines. 1% is $lear %+ere4ore %+a% %+e losses o4 -6' o no% $o(e 8i%+in %+e pur)ie8 ei%+er o4 *ubli$ La8 506 or o4 %+e announ$e(en%s abo)e(en%ione , an are no% $o(pensa%e 4or by Linsuran$e,M as %+e %er( is use in %+e N1R-. :+e%+er %+e sai losses $oul no% be e u$%e in 19"5, be$ause %+ey 8ere L$o(pensa%e 4or by insuran$e or o%+er8ise,M -6' in)o9es %+e *+ilippine Re+abili%a%ion A$% o4 19"6 >*ubli$ La8 370?. .+e la8 8as appro)e , an be$a(e e44e$%i)e, on April 30, 19"6. 1n or er %o be en%i%le %o e4er e u$%ions 4or losses (a%erially sus%aine 8i%+in a 3i)en year, %+e ri3+% %o $o(pensa%ion %+ere4or, Lby 8ay o4 insuran$e or o%+er8ise,M i4 any, (us% e0is%s, prior %o %+e en o4 sai year. -onse5uen%ly, %+e appro)al o4 %+e *+ilippine Re+abili%a%ion A$% o4 19"6 i no% $ons%i%u%e in 19"5 Na $o(pensa%ion< Lby 8ay or insuran$eM an i no% au%+oriAe -6' +erein %o pos%pone, %o ano%+er year, i%s $lai( 4or e u$%ion arisin3 4ro( %+e 8ar losses in 5ues%ion. 1% is also $lai(e %+a% %+e a$%s an e$lara%ions o4 responsible o44i$ials an or3ans o4 %+e 6.'. Go)ern(en% be4ore %+e en o4 19"5 8ere su$+ as %o $ons%i%u%e L$on$lusi)e assuran$e %+a% proper%y o8ners +a reasonable e0pe$%a%ion %+a% %+eir 8ar losses 8oul be $o(pensa%e 4or.M Alle3e ly, %+is Lreasonable e0pe$%a%ionM su44i$e %o pla$e %+e losses o4 -6', urin3 19"5, 8i%+in %+e pur)ie8 o4 %+e p+rase L$o(pensa%e 4or P o%+er8iseM %+an by insuran$e un er %+e N1R-. .+e $on%en%ion is un%enable. L#%+er8iseM in %+e $lause L$o(pensa%e 4or by insuran$e or o%+er8iseM s+oul be $ons%rue %o re4er %o $o(pensa%ion ue un er a %i%le analo3ous or si(ilar %o insuran$e. 1nas(u$+ as %+e la%%er is a $on%ra$% es%ablis+in3 a le3al obli3a%ion, i% 4ollo8s %+a% in or er %o be ee(e L$o(pensa%ion 4or P o%+er8ise,M %+e losses sus%aine by %+e %a0payer (us% be $o)ere by a 7u i$ially en4or$eable ri3+%, sprin3in3 4ro( any o4 %+e 7uri i$al sour$es o4 obli3a%ion/ la8, $on%ra$%, 5uasi-$on%ra$%, %or%s, or $ri(e.

1% is no% $on%en e %+a% in e(ni%y 8as ue %o -6' by reason o4 %or%, $ri(e, or 5uasi$on%ra$%. 6pon %+e o%+er +an , -6', in 19"5, no ri3+% %o in e(ni%y sprin3in3 4ro( la8, 4or %+e *+ilippine Re+abili%a%ion A$% 8as no% appro)e un%il April 19"6. .+e press releases an announ$e(en%s 8ere (erely e0pressions o4 a poli$y o4 %+e 20e$u%i)e ,epar%(en% o4 %+e 6.'. .+ey i no% i(ply any in%en% %o in)es%, in %+e o8ners o4 proper%y a(a3es or es%roye in %+e *+ilippines urin3 %+e 8ar, a le3al ri3+% %o e(an in e(ni%y 4ro( %+e 6.'. &oreo)er, %+e pay(en% o4 in e(ni%y by %+e 6.'. ne$essarily re5uire an appropria%ion o4 publi$ 4un s 8+i$+ $oul be (a e only by an a$% o4 -on3ress o4 %+e 6.'., an , as re3ar s 8ar losses or a(a3es sus%aine in %+e *+ilippines Lla%er %+an !uly 1, 19"2,M no su$+ appropria%ion la8 e0is%e a% %+e $lose o4 19"5 or be4ore. .+e %+eory %+a% %+e announ$e(en%s resul%e in an i(plie $on%ra$% is $learly e)oi o4 (eri%. &oreo)er, %+e Go)ern(en% o4 %+e 6.'. 8as un er no le3al obli3a%ion %o pay in e(ni%y 4or losses $ause by %+e ene(y in %+e *+ilippines. Nei%+er 8as i% liable 4or a(a3es $ause by %+e A(eri$an 4or$es urin3 i%s 8ar opera%ions %+erein, in $on4or(i%y 8i%+ %+e la8s an $us%o(s o4 8ar. -onse5uen%ly, %+e in e(ni%y pro)i e 4or in %+e *+ilippine Re+abili%a%ion A$% o4 19"5 8as purely an obli3a%ion )olun%arily assu(e solely 4or (oral $onsi era%ions, an i no% e0is% as a le3al obli3a%ion prior %o %+e appro)al o4 sai A$% on April 30, 19"6.

%4%E)-A CA))E @ ><414L<'E CA))E > ) 9o L-101&7 Acto$er 1+! 1956 Doctrine/ The term ;residence< as used in the rules of court is synonymous with ;domicile.< Thus, merely so+ourning in a certain area or temporary residence cannot serve as basis for the purpose of determining the venue in civil cases. C4C-S, &a(ero -orre, plain%i44, is a "" year ol A(eri$an $i%iAen an a resi en% o4 Las Ke3as, 6.'. Be is a (as%er ser3ean% in %+e 6.'. Ar(y. Gua alupe, e4en an%, is "0 years ol an a resi en% o4 'a(ar, *+ilippines. &a(ero brou3+% an a$%ion in %+e -our% o4 Firs% 1ns%an$e o4 &anila see9in3 +is le3al separa%ion 4ro( Gua alupe, +is 8i4e, an %+e pla$in3 o4 %+eir (inor $+il ren un er %+e $are an $us%o y o4 a repu%able 8o(en<s or(i%ory or ins%i%u%ion as %+e $our% (ay re$o((en . Gua alupe (o)e %o is(iss %+e $o(plain% on %+e 3roun %+a% %+e )enue is i(properly lai . '+e $lai(s %+a% sin$e i% appears in %+e $o(plain% %+a% nei%+er &a(ero nor Gua alupe is a resi en% o4 %+e -i%y o4 &anila in %+e $our% 8+ere %+e a$%ion 8as 4ile is no% %+e proper $our% %o %a9e $o3niAan$e o4 %+e $ase. Lower Court )ulin*/ .+e $our% is(isse %+e $o(plain% 8i%+ou% pronoun$e(en%s as %o $os%s.

4ppellate Court )ulin*, No% appli$able. ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er %+e lo8er $our% erre in is(issin3 %+e $o(plain%. )4-IA, -F1 a44ir(e . For purposes o4 4ilin3 $i)il a$%ions, %+e Rules o4 -our% pro)i e %+a% %+e plain%i44 $an ele$% %o 4ile %+e a$%ion in $our% +e (ay $+oose i4 bo%+ %+e plain%i44 an e4en an% +a)e %+eir resi en$e in %+e *+ilippines. #%+er8ise, %+e a$%ion $an only be brou3+% in %+e pla$e 8ere ei%+er one resi es. 1n %+e presen% $ase, $o(plainan%Qplain%i44 &a(ero is a resi en% o4 Las Ke3as, 6.'. 8+ile e4en an% Gua alupe is a resi en% o4 -a%balo3an, 'a(ar. 'u$+ bein3 %+e $ase, &a(ero +as no $+oi$e o%+er %+an %o 4ile %+e a$%ion in %+e $our% o4 4irs% ins%an$e o4 Gua alupe<s pro)in$e. .+e alle3a%ion o4 &a(ero L4or purposes o4 4ilin3 an (ain%ainin3 %+is sui%, %e(porarily resi es a% 'an%a &esa, &anilaM $anno% ser)e as basis 4or %+e purpose o4 e%er(inin3 %+e )enue 4or %+a% is no% %+e resi en$e $on%e(pla%e by %+e rule. #%+er8ise, i% 8oul $rea%e a si%ua%ion 8+ere a person (ay +a)e +is resi en$e in one pro)in$e an , %o sui% +is $on)enien$e, or %o +arass %+e e4en an%, (ay brin3 %+e a$%ion in %+e $our% o4 any o%+er pro)in$e. Resi en$e, as use in sai rule, is synony(ous 8i%+ o(i$ile. .+is is e4ine as L%+e per(anen% +o(e, %+e pla$e %o 8+i$+, 8+ene)er absen% 4or business or pleasure, one in%en s %o re%urn, an epen s on 4a$%s an $ir$u(s%an$es, in %+e sense %+a% %+ey is$lose in%en%.M

L4A IC8A9> E- 4L @ .4I%E 8E)9491EE 101 '(il 1155 (05F+1F55) Doctrine: ) law distinguishing aliens from residents does not violate the equal protection clause of the &onstitution because sufficient grounds e*ist for the distinction between alien and citi$en in the e*ercise of the occupation regulated. (t also does not violate the due process of law clause, because the law is prospective in operation and recogni$es the privilege of aliens already engaged in the occupation and reasonably protects their privilege. C4C-S, Republi$ A$% No. 1180 >LAn A$% %o Re3ula%e %+e Re%ail =usinessM? 8as passe %o e44e$%i)ely na%ionaliAe %+e re%ail %ra e business. .+e (ain pro)isions o4 %+e A$% are/ >1? a pro+ibi%ion a3ains% persons, no% $i%iAens o4 %+e *+ilippines, an a3ains% asso$ia%ions, par%ners+ips, or $orpora%ions %+e $api%al o4 8+i$+ are no% 8+olly o8ne by $i%iAens o4 %+e *+ilippines, 4ro( en3a3in3 ire$%ly or in ire$%ly in %+e re%ail %ra eG >2? an e0$ep%ion 4ro( %+e abo)e pro+ibi%ion in 4a)or o4 aliens a$%ually en3a3e in sai business on &ay 15, 195", 8+o are allo8e %o $on%inue %o en3a3e %+erein, unless %+eir li$enses are 4or4ei%e in a$$or an$e 8i%+ %+e la8, un%il %+eir ea%+ or )olun%ary re%ire(en% in $ase o4 na%ural persons, an 4or %en years a4%er %+e appro)al o4 %+e A$% or un%il %+e e0pira%ion o4 %er( in $ase o4 7uri i$al personsG >3? an e0$ep%ion %+ere4ro( in 4a)or o4 $i%iAens an 7uri i$al en%i%ies o4 %+e 6ni%e '%a%esG >"? a pro)ision 4or %+e 4or4ei%ure o4 li$enses >%o en3a3e in %+e re%ail business? 4or )iola%ion o4 %+e la8s on na%ionaliAa%ion, $on%rol 8ei3+%s an (easures an labor an o%+er la8s rela%in3 %o %ra e, $o((er$e an in us%ryG >5? a pro+ibi%ion a3ains% %+e es%ablis+(en% or openin3 by aliens a$%ually en3a3e in %+e re%ail business o4 a i%ional s%ores or bran$+es o4 re%ail business, >6? a pro)ision re5uirin3 aliens a$%ually en3a3e in %+e re%ail business %o presen% 4or re3is%ra%ion 8i%+ %+e proper au%+ori%ies a )eri4ie s%a%e(en% $on$ernin3 %+eir businesses, 3i)in3, a(on3 o%+er (a%%ers, %+e na%ure o4 %+e business, %+eir asse%s an liabili%ies an %+eir o44i$es an prin$ipal o44i$es o4 7u i$ial en%i%iesG an >7? a pro)ision allo8in3

%+e +eirs o4 aliens no8 en3a3e in %+e re%ail business 8+o ie, %o $on%inue su$+ business 4or a perio o4 si0 (on%+s 4or purposes o4 li5ui a%ion. *e%i%ioner, 4or an in +is o8n be+al4 an on be+al4 o4 o%+er alien resi en%s, $orpora%ions, an par%ners+ips a )ersely a44e$%e by %+e pro)isions o4 R.A. No. 1180, brou3+% %+is a$%ion %o ob%ain a 7u i$ial e$lara%ion %+a% sai A$% is un$ons%i%u%ional, an %o en7oin %+e 'e$re%ary o4 Finan$e an all o%+er persons a$%in3 un er +i(, par%i$ularly $i%y an (uni$ipal %reasurers, 4ro( en4or$in3 i%s pro)isions. A(on3 o%+er %+in3s, pe%i%ioner $on%en s %+a% %+e A$% enies %o alien resi en%s %+e e5ual pro%e$%ion o4 %+e la8s an epri)es o4 %+eir liber%y an proper%y 8i%+ou% ue pro$ess o4 la8 an )iola%es in%erna%ional an %rea%y obli3a%ions o4 %+e *+ilippines. Lower Court )ulin*, No% appli$able. 4ppellate Court )ulin*, No% appli$able. ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er or no% %+e la8 is un$ons%i%u%ional. )4-IA, .+e la8 is $ons%i%u%ional. 1. ?qual Protection &lause: .+e (ain poin% 4or e%er(ina%ion is 8+e%+er aliena3e is %+e roo% an $ause o4 %+e is%in$%ion be%8een %+e alien an %+e na%ional as a %ra er. .+e alien resi en% o8es alle3ian$e %o %+e $oun%ry o4 +is bir%+ or +is a op%e $oun%ryG +is s%ay +ere is 4or personal $on)enien$eG +e is a%%ra$%e by %+e lure o4 3ain an pro4i%. :+ile +is ai( or purpose is nei%+er ille3i%i(a%e nor i((oral, +e na%urally la$9s %+e spiri% o4 loyal%y an en%+usias( 4or %+is $oun%ry 8+ere +e %e(porarily s%ays an (a9es +is li)in3, or o4 spiri% o4 re3ar , sy(pa%+y, an $onsi era%ion 4or +is Filipino $us%o(ers as 8oul pre)en% +i( 4ro( %a9in3 a )an%a3e o4 %+eir 8ea9ness an e0ploi%in3 %+e(. Ano%+er ob7e$%ion %o %+e alien re%ailer in %+is $oun%ry is %+a% +e ne)er really (a9es a 3enuine $on%ribu%ion %o na%ional in$o(e an 8eal%+ sin$e %+e 3ains an pro4i%s +e (a9es are no% in)es%e in in us%ries %+a% 8oul +elp %+e $oun%ry<s e$ono(y an in$rease na%ional 8eal%+. .+e abo)e ob7e$%ionable $+ara$%eris%i$s o4 %+e e0er$ise o4 %+e re%ail %ra e by %+e aliens, 8+i$+ are a$%ual an real, 4urnis+ su44i$ien% 3roun s 4or le3isla%i)e $lassi4i$a%ion o4 re%ail %ra ers in%o na%ionals an aliens. 'o(e (ay isa3ree 8i%+ %+e 8is o( o4 %+e le3isla%ureEs $lassi4i$a%ion. .o %+is 8e ans8er, %+a% %+is is %+e prero3a%i)e o4 %+e la8-(a9in3 po8er. 'in$e %+e -our% 4in s %+a% %+e $lassi4i$a%ion is a$%ual, real an reasonable, an all persons o4 one $lass are %rea%e ali9e, an as i% $anno% be sai %+a% %+e $lassi4i$a%ion is pa%en%ly unreasonable an un4oun e , i% is in u%y boun %o e$lare %+a% %+e le3isla%ure a$%e 8i%+in i%s le3i%i(a%e prero3a%i)e an i% $anno% e$lare %+a% %+e a$% %rans$en s %+e li(i% o4 e5ual pro%e$%ion es%ablis+e by %+e -ons%i%u%ion. 2. Due Process: *e%i%ioner<s (ain ar3u(en% is %+a% re%ail is a $o((on, or inary o$$upa%ion, one o4 %+ose pri)ile3es lon3 a3o re$o3niAe as essen%ial %o %+e or erly pursuan% o4 +appiness by 4ree (enG %+a% i% is a 3ain4ul an +ones% o$$upa%ion an %+ere4ore beyon %+e po8er o4 %+e le3isla%ure %o pro+ibi% an penaliAe . Bo8e)er, %+e real 5ues%ion a% issue is L8+e%+er %+e e0$lusion in %+e 4u%ure o4 aliens 4ro( %+e re%ail %ra e unreasonable, arbi%rary, an $apri$ious %a9in3 in%o a$$oun% %+e ille3i%i(a%e an perni$ious 4or( an (anner in 8+i$+ %+e aliens +a)e +ere%o4ore en3a3e %+ereinJ As %+us $orre$%ly s%a%e %+e ans8er is $lear. .+e la8 in 5ues%ion is ee(e absolu%ely ne$essary %o brin3 abou% %+e esire le3isla%i)e ob7e$%i)e, i.e., %o 4ree na%ional e$ono(y 4ro( alien $on%rol an o(inan$e. 1% is no% ne$essarily unreasonable be$ause i% a44e$%s pri)a%e ri3+%s an pri)ile3es. .+e %es% o4 reasonableness o4 a la8 is %+e appropria%eness or a e5ua$y un er all $ir$u(s%an$es o4 %+e (eans a op%e %o $arry ou% i%s purpose in%o e44e$%. !u 3e by %+is %es%, %+e ispu%e le3isla%ion, 8+i$+ is no% (erely reasonable bu% a$%ually ne$essary, (us% be $onsi ere no% %o +a)e in4rin3e %+e $ons%i%u%ional li(i%a%ion o4 reasonableness.

3. )lleged violation of international treaties and obligations / Ano%+er subor ina%e ar3u(en% a3ains% %+e )ali i%y o4 %+e la8 is %+e suppose )iola%ion %+ereby o4 %+e -+ar%er o4 %+e 6ni%e Na%ions an o4 %+e ,e$lara%ion o4 %+e Bu(an Ri3+%s a op%e by %+e 6ni%e Na%ions General Asse(bly. :e 4in no (eri% in %+e Na%ions -+ar%er i(poses no s%ri$% or le3al obli3a%ions re3ar in3 %+e ri3+%s an 4ree o( o4 %+eir sub7e$%s, an %+e ,e$lara%ion o4 Bu(an Ri3+%s $on%ains no%+in3 (ore %+an a (ere re$o((en a%ion or a $o((on s%an ar o4 a$+ie)e(en% 4or all peoples an all na%ions. .+a% su$+ is %+e i(por% o4 %+e 6ni%e Na%ions -+ar%er ai o4 %+e ,e$lara%ion o4 Bu(an Ri3+%s $an be in4erre %+e 4a$% %+a% (e(bers o4 %+e 6ni%e Na%ions #r3aniAa%ions, su$+ as Nor8ay an ,en(ar9, pro+ibi% 4orei3ners 4ro( en3a3in3 in re%ail %ra e, an in (os% na%ions o4 %+e 8orl la8s a3ains% 4orei3ners en3a3e in o(es%i$ %ra e are a op%e . .+e .rea%y o4 A(i%y be%8een %+e Republi$ o4 %+e *+ilippines an %+e Republi$ o4 -+ina o4 April 18, 19"7 is also $lai(e %o be )iola%e by %+e la8 in 5ues%ion. All %+a% %+e %rea%y 3uaran%ees is e5uali%y o4 %rea%(en% %o %+e -+inese na%ionals @upon %+e sa(e %er(s as %+e na%ionals o4 any o%+er $oun%ry.@ =u% %+e na%ionals o4 -+ina are no% is$ri(ina%in3 a3ains% be$ause na%ionals o4 all o%+er $oun%ries, e0$ep% %+ose o4 %+e 6ni%e '%a%es, 8+o are 3ran%e spe$ial ri3+%s by %+e -ons%i%u%ion, are all pro+ibi%e 4ro( en3a3in3 in %+e re%ail %ra e. =u% e)en supposin3 %+a% %+e la8 in4rin3es upon %+e sai %rea%y, %+e %rea%y is al8ays sub7e$% %o 5uali4i$a%ion or a(en (en% by a subse5uen% la8, an %+e sa(e (ay ne)er $ur%ail or res%ri$% %+e s$ope o4 %+e poli$e po8er o4 %+e '%a%e.

E4S-#A4)1 94@I>4-IA9 @ .<49 ;S%4EL CA ! I9C 9o L-9090 Septem$er 1! 1955 Doctrine/ The law of the forum governs procedural matters 9such as notice requirements:. The law of the state where a foreign +udgment is sought to be enforced cannot be invo0ed to impugn the validity of the proceedings where the foreign +udgment was made. C4C-S, !uan ;s(ael -o., 1n$ > e4en an%?, %+rou3+ D. B. Be(a y >i%s presi en% an 3eneral (ana3er?, $+ar%ere 2as%boar Na)i3a%ion<s >plain%i44? )essel %o loa a $ar3o o4 s$rap iron in %+e *+ilippines 4or =uenos Aires. .+e $+ar%er par%y a3ree(en% $on%aine , besi es %+e re3ular $+ar%er par%y prin%e 4or(, a %ype8ri%%en $lause pro)i in3 4or $o(pulsory arbi%ra%ion in %+e s%a%e o4 Ne8 ;or9, 6.'. in $ase o4 any ispu%es %+a% (ay arise o4 sai a3ree(en%. !uan ;s(ael, %+rou3+ D.B. Be(a y, si3ne no% only %+e prin%e por%ion o4 %+e $+ar%er par%y bu% %+e %ype8ri%%en por%ion. 1% appears %+a% a4%er %+e ispu%e as %o %+e liabili%y o4 !uan ;s(ael >4or %+e pay(en% 4rei3+% an e(urra3e? arose, D.B. Be(a y appoin%e Ne8 ;or9 A%%ys. &annin3, Barnis$+, an Bollin3er %o represen% !uan ;s(ael in %+e arbi%ra%ion pro$ee in3s %o be +el in Ne8 ;or9. #n &ay 23, 1959, &essrs. &annin3, Barnis$+, an Bollin3er, a$%in3 as a%%orneys 4or !uan ;s(ael e0e$u%e 8i%+ %+e a%%orney 4or 2as%boar Na)i3a%ion an arbi%ra%ion a3ree(en%. .+e arbi%ra%ion a3ree(en% 8as presen%e by 2as%boar Na)i3a%ion %o %+e 6.'. ,is%ri$% -our%, 'ou%+ern ,is%ri$%, 'ou%+ern ,is%ri$% o4 Ne8 ;or9, 4or $on4ir(a%ion an sai -our% >a$%in3 as an a (iral%y $our%? $on4ir(e %+e sai arbi%ra%ion e$ision in i%s #r er an Final ,e$ree o4 Au3us% 15, 1950 >L#r er an Final ,e$reeM?. 2as%boar Na)i3a%ion brou3+% %+is a$%ion %o en4or$e %+e a4oresai L#r er an Final ,e$reeM pursuan% %o 'e$%ion "8, Rule 39 o4 %+e Rules o4 -our% 8+i$+ pro)i es %+a% Lin $ase o4 a 7u 3(en% a3ains% a person, %+e 7u 3(en% 1s presu(p%i)e e)i en$e o4 a ri3+% as be%8een %+e par%ies an %+eir su$$essors in in%eres% by a subse5uen% %i%leG bu% %+e 7u 3(en% (ay be repelle by e)i en$e o4 a 8an% o4 7uris i$%ion, 8an% o4 no%i$e %o %+e par%y, $ollusion, 4rau , or $lear (is%a9e o4 la8 or 4a$%.M !uan ;s(ael se%s up %+e e4ense %+a% %+e 7u 3(en% $anno% be en4or$e in %+e *+ilippines be$ause 8+en %+e Ne8 ;or9 ,is%ri$% -our% a$%e on %+e $ase, i% i no% +a)e 7uris i$%ion o)er %+e person o4 %+e e4en an%. Lower Court )ulin*, ,e$ision o4 %+e Ne8 ;or9 ,is%ri$% -our% a44ir(e an %+a% %+e L#r er an Final ,e$reeM s+oul be en4or$e . 4ppellate Court )ulin*, No% appli$able. ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er or no% %+e lo8er $our% erre in en4or$in3 %+e L#r er an Final ,e$reeM issue by %+e Ne8 ;or9 ,is%ri$% -our%. )4-IA, -F1 a44ir(e . 1. As %o 8+e%+er !uan ;s(ael a3ree %o sub(i% %o $o(pulsory arbi%ra%ion i%s ispu%e 8i%+ 2as%boar Na)i3a%ion in %+e $+ar%er par%y a3ree(en% e0e$u%e be%8een %+e(, %+e -our% +el %+a% i% in%en e %o sub(i% i%s ispu%e 8i%+ 2as%boar Na)i3a%ion %o arbi%ra%ion. #%+er8ise, %+e lo3i$al s%ep %+a% !uan ;s(ael s+oul +a)e %a9en 8oul be %o repu ia%e %+e a$% o4 i%s presi en% an 3eneral

