Chapter 3

Maths8Chapter3_2003.
qxd
27/10/2003
8:56 AM
Page 51
GRAPHS, GRAPHS, TABLES AND SPREADSHEETS

KEY SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE By the end of this chapter you will be able to: comprehend and interpret data represented as graphs, tables and charts draw, read and interpret graphs (line, sector, travel, step, conversion, divided bar, dot plots and stem and leaf plots), tables and charts distinguish between types of variables used in graphs identify misrepresentation of data in graphs construct frequency tables draw frequency histograms and polygons choose appropriate scales on the horizontal and vertical axes when drawing graphs draw and interpret travel graphs, recognising concepts such as change of speed and change of direction use line graphs for continuous data only recognise data as quantitative (either discrete or continuous) or categorical interpret data displayed in a spreadsheet.
51
Maths8Chapter3_2003.qxd
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 52
We Live in the Information Age!

We are bombarded daily with information from media such as newspapers, television, and the Internet. A lot of the information is facts and figures with much of it in graphical form. The challenge for todays citizen is to be able to make sense of the information overload to make sensible and informed decisions. The challenge for the advertiser or would be persuader is to collect and present information in an efficient and succinct manner.
GETTING STARTED
1. 2. 3. Information presented in the form of a picture is called: (A) a movie (B) a graph (C) a photo Numbers presented in rows and columns are called: (A) a chart (B) accounting This is an example of: (A) a line graph (C) a column graph A census is: (A) a roman coin (C) a table (D) a painting (D) a spreadsheet
(B) a sector graph (D) neither (A), (B), or (C)
4. 5.
(B) a survey of the entire population

25 20 15 10 5 0
(C) a banned book
(D) a sample
For the chart give the most correct answer. (A) food costs were increasing (B) fuel costs were decreasing (C) both (A) and (B) are true (D) motel costs were decreasing.
Food Fuel Motel
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
6.
For the chart above (A) food costs were always greater than fuel costs (C) fuel costs were always higher than food costs For the chart above, give the most correct answer. (A) food costs were over $10 a month (C) motel costs were under $25 a month
(B) motel costs were the highest (D) Neither (A), (B) or (C) are true. (B) fuel costs were under $15 a month (D) (A), (B) and (C) are all true.
7.
3.01
READING AND INTERPRETING GRAPHS
Graphs are a way of quickly presenting information visually that allows a broad summary of the information to be digested quickly. This advantage of broad scope and ease of summarising of the entire data may have some downsides to it. Many graphs lose accuracy of detail in presenting the information. There are also choices to be made about the type of graph used, which could have a bearing on the way in which the information is perceived. Tricks are sometimes used in graphical presentations, including the choice of an inappropriate type of graph, the selection of the scale on the axes and the relativity between graphs drawn on common axes. These decisions can influence the way in which information is perceived from a particular graph.
52
Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 53
Line graphs
Water temperature
When the line slopes down to the right, the graph is decreasing.
24 22 Degrees 20 18 16 14
When the line slopes up to the right, the graph is increasing.
Points on the graph are joined by straight line segments.
12 10 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Hey! What happened to all the numbers below 10? Winter would be around July to September.
Month
It's a trick to make the temperature variation look bigger than it really is.
Month Water Temperature
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 23 24 22 21 18 16 15 13 14 15 18 22
Here is the table of values used to plot the graph.
The graph has a heading (water temperature) to tell you what the information is about. Both the horizontal and vertical axes are labelled with a name and/or units. Both axes show a scale. The vertical axis scale begins at 10 units. This saves a lot of vacant area on the graph but gives an illusion of a greater variation in temperature. 5. The slope of the line up or down gives an indication of the rate of change (increase or decrease) in the temperature (the variable on the vertical axis). Continuous data: Although the temperature is plotted for each month, it would not change suddenly from the end of the month. This is called continuous data. A line connecting Januarys temperature to February's temperature slopes slightly up to the right showing a small continuous increase. This is consistent with what actually happens. The water temperature does not suddenly jump 1 on the 1st of February although it may change quickly due to cold or warm currents. The temperatures quoted would be an average daily temperature. Continuous data must be quantitative (able to be measured by a numerical quantity such as time).
Note:
1. 2. 3. 4.
3.01
1.
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2:00 am 4:00 am 6:00 am 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 12:00 am 2:00 pm 4:00 pm 6:00 pm 8:00 pm 10:00 pm 12:00 pm Traffic survey Northbound Southbound
Time
Study this graph and answer the following questions. (a) At what time is the northbound traffic heaviest? (b) At what time is the southbound traffic heaviest? (c) Suggest a reason for the difference between your answers to (a) and (b). (d) From this information, predict whether the business district is north or south of the suburb. (e) At what times of the day is the traffic on both sides of the highway roughly the same? (f) When is the northbound traffic increasing at the greatest rate?
Vehicles x 100
53
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 54
2.
Study this graph and answer the following questions: (a) At what age do girls catch up to boys in height? (b) At what age range are both boys and girls growing the fastest? (c) When are you likely to find the average girl taller than the average boy? (d) What device is used in this graph to display more clearly the relatively small differences in average height? (e) Why does the graph cease at age 18? (f) At what age range are girls much the same height as boys? Study this graph and answer the following questions: (a) At what age do girls catch up to boys in weight? (b) At what age do boys put on weight quickly? (c) When are you likely to find the average girl heavier than the average boy? (d) Between what ages are boys and girls about the same weight? (e) What makes this graph difficult to discern the differences in weight between boys and girls? (f) At what age do boys begin to become quite a lot heavier than girls?
180 160 140 cm 120 100 80 60
Height
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Age Girls Boys
3.
70 60 50 Weight kg 40 30 20 10 0
Weight development
Girls
Boys
Travel graphs
4.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Age Cycling trip Distance in km 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 9:15 am 9:30 am 9:45 am 10:00 am 10:15 am 10:30 am 9:00 pm 10:45 pm 11:00 pm 11:15 pm Distance A
Study this graph and answer these questions. (a) At what times did the cyclist stop for morning tea and a rest? (b) How long was the rest stop? (c) What is the significance of the point A on the graph? (d) Did the cyclist ride faster on the way out or the way home? (e) Assuming there were some hills encountered on the trip, is it more likely that it was uphill on the way out or uphill on the way back? (f) What was the average speed on the