(ana3er. Far 4ro( oin3 so, !uan ;s(ael ra%i4ie i% by subse5uen% a$%s 8+i$+ $learly in i$a%e %+a% i% 8as a3reeable %o sai arbi%ra%ion. -onse5uen%ly, sai arbi%ra%ion pro$ee in3s as 8ell as %+e arbi%ra%ion e$ision ren ere pursuan% %+ereo4, as $on4ir(e by %+e ,is%ri$% -our% o4 Ne8 ;or9, are )ali G +en$e, en4or$eable in %+is 7uris i$%ion. 2. As %o 8+e%+er %+e e$ision ren ere by %+e 6.'. ,is%ri$% $our% o4 Ne8 ;or9 si%%in3 as an A (iral%y -our%, 8+i$+ ra%i4ie %+e a8ar (a e by %+e arbi%ra%ors, +as no bin in3 e44e$% on e4en an% $orpora%ion or 8+e%+er i% $an be en4or$e in %+is 7uris i$%ion as %+e 6.'. ,is%ri$% $our% i no% a$5uire 7uris i$%ion o)er !uan ;s(ael, %+e -our% +el %+a% su$+ $on%en%ion 8as un(eri%orious. .+e $lai( is pre i$a%e on %+e alle3e 4a$% %+a% e4en an% 8as ne)er ser)e 8i%+ no%i$e, su((ons, or pro$ess rela%i)e %o %+e sub(ission o4 %+e a8ar o4 %+e arbi%ra%ors %o sai $our%, in)o9in3 6.'. Arbi%ra%ion A$% o4 February 12, 1925 un er 8+i$+ %+e Ne8 ;or9 ,is%ri$% $our% $on4ir(e %+e arbi%ra%or<s a8ar . .+e la8 in)o9e , +o8e)er, oes no% sus%ain e4en an%<s pre%ense sin$e %+e Arbi%ra%ion A$% oes no% ne$essarily re5uire %+a% ser)i$e o4 no%i$e o4 %+e appli$a%ion 4or $on4ir(a%ion be (a e on %+e a )erse par%y +i(sel4 >in $ase o4 a non-resi en%?, i% bein3 su44i$ien% %+a% i% be (a e upon +is a%%orney. 1n %+is $ase, a $opy o4 no%i$e o4 sub(ission o4 %+e a8ar %o %+e ,is%ri$% -our% o4 Ne8 ;or9 8as ser)e upon e4en an%<s $ounsel 8+o in ue %i(e (a e o4 re$or %+eir appearan$e an a$%ually appeare 8+en %+e $ase 8as +ear . 1% is also si3ni4i$an% %+a% e4en an%<s $ounsel ne)er i(pu3ne %+e 7uris i$%ion o4 %+e $our% o)er e4en an% nor i %+ey e)er plea be4ore i% %+a% %+ey 8ere bere4% o4 au%+ori%y %o represen% e4en an%. ,e4en an% $anno% %+ere4ore in %+is is%an$e e4ea% %+e e44e$% o4 %+is e$ision by alle3in3 8an% o4 7uris i$%ion, or 8an% o4 no%i$e, as pro)i e 4or in 'e$. "8, Rule 39 o4 %+e *+ilippine Rules o4 -our%.

L; >IA2 84 E- 4L @ >4L49> > ) 9o L-10560 (5F15F55) Doctrine/ )ny foreigner who posted a bond to ma0e his%her entry feasible in the country and thereafter be married to a citi$en of the Philippines will be entitled to the return of the said bond.

C4C-S, *e%i%ioner Ly Gio9 Ba, alias :y Gio9 Ba, en%ere %+e *+ilippines as a $i%iAen o4 %+e Na%ionalis% Republi$ o4 -+ina an a %e(porary )isi%or, e0%en e up %o &ar$+ 1", 1956. 1n or er %o (a9e sai en%ry 4easible, +er sis%er an $o-pe%i%ioner :y Bon3 2n3, +a , on &ar$+ 28, 1955, (a e 8i%+ %+e =ureau o4 1((i3ra%ion, a $as+ eposi% o4 *10,000. Ly Gio9 Ba, alias :y Gio9 Ba, (arrie Res%i%u%o La$as%a, a Filipino. .+is no%8i%+s%an in3, on &ar$+ 16, 1956, respon en% 2(ilio L. Galan3, as -o((issioner o4 1((i3ra%ion e$lare sai $as+ eposi% 4or4ei%e . Ly Gio9 Ba, +er +usban Res%i%u%o La$as%a, %+e 4or(erEs sis%er, :y Bon3 2n3, an %+e la%%erEs +usban , N3o 1n, ins%i%u%e %+e presen% a$%ion a3ains% 2(ilio L. Galan3. Lower Court )ulin*, .+e -our% o4 Firs% 1ns%an$e o4 &anila ren ere pe%i%ioners. 4ppellate Court )ulin*, NQA ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er or no% +er (arria3e %o a Filipino 7us%i4ie or e0$use %+e 4ailure o4 Ly Gio9 Ba %o epar% 4ro( %+e *+ilippines an %+us %+e 4or4ei%ure o4 %+e $as+ bon pos%e 8as a )iola%ion o4 +er ri3+%. C ;es )4-IA, #n %+is issue o4 )iola%in3 +er bon 8+i$+ s%a%es, L%+e un ersi3ne , 8i%+ 4ull 9no8le 3e %+a% Ly Gio9 Ba, a %e(porary )isi%or 8+ose au%+oriAe s%ay in %+is $oun%ry is li(i%e only up %o an in$lu in3 Au3us% 1", 1955, o +ereby un er%a9e %+a% sai Ly Gio9 Ba 8ill a$%ually epar% 4ro( %+e *+ilippines on or be4ore sai a%e so spe$i4ie , or 8i%+in su$+ perio as in +is is$re%ion %+e -o((issioner o4 i((i3ra%ion or +is au%+oriAe represen%a%i)e (ay properly allo8,M as9in3 4or an e0%ension i no% )iola%e %+e bon on 4our reasons/ >a? -o(pe%en% au%+ori%ies 3ran%e sai re5ues%sG >b? %+e bon $learly in i$a%es %+a% %+e -o((issioner o4 1((i3ra%ion, or +is au%+oriAe represen%a%i)e, (ay properly allo8 an e0%ensionG >$? .+e re5ues%s 4or e0%ension in)ol)e in %+e $ase a% bar o no%, in any (anner 8+a%e)er, run $oun%er %o any o4 %+e purposes sou3+% %o be ser)e by %+e bon in 5ues%ionG > ? Respon en% Galan3 i no% re3ar sai re5ues%s 4or e0%ension as a brea$+ o4 sai un er%a9in3. #n %+e issue o4 8+e%+er +er (arria3e %o a Filipino 7us%i4ie or, a% leas%, e0$use %+e a4oresai 4ailure o4 Ly Gio9 Ba %o epar% 4ro( %+e *+ilippines on or be4ore &ar$+ 1", 1956, .+e per%inen% par% o4 se$%ion 15 o4 -o((on8eal%+ A$% No. "73, upon 8+i$+ pe%i%ioners rely, rea s, LAny 8o(an 8+o is no8 or (ay +erea4%er be (arrie %o a $i%iAen o4 %+e *+ilippines, an 8+o (i3+% +ersel4 be la84ully na%uraliAe s+all be ee(e a $i%iAen o4 %+e *+ilippines.M =y reason o4 su$+ na%uraliAa%ion %+rou3+ (arria3e, se$%ion "0 > c? o4 -o((on8eal%+ A$% No. 613 pro)i es %+a% @in %+e e)en% o4 %+e na%uraliAa%ion as a *+ilippine $i%iAen . . . o4 %+e alien on 8+ose be+al4 %+e bon eposi% is 3i)en, the bond shall be cancelled or the sum deposited shall be returned %o %+e eposi%or or +is le3al represen%a%i)e.M -onsi erin3, +o8e)er, %+a% nei%+er in %+e a (inis%ra%i)e pro$ee in3s, nor in %+e lo8er $our%, +a %+e par%ies see(in3ly 4el% %+a% %+ere 8as an issue on 8+e%+er Ly Gio9 Ba (ay @be la84ully na%uraliAe ,@ an %+is bein3 a $ase o4 4irs% i(pression in our $our%s, .+e '- is o4 %+e opinion %+a%, in %+e in%eres% o4 e5ui%y an 7us%i$e, %+e par%ies s+oul be 3i)en an oppor%uni%y %o in%ro u$e e)i en$e, i4 %+ey +a)e any, on sai issue. .+e e$ision appeale 4ro( is +ereby se% asi e an le% %+e re$or s o4 %+is $ase be re(an e %o %+e lo8er $our% 4or 4ur%+er pro$ee in3s 7u 3(en% 4or %+e

4%E)IC49 #I#LE SACIE-; @ CI-; AC %49IL4 > ) 9o L-96+5 4pril +0! 1955 Doctrine/ &orporations or associations organi$ed and operated e*clusively for religious, charitable, or educational purposes, are e*empt from corporate income ta*es. C4C-S, *lain%i44-appellan% is a 4orei3n, non-s%o$9, non-pro4i%, reli3ious, (issionary $orpora%ion uly re3is%ere an oin3 business in %+e *+ilippines %+rou3+ i%s *+ilippine a3en$y es%ablis+e in &anila. .+e e4en an% appellee is a (uni$ipal $orpora%ion 8i%+ po8ers %+a% are %o be e0er$ise in $on4or(i%y 8i%+ %+e pro)isions o4 Republi$ A$% No. "09, 9no8n as %+e Re)ise -+ar%er o4 %+e -i%y o4 &anila. 1n %+e $ourse o4 i%s (inis%ry, plain%i44Es *+ilippine a3en$y +as been is%ribu%in3 an sellin3 bibles an Qor 3ospel por%ions %+rou3+ou% %+e *+ilippines. #n &ay 29 1953, %+e a$%in3 -i%y .reasurer o4 %+e -i%y o4 &anila in4or(e plain%i44 %+a% i% 8as $on u$%in3 %+e business o4 3eneral (er$+an ise sin$e 19"5, 8i%+ou% pro)i in3 i%sel4 8i%+ %+e ne$essary &ayorEs per(i% an (uni$ipal li$ense, in )iola%ion o4 #r inan$e No. 3000, as a(en e , an #r inan$es Nos. 2529,

3028 an 336", an re5uire plain%i44 %o se$ure, 8i%+in %+ree ays, %+e $orrespon in3 per(i% an li$ense 4ees, in %+e %o%al su( o4 *5,821."5. *lain%i44 pai %o %+e e4en an% un er pro%es% %+e sai per(i% an li$ense 4ees in %+e a4ore(en%ione a(oun%, 3i)in3 a% %+e sa(e %i(e no%i$e %o %+e -i%y .reasurer %+a% sui% 8oul be %a9en in $our% %o 5ues%ion %+e le3ali%y o4 %+e or inan$es un er 8+i$+, %+e sai 4ees 8ere bein3 $olle$%e . :i%+ re3ar %o #r inan$e No. 2529, as a(en e by #r inan$es Nos. 2779, 2821 an 3028, appellan% $on%en s %+a% i% is un$ons%i%u%ional an ille3al be$ause i% res%rains %+e 4ree e0er$ise an en7oy(en% o4 %+e reli3ious pro4ession an 8ors+ip o4 appellan%. Lower Court )ulin*, For %+e purpose o4 %a0in3 %+e (er$+an ise (en%ione in sai le3al pro)isions an %+a% %+e %a0es %o be le)ie by sai or inan$es is in %+e na%ure o4 per$en%a3e 3ra ua%e %a0es, %+e R.- +el %+a% %+e $ase be is(isse 4or la$9 o4 (eri%. 4ppellate Court )ulin*, Keri4ie %+e $ase %o %+e '- 4or %+e reason %+a% %+e errors assi3ne %o %+e lo8er -our% in)ol)e only 5ues%ions o4 la8. ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er or no% %+e sale an is%ribu%ion o4 bibles by %+e appellan% is %a0able. - No

)4-IA, 1% (ay be %rue %+a% in %+e $ase a% bar %+e pri$e as9e 4or %+e bibles an o%+er reli3ious pa(p+le%s 8as in so(e ins%an$es a li%%le bi% +i3+er %+an %+e a$%ual $os% o4 %+e sa(e bu% %+is $anno% (ean %+a% appellan% 8as en3a3e in %+e business or o$$upa%ion o4 sellin3 sai @(er$+an ise@ 4or pro4i%. For %+is reason %+e -our% belie)e %+a% %+e pro)isions o4 -i%y o4 &anila #r inan$e No. 2529, as a(en e , $anno% be applie %o appellan%, 4or in oin3 so i% 8oul i(pair i%s 4ree e0er$ise an en7oy(en% o4 i%s reli3ious pro4ession an 8ors+ip as 8ell as i%s ri3+%s o4 isse(ina%ion o4 reli3ious belie4s. :i%+ respe$% %o #r inan$e No. 3000, as a(en e , 8+i$+ re5uires %+e ob%en%ion %+e &ayorEs per(i% be4ore any person $an en3a3e in any o4 %+e businesses, %ra es or o$$upa%ions enu(era%e %+erein, i% oes no% 4in %+a% i% i(poses any $+ar3e upon %+e en7oy(en% o4 a ri3+% 3ran%e by %+e -ons%i%u%ion, nor %a0 %+e e0er$ise o4 reli3ious pra$%i$es. .+e -our% %+us re)erse %+e e$ision appeale 4ro(, sen%en$in3 e4en an% re%urn %o plain%i44 %+e su( o4 *5,891."5 un uly $olle$%e 4ro( i%.

CL4<1I94 @14 1E @ILL4)<EL @ %49IL4 > ) 9o L-10+90 1ecem$er 1+! 1957 Doctrine/ @anila @otor &o. should not be held liable for the rentals of the premises leased corresponding to the lapse of time that they were occupied as quarters or barrac0s by the invading #apanese army. C4C-S, .+e plain%i44 -lau ina Killaruel an %+e e4en an% &anila &o%or -o., 1n$. en%ere in%o a $on%ra$% >20+ibi% @A@? 8+ereby, %+e 4or(er a3ree %o $on)ey by 8ay o4 lease %o %+e la%%er %+e proper%y. .+e %er( o4 %+e lease 8as 4i)e >5? years, rene8able 4or an a i%ional perio o4 4i)e >5? years. .+e lease pre(ises 8ere pla$e in %+e possession o4 %+e lessee on %+e 31s% ay o4 #$%ober, 19"0. .+e &anila &o%or -o., 1n$. an i%s bran$+ (ana3er en7oyin3 %+e pre(ises, an %+e lessors re$ei)in3 %+e $orrespon in3 ren%als as s%ipula%e , $on%inue un%il %+e in)asion o4 19"1G %+e ene(y 4or$es +el an use %+e proper%ies lease as par% o4 %+eir 5uar%ers 4ro( !une 1, 19"2 %o &ar$+ 29, 19"5, ous%in3 %+e lessee %+ere4ro(. No pay(en% o4 ren%als 8ere (a e a% any %i(e urin3 %+e sai perio . 6pon %+e libera%ion o4 %+e sai $i%y in 19"5, %+e A(eri$an For$es o$$upie %+e sa(e buil in3s %+a% 8ere )a$a%e by %+e !apanese, un%il #$%ober 31, 19"5. &on%+ly ren%als 8ere pai by %+e sai o$$upan%s. :+en %+e 6ni%e '%a%es Ar(y 4inally 3a)e up %+e o$$upan$y %+e pre(ises, %+e &anila &o%or -o., 1n$., e$i e %o e0er$ise %+eir op%ion %o rene8 %+e $on%ra$% 4or %+e a i%ional perio o4 4i)e >5? years. 'i(ul%aneously 8i%+ su$+ rene8al, %+e $o(pany suble% %+e sa(e buil in3s, e0$ep% %+a% use 4or %+e resi en$e o4 %+e bran$+ (ana3er, %o %+e o%+er e4en an%, Ar%uro -ol(enares. Bo8e)er, be4ore resu(in3 %+e $olle$%ion o4 ren%als, ,r. Al4re o Killaruel, $onsul%e A%%y. Luis Bila o on 8+e%+er %+ey +a %+e ri3+% %o $olle$%, 4ro( %+e e4en an% $o(pany, ren%als $orrespon in3 %o %+e %i(e urin3 8+i$+ %+e !apanese (ili%ary 4or$es +a $on%rol o)er %+e lease pre(ises. 6pon bein3 a )ise %+a% %+ey +a su$+ a ri3+%, ,r. Killaruel e(an e pay(en% %+ereo4, bu% %+e e4en an% $o(pany re4use %o pay. As a resul%, ,r. Killaruel 3a)e no%i$e see9in3 %+e res$ission o4 %+e $on%ra$% o4 lease an %+e pay(en% o4 ren%als. .+e lessors $o((en$e

%+is a$%ion on April 26, 19"7 8i%+ %+e -our% o4 Firs% 1ns%an$e o4 Ne3ros #$$i en%al a3ains% %+e appellan%s +erein. ,urin3 %+e pen en$y o4 %+e $ase, a 4ire ori3ina%in3 4ro( %+e pro7e$%ion roo( o4 %+e -i%y .+ea%re, in%o 8+i$+ Ar%uro -ol(enares, +a $on)er%e %+e 4or(er repair s+op o4 %+e &anila &o%or -o. 1n$., $o(ple%ely raAe %+e buil in3. *lain%i44s e(an e rei(burse(en% bu% %+e e4en an%s re4use . Lower Court )ulin*, .+e $ase 8as a$$or in3ly +ear an %+erea4%er, 7u 3(en% 8as ren ere in plain%i44sE 4a)or. 4ppellate Court )ulin*, NQA ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er or no% &anila &o%or -o. s+oul be +el liable 4or %+e ren%als o4 %+e pre(ises lease $orrespon in3 %o %+e lapse o4 %i(e %+a% %+ey 8ere o$$upie as 5uar%ers or barra$9s by %+e in)a in3 !apanese ar(y. - No )4-IA, #n %+e issue o4 %+e a(en (en% in %+e $o(plain% 4ro( %+e non-pay(en% o4 %+e ren%als urin3 %+e !apanese o$$upa%ion, %o %+e non-pay(en% o4 %+e burne proper%y, %+is $anno% be $onsi ere as alrea y al%erin3 %+e %+eory o4 %+e $ase 8+i$+ is (erely a $+an3e in %+e relie4 praye 4or, brou3+% abou% by $ir$u(s%an$es o$$urrin3 urin3 %+e pen en$y o4 %+e a$%ion, an is no% i(proper. 'e$%ion 2, Rule 17 o4 %+e Rules o4 -our% s%a%es, @%o %+e en %+a% %+e real (a%%er in ispu%e an all (a%%ers in %+e a$%ion in ispu%e be%8een %+e par%ies (ay, as 4ar as possible be $o(ple%ely e%er(ine in a sin3le pro$ee in3@. #n %+e issue o4 %+e non-pay(en% urin3 %+e !apanese o$$upa%ion, %+e 4irs% para3rap+ o4 ar%i$le 1560, %+e lessor oes no% ans8er 4or a (ere a$% o4 %respass > perturbacion de mero hecho? as is%in3uis+e 4ro( %respass un er $olor o4 %i%le > perturbacion de derecho?. 6pon %+e basis o4 %+e is%in$%ion %+us es%ablis+e be%8een %+e perturbacion de hecho an %+e perturbacion de derecho, i% is e(ons%rable %+a% %+e ous%er o4 %+e appellan% by %+e !apanese o$$upyin3 4or$es belon3s %o %+e se$on $lass o4 is%urban$es, de derecho. For un er %+e 3enerally a$$ep%e prin$iples o4 in%erna%ional la8, a belli3eren% o$$upan% (ay le3i%i(a%ely bille% or 5uar%er i%s %roops in pri)a%ely o8ne lan an buil in3s 4or %+e ura%ion o4 i%s (ili%ary opera%ions, or as (ili%ary ne$essi%y s+oul e(an . :e are %+us 4or$e %o $on$lu e %+a% in e)i$%in3 %+e lessee, &anila &o%or -o., 1n$. 4ro( %+e lease buil in3s an o$$upyin3 %+e sa(e as 5uar%ers 4or %roops, %+e !apanese au%+ori%ies a$%e pursuan% %o a ri3+% re$o3niAe by in%erna%ional an o(es%i$ la8. 1%s a$% o4 ispossession, %+ere4ore, i no% $ons%i%u%e perturbacion de hecho bu% a perturbacion de derecho 4or 8+i$+ %+e lessors Killaruel 8ere liable an 4or %+e $onse5uen$es o4 8+i$+ sai lessors (us% respon , sin$e %+e resul% o4 %+e is%urban$e 8as %+e epri)a%ion o4 %+e lessee o4 %+e pea$e4ul use an en7oy(en% o4 %+e proper%y lease . :+ere4ore, %+e la%%erEs $orrespon in3 obli3a%ion %o pay ren%als $ease urin3 su$+ epri)a%ion. -onse5uen%ly, i% 8as re)ersible error %o sen%en$e %+e appellan%s %o pay *2,165 a (on%+ as reasonable )alue o4 %+e o$$upa%ion o4 %+e pre(ises 4ro( !uly 19"6, an %+e )alue o4 %+e es%roye buil in3s a(oun%in3 %o *30,000.

)A%49 C4-8ALIC 4'AS-ALIC 41%I9IS-)4-A) AC 14@4A @ -8E L491 )E>IS-)4-IA9 > ) 9o L-7051 1ecem$er &0! 1955 Doctrine/ ) corporation sole, irrespective of the citi$enship of its incumbent, is not prohibited or disqualified to acquire and hold real properties in the Philippines. C4C-S,&a%eo L. Ro is, a Filipino $i%iAen an resi en% o4 %+e -i%y o4 ,a)ao, e0e$u%e a ee o4 sale o4 a par$el o4 lan lo$a%e in %+e sa(e $i%y, in 4a)or o4 %+e Ro(an -a%+oli$ Apos%oli$ A (inis%ra%or o4 ,a)ao 1n$., $orpora%ion sole or3aniAe an e0is%in3 in a$$or an$e 8i%+ *+ilippine La8s, 8i%+ &s3r. -lo)is .+ibaul%, a -ana ian $i%iAen, as a$%ual in$u(ben%. :+en %+e ee o4 sale 8as presen%e %o Re3is%er o4 ,ee s o4 ,a)ao 4or re3is%ra%ion, %+e la%%er re5uire sai $orpora%ion sole %o sub(i% an a44i a)i% e$larin3 %+a% 60 per $en% o4 %+e (e(bers %+ereo4 8ere Filipino $i%iAens. As %+e Re3is%er o4 ,ee s en%er%aine so(e oub%s as %o %+e re3is%erabili%y o4 %+e o$u(en%, %+e (a%%er 8as re4erre %o %+e Lan Re3is%ra%ion -o((issioner en consulta 4or resolu%ion. *roper +earin3 on %+e (a%%er 8as $on u$%e by %+e -o((issioner an a4%er %+e pe%i%ioner $orpora%ion +a 4ile i%s (e(oran u(, a resolu%ion 8as ren ere , +ol in3 %+a% in )ie8 o4 %+e pro)isions o4 'e$%ion 1 an 5 o4 Ar%i$le R111 o4 %+e *+ilippine -ons%i%u%ion, %+e )en ee 8as no% 5uali4ie %o a$5uire pri)a%e lan s in %+e *+ilippines in %+e absen$e o4 proo4 %+a% a% leas% 60 per $en%u( o4 %+e $api%al, proper%y, or asse%s o4 %+e Ro(an -a%+oli$ Apos%oli$ A (inis%ra%or o4 ,a)ao, 1n$., 8as a$%ually o8ne or $on%rolle by Filipino $i%iAens, %+ere bein3 no 5ues%ion %+a% %+e presen% in$u(ben% o4 %+e $orpora%ion sole 8as a -ana ian $i%iAen. 1% 8as also %+e opinion o4 %+e Lan Re3is%ra%ion -o((issioner %+a% se$%ion 159 o4 %+e $orpora%ion La8 relie upon by %+e )en ee 8as ren ere opera%i)e by %+e a4ore(en%ione pro)isions o4 %+e -ons%i%u%ion 8i%+ respe$% %o real es%a%e, unless %+e pre$ise $on i%ion se% %+erein F %+a% a% leas% 60 per $en% o4 i%s $api%al is o8ne by Filipino $i%iAens F be presen%, an , %+ere4ore, or ere %+e Re3is%ere ,ee s o4 ,a)ao %o eny re3is%ra%ion o4 %+e ee o4 sale in %+e absen$e o4 proo4 o4 $o(plian$e 8i%+ su$+ $on i%ion. Land )e*istration Commissioner )ulin*, .+e )en ee 8as no% 5uali4ie %o a$5uire pri)a%e lan s in %+e *+ilippines in %+e absen$e o4 proo4 %+a% a% leas% 60 per $en%u( o4 %+e $api%al, proper%y, or asse%s o4 %+e Ro(an -a%+oli$ Apos%oli$ A (inis%ra%or o4 ,a)ao, 1n$., 8as a$%ually o8ne or $on%rolle by Filipino $i%iAens. ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er or no% a $orpora%ion sole, irrespe$%i)e o4 %+e $i%iAens+ip o4 i%s in$u(ben%, is no% pro+ibi%e or is5uali4ie %o a$5uire an +ol real proper%ies. C ;es )4-IA, Al%+ou3+ a bran$+ o4 %+e 6ni)ersal Ro(an -a%+oli$ Apos%oli$ -+ur$+, e)ery Ro(an -a%+oli$ -+ur$+ in i44eren% $oun%ries, i4 i% e0er$ises i%s (ission an is la84ully in$orpora%e in a$$or an$e 8i%+ %+e la8s o4 %+e $oun%ry 8+ere i% is lo$a%e , is $onsi ere an en%i%y or person 8i%+

all %+e ri3+%s an pri)ile3es 3ran%e %o su$+ ar%i4i$ial bein3 un er %+e la8s o4 %+a% $oun%ry, separa%e an is%in$% 4ro( %+e personali%y o4 %+e Ro(an *on%i44 or %+e Boly 'ee, 8i%+ou% pre7u i$e %o i%s reli3ious rela%ions 8i%+ %+e la%%er 8+i$+ are 3o)erne by %+e -anon La8 or %+eir rules an re3ula%ions. As pro)i e by la8, lan s +el in %rus% 4or spe$i4i$ purposes (e be sub7e$% o4 re3is%ra%ion >se$%ion 69, A$% "96?, an %+e $apa$i%y o4 a $orpora%ion sole, li9e pe%i%ioner +erein, %o re3is%er lan s belon3in3 %o i% is a$9no8le 3e , an %i%le %+ere%o (ay be issue in i%s na(e >=is+op o4 Nue)a 'e3o)ia )s. 1nsular Go)ern(en%, 26 *+il. 300-1913?. .+e 4ra(ers o4 %+e -ons%i%u%ion in%en e $er%ain pro)isions as barrier 4or 4orei3ners or $orpora%ions 4inan$e by su$+ 4orei3ners %o a$5uire, e0ploi% an e)elop our na%ural resour$es. =u% %+a% is no% %+e $ase o4 $orpora%ions sole in %+e *+ilippines, 4or, %+ey are (ere a (inis%ra%ors o4 %+e @%e(porali%ies@ or proper%ies %i%le in %+eir na(e an 4or %+e bene4i% o4 %+e (e(bers o4 %+eir respe$%i)e reli3ion $o(pose o4 an o)er8+el(in3 (a7ori%y o4 Filipinos. Ben$e, respon en% Re3is%er o4 ,ee s o4 %+e -i%y o4 ,a)ao is or ere %o re3is%er %+e ee o4 sale e0e$u%e by &a%eo L. Ro is in 4a)or o4 %+e Ro(an -a%+oli$ Apos%oli$ A (inis%ra%or o4 ,a)ao.

LI% SIA2 8<E; E- 4L @ 4LC)E1A L4'IE E- 4L ! > ) 9o L-1&&79 %a/ &7! 1957

Doctrine: (n case of foreign plaintiffs, the authori$ation given to the counsel must be clear, specific, and unequivocal. C4C-S, .+is is an a$%ion by %+e spouse an %+e $+il ren o4 -+ua *ua Lun %o re$o)er a(a3es 4ro( Al4re o LapiA, %+e ri)er o4 %+e !a3uar 7eepney 8+i$+ $olli e 8i%+ a bus, resul%in3 %o %+e ea%+ o4 -+ua. As %8o o4 %+e $+il ren are (inors, %+e $our%, upon (o%ion o4 %+eir $ounsel, appoin%e -+ua *ua .a(, a bro%+er o4 %+e e$ease , as 3uar ian ad litem %o represen% %+e( in %+is $ase. A4%er %rial, +o8e)er, %+e lo8er $our% is(isse %+e $o(plain% on %+e %+eory %+a% plain%i44s 4aile %o au%+oriAe anyone %o 4ile %+e $o(plain% on %+eir be+al4, 8+i$+ is 4a%al %o %+eir $ause as %+ey are all $i%iAens an resi en%s o4 -o((unis% -+ina. 1n 4a$%, -+ua *ua .a(, %+e 3uar ian ad litem, %es%i4ie %+a% %+e plain%i44s +a no% 8ri%%en %o +i( nor +a +e $o((uni$a%e 8i%+ %+e(. Lower Court )ulin*, %+e lo8er $our% is(isse %+e $o(plain%. ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er or no% %+e plain%i44s +a)e +a)e au%+oriAe anyone %o 4ile %+e presen% $ase a3ains% %+e e4en an%s C No. )4-IA, .+e 'upre(e -our% 4oun %+a% %+ere 8as no error in %+e 4in in3s (a e by %+e %rial $our%. 1% appears %+a% %+e plain%i44s are all $i%iAens an resi en%s o4 -o((unis% -+ina an no%8i%+s%an in3 %+e 4a$% %+a% %+ey +a)e been in4or(e o4 %+e ea%+ o4 %+e e$ease , %+ey +a)e no% sen% any $o((uni$a%ion %o anyone in %+e *+ilippines 3i)in3 au%+ori%y %o %a9e 8+a%e)er a$%ion (ay be proper %o ob%ain an in e(ni%y 4or +is ea%+. .+e presen% a$%ion 8as ini%ia%e by plain%i44s represented merely by their counsel an %+e 5ues%ion arose as %o 8+e%+er %+e la%%er +a %+e proper au%+ori%y %o represen% %+e 4or(er in )ie8 o4 %+e 4a$% %+a% %+ey are all resi en%s o4 a 4orei3n $oun%ry. :+ile a la8yer is presu(e %o be properly au%+oriAe %o represen% any $ause in 8+i$+ +e appears, +e (ay +o8e)er be re5uire by %+e $our% on (o%ion o4 ei%+er par%y %o pro u$e +is au%+ori%y un er 8+i$+ +e appears an $ounsel 4or %+e plain%i44s 4aile . .+e appoin%(en% o4 -+ua *ua .a( as 3uar ian ad litem 8oul no% su44i$e %o (ee% %+e re5uire(en% o4 %+e rule 8+i$+ pro)i es %+a% e)ery a$%ion (us% be prose$u%e in %+e na(e o4 %+e real par%y in in%eres%. A3ain, i% (us% be s+o8n %+a% -+ua *ua .a( 8as au%+oriAe by %+e +eirs abroa %o a$% as su$+ in be+al4 o4 %+e (inors. =u% 8+en in %+e $ourse o4 %+e %rial, i% 8as 4oun %+a% +e ne)er +a any $o((uni$a%ion 8i%+ any o4 %+e +eirs an , (u$+ less, re$ei)e any au%+ori%y 4ro( %+e( %+e %rial $our% a$%e a$$or in3ly in $onsi erin3 +is represen%a%ion ine44e$%i)e.

LEE S<49 4;! 4L#E)-A -49! G LEE C8I4A @ E%ILIA >4L49> E- 4L ! > ) 9o L-1175 1ecem$er 1+! 1959 Doctrine: The facts in obtaining citi$enship, all the qualifications and disqualifications, must be proved before the court. C4C-S, 1n 195", Lee 'uan Ay, a -+inese $i%iAen, arri)e in %+e *+ilippines an 8as a (i%%e an au%+oriAe %o s%ay as a %e(porary )isi%or 4or perio o4 %+ree (on%+s. .+is 8as e0%en e un%il 25 &ar$+ 1955. =e4ore +er arri)al, +er 4a%+er pos%e a $as+ bon a(oun%in3 %o *10,000 as 3uaran%ee 4or +er $o(plian$e 8i%+ %+e %er(s an $on i%ions o4 +er s%ay in %+e *+ilippines. #n 18

&ar$+ 1955, Alber%o .an, a Filipino, an Lee 'uan Ay re5ues%e %+e !us%i$e o4 %+e *ea$e o4 Las *iSas, RiAal, %o 7oin %+e( in (arria3e. Be re4use %o o so as s+e +a %o ob%ain paren%al a )i$e, bein3 less %+an 23 years ol . #n 28 &ar$+ 1955, %+e bon s(an 8ro%e a le%%er in4or(in3 %+e -o((issioner o4 1((i3ra%ion %+a% +is au3+%er 8as ill an $on4ine a% %+e -+inese General Bospi%al sin$e 21 &ar$+ 1955 an %+a% as s+e (i3+% $ollapse urin3 %+e re%urn %rip %o Bon39on3, s+e e4erre +er epar%ure se% 4or 23 &ar$+, an re5ues%in3 %+a% s+e be 3ran%e %en ays e0%ension o4 +er au%+oriAe perio o4 %e(porary s%ay in %+e *+ilippines %o enable +er %o res% an re$upera%e. #n 1 April 1955, Lee 'uan Ay an Alber%o .an 8ere 7oine in (arria3e by %+e !us%i$e o4 %+e *ea$e o4 Las *iSas. A4%er %+eir (arria3e, %+ey re$ei)e a le%%er 4ro( %+e -o((issioner o4 1((i3ra%ion enyin3 %+eir pe%i%ion 4or e0%ension o4 +er %e(porary s%ay in %+e *+ilippines an e$larin3 %+e $as+ bon 4or4ei%e in 4a)or o4 %+e Go)ern(en%. Ber 4a%+er as9e 4or re$onsi era%ion on %+e 3roun %+a% +a)in3 (arrie a Filipino $i%iAen, Le 'uan Ay 4ollo8s %+e -i%iAens+ip o4 +er +usban an $ease %o be an alien %e(porary )isi%or, an %+a% reason %+e $as+ bon 4ile s+oul be re%urne %o +i(G an %+a% +er 4ailure %o presen% +ersel4 %o %+e -o((issioner o4 1((i3ra%ion 8i%+in 2" +ours 4ro( re$eip% o4 no%i$e 8as ue %o illness an loss o4 8ei3+%. .+us, %+is $ase 8as 4ile . Lower Court )ulin*, .+e -our% is(isse %+e plain%i44sE $o(plain% bu% le4% %+e re u$%ion o4 %+e bon %o %+e soun is$re%ion o4 %+e -o((issioner o4 1((i3ra%ion. ISS<E, 1. :+e%+er or no% %+e *10,000 bon ori3inally 4ile s+oul be re%urne C No. )4-IA, .+e 4a$% %+a% Lee 'uan Ay 8as (arrie %o a Filipino $i%iAen oes no% relie)e %+e bon s(an 4ro( +is liabili%y on %+e bon . .+e (arria3e %oo9 pla$e on 1 April 1955, an %+e )iola%ions o4 %+e %er(s an $on i%ions o4 %+e un er%a9in3 in %+e bon F 4ailure %o epar% 4ro( %+e *+ilippines upon e0pira%ion o4 +er au%+oriAe perio o4 %e(porary s%ay in %+e *+ilippines >25 &ar$+ 1955? an 4ailure %o repor% %o %+e -o((issioner o4 1((i3ra%ion 8i%+in 2" +ours 4ro( re$eip% o4 no%i$e F 8ere $o((i%%e be4ore %+e (arria3e. &oreo)er, 4or a )ali $i%iAens+ip a$5uire by (arria3e, i% (us% be s+o8n %+a% s+e possesses %+e 5uali4i$a%ions re5uire by la8 %o be$o(e a Filipino $i%iAen by na%uraliAa%ion. .+ere is no s+o8in3 %+a% Lee 'uan Ay possesses all %+e 5uali4i$a%ions an none o4 %+e is5uali4i$a%ions pro)i e 4or by la8 %o be$o(e a Filipino $i%iAen by na%uraliAa%ion. .+us, %+e or er appeale 4ro( is a44ir(e .

-ES-4-E ES-4-E AC C A #A84949! '8ILI''I9E -)<S- CA ! " %4>14LE94 C #A84949! E134)1 C #A84949! and %4); L;1I4 #A84949 > ) 9o L-1&105 .anuar/ +0! 1960 Doctrine: )s in accordance with )rticle 5> of the old &ivil &ode, the validity of testamentary dispositions are to be governed by the national law of the testator provided that the law be evidenced in the court. C4C-S, &a3 alena -. =o+anan 8ere (arrie on !anuary 30, 1909, an %+a% i)or$e 8as 3ran%e %o +i( on &ay 20, 1922. ,e$e en% in %+is $ase 3a)e ou% o4 %+e %o%al es%a%e >a4%er e u$%in3 a (inis%ra%ion e0penses? o4 *211,639.33 in $as+, +is 3ran son *90,819.67 an one-+al4 o4 all s+ares o4 s%o$9 o4 se)eral (inin3 $o(panies an %o +is bro%+er an sis%er %+e sa(e a(oun%. .o +is $+il ren +e 3a)e a le3a$y o4 only *6,000 ea$+, or a %o%al o4 *12,000. .+e 8i4e &a3a alena -. =o+anan an +er %8o $+il ren 5ues%ion %+e )ali i%y o4 %+e %es%a(en%ary pro)isions isposin3 o4 %+e es%a%e in %+e (anner abo)e in i$a%e , $lai(in3 %+a% %+ey +a)e been epri)e o4 %+e le3i%i(a%e %+a% %+e la8s o4 %+e 4or( $on$e e %o %+e(. Lower Court )ulin*, ,is(isse %+e ob7e$%ions 4ile by &a3 alena -. =o+anan, &ary =o+anan an 2 8ar =o+anan %o %+e pro7e$% o4 par%i%ion sub(i%%e by %+e e0e$u%or an appro)in3 %+e sai pro7e$%.

.+e %es%a%or per(anen% resi en$e or o(i$ile in %+e 6ni%e '%a%es epen e upon +is personal in%en% or esire, an +e sele$%e Ne)a a as +is +o(i$i e an %+ere4ore a% %+e %i(e o4 +is ea%+, +e 8as a $i%iAen o4 %+a% s%a%e. :+ere4ore, %+e $our% 4in s %+a% %+e %es%a%or -. #. =o+anan 8as a% %+e %i(e o4 +is ea%+ a $i%iAen o4 %+e 6ni%e '%a%es an o4 %+e '%a%e o4 Ne)a a an e$lares %+a% +is 8ill an %es%a(en%, 20+ibi% A, is 4ully in a$$or an$e 8i%+ %+e la8s o4 %+e s%a%e o4 Ne)a a an a (i%s %+e sa(e %o proba%e. ISS<ES, 1. :+e%+er &a3 alena -. =o+anan $an $lai(. N# 2. :+e%+er %+e %es%a(en%ary isposi%ions, espe$ially %+ose 4or %+e $+il ren 8+i$+ are s+or% o4 %+e le3i%i(e 3i)en %+e( by %+e -i)il -o e o4 %+e *+ilippines, are )ali N#. )4-IA, .+e $our% belo8 +a 4oun %+a% %+e %es%a%or an &a3 alena -. =o+anan 8ere (arrie on !anuary 30, 1909, an %+a% i)or$e 8as 3ran%e %o +i( on &ay 20, 1922G %+a% so(e%i(e in 1925, &a3 alena -. =o+anan (arrie -arl Aaron an %+is (arria3e 8as subsis%in3 a% %+e %i(e o4 %+e ea%+ o4 %+e %es%a%or. 'in$e no ri3+% %o s+are in %+e in+eri%an$e in 4a)or o4 a i)or$e 8i4e e0is%s in %+e '%a%e o4 Ne)a a an sin$e %+e $our% belo8 +a alrea y 4oun %+a% %+ere 8as no $on7u3al proper%y be%8een %+e %es%a%or an &a3 alena -. =o+anan, %+e la%%er $an no8 +a)e no lon3er $lai( %o pay por%ion o4 %+e es%a%e le4% by %+e %es%a%or. 2 8ar an &ary Ly ia, 8+o +a re$ei)e le3a$ies in %+e a(oun% o4 *6,000 ea$+ only, an , %+ere4ore, +a)e no% been 3i)en %+eir s+ares in %+e es%a%e 8+i$+, in a$$or an$e 8i%+ %+e la8s o4 %+e 4oru(, s+oul be %8o-%+ir s o4 %+e es%a%e le4% by %+e %es%a%or. .+e ol -i)il -o e, 8+i$+ is appli$able %o %+is $ase be$ause %+e %es%a%or ie in 19"", e0pressly pro)i es %+a% su$$essional ri3+%s %o personal proper%y are %o be earne by %+e na%ional la8 o4 %+e person 8+ose su$$ession is in 5ues%ion. 1n %+e pro$ee in3s 4or %+e proba%e o4 %+e 8ill, i% 8as 4oun ou% an i% 8as e$i e %+a% %+e %es%a%or 8as a $i%iAen o4 %+e '%a%e o4 Ne)a a be$ause +e +a sele$%e %+is as +is o(i$ile an +is per(anen% resi en$e. >'ee ,e$ision a%e April 2", 1950, supra?. 'o %+e 5ues%ion a% issue is 8+e%+er %+e %es%e(en%ary isposi%ions, espe$ially +ose 4or %+e $+il ren 8+i$+ are s+or% o4 %+e le3i%i(e 3i)en %+e( by %+e -i)il -o e o4 %+e *+ilippines, are )ali . 1% is no% ispu%e %+a% %+e la8s o4 Ne)a a allo8 a %es%a%or %o ispose o4 all +is proper%ies by 8ill >'e$. 9905, -o(plie Ne)a a La8s o4 1925, supra?. .+e la8 o4 Ne)a a, bein3 a 4orei3n la8 $an only be pro)e in our $our%s in %+e 4or( an (anner pro)i e 4or by our Rules, 8+i$+ are as 4ollo8s/ '2-. "1. Proof of public or official record. F An o44i$ial re$or or an en%ry %+erein, 8+en a (issible 4or any purpose, (ay be e)i en$e by an o44i$ial publi$a%ion %+ereo4 or by a $opy %es%e by %+e o44i$er +a)in3 %+e le3al $us%o y o4 +e re$or , or by +is epu%y, an a$$o(panie , i4 %+e re$or is no% 9ep% in %+e *+ilippines, 8i%+ a $er%i4i$a%e %+a% su$+ o44i$er +as %+e $us%o y. . . . >Rule 123?. :e +a)e, +o8e)er, $onsul%e %+e re$or s o4 %+e $ase in %+e $our% belo8 an 8e +a)e 4oun %+a% %+e 4orei3n la8 8as in%ro u$e in e)i en$e by appellan%Es >+erein? $ounsel as 20+ibi%s @2@. 1n a i%ion, %+e o%+er appellan%s, $+il ren o4 %+e %es%a%or, o no% ispu%e %+e abo)e-5uo%e pro)ision o4 %+e la8s o4 %+e '%a%e o4 Ne)a a. 6n er all %+e abo)e $ir$u(s%an$es, 8e are $ons%raine %o +ol %+a% %+e per%inen% la8 o4 Ne)a a, espe$ially 'e$%ion 9905 o4 %+e -o(pile Ne)a a La8s o4 1925, $an be %a9en 7u i$ial no%i$e o4 by us, 8i%+ou% proo4 o4 su$+ la8 +a)in3 been o44ere a% %+e +earin3 o4 %+e pro7e$% o4 par%i%ion.

#E9I-A E LI% @ 8E)#E)- #)A393ELL! .) ! > ) 9o L-7575 %arc( &0! 1960 Doctrine: ) foreign government cannot be sued without its consent. C4C-S, .+e proper%y in ispu%e $onsis%s o4 4our par$els o4 lan si%ua%e in .on o &anila 8i%+ a %o%al area o4 29,151 s5uare (e%ers. .+e lan s 8ere, a4%er %+e 8orl 8ar, 4oun by %+e Alien *roper%y -us%o ian o4 %+e 6ni%e '%a%es %o be re3is%ere in %+e na(e o4 Asai$+i Da3a8a, na%ional o4 an ene(y $oun%ry. .+e *+ilippine Alien *roper%y A (inis%ra%or an %+e *resi en% o4 %+e *+ilippines %+en e0e$u%e %8o 4or(al a3ree(en%s 8i%+ %+e 6ni%e '%a%es %o %rans4er all 4our lo%s %o %+e Republi$ o4 %+e *+ilippines 8i%+ an un er%a9in3 %o in e(ni4y %+e 6ni%e '%a%es 4or all $lai(s in rela%ion %o %+e proper%y %rans4erre . =eni%o Li(, 4ile a 4or(al no%i$e o4 $lai( 8i%+ %+e *+ilippine Alien *roper%y A (inis%ra%or, $on%en in3 %+a% %+e lo%s in 5ues%ion s%ill belon3e %o %+e es%a%e o4 +er (o%+er, Arsenia 2nri5ueA. Be alle3e %+a% %+e lo%s 8ere on$e %+e proper%y o4 Arsenia 2nri5ueAG %+a% %+ey 8ere (or%3a3e by +er %o %+e &er$an%ile =an9 o4 -+inaG %+a% %+e (or%3a3e +a)in3 been 4ore$lose , %+e proper%y 8as sol a% publi$ au$%ion urin3 %+e 8ar %o %+e !apanese Asai$+i Da3a8a, 8+o su$$ee e in pre)en%in3 Arsenia 2nri5ueA 4ro( e0er$isin3 +er ri3+% o4 re e(p%ionG an %+a% Da3a8a ne)er a$5uire any )ali %i%le %o %+e proper%y be$ause +e 8as ineli3ible un er %+e -ons%i%u%ion %o a$5uire resi en%ial lan in %+e *+ilippines by reason o4 alien a3e. .+e Kes%e *roper%y -lai(s -o((i%%ee o4 %+e *+ilippine Alien *roper%y A (inis%ra%or isallo8e %+e $lai(. .+e or er be$a(e 4inal as Li( i no% appeal %+ere4ro(. .+us, Li(, as a (inis%ra%or o4 %+e in%es%a%e es%a%e o4 Arsenia 2nri5ueA, 4ile a $o(plain% in %+e -our% o4 Firs% 1ns%an$e o4 &anila a3ains% %+e *+ilippine Alien *roper%y A (inis%ra%or >la%er subs%i%u%e by %+e A%%orney General o4 %+e 6ni%e '%a%es? 4or %+e re$o)ery o4 %+e proper%y in 5ues%ion 8i%+ ba$9 ren%s. .+e $o(plain% 8as la%er a(en e %o in$lu e Asai$+i Da3a8a as e4en an%. Be 8as su((one by publi$a%ion, bu% +a)in3 4aile %o 4ile an ans8er %o %+e $o(plain%, +e 8as e$lare in e4aul%. Lower Court )ulin*, .+e $our% is(isse %+e $o(plain% on %+e 3roun %+a% i% +a no 7uris i$%ion o)er %+e sub7e$% (a%%er sin$e %+e $lai( $ons%i%u%e a sui% a3ains% %+e 6ni%e '%a%es %o 8+i$+ i% +a no% 3i)en i%s $onsen%. ISS<ES,

1. :+e%+er or no% %+e $o(plain% 8as a sui% a3ains% %+e Go)ern(en% o4 %+e 6ni%e '%a%es C ;es, bu% %+ere 8as $onsen%. 2. :+e%+er or no% a(a3es (us% be pai C No, %+e $onsen% o4 %+e 6ni%e '%a%es 8as li(i%e %o 4ilin3 o4 sui% an oes no% e0%en %o %+e pay(en% o4 a(a3es. )4-IA, .+e or er o4 is(issal $anno% be sus%aine in i%s en%ire%y. Al%+ou3+ %+e a$%ion is in subs%an$e a3ains% %+e 6ni%e '%a%es, %+e i((uni%y o4 %+e s%a%e 4ro( sui%, $anno% be in)o9e 8+ere %+e a$%ion is ins%i%u%e by a person 8+o is nei%+er an ene(y or ally o4 an ene(y 4or %+e purpose o4 es%ablis+in3 +is ri3+%, %i%le or in%eres% in )es%e proper%y, an o4 re$o)erin3 +is o8ners+ip an possession. .+e $onsen% %o su$+ sui% +as e0pressly been 3i)en by %+e 6ni%e '%a%es in 'e$. 3 o4 %+e *+ilippine *roper%y A$% o4 19"6. .urnin3 %o %+e $lai( o4 a(a3es, %+e or er o4 is(issal (us% be up+el . .+e relie4 a)ailable %o a person $lai(in3 ene(y proper%y 8+i$+ +as been )es%e by %+e *+ilippines Alien *roper%y -us%o ian is li(i%e %o %+ose e*pressly pro)i e 4or in %+e .ra in3 8i%+ %+e 2ne(y A$%, 8+i$+ oes no% in$lu e a sui% 4or a(a3es 4or %+e use o4 su$+ )es%e proper%y.. :i%+ respe$% %o %+e re$o)ery or re%urn o4 %+e proper%ies )es%e , se$%ion 33 o4 %+e .ra in3 8i%+ %+e 2ne(y A$% pro)i es a pres$rip%i)e perio / %+e $lai( s+oul no% be 4ile la%er %+an April 30, 19"9, or 8i%+in %8o years 4ro( %+e a%e o4 )es%in3, 8+i$+e)er is la%er. 1n $o(pu%in3 %+e %8o years, +o8e)er, %+e perio urin3 8+i$+ %+ere 8as pen in3 a sui% or $lai( 4or %+e re%urn o4 %+e sai proper%y s+all be e0$lu e . Bere, inso4ar as lo%s 3 an " o4 %+e lan in ispu%e are $on$erne , )es%in3 o$$urre on !uly 6, 19"8 an $onse5uen%ly %+e %8o-year perio 8i%+in 8+i$+ %o 4ile %+e a$%ion 4or %+eir re$o)ery e0pire on !uly 7, 1950. =u% in $o(pu%in3 %+a% %+e %8o-year perio , %+e %i(e urin3 8+i$+ plain%i44Es $lai( 8i%+ %+e *+ilippine Alien *roper%y A (inis%ra%ion 8as pen in3 F 4ro( No)e(ber 16, 19"8 8+en %+e $lai( 8as 4ile %o &ar$+ 7, 1950 8+en i% 8as issallo8e F s+oul be e0$lu e . .+e $o(plain% %+ereo4 4ile on No)e(ber 13, 1950 is 8ell 8i%+in %+e pres$ribe perio . #n %+e o%+er +an , lo%s 1 an 2 8ere )es%e by %+e Alien *roper%y -us%o ian on &ar$+ 1", 19"6. .+e %8o-year perio , %+ere4ore, 8i%+in 8+i$+ %o 4ile a sui% 4or %+eir re%urn e0pire on &ar$+ 1", 19"8. *lain%i44 $on%en s %+a% se$%ion 33 o4 %+e .ra in3 8i%+ %+e 2ne(y A$% $anno% pre)ail o)er se$%ion "0 o4 %+e -o e o4 -i)il *ro$e ure, 8+i$+ pro)i es %+a% an a$%ion %o re$o)er real proper%y pres$ribes a4%er 10 years, on %+e %+eory %+a% un er in%erna%ional la8 5ues%ions rela%in3 %o real proper%y are 3o)erne by %+e la8 o4 %+e pla$e 8+ere %+e proper%y is lo$a%e an %+a% pres$rip%ion, bein3 re(e ial, is li9e8ise 3o)erne by %+e la8s o4 %+e 4oru(. =u% %+e %ra in3 8i%+ %+e 2ne(y A$%, by $onsen% o4 %+e *+ilippine Go)ern(en%, $on%inue %o be in 4or$e in %+e *+ilippines e)en a4%er !uly ", 19"6 an $onse5uen%ly, is as (u$+ par% o4 %+e la8 o4 %+e lan as se$%ion "0 o4 %+e -o e o4 -i)il *ro$e ure. .+us, %+e or er appeale 4ro( inso4ar as i% is(isses %+e $o(plain% 8i%+ respe$% %o Lo%s 1 an 2 an %+e $lai( 4or a(a3es a3ains% %+e A%%orney General o4 %+e 6ni%e '%a%es an %+e Republi$ o4 %+e *+ilippines, is a44ir(e , bu% re)o9e inso4ar as i% is(isses %+e $o(plain% 8i%+ respe$% %o Lo%s 3 an ", as %o 8+i$+ %+e $ase is +ereby re(an e %o %+e $our% belo8 4or 4ur%+er pro$ee in3s.

> ) 9o 165109 Ce$ruar/ 6! &005 CELICI-4S 4%A)-C4-4L49! *e%i%ioner, )s. CA<)- AC 4''E4LS! %49IL4! A)L491A # C4-4L49 and %E)A'E E #)4>49E4! Respon en%s. FA-.'/ *e%i%ioner Feli$i%as A(or--a%alan (arrie respon en% #rlan o on !une ", 1950 in &abini, *an3asinan. .+erea4%er, %+ey (i3ra%e %o %+e 6ni%e '%a%es o4 A(eri$a an alle3e ly be$a(e na%uraliAe $i%iAens %+ereo4. A4%er 38 years o4 (arria3e, Feli$i%as an #rlan o i)or$e in April 1988. #n !une 16, 1988, #rlan o (arrie respon en% &erope in -alasiao, *an3asinan. *e%i%ioner $on%en s %+a% sai (arria3e 8as bi3a(ous sin$e &erope +a a prior subsis%in3 (arria3e 8i%+ 2usebio =ris%ol. '+e 4ile a pe%i%ion 4or e$lara%ion o4 nulli%y o4 (arria3e 8i%+ a(a3es in %+e R.- o4 ,a3upan -i%y a3ains% #rlan o an &erope. 1''62/ :+e%+er or no% pe%i%ioner +as %+e personali%y %o 4ile a pe%i%ion 4or %+e e$lara%ion o4 nulli%y o4 (arria3e o4 %+e respon en%s on %+e 3roun o4 bi3a(yJ R6L1NG/ A pe%i%ion %o e$lare %+e nulli%y o4 (arria3e, li9e any o%+er a$%ions, (us% be prose$u%e or e4en e in %+e na(e o4 %+e real par%y in in%eres% an (us% be base on a $ause o4 a$%ion. A pe%i%ion 4or e$lara%ion o4 absolu%e nulli%y o4 )oi (arria3e (ay be 4ile solely by %+e +usban or %+e 8i4e. *e%i%ioner<s personali%y %o 4ile %+e pe%i%ion %o e$lare %+e nulli%y o4 (arria3e $anno% be as$er%aine be$ause o4 %+e absen$e o4 %+e i)or$e e$ree an %+e 4orei3n la8 allo8in3 i%. A4%er all, s+e (ay +a)e %+e personali%y %o 4ile %+e pe%i%ion i4 %+e i)or$e e$ree ob%aine 8as a li(i%e i)or$e or a mensa et thoroG or %+e 4orei3n la8 (ay res%ri$% re(arria3e e)en a4%er %+e i)or$e e$ree be$o(es absolu%e. :e no%e %+a% i% 8as %+e pe%i%ioner 8+o alle3e in +er $o(plain% %+a% %+ey a$5uire A(eri$an $i%iAens+ip an %+a% respon en% #rlan o ob%aine a 7u i$ial i)or$e e$ree. 1% is se%%le rule %+a% one 8+o alle3es a 4a$% +as %+e bur en o4 pro)in3 i% an (ere alle3a%ion is no% e)i en$e Ben$e, a re(an o4 %+e $ase %o %+e %rial $our% 4or re$ep%ion o4 a i%ional e)i en$e is ne$essary %o e%er(ine 8+e%+er respon en% #rlan o 8as 3ran%e a i)or$e e$ree an 8+e%+er %+e 4orei3n la8 8+i$+ 3ran%e %+e sa(e allo8s or res%ri$%s re(arria3e. 14 i% is pro)e %+a% a )ali i)or$e e$ree 8as ob%aine an %+e sa(e i no% allo8 respon en% #rlan o<s re(arria3e, %+en %+e %rial $our% s+oul e$lare respon en%s< (arria3e as bi3a(ous an )oi ab ini%io.

G.R. No. 79284 November 27, 1987 FROILAN C. GANDIONCO, petitioner, vs. HON. SENEN C. PEARANDA, a Pre !"!#$ %&"$e o' ()e Re$!o#a* +r!a* Co&r( o' ,! am! Or!e#(a*, -ra#.) 18, Ca$a/a# "e Oro C!(/, a#" +ERESI+A S. GANDIONCO, respondents.
FACTS: On 29 May 1986, private respondent, the legal i!e o! the petitioner !iled "ivil "ase against petitioner !or legal separation, on the gro#nd o! "on"#$inage, ith a petition !or s#pport and pay%ent o! da%ages. On 1& O"to$er 1986, private respondent also !iled "ri%inal "ase against petitioner !or "on"#$inage. On 1' (ove%$er 1986, appli"ation !or the provisional re%edy o! s#pportpendente lite, pending a de"ision in the a"tion !or legal separation, as !iled $y private respondent in the "ivil "ase !or legal separation. The respondent )#dge, as already stated, on 1* +e"e%$er 1986, ordered The pay%ent o! s#pport pendente lite.

,SS-.S: 1. +oes "onvi"tion !or "on"#$inage ill have to $e !irst se"#red $e!ore the a"tion !or legal separation "an prosper or s#""eed/ 2. +id the respondent )#dge gravely a$#se his dis"retion on the alleged partiality in ordering the pay%ent o! s#pport to his i!e pendente lite. ? 0-1,(2: 1. A de"ree o! legal separation, on the gro#nd o! "on"#$inage, %ay $e iss#ed #pon proo! $y preponderan"e o! eviden"e in the a"tion !or legal separation. (o "ri%inal pro"eeding or "onvi"tion is ne"essary. ,n vie o! the a%end%ent #nder the 1983 0#les on Cri%inal 4ro"ed#re, a "ivil a"tion !or legal separation, $ased on "on"#$inage, %ay pro"eed ahead o!, or si%#ltaneo#sly ith, a "ri%inal a"tion !or "on"#$inage, $e"a#se said "ivil a"tion is not one 5to en!or"e the "ivil lia$ility arising !ro% the o!!ense5 even i! $oth the "ivil and "ri%inal a"tions arise !ro% or are related to the sa%e o!!ense. 2. +ivergen"e o! opinions $et een a )#dge hearing a "ase and a party6s "o#nsel, as to appli"a$le la s and )#rispr#den"e, is not a s#!!i"ient gro#nd to dis7#ali!y the )#dge !ro% hearing the "ase, on the gro#nd o! $ias and %ani!est partiality. (o proo! o! grave a$#se o! dis"retion on the part o! the respondent 8#dge in ordering the sa%e. S#pport pendente lite, as a re%edy, "an $e availed o! in an a"tion !or legal separation, and granted at the dis"retion o! the )#dge. ,! petitioner !inds the a%o#nt o! s#pport pendente lite ordered as too onero#s, he "an al ays !ile a %otion to %odi!y or red#"e the sa%e.

> ) 9o 16&570 .anuar/ &5! &006

EL%4) A 'E)EE! *e%i%ioner, )s. CA<)- AC 4''E4LS! Cift( 1i"ision! -)IS-49 4 C4-I91I> and LIL; >A%EE-C4-I91I>! Respon en%s. FA-.'/ *ri)a%e respon en% .ris%an A. -a%in i3 (arrie Lily Go(eA -a%in i3 %8i$e on &ay 16, 1968. .+e (arria3e pro u$e 4our $+il ren. 'e)eral years la%er, %+e $ouple en$oun%ere (ari%al proble(s %+a% %+ey e$i e %o ob%ain a i)or$e 4ro( %+e ,o(ini$an Republi$. .+us, on April 27, 198", .ris%an an Lily e0e$u%e a 'pe$ial *o8er o4 A%%orney a resse %o %+e !u 3e o4 %+e Firs% -i)il -our% o4 'an -ris%obal, ,o(ini$an Republi$, appoin%in3 an a%%orney-in-4a$% %o ins%i%u%e a i)or$e a$%ion un er i%s la8s. #n !uly 1", 198", .ris%an (arrie pe%i%ioner 2l(ar #. *ereA in %+e '%a%e o4 Kir3inia in %+e 6ni%e '%a%es an bo%+ li)e as +usban an 8i4e un%il #$%ober 2001. .+eir union pro u$e one o44sprin3. ,urin3 %+eir $o+abi%a%ion, pe%i%ioner learne %+a% %+e i)or$e e$ree issue by %+e $our% in %+e ,o(ini$an Republi$ 8+i$+ @ issol)e @ %+e (arria3e be%8een .ris%an an Lily 8as no% re$o3niAe in %+e *+ilippines an %+a% +er (arria3e %o .ris%an 8as ee(e )oi un er *+ilippine la8. #n Au3us% 13, 2001, .ris%an 4ile a pe%i%ion 4or %+e e$lara%ion o4 nulli%y o4 +is (arria3e %o Lily 8i%+ %+e R.- o4 TueAon -i%y. 1''62/ :+e%+er or no% *ereA +as a le3al in%eres% in %+e (a%%er o4 li%i3a%ion re5uire o4 a 8oul -be in%er)enor in .ris%an<s pe%i%ion 4or e$lara%ion o4 nulli%y o4 +is (arria3e 8i%+ +is 8i4eJ R6L1NG/ No, *ereA +as no le3al in%eres%. :+en pe%i%ioner an .ris%an (arrie on !uly 1", 198", .ris%an 8as s%ill la84ully (arrie %o Lily. .+e i)or$e e$ree %+a% .ris%an an Lily ob%aine 4ro( %+e ,o(ini$an Republi$ ne)er issol)e %+e (arria3e bon be%8een %+e(. 1% is basi$ %+a% la8s rela%in3 %o 4a(ily ri3+%s an u%ies, or %o %+e s%a%us, $on i%ion an le3al $apa$i%y o4 persons are bin in3 upon $i%iAens o4 %+e *+ilippines, e)en %+ou3+ li)in3 abroa . Re3ar less o4 8+ere a $i%iAen o4 %+e *+ilippines (i3+% be, +e or s+e 8ill be 3o)erne by *+ilippine la8s 8i%+ respe$% %o +is or +er 4a(ily ri3+%s an u%ies, or %o +is or +er s%a%us, $on i%ion an le3al $apa$i%y. Ben$e, i4 a Filipino re3ar less o4 8+e%+er +e or s+e 8as (arrie +ere or abroa ini%ia%es a pe%i%ion abroa %o ob%ain an absolu%e i)or$e 4ro( spouse an e)en%ually be$o(es su$$ess4ul in 3e%%in3 an absolu%e i)or$e e$ree, %+e *+ilippines 8ill no% re$o3niAe su$+ absolu%e i)or$e. *e%i%ioner<s $lai( %+a% s+e is %+e 8i4e o4 .ris%an e)en i4 %+eir (arria3e 8as $elebra%e abroa la$9s (eri%. .+us, pe%i%ioner ne)er a$5uire %+e le3al in%eres% as a 8i4e upon 8+i$+ +er (o%ion 4or in%er)en%ion is base .

G.R. No. 149498 ,a/ 20, 2004 REP1-LIC OF +HE PHILIPPINES, petitioner, vs. LOLI+A 21IN+ERO3HA,ANO, respondent.

FACTS: O"to$er 1986, respondent 1olita 9#intero:;a%ano and Toshio ;a%ano started a "o%%on:la relationship in 8apan. They later lived in the 4hilippines !or a %onth. Therea!ter, Toshio ent $a"< to 8apan and stayed there !or hal! o! 198=. On (ove%$er 16, 198=, she gave $irth to their "hild.
On January 14, 1988, she and Toshio were married in Bacoor, Cavite. One month after their marriage, Toshio returned to Japan and promised to return y Christmas to ce!e rate the ho!idays with his fami!y. "fter sending money to respondent for two months, Toshio stopped giving financia! support. #he wrote him severa! times ut he never responded. #ometime in 1991, respondent !earned from her friends that Toshio visited the $hi!ippines ut he did not other to see her and their chi!d. %##&'( 1. )hether or not mere a andonment y the hus and of his fami!y and his insensitivity to them automatica!!y constitute psycho!ogica! incapacity* +. )hether or not re,uirements of psycho!ogica! incapacity app!y to mi-ed marriages* .&/%01( 1. 0o. the po!icy of the 1982 Constitution to protect and strengthen the fami!y as the asic autonomous socia! institution and marriage as the foundation of the fami!y. Thus, any dou t shou!d e reso!ved in favor of the va!idity of the marriage. The urden of proof to show the nu!!ity of the marriage e!ongs to the p!aintiff. "ny dou t shou!d e reso!ved in favor of the e-istence and continuation of the marriage and against its disso!ution and nu!!ity. Toshio3s act of a andonment was dou t!ess!y irresponsi !e ut it was never a!!eged nor proven to e due to some 4ind of psycho!ogica! i!!ness. )e cannot presume psycho!ogica! defect from the mere fact that Toshio a andoned his fami!y immediate!y after the ce!e ration of the marriage. ,nMolina, it is not eno#gh to prove that a spo#se !ailed to %eet his responsi$ility and d#ty as a %arried person> it is essential that he %#st $e sho n to $e in"apa$le o! doing so d#e to so%e psy"hologi"al, not physical, illness. The root cause of the psychological incapacity must be: (a) medically or clinically identified, (b) alleged in the complaint, (c) sufficiently proven by experts and (d) clearly explained in the decision. +. The h#s$and $eing a 8apanese national is i%%aterial in proving psy"hologi"al in"apa"ity, no distin"tion $et een an alien spo#se and a Filipino spo#se. ;en"e, the nor%s #sed !or deter%ining psy"hologi"al in"apa"ity sho#ld apply to any person regardless o! nationality.

G.R. No. L341427 %&#e 10, 1988 CONS+ANCIA C. +OLEN+INO, petitioner, vs. CO1R+ OF APPEALS a#" CONS1ELO DA4ID, respondents. G1+IERRE5, %R., J.: FACTS:

The petitioner Constan"ia C. Tolentino is the present legal i!e o! Art#ro Tolentino, their %arriage having $een "ele$rated on April 21, 19'3 in Manila. The #nion prod#"ed three "hildren. 0espondent Cons#elo +avid as legally %arried to Art#ro Tolentino on Fe$r#ary 8, 19&1. Their %arriage li<e ise prod#"ed "hildren. The %arriage as dissolved and ter%inated p#rs#ant to the la d#ring the 8apanese o""#pation on Septe%$er 13, 19'& $y a de"ree o! a$sol#te divor"e on the gro#nd o! desertion and a$andon%ent $y the i!e. The trial "o#rt granted the divor"e on its !inding that Art#ro Tolentino as a$andoned $y Cons#elo +avid !or at least three ?&@ "ontin#o#s years. Therea!ter, Art#ro Tolentino %arried a "ertain 4ilar Adora$le, ho ho ever, died soon a!ter their %arriage. Tolentino s#$se7#ently %arried Constan"ia on April 21, 19'3. Cons#elo +avid, on the other hand, "ontin#ed #sing the s#rna%e Tolentino a!ter the divor"e and #p to the ti%e o! the !iling o! this "o%plaint. ,SS-.: 1. Ahether or not the petitioner6s "a#se o! a"tion has already pres"ri$ed, and 2. Ahether or not the petitioner "an eB"l#de $y in)#n"tion Cons#elo +avid !ro% #sing the s#rna%e o! her !or%er h#s$and !ro% ho% she as divor"ed. 0-1,(2: 1. The petitioner sho#ld have $ro#ght legal a"tion i%%ediately against the private respondent a!ter she gained <no ledge o! the #se $y the private respondent o! the s#rna%e o! her !or%er h#s$and. As it is, a"tion as $ro#ght only on (ove%$er 2&, 19=1 ith only ver$al de%ands in $et een and an a"tion to re"onstit#te the divor"e "ase. The petitioner sho#ld have !iled her "o%plaint at on"e hen it $e"a%e evident that the private respondent o#ld not a""ede to her de%ands instead o! aiting !or t enty ?2*@ years As aptly stated $y the Co#rt o! Appeals, 5 here the plainti!! !ails to go to the Co#rt ithin the pres"riptive period, he loses his "a#se, $#t not $e"a#se the de!endant had a"7#ired o nership $y adverse possession over his na%e $#t $e"a#se the plainti!!s "a#se o! a"tion had lapsed thr# the stat#te o! li%itations.5 2. 4hilippine la is #nderstanda$ly silent. Ae have no provisions !or divor"e in o#r la s and "onse7#ently, the #se o! s#rna%es $y a divor"ed i!e is not provided !or. ,t is signi!i"ant to note that Senator Tolentino hi%sel! in his "o%%entary on Art. &=* o! the Civil Code states that 5the i!e "annot "lai% an eB"l#sive right to #se the h#s$and6s s#rna%e. She "annot $e prevented !ro% #sing it> $#t neither "an she restrain others !ro% #sing it.5 The petitioner, on the other hand, has !ailed to sho that she o#ld s#!!er any legal in)#ry or deprivation o! legal rights inas%#"h as she "an #se her h#s$and6s s#rna%e and $e !#lly prote"ted in "ase the respondent #ses the s#rna%e Tolentino !or illegal p#rposes. ,n Silva, et al. v. Peralta ?11* 4hil. 3=@ "ited $y the petitioner, it as not the %ere #se o! the s#rna%e that as en)oined $#t the de!endant6s representation that she

as the i!e o! Sat#rnino Silva. There as, there!ore, a #s#rpation o! the stat#s hi"h is a$sent in the "ase at $ar.

i!e6s

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MHC AND MHICL vs. NLRC et al G.R. No. 120077 October 13, 2000 FACT : private re p!"de"t Sa"t! #a a" !ver ea #!r$er e%p&!'ed a a pri"ter at t(e Ma)!!" Pri"ti"* Pre + S,&ta"ate !- O%a". S,/ e0,e"t&' (e #a dire1t&' (ired /' t(e Pa&a1e 2!te&+ Bei3i"*+ Pe!p&e4 Rep,/&i1 !- C(i"a a"d &ater ter%i"ated d,e t! retre"1(%e"t. Petiti!"er are t(e Ma"i&a 2!te& C!rp!rati!" 56M2C78 a"d t(e Ma"i&a 2!te& I"ter"ati!"a& C!%pa"'+ Li%ited 56M2ICL78. W(e" t(e 1a e #a -i&ed i" 9::;+ M2C #a ti&& a *!ver"%e"t<!#"ed a"d 1!"tr!&&ed 1!rp!rati!" d,&' !r*a"i)ed a"d e=i ti"* ,"der t(e &a# !- t(e P(i&ippi"e . M2ICL i a 1!rp!rati!" d,&' !r*a"i)ed a"d e=i ti"* ,"der t(e &a# !- 2!"* >!"*. M2C i a" 6i"1!rp!rat!r7 !- M2ICL+ !#"i"* ?;@ !- it 1apita& t!1$. B' virt,e !- a 6%a"a*e%e"t a*ree%e"t7 #it( t(e Pa&a1e 2!te&+ M2ICL trai"ed t(e per !""e& a"d ta-- !- t(e Pa&a1e 2!te& at Bei3i"*+ C(i"a. N!# t(e -a1t . D,ri"* (i e%p&!'%e"t #it( t(e Ma)!!" Pri"ti"* Pre + re p!"de"t Sa"t! re1eived a &etter -r!% Mr. S(%idt+ Ae"era& Ma"a*er+ Pa&a1e 2!te&+ Bei3i"*+ C(i"a. Mr. S1(%idt i"-!r%ed re p!"de"t Sa"t! t(at (e #a re1!%%e"ded /' !"e B,e"i!+ a -rie"d !- (i . Mr. S(%idt !--ered re p!"de"t Sa"t! t(e a%e p! iti!" a pri"ter+ /,t #it( a (i*(er %!"t(&' a&ar' a"d i"1rea ed /e"e-it . Re p!"de"t Sa"t! #r!te t! Mr. S(%idt a"d i*"i-ied (i a11epta"1e !- t(e !--er. T(e Pa&a1e 2!te& Ma"a*er+ Mr. 2e"$ %ai&ed a read' t! i*" e%p&!'%e"t 1!"tra1t t! re p!"de"t Sa"t! . Sa"t! re i*"ed -r!% t(e Ma)!!" Pri"ti"* Pre . Sa"t! #r!te t(e Pa&a1e 2!te& a"d a1$"!#&ed*ed Mr. 2e"$4 &etter. T(e e%p&!'%e"t 1!"tra1t tated t(at (i e%p&!'%e"t #!,&d /e -!r a peri!d !- t#! 'ear . 2e t(e" tarted t! #!r$ at t(e Pa&a1e 2!te&. S,/ e0,e"t&'+ re p!"de"t Sa"t! i*"ed a" a%e"ded 6e%p&!'%e"t a*ree%e"t7 #it( t(e Pa&a1e 2!te&. I" t(e 1!"tra1t+ Mr. S(%idt repre e"ted t(e Pa&a1e 2!te&. T(e Vi1e Pre ide"t

5Operati!" a"d Deve&!p%e"t8 !- petiti!"er M2ICL Cer*,eda i*"ed t(e e%p&!'%e"t a*ree%e"t ,"der t(e #!rd 6"!ted7. A-ter #!r$i"* i" t(e Pa&a1e (!te& -!r &e t(a" 9 'ear+ t(e Pa&a1e 2!te& i"-!r%ed re p!"de"t Sa"t! /' &etter i*"ed /' Mr. S(%idt t(at (i e%p&!'%e"t at t(e Pa&a1e 2!te& pri"t (!p #!,&d /e ter%i"ated d,e t! /, i"e rever e /r!,*(t a/!,t /' t(e p!&iti1a& ,p(eava& i" C(i"a. T(e Pa&a1e 2!te& ter%i"ated t(e e%p&!'%e"t !- Sa"t! a"d paid a&& /e"e-it d,e (i%+ i"1&,di"* (i p&a"e -are /a1$ t! t(e P(i&ippi"e . Sa"t! #a repatriated t! t(e P(i&ippi"e . Sa"t! -i&ed a 1!%p&ai"t -!r i&&e*a& di %i a& #it( t(e Ar/itrati!" Bra"1(+ NCR+ NLRC. 2e pra'ed -!r a" a#ard !- AD+ ED a"d AF -!r. T(e 1!%p&ai"t "a%ed M2C+ M2ICL+ t(e Pa&a1e 2!te& a"d Mr. S(%idt a re p!"de"t . T(e Pa&a1e 2!te& a"d Mr. S(%idt #ere "!t erved #it( ,%%!" a"d "eit(er parti1ipated i" t(e pr!1eedi"* /e-!re t(e LA. T(e LA de1ided t(e 1a e a*ai" t petiti!"er . Petiti!"er appea&ed t! t(e NLRC+ ar*,i"* t(at t(e POEA+ "!t t(e NLRC (ad 3,ri di1ti!" !ver t(e 1a e. T(e NLRC pr!%,&*ated a re !&,ti!"+ tati"* t(at t(e appea&ed De1i i!" /e de1&ared ",&& a"d v!id -!r #a"t !- 3,ri di1ti!" Sa"t! %!ved -!r re1!" iderati!" !- t(e a-!re<0,!ted re !&,ti!". 2e ar*,ed t(at t(e 1a e #a "!t 1!*"i)a/&e /' t(e POEA a (e #a "!t a" 6!ver ea 1!"tra1t #!r$er. T(e NLRC *ra"ted t(e %!ti!" a"d rever ed it e&-. T(e NLRC dire1ted a"!t(er LA t! (ear t(e 1a e !" t(e 0,e ti!" !- #(et(er private re p!"de"t #a retre"1(ed !r di %i ed. T(e La -!,"d t(at Sa"t! #a i&&e*a&&' di %i ed -r!% e%p&!'%e"t a"d re1!%%e"ded t(at (e /e paid a1t,a& da%a*e e0,iva&e"t t! (i a&arie -!r t(e ,"e=pired p!rti!" !- (i 1!"tra1t. T(e NLRC r,&ed i" -av!r !private re p!"de"t. Petiti!"er -i&ed a" MR ar*,i"* t(at t(e LA4 re1!%%e"dati!" (ad "! /a i i" &a# a"d i" -a1t+ (!#ever it #a de"ied. 2e"1e+ t(i petiti!". I !": I t(e NLRC a pr!per -!r,% t! de1ide t(i 1a eB 2ELD: petiti!" *ra"tedC t(e !rder a"d re !&,ti!" !- t(e NLRC are a"",&&ed. NO F!r,% N!"<C!"ve"ie" T(e NLRC #a a eri!, &' i"1!"ve"ie"t -!r,%. We "!te t(at t(e %ai" a pe1t !- t(e 1a e tra" pired i" t#! -!rei*" 3,ri di1ti!" a"d t(e 1a e i"v!&ve p,re&' -!rei*" e&e%e"t . T(e !"&' &i"$ t(at t(e P(i&ippi"e (a #it( t(e 1a e i t(at Sa"t! i a Fi&ipi"! 1iti)e". T(e Pa&a1e 2!te& a"d M2ICL are -!rei*" 1!rp!rati!" . N!t a&& 1a e i"v!&vi"* !,r 1iti)e" 1a" /e tried (ere. T(e e%p&!'%e"t 1!"tra1t. D Re p!"de"t Sa"t! #a (ired dire1t&' /' t(e Pa&a1e 2!te&+ a -!rei*" e%p&!'er+ t(r!,*( 1!rre p!"de"1e e"t t! t(e S,&ta"ate !- O%a"+ #(ere re p!"de"t Sa"t! #a t(e" e%p&!'ed. 2e #a (ired #it(!,t t(e i"terve"ti!" !- t(e POEA !r a"' a,t(!ri)ed re1r,it%e"t a*e"1' !- t(e *!ver"%e"t. U"der t(e r,&e !- -!r,% "!" 1!"ve"ie" + a P(i&ippi"e 1!,rt !r a*e"1' %a' a ,%e 3,ri di1ti!" !ver t(e 1a e i- it 1(!! e t! d! ! pr!vided: 598 t(at t(e P(i&ippi"e 1!,rt i !"e t! #(i1( t(e partie %a' 1!"ve"ie"t&' re !rt t!C 528 t(at t(e P(i&ippi"e 1!,rt i i" a p! iti!" t! %a$e a"

i"te&&i*e"t de1i i!" a t! t(e &a# a"d t(e -a1t C a"d 5E8 t(at t(e P(i&ippi"e 1!,rt (a !r i &i$e&' t! (ave p!#er t! e"-!r1e it de1i i!". T(e 1!"diti!" are ,"avai&i"* i" t(e 1a e at /ar. N!t C!"ve"ie"t. D We -ai& t! ee (!# t(e NLRC i a 1!"ve"ie"t -!r,% *ive" t(at a&& t(e i"1ide"t !- t(e 1a e D -r!% t(e ti%e !- re1r,it%e"t+ t! e%p&!'%e"t t! di %i a& !11,rred !,t ide t(e P(i&ippi"e . T(e i"1!"ve"ie"1e i 1!%p!,"ded /' t(e -a1t t(at t(e pr!per de-e"da"t + t(e Pa&a1e 2!te& a"d M2ICL are "!t "ati!"a& !- t(e P(i&ippi"e . Neit(er .are t(e' 6d!i"* /, i"e i" t(e P(i&ippi"e .7 Li$e#i e+ t(e %ai" #it"e e + Mr. S(%idt a"d Mr. 2e"$ are "!"<re ide"t !- t(e P(i&ippi"e . N! p!#er t! deter%i"e app&i1a/&e &a#. D Neit(er 1a" a" i"te&&i*e"t de1i i!" /e %ade a t! t(e &a# *!ver"i"* t(e e%p&!'%e"t 1!"tra1t a ,1( #a per-e1ted i" -!rei*" !i&. T(i 1a&& t! -!re t(e app&i1ati!" !- t(e pri"1ip&e !- &e= &!1i 1!"tra1t, 5t(e &a# !- t(e p&a1e #(ere t(e 1!"tra1t #a %ade8. T(e e%p&!'%e"t 1!"tra1t #a "!t per-e1ted i" t(e P(i&ippi"e . Sa"t! i*"i-ied (i a11epta"1e /' #riti"* a &etter #(i&e (e #a i" t(e Rep,/&i1 !- O%a". T(i &etter #a e"t t! t(e Pa&a1e 2!te& i" t(e Pe!p&e4 Rep,/&i1 !- C(i"a. N! p!#er t! deter%i"e t(e -a1t . D Neit(er 1a" t(e NLRC deter%i"e t(e -a1t ,rr!,"di"* t(e a&&e*ed i&&e*a& di %i a& a a&& a1t 1!%p&ai"ed !- t!!$ p&a1e i" Bei3i"*+ Pe!p&e4 Rep,/&i1 !C(i"a. T(e NLRC #a "!t i" a p! iti!" t! deter%i"e #(et(er t(e Tia""a%e" S0,are i"1ide"t tr,&' adver e&' a--e1ted !perati!" !- t(e Pa&a1e 2!te& a t! 3, ti-' Sa"t! 4 retre"1(%e"t. Pri"1ip&e !- e--e1tive"e + "! p!#er t! e=e1,te de1i i!". D Eve" a ,%i"* t(at a pr!per de1i i!" 1!,&d /e rea1(ed /' t(e NLRC+ ,1( #!,&d "!t (ave a"' /i"di"* e--e1t a*ai" t t(e e%p&!'er+ t(e Pa&a1e 2!te&. T(e Pa&a1e 2!te& i a 1!rp!rati!" i"1!rp!rated ,"der t(e &a# !C(i"a a"d #a "!t eve" erved #it( ,%%!" . F,ri di1ti!" !ver it per !" #a "!t a10,ired. T(i i "!t t! a' t(at P(i&ippi"e 1!,rt a"d a*e"1ie (ave "! p!#er t! !&ve 1!"tr!ver ie i"v!&vi"* -!rei*" e%p&!'er . Neit(er are #e a'i"* t(at #e d! "!t (ave p!#er !ver a" e%p&!'%e"t 1!"tra1t e=e1,ted i" a -!rei*" 1!,"tr'. I- Sa"t! #ere a" 6!ver ea 1!"tra1t #!r$er7+ a P(i&ippi"e -!r,%+ pe1i-i1a&&' t(e POEA+ "!t t(e NLRC+ #!,&d pr!te1t (i%. 2e i "!t a" 6!ver ea 1!"tra1t #!r$er7 a -a1t #(i1( (e ad%it #it( 1!"vi1ti!". GG Eve" a ,%i"* t(at t(e NLRC #a t(e pr!per -!r,%+ eve" !" t(e %erit + t(e NLRC4 de1i i!" 1a""!t /e , tai"ed. II. M2C N!t Lia/&e Eve" i- #e a ,%e t#! t(i"* : 598 t(at t(e NLRC (ad 3,ri di1ti!" !ver t(e 1a e+ a"d 528 t(at M2ICL #a &ia/&e -!r Sa"t! 4 retre"1(%e"t+ ti&& M2C+ a a eparate a"d di ti"1t 3,ridi1a& e"tit' 1a""!t /e (e&d &ia/&e. Tr,e+ M2C i a" i"1!rp!rat!r !- M2ICL a"d !#" ?;@ !- it 1apita& t!1$. 2!#ever+ t(i i "!t e"!,*( t! pier1e t(e vei& !- 1!rp!rate -i1ti!" /et#ee" M2ICL a"d M2C. I" Trader R!'a& Ba"$ v. CA+ #e (e&d t(at 6t(e %ere !#"er (ip /' a i"*&e t!1$(!&der !r /' a"!t(er 1!rp!rati!" !a&& !r "ear&' a&& !- t(e 1apita& t!1$ !- a 1!rp!rati!" i "!t !- it e&- a ,--i1ie"t rea !" -!r di re*ardi"* t(e -i1ti!" !- eparate 1!rp!rate per !"a&itie .7

It i /a i1 t(at a 1!rp!rati!" (a a per !"a&it' eparate a"d di ti"1t -r!% t(! e 1!%p! i"* it a #e&& a -r!% t(at !- a"' !t(er &e*a& e"tit' t! #(i1( it %a' /e re&ated. C&ear a"d 1!"vi"1i"* evide"1e i "eeded t! pier1e t(e vei& !- 1!rp!rate -i1ti!". I" t(i 1a e+ #e -i"d "! evide"1e t! (!# t(at M2ICL a"d M2C are !"e a"d t(e a%e e"tit'. III. M2ICL "!t Lia/&e Sa"t! predi1ate M2ICL4 &ia/i&it' !" t(e -a1t t(at M2ICL 6 i*"ed7 (i e%p&!'%e"t 1!"tra1t #it( t(e Pa&a1e 2!te&. T(i -a1t -ai& t! per ,ade , . Fir t+ #e "!te t(at t(e Vi1e Pre ide"t 5Operati!" a"d Deve&!p%e"t8 !- M2ICL+ Cer*,eda i*"ed t(e e%p&!'%e"t 1!"tra1t a a %ere #it"e . 2e %ere&' i*"ed ,"der t(e #!rd 6"!ted7. W(e" !"e 6"!te 7 a 1!"tra1t+ !"e i "!t e=pre i"* (i a*ree%e"t !r appr!va&+ a a part' #!,&d. I" Si1(a"*1! v. B!ard !- C!%%i i!"er !- I%%i*rati!"+ t(e C!,rt re1!*"i)ed t(at t(e ter% 6"!ted7 %ea" t(at t(e per !" ! "!ti"* (a %ere&' ta$e" 1!*"i)a"1e !- t(e e=i te"1e !a" a1t !r de1&arati!"+ #it(!,t e=er1i i"* a 3,di1i!, de&i/erati!" !r re"deri"* a de1i i!" !" t(e %atter. Se1!"d+ a"d %!re i%p!rta"t&'+ t(ere #a "! e=i ti"* e%p&!'er<e%p&!'ee re&ati!" (ip /et#ee" Sa"t! a"d M2ICL. I" deter%i"i"* t(e e=i te"1e !- a" e%p&!'er<e%p&!'ee re&ati!" (ip+ t(e -!&&!#i"* e&e%e"t are 1!" idered: 6598 t(e e&e1ti!" a"d e"*a*e%e"t !- t(e e%p&!'eeC 6528 t(e pa'%e"t !- #a*e C 65E8 t(e p!#er t! di %i C a"d 65H8 t(e p!#er t! 1!"tr!& e%p&!'ee4 1!"d,1t.7 M2ICL did "!t (ave a"d did "!t e=er1i e a"' !- t(e a-!re%e"ti!"ed p!#er . It did "!t e&e1t re p!"de"t Sa"t! a a" e%p&!'ee -!r t(e Pa&a1e 2!te&. 2e #a re-erred t! t(e Pa&a1e 2!te& /' (i -rie"d+ B,e"i!. M2ICL did "!t e"*a*e re p!"de"t Sa"t! t! #!r$. T(e ter% !e%p&!'%e"t #ere "e*!tiated a"d -i"a&i)ed t(r!,*( 1!rre p!"de"1e /et#ee" Sa"t! + Mr. S1(%idt a"d Mr. 2e"$+ #(! #ere !--i1er a"d repre e"tative !- t(e Pa&a1e 2!te& a"d "!t M2ICL. Neit(er did Sa"t! add,1e a"' pr!!- t(at M2ICL (ad t(e p!#er t! 1!"tr!& (i 1!"d,1t. Fi"a&&'+ it #a t(e Pa&a1e 2!te&+ t(r!,*( Mr. S1(%idt a"d "!t M2ICL t(at ter%i"ated re p!"de"t Sa"t! 4 ervi1e . Li$e#i e+ t(ere i "! evide"1e t! (!# t(at t(e Pa&a1e 2!te& a"d M2ICL are !"e a"d t(e a%e e"tit'. T(e -a1t t(at t(e Pa&a1e 2!te& i a %e%/er !- t(e 6Ma"i&a 2!te& Ar!,p7 i "!t e"!,*( t! pier1e t(e 1!rp!rate vei& /et#ee" M2ICL a"d t(e Pa&a1e 2!te&. C!" ideri"* t(at t(e NLRC #a -!r,% "!"<1!"ve"ie" a"d 1!" ideri"* -,rt(er t(at "! e%p&!'er<e%p&!'ee re&ati!" (ip e=i ted /et#ee" M2ICL+ M2C a"d Sa"t! + t(e LA 1&ear&' (ad "! 3,ri di1ti!" !ver re p!"de"t4 1&ai% i" t(e NLRC 1a e. I" a&& t(e 1a e ,"der t(e e=1&, ive a"d !ri*i"a& 3,ri di1ti!" !- t(e LA+ a" e%p&!'er<e%p&!'ee re&ati!" (ip i a" i"di pe" a/&e 3,ri di1ti!"a& re0,ire%e"t.
P! ted Mar1( 2I+ 2;9E /' v/dia) i" CONFLICT OF LAWS

COMM-(,CAT,O( MAT.0,A1S ES. CA 1eave a "o%%ent


COMM!NICATION MAT"RIAL G.R. No. 102223 A#$#st 22, 1%%& AND D" IGN, INC et al vs.CA et al.

FACT : Petiti!"er COMMUNICATION MATERIALS AND DESIAN+ INC.+ 5CMDI8 a"d ASPAC MULTI<TRADE INC.+ 5ASPAC8 are /!t( d!%e ti1 1!rp!rati!" .. Private Re p!"de"t ITEC+ INC. a"dJ!r ITEC+ INTERNATIONAL+ INC. 5ITEC8 are 1!rp!rati!" d,&' !r*a"i)ed a"d e=i ti"* ,"der t(e &a# !- t(e State !- A&a/a%a+ USA. T(ere i "! di p,te t(at ITEC i a -!rei*" 1!rp!rati!" "!t &i1e" ed t! d! /, i"e i" t(e P(i&ippi"e . ITEC e"tered i"t! a 1!"tra1t #it( ASPAC re-erred t! a 6Repre e"tative A*ree%e"t7. P,r ,a"t t! t(e 1!"tra1t+ ITEC e"*a*ed ASPAC a it 6e=1&, ive repre e"tative7 i" t(e P(i&ippi"e -!r t(e a&e !- ITEC4 pr!d,1t + i" 1!" iderati!" !- #(i1(+ ASPAC #a paid a tip,&ated 1!%%i i!". T(r!,*( a 6Li1e" e A*ree%e"t7 e"tered i"t! /' t(e a%e partie &ater !"+ ASPAC #a a/&e t! i"1!rp!rate a"d , e t(e "a%e 6ITEC7 i" it !#" "a%e. T(, + ASPAC M,&ti<Trade+ I"1. /e1a%e &e*a&&' a"d p,/&i1&' $"!#" a ASPAC<ITEC 5P(i&ippi"e 8. O"e 'ear i"t! t(e e1!"d ter% !- t(e partie 4 Repre e"tative A*ree%e"t+ ITEC de1ided t! ter%i"ate t(e a%e+ /e1a, e petiti!"er ASPAC a&&e*ed&' vi!&ated it 1!"tra1t,a& 1!%%it%e"t a tip,&ated i" t(eir a*ree%e"t . ITEC 1(ar*e t(e petiti!"er a"d a"!t(er P(i&ippi"e C!rp!rati!"+ DIAITAL BASE COMMUNICATIONS+ INC. 5DIAITAL8+ t(e Pre ide"t !- #(i1( i &i$e#i e petiti!"er A*,irre+ !- , i"* $"!#&ed*e a"d i"-!r%ati!" !- ITEC4 pr!d,1t pe1i-i1ati!" t! deve&!p t(eir !#" &i"e !- e0,ip%e"t a"d pr!d,1t ,pp!rt+ #(i1( are i%i&ar+ i"!t ide"ti1a& t! ITEC4 !#"+ a"d !--eri"* t(e% t! ITEC4 -!r%er 1, t!%er. T(e 1!%p&ai"t #a -i&ed #it( t(e RTC<Ma$ati /' ITEC+ INC. De-e"da"t -i&ed a MTD t(e 1!%p&ai"t !" t(e -!&&!#i"* *r!,"d : 598 T(at p&ai"ti-- (a "! &e*a& 1apa1it' t! ,e a it i a -!rei*" 1!rp!rati!" d!i"* /, i"e i" t(e P(i&ippi"e #it(!,t t(e re0,ired BOI a,t(!rit' a"d SEC &i1e" e+ a"d 528 t(at p&ai"ti-- i i%p&' e"*a*ed i" -!r,% (!ppi"* #(i1( 3, ti-ie t(e app&i1ati!" a*ai" t it !- t(e pri"1ip&e !- 6-!r,% "!" 1!"ve"ie" 7. T(e MTD #a de"ied. Petiti!"er e&evated t(e 1a e t! t(e re p!"de"t CA !" a Petiti!" -!r Certi!rari a"d Pr!(i/iti!" ,"der R,&e K? !- t(e Revi ed ROC. It #a di %i ed a #e&&. MR de"ied+ (e"1e t(i Petiti!" -!r Revie# !" Certi!rari ,"der R,&e H?. I !": 9. Did t(e P(i&ippi"e 1!,rt a10,ire 3,ri di1ti!" !ver t(e per !" !- t(e petiti!"er 1!rp+ de pite a&&e*ati!" !- &a1$ !- 1apa1it' t! ,e /e1a, e !- "!"<re*i trati!"B 2. Ca" t(e P(i&ippi"e 1!,rt *ive d,e 1!,r e t! t(e ,it !r di %i it+ !" t(e pri"1ip&e !- -!r,% "!" 1!"ve"ie"1eB H"LD: petiti!" di %i ed. 9. YESC We are per ,aded t! 1!"1&,de t(at ITEC (ad /ee" 6e"*a*ed i"7 !r 6d!i"* /, i"e 7 i" t(e P(i&ippi"e -!r !%e ti%e "!#. T(i i t(e i"evita/&e re ,&t a-ter a 1r,ti"' !- t(e di--ere"t 1!"tra1t a"d a*ree%e"t e"tered i"t! /' ITEC #it( it vari!, /, i"e 1!"ta1t i" t(e 1!,"tr'. It arra"*e%e"t + #it( t(e e e"titie i"di1ate 1!"vi"1i"*&' t(at ITEC i a1tive&' e"*a*i"* i" /, i"e i" t(e 1!,"tr'. A -!rei*" 1!rp!rati!" d!i"* /, i"e i" t(e P(i&ippi"e %a' ,e i" P(i&ippi"e C!,rt a&t(!,*( "!t a,t(!ri)ed t! d! /, i"e (ere a*ai" t a P(i&ippi"e 1iti)e" !r e"tit' #(! (ad 1!"tra1ted #it( a"d /e"e-ited /' aid 1!rp!rati!". T! p,t it i" a"!t(er #a'+ a part' i e t!pped t! 1(a&&e"*e t(e per !"a&it' !- a 1!rp!rati!" a-ter (avi"* a1$"!#&ed*ed t(e a%e /' e"teri"* i"t! a 1!"tra1t #it( it. A"d t(e d!1tri"e !- e t!ppe& t! de"' 1!rp!rate e=i te"1e app&ie t! a -!rei*" a #e&& a t! d!%e ti1 1!rp!rati!" . O"e #(! (a dea&t #it( a 1!rp!rati!" !- -!rei*" !ri*i" a a 1!rp!rate e"tit' i e t!pped t! de"' it 1!rp!rate e=i te"1e a"d 1apa1it'.

I" A"ta% C!" !&idated I"1. v . CA et a&. #e e=pre ed !,r 1(a*ri" !ver t(i 1!%%!"&' , ed 1(e%e !- de-a,&ti"* &!1a& 1!%pa"ie #(i1( are /ei"* ,ed /' ,"&i1e" ed -!rei*" 1!%pa"ie "!t e"*a*ed i" /, i"e i" t(e P(i&ippi"e t! i"v!$e t(e &a1$ !- 1apa1it' t! ,e !- ,1( -!rei*" 1!%pa"ie . O/vi!, &'+ t(e a%e p&!' i re !rted t! /' ASPAC t! preve"t t(e i"3,"1tive a1ti!" -i&ed /' ITEC t! e"3!i" petiti!"er -r!% , i"* $"!#&ed*e p! i/&' a10,ired i" vi!&ati!" !-id,1iar' arra"*e%e"t /et#ee" t(e partie . 2. YESC Petiti!"er4 i" i te"1e !" t(e di %i a& !- t(i a1ti!" d,e t! t(e app&i1ati!"+ !r "!" app&i1ati!"+ !- t(e private i"ter"ati!"a& &a# r,&e !- -!r,% "!" 1!"ve"ie" de-ie #e&&< ett&ed r,&e !- -air p&a'. A11!rdi"* t! petiti!"er+ t(e P(i&ippi"e C!,rt (a "! ve",e t! app&' it di 1reti!" #(et(er t! *ive 1!*"i)a"1e !r "!t t! t(e pre e"t a1ti!"+ /e1a, e it (a "!t a10,ired 3,ri di1ti!" !ver t(e per !" !- t(e p&ai"ti-- i" t(e 1a e+ t(e &atter a&&e*ed&' (avi"* "! per !"a&it' t! ,e /e-!re P(i&ippi"e C!,rt . T(i ar*,%e"t i %i p&a1ed /e1a, e t(e 1!,rt (a a&read' a10,ired 3,ri di1ti!" !ver t(e p&ai"ti-- i" t(e ,it+ /' virt,e !- (i -i&i"* t(e !ri*i"a& 1!%p&ai"t. A"d a #e (ave a&read' !/ erved+ petiti!"er i "!t at &i/ert' t! 0,e ti!" p&ai"ti--4 ta"di"* t! ,e+ (avi"* a&read' a11eded t! t(e a%e /' virt,e !- it e"tr' i"t! t(e Repre e"tative A*ree%e"t re-erred t! ear&ier. T(, + (avi"* a10,ired 3,ri di1ti!"+ it i "!# -!r t(e P(i&ippi"e C!,rt+ /a ed !" t(e -a1t !- t(e 1a e+ #(et(er t! *ive d,e 1!,r e t! t(e ,it !r di %i it+ !" t(e pri"1ip&e !- -!r,% "!" 1!"ve"ie"1e. 2e"1e+ t(e P(i&ippi"e C!,rt %a' re-, e t! a ,%e 3,ri di1ti!" i" pite !- it (avi"* a10,ired 3,ri di1ti!". C!"ver e&'+ t(e 1!,rt %a' a ,%e 3,ri di1ti!" !ver t(e 1a e i- it 1(!! e t! d! !C pr!vided+ t(at t(e -!&&!#i"* re0,i ite are %et: 98 T(at t(e P(i&ippi"e C!,rt i !"e t! #(i1( t(e partie %a' 1!"ve"ie"t&' re !rt t!C 28 T(at t(e P(i&ippi"e C!,rt i i" a p! iti!" t! %a$e a" i"te&&i*e"t de1i i!" a t! t(e &a# a"d t(e -a1t C a"d+ E8 T(at t(e P(i&ippi"e C!,rt (a !r i &i$e&' t! (ave p!#er t! e"-!r1e it de1i i!". T(e a-!re aid re0,ire%e"t (avi"* /ee" %et+ a"d i" vie# !- t(e 1!,rt4 di p! iti!" t! *ive d,e 1!,r e t! t(e 0,e ti!"ed a1ti!"+ t(e %atter !- t(e pre e"t -!r,% "!t /ei"* t(e 6%! t 1!"ve"ie"t7 a a *r!,"d -!r t(e ,it4 di %i a&+ de erve 1a"t 1!" iderati!".
P! ted Mar1( 2I+ 2;9E /' v/dia) i" CONFLICT OF LAWS

4;,1S.C ES. CA 1eave a "o%%ent


'HIL "C IN(" TM"NT et al vs.CA et al G.R. No. 103)%3 *#+e 1%, 1%%7 FACT : Private re p!"de"t D,1at !/tai"ed eparate &!a" -r!% petiti!"er A'a&a I"ter"ati!"a& Fi"a"1e Li%ited 5AYALA8 a"d P(i& e1 I"ve t%e"t C!rp 5P2ILSEC8+ e1,red /' (are !- t!1$ !#"ed /' D,1at. I" !rder t! -a1i&itate t(e pa'%e"t !- t(e &!a" + private re p!"de"t 9HII+ I"1.+ t(r!,*( it pre ide"t+ private re p!"de"t Dai1+ a ,%ed D,1at4 !/&i*ati!" ,"der a" A*ree%e"t+ #(ere/' 9HII+ I"1. e=e1,ted a Warra"t' Deed #it( Ve"d!r4 Lie" /' #(i1( it !&d t! petiti!"er At(!"a 2!&di"* + N.V. 5AT2ONA8 a par1e& !- &a"d i" Te=a + U.S.A.+ #(i&e P2ILSEC a"d AYALA e=te"ded a &!a" t! AT2ONA a i"itia& pa'%e"t !- t(e p,r1(a e pri1e. T(e /a&a"1e #a t! /e paid /' %ea" !- a pr!%i !r' "!te e=e1,ted /' AT2ONA i" -av!r !- 9HII+ I"1. S,/ e0,e"t&'+ ,p!" t(eir re1eipt !- t(e %!"e' -r!% 9HII+ I"1.+ P2ILSEC a"d AYALA re&ea ed D,1at -r!% (i i"de/ted"e a"d de&ivered t! 9HII+ I"1. a&& t(e (are !- t!1$ i" t(eir p! e i!" /e&!"*i"* t! D,1at.

A AT2ONA -ai&ed t! pa' t(e i"tere t !" t(e /a&a"1e+ t(e e"tire a%!,"t 1!vered /' t(e "!te /e1a%e d,e a"d de%a"da/&e. A11!rdi"*&'+ private re p!"de"t 9HII+ I"1. ,ed petiti!"er P2ILSEC+ AYALA+ a"d AT2ONA i" t(e U"ited State -!r pa'%e"t !- t(e /a&a"1e a"d -!r da%a*e -!r /rea1( !- 1!"tra1t a"d -!r -ra,d a&&e*ed&' perpetrated /' petiti!"er i" %i repre e"ti"* t(e %ar$eta/i&it' !- t(e (are !- t!1$ de&ivered t! 9HII+ I"1. ,"der t(e A*ree%e"t. W(i&e t(e Civi& Ca e #a pe"di"* i" t(e U"ited State + petiti!"er -i&ed a 1!%p&ai"t 6F!r S,% !- M!"e' #it( Da%a*e a"d Writ !- Pre&i%i"ar' Atta1(%e"t7 a*ai" t private re p!"de"t i" t(e RTC Ma$ati. T(e 1!%p&ai"t reiterated t(e a&&e*ati!" !- petiti!"er i" t(eir re pe1tive 1!,"ter1&ai% i" t(e Civi& A1ti!" i" t(e U"ited State Di tri1t C!,rt !- S!,t(er" Te=a t(at private re p!"de"t 1!%%itted -ra,d /' e&&i"* t(e pr!pert' at a pri1e H;; per1e"t %!re t(a" it tr,e va&,e. D,1at %!ved t! di %i t(e Civi& Ca e i" t(e RTC<Ma$ati !" t(e *r!,"d !- 598 &iti pe"de"tia+ vi <a<vi t(e Civi& A1ti!" i" t(e U.S.+ 528 -!r,% "!" 1!"ve"ie" + a"d 5E8 -ai&,re !- petiti!"er P2ILSEC a"d BPI<IFL t! tate a 1a, e !- a1ti!". T(e tria& 1!,rt *ra"ted D,1at4 MTD+ tati"* t(at 6t(e evide"tiar' re0,ire%e"t !- t(e 1!"tr!ver ' %a' /e %!re ,ita/&' tried /e-!re t(e -!r,% !- t(e &iti pe"de"tia i" t(e U.S.+ ,"der t(e pri"1ip&e i" private i"ter"ati!"a& &a# !- -!r,% "!" 1!"ve"ie" +7 eve" a it "!ted t(at D,1at #a "!t a part' i" t(e U.S. 1a e. Petiti!"er appea&ed t! t(e CA+ ar*,i"* t(at t(e tria& 1!,rt erred i" app&'i"* t(e pri"1ip&e !&iti pe"de"tia a"d -!r,% "!" 1!"ve"ie" . T(e CA a--ir%ed t(e di %i !- &iti pe"de"tia. a& !- Civi& Ca e a*ai" t D,1at+ 9HII+ I"1.+ a"d Dai1 !" t(e *r!,"d

I !": i t(e Civi& Ca e i" t(e RTC<Ma$ati /arred /' t(e 3,d*%e"t !- t(e U.S. 1!,rtB H"LD: CA rever ed. Ca e re%a"ded t! RTC<Ma$ati NO W(i&e t(i C!,rt (a *ive" t(e e--e1t !- re 3,di1ata t! -!rei*" 3,d*%e"t i" evera& 1a e + it #a a-ter t(e partie !pp! ed t! t(e 3,d*%e"t (ad /ee" *ive" a%p&e !pp!rt,"it' t! repe& t(e% !" *r!,"d a&&!#ed ,"der t(e &a#. T(i i /e1a, e i" t(i 3,ri di1ti!"+ #it( re pe1t t! a1ti!" i" per !"a%+ a di ti"*,i (ed -r!% a1ti!" i" re%+ a -!rei*" 3,d*%e"t %ere&' 1!" tit,te pri%a -a1ie evide"1e !- t(e 3, t"e !- t(e 1&ai% !- a part' a"d+ a ,1(+ i ,/3e1t t! pr!!- t! t(e 1!"trar'. R,&e E:+ L?; pr!vide : Se1. ?;. E--e1t !- -!rei*" 3,d*%e"t . D T(e e--e1t !- a 3,d*%e"t !- a tri/,"a& !- a -!rei*" 1!,"tr'+ (avi"* 3,ri di1ti!" t! pr!"!,"1e t(e 3,d*%e"t i a -!&&!# : 5a8 I" 1a e !- a 3,d*%e"t ,p!" a pe1i-i1 t(i"*+ t(e 3,d*%e"t i 1!"1&, ive ,p!" t(e tit&e t! t(e t(i"*C 5/8 I" 1a e !- a 3,d*%e"t a*ai" t a per !"+ t(e 3,d*%e"t i pre ,%ptive evide"1e !- a ri*(t a /et#ee" t(e partie a"d t(eir ,11e !r i" i"tere t /' a ,/ e0,e"t tit&eC /,t t(e 3,d*%e"t %a' /e repe&&ed /' evide"1e !- a #a"t !- 3,ri di1ti!"+ #a"t !- "!ti1e t! t(e part'+ 1!&&, i!"+ -ra,d+ !r 1&ear %i ta$e !- &a# !r -a1t.

I" t(e 1a e at /ar+ it 1a""!t /e aid t(at petiti!"er #ere *ive" t(e !pp!rt,"it' t! 1(a&&e"*e t(e 3,d*%e"t !- t(e U.S. 1!,rt a /a i -!r de1&ari"* it re 3,di1ata !r 1!"1&, ive !- t(e ri*(t !- private re p!"de"t . T(e pr!1eedi"* i" t(e tria& 1!,rt #ere ,%%ar'. Neit(er t(e tria& 1!,rt "!r t(e appe&&ate 1!,rt #a eve" -,r"i (ed 1!pie !- t(e p&eadi"* i" t(e U.S. 1!,rt !r appri ed !- t(e evide"1e pre e"ted t(ereat+ t! a ,re a pr!per deter%i"ati!" !- #(et(er t(e i ,e t(e" /ei"* &iti*ated i" t(e U.S. 1!,rt #ere e=a1t&' t(e i ,e rai ed i" t(i 1a e ,1( t(at t(e 3,d*%e"t t(at %i*(t /e re"dered #!,&d 1!" tit,te re 3,di1ata. Se1!"d. N!r i t(e tria& 1!,rt4 re-, a& t! ta$e 1!*"i)a"1e !- t(e 1a e 3, ti-ia/&e ,"der t(e pri"1ip&e !- -!r,% "!" 1!"ve"ie" : Fir t+ a MTD i &i%ited t! t(e *r!,"d ,"der R,&e 9K+ e1.9+ #(i1( d!e "!t i"1&,de -!r,% "!" 1!"ve"ie" . T(e pr!priet' !- di %i i"* a 1a e /a ed !" t(i pri"1ip&e re0,ire a -a1t,a& deter%i"ati!"+ (e"1e+ it i %!re pr!per&' 1!" idered a %atter !- de-e" e. Se1!"d+ #(i&e it i #it(i" t(e di 1reti!" !- t(e tria& 1!,rt t! a/ tai" -r!% a ,%i"* 3,ri di1ti!" !" t(i *r!,"d+ it (!,&d d! ! !"&' a-ter 6vita& -a1t are e ta/&i (ed+ t! deter%i"e #(et(er pe1ia& 1ir1,% ta"1e 7 re0,ire t(e 1!,rt4 de i ta"1e.
P! ted Mar1( 2I+ 2;9E /' v/dia) i" CONFLICT OF LAWS

;SFC ES. S;.0MA( 1eave a "o%%ent


HONG,ONG AND HANGHAI -AN,ING COR'ORATION .H -C/ vs. H"RMAN et al G.R. No. 72)%) A#$#st 11, 1%0% FACT : It appear t(at !%eti%e i" 9:I9+ Ea ter" B!!$ S,pp&' Servi1e PTE+ Ltd. 5COMPANY8+ a 1!%pa"' i"1!rp!rated i" Si"*ap!re app&ied #it( a"d #a *ra"ted /' 2SBC Si"*ap!re /ra"1( a" !verdra-t -a1i&it' i" t(e %a=i%,% a%!,"t !- Si"*ap!re d!&&ar 2;;+;;; #it( i"tere t at E@ !ver 2SBC pri%e rate+ pa'a/&e %!"t(&'+ !" a%!,"t d,e ,"der aid !verdra-t -a1i&it'. A a e1,rit' -!r t(e repa'%e"t /' t(e COMPANY !- ,% adva"1ed /' 2SBC t! it t(r!,*( t(e a-!re aid !verdra-t -a1i&it'+ i" 9:I2+ /!t( private re p!"de"t a"d a 1ertai" L!#e+ a&& !- #(!% #ere dire1t!r !- t(e COMPANY at ,1( ti%e+ e=e1,ted a F!i"t a"d Severa& A,ara"tee i" -av!r !- 2SBC #(ere/' private re p!"de"t a"d L!#e a*reed t! pa'+ 3!i"t&' a"d evera&&'+ !" de%a"d a&& ,% !#ed /' t(e COMPANY t! petiti!"er BAN> ,"der t(e a-!re tated !verdra-t -a1i&it'. T(e F!i"t a"d Severa& A,ara"tee pr!vide + i"ter a&ia+ t(at: T(i *,ara"tee a"d a&& ri*(t + !/&i*ati!" a"d &ia/i&itie ari i"* (ere,"der (a&& /e 1!" tr,ed a"d deter%i"ed ,"der a"d %a' /e e"-!r1ed i" a11!rda"1e #it( t(e &a# !- t(e Rep,/&i1 !Si"*ap!re. We (ere/' a*ree t(at t(e C!,rt !- Si"*ap!re (a&& (ave 3,ri di1ti!" !ver a&& di p,te ari i"* ,"der t(i *,ara"tee. M T(e COMPANY -ai&ed t! pa' it !/&i*ati!". T(, + 2SBC de%a"ded pa'%e"t a"d i"a %,1( a t(e private re p!"de"t ti&& -ai&ed t! pa'+ 2SBC -i&ed A 1!%p&ai"t -!r 1!&&e1ti!" !- a ,% !%!"e' a*ai" t private re p!"de"t S(er%a" a"d Re&!3 /e-!re RTC !- N,e)!" Cit'. Private re p!"de"t -i&ed a" MTD !" t(e *r!,"d !- &a1$ !- 3,ri di1ti!" !ver t(e ,/3e1t %atter. T(e tria& 1!,rt de"ied t(e %!ti!". T(e' t(e" -i&ed /e-!re t(e re p!"de"t IAC a petiti!" -!r pr!(i/iti!" #it( pre&i%i"ar' i"3,"1ti!" a"dJ!r pra'er -!r a re trai"i"* !rder. T(e IAC re"dered a de1i i!" e"3!i"i"* t(e RTC N,e)!" Cit' -r!% ta$i"* -,rt(er 1!*"i)a"1e !- t(e 1a e a"d t! di %i t(e a%e -!r -i&i"* #it( t(e pr!per 1!,rt !- Si"*ap!re #(i1( i t(e pr!per -!r,%. MR de"ied+ (e"1e t(i petiti!".

I !": D! P(i&ippi"e 1!,rt (ave 3,ri di1ti!" !ver t(e ,it+ vi <a<vi t(e A,ara"tee tip,&ati!" re*ardi"* 3,ri di1ti!"B H"LD: YES O"e /a i1 pri"1ip&e ,"der&ie a&& r,&e !- 3,ri di1ti!" i" I"ter"ati!"a& La#: a State d!e "!t (ave 3,ri di1ti!" i" t(e a/ e"1e !- !%e rea !"a/&e /a i -!r e=er1i i"* it+ #(et(er t(e pr!1eedi"* are i" re% 0,a i i" re% !r i" per !"a%. T! /e rea !"a/&e+ t(e 3,ri di1ti!" %, t /e /a ed !" !%e %i"i%,% 1!"ta1t t(at #i&& "!t !--e"d traditi!"a& "!ti!" !- -air p&a' a"d ,/ ta"tia& 3, ti1e T(e de-e" e !- private re p!"de"t t(at t(e 1!%p&ai"t (!,&d (ave /ee" -i&ed i" Si"*ap!re i /a ed %ere&' !" te1("i1a&it'. T(e' did "!t eve" 1&ai%+ %,1( &e pr!ve+ t(at t(e -i&i"* !- t(e a1ti!" (ere #i&& 1a, e t(e% a"' ,""e1e ar' tr!,/&e+ da%a*e+ !r e=pe" e. O" t(e !t(er (a"d+ t(ere i "! (!#i"* t(at petiti!"er BAN> -i&ed t(e a1ti!" (ere 3, t t! (ara private re p!"de"t . OO I" t(e 1a e !- Nevi&&e Y. La%i E"t .+ et a&. v. La*a%!"+ et1.+ #(ere t(e tip,&ati!" #a 6PiQ" 1a e !- &iti*ati!"+ 3,ri di1ti!" (a&& /e ve ted i" t(e C!,rt !- Dava! Cit'.7 We (e&d: A"e"t t(e 1&ai% t(at Dava! Cit' (ad /ee" tip,&ated a t(e ve",e+ ,--i1e it t! a' t(at a tip,&ati!" a t! ve",e d!e "!t pre1&,de t(e -i&i"* !- ,it i" t(e re ide"1e !- p&ai"ti-- !r de-e"da"t ,"der Se1ti!" 2 5/8+ R,&e H+ ROC+ i" t(e a/ e"1e !- 0,a&i-'i"* !r re tri1tive #!rd i" t(e a*ree%e"t #(i1( #!,&d i"di1ate t(at t(e p&a1e "a%ed i t(e !"&' ve",e a*reed ,p!" /' t(e partie . App&'i"* t(e -!re*!i"* t! t(e 1a e at /ar+ t(e partie did "!t t(ere/' tip,&ate t(at !"&' t(e 1!,rt !- Si"*ap!re+ t! t(e e=1&, i!" !- a&& t(e re t+ (a 3,ri di1ti!". Neit(er did t(e 1&a, e i" 0,e ti!" !perate t! dive t P(i&ippi"e 1!,rt !- 3,ri di1ti!". I" I"ter"ati!"a& La#+ 3,ri di1ti!" i !-te" de-i"ed a t(e &i*(t !- a State t! e=er1i e a,t(!rit' !ver per !" a"d t(i"* #it(i" it /!,"darie ,/3e1t t! 1ertai" e=1epti!" . T(, + a State d!e "!t a ,%e 3,ri di1ti!" !ver trave&&i"* !verei*" + a%/a ad!r a"d dip&!%ati1 repre e"tative !- !t(er State + a"d -!rei*" %i&itar' ,"it tati!"ed i" !r %ar1(i"* t(r!,*( State territ!r' #it( t(e per%i i!" !- t(e &atter4 a,t(!ritie . T(i a,t(!rit'+ #(i1( -i"d it !,r1e i" t(e 1!"1ept !- !verei*"t'+ i e=1&, ive #it(i" a"d t(r!,*(!,t t(e d!%ai" !- t(e State. A State i 1!%pete"t t! ta$e (!&d !a"' 3,di1ia& %atter it ee -it /' %a$i"* it 1!,rt a"d a*e"1ie a ,%e 3,ri di1ti!" !ver a&& $i"d !- 1a e /r!,*(t /e-!re t(e% NOT" : T(e re p!"de"t IAC &i$e#i e r,&ed t(at: M I" a 1!"-&i1t pr!/&e%+ a 1!,rt #i&& i%p&' re-, e t! e"tertai" t(e 1a e i- it i "!t a,t(!ri)ed /' &a# t! e=er1i e 3,ri di1ti!". A"d eve" i- it i ! a,t(!ri)ed+ it %a' ti&& re-, e t! e"tertai" t(e 1a e /' app&'i"* t(e pri"1ip&e !- -!r,% "!" 1!"ve"ie" . M 2!#ever+ #(et(er a ,it (!,&d /e e"tertai"ed !r di %i ed !" t(e /a i !- t(e pri"1ip&e !-!r,% "!" 1!"ve"ie" depe"d &ar*e&' ,p!" t(e -a1t !- t(e parti1,&ar 1a e a"d i addre ed t! t(e !,"d di 1reti!" !- t(e tria& 1!,rt. T(, + t(e IAC (!,&d "!t (ave re&ied !" ,1( pri"1ip&e.
P! ted Mar1( 2I+ 2;9E /' v/dia) i" CONFLICT OF LAWS

AG(A0 ES 2A0C,A 1eave a "o%%ent


A1NAR vs. GARCIA G.R. No. L21&7)% *a+#ar3 31, 1%&3

FACT : EDWARD C(ri te" e" died te tate. T(e e tate #a di tri/,ted /' E=e1,ti!"er A)"ar a11!rdi"* t! t(e #i&&+ #(i1( pr!vide t(at: P(p E+K;; /e *ive" t! 2ELEN C(ri te" e" a (er &e*a1'+ a"d t(e re t !- (i e tate t! (i da,*(ter LUCY C(ri te" e"+ a pr!"!,"1ed /' CFI Dava!. Opp! iti!" t! t(e appr!va& !- t(e pr!3e1t !- partiti!" #a -i&ed /' 2e&e"+ i" !-ar a it deprive (er !- (er &e*iti%e a a" a1$"!#&ed*ed "at,ra& 1(i&d+ (e (avi"* /ee" de1&ared /' U a" a1$"!#&ed*ed "at,ra& 1(i&d !- t(e de1ea ed Ed#ard i" a" ear&ier 1a e. A t! (i 1iti)e" (ip+ #e -i"d t(at t(e 1iti)e" (ip t(at (e a10,ired i" Ca&i-!r"ia #(e" (e re ided i" Sa1ra%e"t! -r!% 9:;H t! 9:9E+ #a "ever &! t /' (i ta' i" t(e P(i&ippi"e + a"d t(e de1ea ed appear t! (ave 1!" idered (i% e&- a a 1iti)e" !- Ca&i-!r"ia /' t(e -a1t t(at #(e" (e e=e1,ted (i #i&& (e de1&ared t(at (e #a a 1iti)e" !- t(at StateC ! t(at (e appear "ever t! (ave i"te"ded t! a/a"d!" (i Ca&i-!r"ia 1iti)e" (ip /' a10,iri"* a"!t(er. B,t at t(e ti%e !(i deat(+ (e #a d!%i1i&ed i" t(e P(i&ippi"e . I !": #(at &a# !" ,11e i!" (!,&d app&'+ t(e P(i&ippi"e &a# !r t(e Ca&i-!r"ia &a#B H"LD: W2EREFORE+ t(e de1i i!" appea&ed -r!% i (ere/' rever ed a"d t(e 1a e ret,r"ed t! t(e &!#er 1!,rt #it( i" tr,1ti!" t(at t(e partiti!" /e %ade a t(e P(i&ippi"e &a# !" ,11e i!" pr!vide . T(e &a# t(at *!ver" t(e va&idit' !- (i te ta%e"tar' di p! iti!" i de-i"ed i" Arti1&e 9K !- t(e Civi& C!de !- t(e P(i&ippi"e + #(i1( i a -!&&!# : ART. 9K. Rea& pr!pert' a #e&& a per !"a& pr!pert' i it i it,ated. ,/3e1t t! t(e &a# !- t(e 1!,"tr' #(ere

2!#ever+ i"te tate a"d te ta%e"tar' ,11e i!" + /!t( #it( re pe1t t! t(e !rder !- ,11e i!" a"d t! t(e a%!,"t !- ,11e i!"a& ri*(t a"d t! t(e i"tri" i1 va&idit' !- te ta%e"tar' pr!vi i!" + (a&& /e re*,&ated /' t(e "ati!"a& &a# !- t(e per !" #(! e ,11e i!" i ,"der 1!" iderati!"+ #(atever %a' /e t(e "at,re !- t(e pr!pert' a"d re*ard&e !- t(e 1!,"tr' #(ere aid pr!pert' %a' /e -!,"d. T(e app&i1ati!" !- t(i arti1&e i" t(e 1a e at /ar re0,ire t(e deter%i"ati!" !- t(e %ea"i"* !t(e ter% 6"ati!"a& &a#7 i , ed t(erei". T(e "e=t 0,e ti!" i : W(at i t(e &a# i" Ca&i-!r"ia *!ver"i"* t(e di p! iti!" !- per !"a& pr!pert'B T(e de1i i!" !- CFI Dava!+ , tai" t(e 1!"te"ti!" !- t(e e=e1,t!r<appe&&ee t(at ,"der t(e Ca&i-!r"ia Pr!/ate C!de+ a te tat!r %a' di p! e !- (i pr!pert' /' #i&& i" t(e -!r% a"d %a""er (e de ire . B,t 2ELEN i"v!$e t(e pr!vi i!" !- Arti1&e :HK !- t(e Civi& C!de !- Ca&i-!r"ia+ #(i1( i a -!&&!# : I- t(ere i "! &a# t! t(e 1!"trar'+ i" t(e p&a1e #(ere per !"a& pr!pert' i it,ated+ it i dee%ed t! -!&&!# t(e per !" !- it !#"er+ a"d i *!ver"ed /' t(e &a# !- (i d!%i1i&e. It i ar*,ed !" e=e1,t!r4 /e(a&- t(at a t(e de1ea ed C(ri te" e" #a a 1iti)e" !- t(e State !Ca&i-!r"ia+ t(e i"ter"a& &a# t(ere!-+ #(i1( i t(at *ive" i" t(e >a,-%a" 1a e+ (!,&d *!ver" t(e deter%i"ati!" !- t(e va&idit' !- t(e te ta%e"tar' pr!vi i!" !- C(ri te" e"4 #i&&+ ,1( &a# /ei"* i" -!r1e i" t(e State !- Ca&i-!r"ia !- #(i1( C(ri te" e" #a a 1iti)e". Appe&&a"t+ !" t(e !t(er (a"d+ i" i t t(at Arti1&e :HK (!,&d /e app&i1a/&e+ a"d i" a11!rda"1e t(ere#it( a"d -!&&!#i"* t(e d!1tri"e !- t(e re"v!i+ t(e 0,e ti!" !- t(e va&idit' !- t(e te ta%e"tar' pr!vi i!"

i" 0,e ti!" (!,&d /e re-erred /a1$ t! t(e &a# !- t(e de1ede"t4 d!%i1i&e+ #(i1( i t(e P(i&ippi"e . We "!te t(at Arti1&e :HK !- t(e Ca&i-!r"ia Civi& C!de i it 1!"-&i1t !- &a# r,&e+ #(i&e t(e r,&e app&ied i" I" re >a,-%a"+ it i"ter"a& &a#. I- t(e &a# !" ,11 e i!" a"d t(e 1!"-&i1t !- &a# r,&e !- Ca&i-!r"ia are t! /e e"-!r1ed 3!i"t&'+ ea1( i" it !#" i"te"ded a"d appr!priate p(ere+ t(e pri"1ip&e 1ited I" re >a,-%a" (!,&d app&' t! 1iti)e" &ivi"* i" t(e State+ /,t Arti1&e :HK (!,&d app&' t! ,1( !- it 1iti)e" a are "!t d!%i1i&ed i" Ca&i-!r"ia /,t i" !t(er 3,ri di1ti!" . T(e r,&e &aid d!#" !- re !rti"* t! t(e &a# !- t(e d!%i1i&e i" t(e deter%i"ati!" !- %atter #it( -!rei*" e&e%e"t i"v!&ved i i" a11!rd #it( t(e *e"era& pri"1ip&e !- A%eri1a" &a# t(at t(e d!%i1i&iar' &a# (!,&d *!ver" i" %! t %atter !r ri*(t #(i1( -!&&!# t(e per !" !- t(e !#"er. Appe&&ee ar*,e t(at #(at Arti1&e 9K !- t(e Civi& C!de !- t(e P(i&ippi"e p!i"ted !,t a t(e "ati!"a& &a# i t(e i"ter"a& &a# !- Ca&i-!r"ia. B,t a a/!ve e=p&ai"ed t(e &a# !- Ca&i-!r"ia (ave pre 1ri/ed t#! et !- &a# -!r it 1iti)e" + !"e -!r re ide"t t(erei" a"d a"!t(er -!r t(! e d!%i1i&ed i" !t(er 3,ri di1ti!" . It i ar*,ed !" appe&&ee 4 5A)"ar a"d LUCY8 /e(a&- t(at t(e 1&a, e 6i- t(ere i "! &a# t! t(e 1!"trar' i" t(e p&a1e #(ere t(e pr!pert' i it,ated7 i" Se1. :HK !- t(e Ca&i-!r"ia Civi& C!de re-er t! Arti1&e 9K !- t(e Civi& C!de !- t(e P(i&ippi"e a"d t(at t(e &a# t! t(e 1!"trar' i" t(e P(i&ippi"e i t(e pr!vi i!" i" aid Arti1&e 9K t(at t(e "ati!"a& &a# !- t(e de1ea ed (!,&d *!ver". T(i 1!"te"ti!" 1a" "!t /e , tai"ed. A e=p&ai"ed i" t(e vari!, a,t(!ritie 1ited a/!ve+ t(e "ati!"a& &a# %e"ti!"ed i" Arti1&e 9K !!,r Civi& C!de i t(e &a# !" 1!"-&i1t !- &a# i" t(e Ca&i-!r"ia Civi& C!de+ i.e.+ Arti1&e :HK+ #(i1( a,t(!ri)e t(e re-ere"1e !r ret,r" !- t(e 0,e ti!" t! t(e &a# !- t(e te tat!r4 d!%i1i&e. T(e 1!"-&i1t !- &a# r,&e i" Ca&i-!r"ia+ Arti1&e :HK+ Civi& C!de+ pre1i e&' re-er /a1$ t(e 1a e+ #(e" a de1ede"t i "!t d!%i1i&ed i" Ca&i-!r"ia+ t! t(e &a# !- (i d!%i1i&e+ t(e P(i&ippi"e i" t(e 1a e at /ar. T(e 1!,rt !- t(e d!%i1i&e 1a" "!t a"d (!,&d "!t re-er t(e 1a e /a1$ t! Ca&i-!r"iaC ,1( a1ti!" #!,&d &eave t(e i ,e i"1apa/&e !- deter%i"ati!" /e1a, e t(e 1a e #i&& t(e" /e &i$e a -!!t/a&&+ t! ed /a1$ a"d -!rt( /et#ee" t(e t#! tate + /et#ee" t(e 1!,"tr' !- #(i1( t(e de1ede"t #a a 1iti)e" a"d t(e 1!,"tr' !- (i d!%i1i&e. T(e P(i&ippi"e 1!,rt %, t app&' it !#" &a# a dire1ted i" t(e 1!"-&i1t !- &a# r,&e !- t(e tate !- t(e de1ede"t+ i- t(e 0,e ti!" (a t! /e de1ided+ e pe1ia&&' a t(e app&i1ati!" !- t(e i"ter"a& &a# !- Ca&i-!r"ia pr!vide "! &e*iti%e -!r 1(i&dre" #(i&e t(e P(i&ippi"e &a#+ Art . IIR5H8 a"d I:H+ Civi& C!de !- t(e P(i&ippi"e + %a$e "at,ra& 1(i&dre" &e*a&&' a1$"!#&ed*ed -!r1ed (eir !- t(e pare"t re1!*"i)i"* t(e%. We t(ere-!re -i"d t(at a t(e d!%i1i&e !- t(e de1ea ed Ed#ard+ a 1iti)e" !- Ca&i-!r"ia+ i t(e P(i&ippi"e + t(e va&idit' !- t(e pr!vi i!" !- (i #i&& deprivi"* (i a1$"!#&ed*ed "at,ra& 1(i&d+ t(e appe&&a"t 2ELEN+ (!,&d /e *!ver"ed /' t(e P(i&ippi"e La#+ t(e d!%i1i&e+ p,r ,a"t t! Art. :HK !- t(e Civi& C!de !- Ca&i-!r"ia+ "!t /' t(e i"ter"a& &a# !- Ca&i-!r"ia.. NOT" : T(ere i "! i"*&e A%eri1a" &a# *!ver"i"* t(e va&idit' !- te ta%e"tar' pr!vi i!" i" t(e U"ited State + ea1( tate !- t(e U"i!" (avi"* it !#" private &a# app&i1a/&e t! it 1iti)e" !"&' a"d i" -!r1e !"&' #it(i" t(e tate. T(e 6"ati!"a& &a#7 i"di1ated i" Arti1&e 9K !- t(e Civi& C!de a/!ve 0,!ted 1a" "!t+ t(ere-!re+ p! i/&' %ea" !r app&' t! a"' *e"era& A%eri1a" &a#. S! it 1a" re-er t! "! !t(er t(a" t(e private &a# !- t(e State !- Ca&i-!r"ia.
P! ted Mar1( 2I+ 2;9E /' v/dia) i" CONFLICT OF LAWS

,(2.(O;1 ES O1S.( 1eave a "o%%ent

ING"NOHL vs. OL "N AND COM'AN4, INC G.R. No. L222200 *a+#ar3 12, 1%25 FACT : I" 9:9:+ t(e a1ti"* A&ie" Pr!pert' C, t!dia" !- t(e U"ited State + /' virt,e !- t(e Tradi"* #it( t(e E"e%' A1t a a%e"ded+ re0,ired a"d 1a, ed t! /e 1!"ve'ed t! (i% t(e pr!pert' a"d /, i"e t(e" /e&!"*i"* t! t(e 1!%pa"' $"!#" a S'"di1at Orie"te+ -!r%ed ,"der t(e &a# !- Be&*i,%+ !- #(i1( t(e p&ai"ti-- #a t(e 6*e t!r+7 a"d a" e"e%' a de-i"ed i" aid A1t. T(e pri%ar' p,rp! e !- t(e pr!1eedi"* #a t! ei)e+ e&& a"d 1!"ve' a"' a"d a&& !t(e pr!pert' !#"ed a"d (e&d /' t(e 1!%pa"' #it(i" t(e 3,ri di1ti!" !- t(e U"ited State + a a #ar %ea ,re+ ,p!" t(e *r!,"d t(at t(e' #ere a&ie" e"e%ie !- t(e U"ited State . D,ri"* t(e p,/&i1 a&e+ de-e"da"t 1!rp!rati!" #a t(e (i*(e t /idder. T(e aid A&ie" Pr!pert' C, t!dia" !- t(e U"ited State (avi"* t(erea-ter a11epted aid /id a"d re1eived -r!% t(e de-e"da"t 1!rp!rati!" i" 1a ( t(e a%!,"t !- aid /id+ did e=e1,te i" -av!r !- t(e de-e"da"t 1!rp!rati!" a deed !- 1!"ve'a"1e. T(e de-e"da"t paid i" *!!d -ait(+ a"d t!!$ !ver t(e pr!pert' a"d a et !- t(e 1!%pa"'+ i"1&,di"* it trade<%ar$ a"d trade "a%e a"d it /, i"e a a *!i"* 1!"1er" A-ter !/tai"i"* t(e pr!1eed -r!% t(e a&e+ t(e p&ai"ti-- i" vi!&ati!" !- t(e 1!"ve'a"1e+ #r!"*-,&&' i" tit,ted a" a1ti!" i" t(e S,pre%e C!,rt !- 2!"*$!"* a*ai" t t(e de-e"da"t i" #(i1( t(e p&ai"ti-- 1&ai%ed t! /e t(e !&e !#"er !- t(e trade<%ar$ -!r t(e e=p!rt !- t(e /, i"e . T(e S,pre%e C!,rt !- 2!"*$!"* r,&ed i" -av!r !- t(e p&ai"ti--+ a&&e*ed&' t(r!,*( %i repre e"tati!"+ !rderi"* de-e"da"t t! pa' t(e -!r%er -!r 1! t a"d AF. T(e C!,rt r,&ed t(at t(e deed !- 1!"ve'a"1e &i%ited t(e a&e !- t(e /, i"e t! t(e trade%ar$ #it(i" t(e P(i&ippi"e + i%p&'i"* t(at t(e p&ai"ti-- i ti&& e"tit&ed t! t(e e&& t(e 1i*ar ,"der t(e a%e trade%ar$ t(r!,*( e=p!rti"*+ #(i1( a11!,"t t! :?@ !- t(e t!ta& a&e !- t(e 1!%pa"'. 5T(i %ea" t(at t(e p&ai"ti-- paid t(e 1a ( e0,iva&e"t !- t(e #(!&e !- t(e /, i"e /,t !"&' e"tit&ed t! ?@ !- t(e ,1(+ t(e a&e #it(i" t(e P(i&ippi"e 8< UNFAIR TALAAAS T(e CFI re"dered 3,d*%e"t -!r t(e p&ai"ti-- -!r t(e -,&& a%!,"t !- (i 1&ai%+ #it( i"tere t+ -r!% #(i1( t(e de-e"da"t appea& . De-e"da"t 1!%pa"' a&&e*e t(at #(e" (e p,r1(a ed t(e pr!pert' a"d /, i"e + a&& trade%ar$ are i"1&,dedC t(at t(e ,/3e1t !- t(e a&e i "!t !"&' t(! e trade%ar$ -!r a&e #it(i" t(e P(i&ippi"e . I !": S(!,&d t(e 3,d*%e"t re"dered /' t(e 2!"*$!"* 1!,rt /e e"-!r1ed /' P(i&ippi"e 1!,rt B

H"LD: NOC #e d! "!t (e itate t! a' t(at t(e 3,d*%e"t re"dered i" t(e 2!"*$!"* 1!,rt #a a 1&ear %i ta$e !- /!t( &a# a"d -a1t+ a"d t(at it !,*(t "!t t! /e e"-!r1ed i" t(e P(i&ippi"e I &a"d . T(e /, i"e !- t(e p&ai"ti-- i a&%! t e=1&, ive&' a" e=p!rt /, i"e + a"d t(at t(e tra" -er !t(e *!!d#i&& t(ere!- "e1e ari&' 1arried #it( it t(e tra" -er !- aid e=p!rt /, i"e a"d !- t(e trade<%ar$ a"d trade "a%e #(i1( 1!,&d "!t /e di 1!""e1ted t(ere-r!% D< It i 1!"1eded t(at t(e 2!"*$!"* 1!,rt (ad 3,ri di1ti!" a"d t(at t(e de-e"da"t appeared i" t(e a1ti!" a"d 1!"te ted t(e 1a e !" it %erit . 2e"1e+ t(ere #a "! 1!&&, i!". Neit(er i it 1&ai%ed t(at t(ere #a a"' -ra,d+ /,t it i vi*!r!, &' 1!"te"ded t(at t(e 2!"*$!"* 3,d*%e"t #a a 1&ear %i ta$e !- /!t( &a# a"d -a1t. E=1&, ive !- t(e pr!vi i!" !- e1ti!" E99 !- t(e C!de !- Civi& Pr!1ed,re+ it i ver' d!,/t-,& #(et(er it 1!,&d /e , tai"ed ,p!" t(e *r!,"d !1!%it' !r t(e La# !- Nati!" . A /et#ee" a&&ied "ati!" a"d ,"der t(e &a# !- 1!%it'+ t(eir %,t,a& p!&i1' (!,&d /e t! , tai" a"d e"-!r1e t(e pirit a"d i"te"ti!" #it( #(i1( t(e ei),re a"d a&e !- a"' pr!pert' !- a" a&ie" e"e%' #a %ade rat(er t(a" t! %i"i%i)e+ de tr!' !r de-eat t(e%. We are 1!" tr,i"* a deed !- 1!"ve'a"1e -r!% t(e U"ited State t! t(e de-e"da"t. T(e pri%ar' p,rp! e !- t(e #(!&e pr!1eedi"* #a t! ei)e a"d 1!"ve' a&& !- t(e pr!pert' !- t(e p&ai"ti-- !r (i 1!%pa"' #it(i" t(e 3,ri di1ti!" !- t(e U"ited State + i"1&,di"* trade "a%e a"d trade< %ar$ a t(! e !- a" a&ie" e"e%'. T! "!# *ive t(e de-e"da"t t(e , e a"d /e"e-it !- !"&' ? per 1e"t !- ,1( trade "a%e a"d trade<%ar$ + a"d t! per%it t(e p&ai"ti-- t! (ave a"d retai" t(e !t(er :? per 1e"t t! (i !#" , e a"d /e"e-it a-ter (e (a rati-ied a"d 1!"-ir%ed t(e a&e+ #!,&d i%p,*" t(e (!"!r a"d *!!d "a%e !- t(e U"ited State i" t(e #(!&e pr!1eedi"* a"d de-eat t(e ver' p,rp! e -!r #(i1( it ei)ed a"d !&d t(e pr!pert' !- a" a&ie" e"e%'+ t! #ipe I"*e"!(& a"d (i 1!%pa"' !,t !- e=i te"1e a"d p,t t(e% !,t !- /, i"e i" ! -ar a t(e U"ited State (ad t(e p!#er t! d! ! Be t(at a it %a'+ t(i 1!,rt i /!,"d /e e1ti!" E99 !- t(e C!de !- Civi& Pr!1ed,re. T(at &a# #a e"a1ted /' t(e Le*i &at,re !- t(e P(i&ippi"e I &a"d + a"d a t! t(e P(i&ippi"e I &a"d + it i t(e &a# !- t(e &a"d. I" t(e a/ e"1e !- t(at tat,te+ "! %atter (!# #r!"*-,& t(e 3,d*%e"t !t(e 2!"*$!"* 1!,rt %a' /e+ t(ere #!,&d /e tr!"* rea !" -!r (!&di"* t(at it (!,&d /e e"-!r1ed /' t(i 1!,rt.
P! ted Mar1( 2I+ 2;9E /' v/dia) i" CONFLICT OF LAWS

4,1A4,1 ES ,FAH:SOM.0A 1eave a "o%%ent


'ILA'IL vs. HON I-A42 OM"RA, (ICTOR AND G"ILING et al G.R. No. 0011& *#+e 30, 1%0% FACT : Petiti!"er I%e&da Pi&api&+ a Fi&ipi"! 1iti)e"+ a"d private re p!"de"t Eri1( Aei&i"*+ a Aer%a" "ati!"a&+ #ere %arried i" Aer%a"'. A-ter a/!,t t(ree a"d a (a&- 'ear !- %arria*e+ ,1( 1!"",/ia& di (ar%!"' eve"t,ated i" Aei&i"* i"itiati"* a div!r1e pr!1eedi"* a*ai" t Pi&api& i" Aer%a"'. T(e L!1a& C!,rt+ Federa& Rep,/&i1 !- Aer%a"'+ pr!%,&*ated a de1ree !- div!r1e !" t(e *r!,"d !- -ai&,re !- %arria*e !- t(e p!, e . M!re t(a" -ive %!"t( a-ter t(e i ,a"1e !- t(e div!r1e de1ree+ Aei&i"* -i&ed t#! 1!%p&ai"t -!r ad,&ter' /e-!re t(e Cit' Fi 1a& !- Ma"i&a a&&e*i"* i" !"e t(at+ #(i&e ti&& %arried t! aid Aei&i"*+ Pi&api& 6(ad a" a--air #it( a 1ertai" Wi&&ia% C(ia.7 T(e A i ta"t Fi 1a&+ a-ter t(e 1!rre p!"di"* i"ve ti*ati!"+ re1!%%e"ded t(e di %i a& !- t(e 1a e !" t(e *r!,"d !- i" ,--i1ie"1' !evide"1e. 2!#ever+ ,p!" revie#+ t(e re p!"de"t 1it' -i 1a& Vi1t!r appr!ved a re !&,ti!" dire1ti"* t(e -i&i"* !- 2 1!%p&ai"t -!r ad,&ter' a*ai" t t(e petiti!"er. T(e 1a e e"tit&ed 6PP

P(i&ippi"e v . Pi&api& a"d C(ia7 #a a I/a'<S!%era.

i*"ed t! t(e 1!,rt pre ided /' t(e re p!"de"t 3,d*e

A %!ti!" t! 0,a ( #a -i&ed i" t(e a%e 1a e #(i1( #a de"ied /' t(e re p!"de"t. Pi&api& -i&ed t(i pe1ia& 1ivi& a1ti!" -!r 1erti!rari a"d pr!(i/iti!"+ #it( a pra'er -!r a TRO+ ee$i"* t(e a"",&%e"t !- t(e !rder !- t(e &!#er 1!,rt de"'i"* (er %!ti!" t! 0,a (. A 1!*e"t&' ar*,ed /' Pi&api&+ Arti1&e EHH !- t(e RPC t(, pre ,pp! e t(at t(e %arita& re&ati!" (ip i ti&& ,/ i ti"* at t(e ti%e !- t(e i" tit,ti!" !- t(e 1ri%i"a& a1ti!" -!r ad,&ter'. I !": Did Aei&i"* (ave &e*a& 1apa1it' at t(e ti%e !- t(e -i&i"* !- t(e 1!%p&ai"t -!r ad,&ter'+ 1!" ideri"* t(at it #a d!"e a-ter !/tai"i"* a div!r1e de1reeB H"LD: W2EREFORE+ t(e 0,e ti!"ed !rder de"'i"* petiti!"er4 MTN i SET ASIDE a"d a"!t(er !"e e"tered DISMISSINA t(e 1!%p&ai"t M -!r &a1$ !- 3,ri di1ti!". T(e TRO i ,ed i" t(i 1a e M i (ere/' %ade per%a"e"t. NO U"der Arti1&e EHH !- t(e RPC+ t(e 1ri%e !- ad,&ter' 1a""!t /e pr! e1,ted e=1ept ,p!" a #!r" #ritte" 1!%p&ai"t -i&ed /' t(e !--e"ded p!, e. It (a &!"* i"1e /ee" e ta/&i (ed+ #it( ,"#averi"* 1!" i te"1'+ t(at 1!%p&ia"1e #it( t(i r,&e i a 3,ri di1ti!"a&+ a"d "!t %ere&' a -!r%a&+ re0,ire%e"t. C!r!&&ar' t! ,1( e=1&, ive *ra"t !- p!#er t! t(e !--e"ded p!, e t! i" tit,te t(e a1ti!"+ it "e1e ari&' -!&&!# t(at ,1( i"itiat!r %, t (ave t(e tat, + 1apa1it' !r &e*a& repre e"tati!" t! d! ! at t(e ti%e !- t(e -i&i"* !- t(e 1ri%i"a& a1ti!". T(i i a &!*i1a& 1!" e0,e"1e i"1e t(e rai !" d4etre !- aid pr!vi i!" !- &a# #!,&d /e a/ e"t #(ere t(e ,pp! ed !--e"ded part' (ad 1ea ed t! /e t(e p!, e !- t(e a&&e*ed !--e"der at t(e ti%e !- t(e -i&i"* !- t(e 1ri%i"a& 1a e. Stated di--ere"t&'+ t(e i"0,ir' #!,&d /e #(et(er it i "e1e ar' i" t(e 1!%%e"1e%e"t !- a 1ri%i"a& a1ti!" -!r ad,&ter' t(at t(e %arita& /!"d /et#ee" t(e 1!%p&ai"a"t a"d t(e a11, ed /e ," evered a"d e=i ti"* at t(e ti%e !- t(e i" tit,ti!" !- t(e a1ti!" /' t(e -!r%er a*ai" t t(e &atter. I" t(e pre e"t 1a e+ t(e -a1t t(at private re p!"de"t !/tai"ed a va&id div!r1e i" (i 1!,"tr'+ t(e Federa& Rep,/&i1 !- Aer%a"'+ i ad%itted. Said div!r1e a"d it &e*a& e--e1t %a' /e re1!*"i)ed i" t(e P(i&ippi"e i" !-ar a private re p!"de"t i 1!"1er"ed i" vie# !- t(e "ati!"a&it' pri"1ip&e i" !,r 1ivi& &a# !" t(e %atter !- tat, !- per !" U"der t(e a%e 1!" iderati!" a"d rati!"a&e+ private re p!"de"t+ /ei"* "! &!"*er t(e (, /a"d !- petiti!"er+ (ad "! &e*a& ta"di"* t! 1!%%e"1e t(e ad,&ter' 1a e ,"der t(e i%p! t,re t(at (e #a t(e !--e"ded p!, e at t(e ti%e (e -i&ed ,it.
P! ted Mar1( 2I+ 2;9E /' v/dia) i" CONFLICT OF LAWS

F.(2SO( ES. ;0.T A(+ C0-G 1eave a "o%%ent


-"NG ON vs. HR"T a+6 CR!1 G.R. No. 1)20)0 Ma3 7, 2001 FACT : T(e 1iti)e" (ip !- re p!"de"t Cr,) i at i ,e i" t(i 1a e+ i" vie# !- t(e 1!" tit,ti!"a& re0,ire%e"t t(at 6"! per !" (a&& /e a Me%/er !- t(e 2!, e !- Repre e"tative ,"&e (e i a "at,ra&</!r" 1iti)e".7

Cr,) #a a "at,ra&</!r" 1iti)e" !- t(e P(i&ippi"e . 2e #a /!r" i" Tar&a1 i" 9:K; !- Fi&ipi"! pare"t . I" 9:I?+ (!#ever+ Cr,) e"&i ted i" t(e US Mari"e C!rp a"d #it(!,t t(e 1!" e"t !t(e Rep,/&i1 !- t(e P(i&ippi"e + t!!$ a" !at( !- a&&e*ia"1e t! t(e USA. A a C!" e0,e"1e+ (e &! t (i Fi&ipi"! 1iti)e" (ip -!r ,"der CA N!. KE P5A" A1t Pr!vidi"* -!r t(e Wa' i" W(i1( P(i&ippi"e Citi)e" (ip Ma' Be L! t !r Rea10,ired 59:EK8Q e1ti!" 95H8+ a Fi&ipi"! 1iti)e" %a' &! e (i 1iti)e" (ip /'+ a%!"* !t(er+ 6re"deri"* ervi1e t! !r a11epti"* 1!%%i i!" i" t(e ar%ed -!r1e !- a -!rei*" 1!,"tr'.7 W(atever d!,/t t(at re%ai"ed re*ardi"* (i &! !- P(i&ippi"e 1iti)e" (ip #a era ed /' (i "at,ra&i)ati!" a a U.S. 1iti)e" i" 9::;+ i" 1!""e1ti!" #it( (i ervi1e i" t(e U.S. Mari"e C!rp . I" 9::H+ Cr,) rea10,ired (i P(i&ippi"e 1iti)e" (ip t(r!,*( repatriati!" ,"der RA 2KE; P5A" A1t Pr!vidi"* -!r Rea10,i iti!" !- P(i&ippi"e Citi)e" (ip /' Per !" W(! L! t S,1( Citi)e" (ip /' Re"deri"* Servi1e T!+ !r A11epti"* C!%%i i!" I"+ t(e Ar%ed F!r1e !- t(e U"ited State 59:K;8Q. 2e ra" -!r a"d #a e&e1ted a t(e Repre e"tative !- t(e 2"d Di tri1t !- Pa"*a i"a" i" t(e 9::I e&e1ti!" . 2e #!" !ver petiti!"er Be"* !" #(! #a t(e" r,""i"* -!r ree&e1ti!". S,/ e0,e"t&'+ petiti!"er -i&ed a 1a e -!r N,! Warra"t! Ad Ca,te&a% #it( re p!"de"t 2RET 1&ai%i"* t(at Cr,) #a "!t 0,a&i-ied t! /e1!%e a %e%/er !- t(e 2OR i"1e (e i "!t a "at,ra&< /!r" 1iti)e" a re0,ired ,"der Arti1&e VI+ e1ti!" K !- t(e C!" tit,ti!". 2RET re"dered it de1i i!" di %i i"* t(e petiti!" -!r 0,! #arra"t! a"d de1&ari"* Cr,) t(e d,&' e&e1ted Repre e"tative i" t(e aid e&e1ti!". I !": WON Cr,)+ a "at,ra&</!r" Fi&ipi"! #(! /e1a%e a" A%eri1a" 1iti)e"+ 1a" ti&& /e 1!" idered a "at,ra&</!r" Fi&ipi"! ,p!" (i rea10,i iti!" !- P(i&ippi"e 1iti)e" (ip. H"LD: petiti!" di %i ed 4" Fi&ipi"! 1iti)e" #(! (ave &! t t(eir 1iti)e" (ip %a' (!#ever rea10,ire t(e a%e i" t(e %a""er pr!vided /' &a#. C.A. N!. KE e",%erate t(e E %!de /' #(i1( P(i&ippi"e 1iti)e" (ip %a' /e rea10,ired /' a -!r%er 1iti)e": 9. /' "at,ra&i)ati!"+ 2. /' repatriati!"+ a"d E. /' dire1t a1t !- C!"*re . OO Repatriati!" %a' /e (ad ,"der vari!, tat,te /' t(! e #(! &! t t(eir 1iti)e" (ip d,e t!: 9. de erti!" !- t(e ar%ed -!r1e C 2. ervi1e i" t(e ar%ed -!r1e !- t(e a&&ied -!r1e i" W!r&d War IIC E. ervi1e i" t(e Ar%ed F!r1e !- t(e U"ited State at a"' !t(er ti%e+ H. %arria*e !- a Fi&ipi"! #!%a" t! a" a&ie"C a"d ?. p!&iti1a& e1!"!%i1 "e1e it' Repatriati!" re ,&t i" t(e re1!ver' !- t(e !ri*i"a& "ati!"a&it' T(i %ea" t(at a "at,ra&i)ed Fi&ipi"! #(! &! t (i 1iti)e" (ip #i&& /e re t!red t! (i pri!r tat, a a "at,ra&i)ed Fi&ipi"! 1iti)e". O" t(e !t(er (a"d+ i- (e #a !ri*i"a&&' a "at,ra&</!r" 1iti)e" /e-!re (e &! t (i P(i&ippi"e 1iti)e" (ip+ (e #i&& /e re t!red t! (i -!r%er tat, a a "at,ra&</!r" Fi&ipi"!. R.A. N!. 2KE; pr!vide : Se1 9. A"' per !" #(! (ad &! t (i P(i&ippi"e 1iti)e" (ip /' re"deri"* ervi1e t!+ !r a11epti"* 1!%%i i!" i"+ t(e Ar%ed F!r1e !- t(e U"ited State + !r a-ter eparati!" -r!% t(e Ar%ed

F!r1e !- t(e U"ited State + a10,ired U"ited State 1iti)e" (ip+ %a' rea10,ire P(i&ippi"e 1iti)e" (ip /' ta$i"* a" !at( !- a&&e*ia"1e t! t(e Rep,/&i1 !- t(e P(i&ippi"e a"d re*i teri"* t(e a%e #it( L!1a& Civi& Re*i tr' i" t(e p&a1e #(ere (e re ide !r &a t re ided i" t(e P(i&ippi"e . T(e aid !at( !- a&&e*ia"1e (a&& 1!"tai" a re","1iati!" !- a"' !t(er 1iti)e" (ip. 2avi"* t(, ta$e" t(e re0,ired !at( !- a&&e*ia"1e t! t(e Rep,/&i1 a"d (avi"* re*i tered t(e a%e i" t(e Civi& Re*i tr' !- Ma*a"tare%+ Pa"*a i"a" i" a11!rda"1e #it( t(e a-!re1ited pr!vi i!"+ Cr,) i dee%ed t! (ave re1!vered (i !ri*i"a& tat, a a "at,ra&</!r" 1iti)e"+ a tat, #(i1( (e a10,ired at /irt( a t(e !" !- a Fi&ipi"! -at(er. It /ear tre i"* t(at t(e a1t !- repatriati!" a&&!# (i% t! re1!ver+ !r ret,r" t!+ (i !ri*i"a& tat, /e-!re (e &! t (i P(i&ippi"e 1iti)e" (ip.
P! ted Mar1( 2I+ 2;9E /' v/dia) i" CONFLICT OF LAWS

EA( +O0( ES. 0OM,11O A(+ -4TO( 1eave a "o%%ent


(AN DORN vs. HON. ROMILLO a+6 RICHARD !'TON G.R. No. L2&0)70 October 0, 1%05 FACT : Petiti!"er A&i1e Va" D!r" i a 1iti)e" !- t(e P(i&ippi"e #(i&e private re p!"de"t Ri1(ard Upt!" i a 1iti)e" !- t(e USA. T(e' #ere %arried i" 2!"*$!"* i" 9:R2 a"d /e*!t t#! 1(i&dre". T(e partie #ere div!r1ed i" Nevada+ USA i" 9:I2. A&i1e (a t(e" re<%arried a& ! i" Nevada+ t(i ti%e t! T(e!d!re Va" D!r". I" 9:IE+ Ri1(ard -i&ed ,it a*ai" t A&i1e i" t(e RTC<Pa a'+ tati"* t(at A&i1e4 /, i"e i" Er%ita+ Ma"i&a i 1!"3,*a& pr!pert' !- t(e partie + a"d a $i"* t(at A&i1e /e !rdered t! re"der a" a11!,"ti"* !- t(at /, i"e + a"d t(at Ri1(ard /e de1&ared #it( ri*(t t! %a"a*e t(e 1!"3,*a& pr!pert'. A&i1e %!ved t! di %i t(e 1a e !" t(e *r!,"d t(at t(e 1a, e !- a1ti!" i /arred /' previ!, 3,d*%e"t i" t(e div!r1e pr!1eedi"* /e-!re t(e Nevada C!,rt #(erei" re p!"de"t (ad a1$"!#&ed*ed t(at (e a"d petiti!"er (ad 6"! 1!%%,"it' pr!pert'7 a !- F,"e 99+ 9:I2. T(e C!,rt /e&!# 5pre idi"* 3,d*e: F,d*e R!%i&&!8 de"ied t(e MTD i" t(e %e"ti!"ed 1a e !" t(e *r!,"d t(at t(e pr!pert' i"v!&ved i &!1ated i" t(e P(i&ippi"e ! t(at t(e Div!r1e De1ree (a "! /eari"* i" t(e 1a e. T(e de"ia& i "!# t(e ,/3e1t !- t(i 1erti!rari pr!1eedi"*. I !": W(at i t(e e--e1t !- t(e -!rei*" div!r1e !" t(e partie a"d t(eir a&&e*ed 1!"3,*a& pr!pert' i" t(e P(i&ippi"e B H"LD: Petiti!" i *ra"ted+ a"d re p!"de"t F,d*e i (ere/' !rdered t! di %i t(e C!%p&ai"tM F!r t(e re !&,ti!" !- t(i 1a e+ it i "!t "e1e ar' t! deter%i"e #(et(er t(e pr!pert' re&ati!" /et#ee" A&i1e a"d Ri1(ard+ a-ter t(eir %arria*e+ #ere ,p!" a/ !&,te !r re&ative 1!%%,"it' pr!pert'+ ,p!" 1!%p&ete eparati!" !- pr!pert'+ !r ,p!" a"' !t(er re*i%e. T(e piv!ta& -a1t i" t(i 1a e i t(e Nevada div!r1e !- t(e partie . T(e Nevada Di tri1t C!,rt+ #(i1( de1reed t(e div!r1e+ (ad !/tai"ed 3,ri di1ti!" !ver petiti!"er #(! appeared i" per !" /e-!re t(e C!,rt d,ri"* t(e tria& !- t(e 1a e. It a& ! !/tai"ed 3,ri di1ti!" !ver private re p!"de"t #(! a,t(!ri)ed (i att!r"e' i" t(e div!r1e 1a e t! a*ree t! t(e div!r1e !" t(e *r!,"d !- i"1!%pati/i&it' i" t(e ,"der ta"di"* t(at t(ere #ere "eit(er 1!%%,"it' pr!pert' "!r 1!%%,"it' !/&i*ati!" . A e=p&i1it&' tated i" t(e P!#er !- Att!r"e' (e e=e1,ted i" -av!r !- t(e &a# -ir% !- >ARP T ARAD LTD. t! repre e"t (i% i" t(e div!r1e pr!1eedi"* :

=== === === Y!, are (ere/' a,t(!ri)ed t! a11ept ervi1e !- S,%%!" + t! -i&e a" A" #er+ appear !" %' /e(a&- a"d d! a&& t(i"* "e1e ar' a"d pr!per t! repre e"t %e+ #it(!,t -,rt(er 1!"te ti"*+ ,/3e1t t! t(e -!&&!#i"*: 9. T(at %' p!, e ee$ a div!r1e !" t(e *r!,"d !- i"1!%pati/i&it'. 2. T(at t(ere i "! 1!%%,"it' !- pr!pert' t! /e ad3,di1ated /' t(e C!,rt. E. T(at t(ere are "! 1!%%,"it' !/&i*ati!" t! /e ad3,di1ated /' t(e 1!,rt. === === === T(ere 1a" /e "! 0,e ti!" a t! t(e va&idit' !- t(at Nevada div!r1e i" a"' !- t(e State !- t(e U"ited State . T(e de1ree i /i"di"* !" private re p!"de"t a a" A%eri1a" 1iti)e". W(at (e i 1!"te"di"* i" t(i 1a e i t(at t(e div!r1e i "!t va&id a"d /i"di"* i" t(i 3,ri di1ti!"+ t(e a%e /ei"* 1!"trar' t! &!1a& &a# a"d p,/&i1 p!&i1'. It i tr,e t(at !#i"* t! t(e "ati!"a&it' pri"1ip&e e%/!died i" Arti1&e 9? !- t(e Civi& C!de+ !"&' P(i&ippi"e "ati!"a& are 1!vered /' t(e p!&i1' a*ai" t a/ !&,te div!r1e t(e a%e /ei"* 1!" idered 1!"trar' t! !,r 1!"1ept !- p,/&i1 p!&i1e a"d %!ra&it'. 2!#ever+ a&ie" %a' !/tai" div!r1e a/r!ad+ #(i1( %a' /e re1!*"i)ed i" t(e P(i&ippi"e + pr!vided t(e' are va&id a11!rdi"* t! t(eir "ati!"a& &a#. I" t(i 1a e+ t(e div!r1e i" Nevada re&ea ed private re p!"de"t -r!% t(e %arria*e -r!% t(e ta"dard !- A%eri1a" &a#+ ,"der #(i1( div!r1e di !&ve t(e %arria*e. T(, + p,r ,a"t t! (i "ati!"a& &a#+ private re p!"de"t i "! &!"*er t(e (, /a"d !- petiti!"er. 2e #!,&d (ave "! ta"di"* t! ,e i" t(e 1a e /e&!# a petiti!"er4 (, /a"d e"tit&ed t! e=er1i e 1!"tr!& !ver 1!"3,*a& a et . A (e i /!,"d /' t(e De1i i!" !- (i !#" 1!,"tr'4 C!,rt+ #(i1( va&id&' e=er1i ed 3,ri di1ti!" !ver (i%+ a"d #(! e de1i i!" (e d!e "!t rep,diate+ (e i e t!pped /' (i !#" repre e"tati!" /e-!re aid C!,rt -r!% a erti"* (i ri*(t !ver t(e a&&e*ed 1!"3,*a& pr!pert'.
P! ted Mar1( 2I+ 2;9E /' v/dia) i" CONFLICT OF LAWS

2OE.0(M.(T ES. F0A(I 1eave a "o%%ent


TH" GO(T OF TH" 'HILI''IN" I LAND vs. FRAN, G. R. No. 2%35 Marc7 23, 1%0% FACTS: I" 9:;E+ i" t(e 1it' !- C(i1a*!+ I&&i"!i + Fra"$ e"tered i"t! a 1!"tra1t -!r a peri!d !- 2 'ear #it( t(e P&ai"ti--+ /' #(i1( Fra"$ #a t! re1eive a a&ar' a a te"!*rap(er i" t(e ervi1e !- t(e aid P&ai"ti--+ a"d i" additi!" t(eret! #a t! /e paid i" adva"1e t(e e=pe" e i"1,rred i" trave&i"* -r!% t(e aid 1it' !- C(i1a*! t! Ma"i&a+ a"d !"e<(a&- a&ar' d,ri"* aid peri!d !- trave&. Said 1!"tra1t 1!"tai"ed a pr!vi i!" t(at i" 1a e !- a vi!&ati!" !- it ter% !" t(e part !- Fra"$+ (e (!,&d /e1!%e &ia/&e t! t(e P&ai"ti-- -!r t(e a%!,"t e=pe"ded /' t(e A!ver"%e"t /' #a' !- e=pe" e i"1,rred i" trave&i"* -r!% C(i1a*! t! Ma"i&a a"d t(e !"e<(a&- a&ar' paid d,ri"* ,1( peri!d. Fra"$ e"tered ,p!" t(e per-!r%a"1e !- (i 1!"tra1t a"d #a paid (a&-< a&ar' -r!% t(e date ,"ti& t(e date !- (i arriva& i" t(e P(i&ippi"e I &a"d . T(erea-ter+ Fra"$ &e-t t(e ervi1e !- t(e P&ai"ti-- a"d re-, ed t! %a$e a -,rt(er 1!%p&ia"1e #it( t(e ter% !- t(e 1!"tra1t.

T(e P&ai"ti-- 1!%%e"1ed a" a1ti!" i" t(e CFI<Ma"i&a t! re1!ver -r!% Fra"$ t(e ,% !- %!"e'+ #(i1( a%!,"t t(e P&ai"ti-- 1&ai%ed (ad /ee" paid t! Fra"$ a e=pe" e i"1,rred i" trave&i"* -r!% C(i1a*! t! Ma"i&a+ a"d a (a&-< a&ar' -!r t(e peri!d 1!" ,%ed i" trave&. It #a e=pre &' a*reed /et#ee" t(e partie t! aid 1!"tra1t t(at La# N!. I; a"d N!. 22H (!,&d 1!" tit,te a part !- aid 1!"tra1t. T(e De-e"da"t -i&ed a *e"era& de"ia& a"d a pe1ia& de-e" e+ a&&e*i"* i" (i pe1ia& de-e" e t(at 598 t(e A!ver"%e"t !- t(e P(i&ippi"e I &a"d (ad a%e"ded La# N!. I; a"d N!. 22H a"d (ad t(ere/' %ateria&&' a&tered t(e aid 1!"tra1t+ a"d a& ! t(at 528 (e #a a %i"!r at t(e ti%e t(e 1!"tra1t #a e"tered i"t! a"d #a t(ere-!re "!t re p!" i/&e ,"der t(e &a#. t(e &!#er 1!,rt re"dered a 3,d*%e"t a*ai" t Fra"$ a"d i" -av!r !- t(e P&ai"ti-- -!r t(e ,% !2K?. :; d!&&ar I !": 9. Did t(e a%e"d%e"t !- t(e &a# a&tered t(e te"!r !- t(e 1!"tra1t e"tered i"t! /et#ee" P&ai"ti-- a"d De-e"da"tB 2. Ca" t(e de-e"da"t a&&e*e %i"!rit'Ji"-a"1'B H"LD: t(e 3,d*%e"t !- t(e &!#er 1!,rt i a--ir%ed 9. NOC It %a' /e aid t(at t(e %ere -a1t t(at t(e &e*i &ative depart%e"t !- t(e A!ver"%e"t !t(e P(i&ippi"e I &a"d (ad a%e"ded aid A1t N!. I; a"d N!. 22H /' A1t N!. KHE a"d N!. 9;H; did "!t (ave t(e e--e1t !- 1(a"*i"* t(e ter% !- t(e 1!"tra1t %ade /et#ee" t(e P&ai"ti-a"d t(e De-e"da"t. T(e &e*i &ative depart%e"t !- t(e A!ver"%e"t i e=pre &' pr!(i/ited /' e1ti!" ? !- t(e A1t !- C!"*re !- 9:;2 -r!% a&teri"* !r 1(a"*i"* t(e ter% !- a 1!"tra1t. T(e ri*(t #(i1( t(e De-e"da"t (ad a10,ired /' virt,e !- A1t N!. I; a"d N!. 22H (ad "!t /ee" 1(a"*ed i" a"' re pe1t /' t(e -a1t t(at aid &a# (ad /ee" a%e"ded. T(e e a1t + 1!" tit,ti"* t(e ter% !- t(e 1!"tra1t+ ti&& 1!" tit,ted a part !- aid 1!"tra1t a"d #ere e"-!r1ea/&e i" -av!r !- t(e De-e"da"t. 2. NOC T(e De-e"da"t a&&e*ed i" (i pe1ia& de-e" e t(at (e #a a %i"!r a"d t(ere-!re t(e 1!"tra1t 1!,&d "!t /e e"-!r1ed a*ai" t (i%. T(e re1!rd di 1&! e t(at+ at t(e ti%e t(e 1!"tra1t #a e"tered i"t! i" t(e State !- I&&i"!i + (e #a a" ad,&t ,"der t(e &a# !- t(at State a"d (ad -,&& a,t(!rit' t! 1!"tra1t. Fra"$ 1&ai% t(at+ /' rea !" !- t(e -a1t t(at+ ,"der t(at &a# !- t(e P(i&ippi"e I &a"d at t(e ti%e t(e 1!"tra1t #a %ade+ %ade per !" i" aid I &a"d did "!t rea1( t(eir %a3!rit' ,"ti& t(e' (ad attai"ed t(e a*e !- 2E 'ear + (e #a "!t &ia/&e ,"der aid 1!"tra1t+ 1!"te"di"* t(at t(e &a# !- t(e P(i&ippi"e I &a"d *!ver"ed. It i "!t di p,ted D ,p!" t(e 1!"trar' t(e -a1t i ad%itted D t(at at t(e ti%e a"d p&a1e !- t(e %a$i"* !- t(e 1!"tra1t i" 0,e ti!" t(e De-e"da"t (ad -,&& 1apa1it' t! %a$e t(e a%e. N! r,&e i /etter ett&ed i" &a# t(a" t(at %atter /eari"* ,p!" t(e e=e1,ti!"+ i"terpretati!" a"d va&idit' !- a 1!"tra1t are deter%i"ed / t(e &a# !- t(e p&a1e #(ere t(e 1!"tra1t i %ade. Matter 1!""e1ted #it( it per-!r%a"1e are re*,&ated /' t(e &a# prevai&i"* at t(e p&a1e !per-!r%a"1e. Matter re pe1ti"* a re%ed'+ ,1( a t(e /ri"*i"* !- ,it+ ad%i i/i&it' !evide"1e+ a"d tat,te !- &i%itati!" + depe"d ,p!" t(e &a# !- t(e p&a1e #(ere t(e ,it i /r!,*(t.

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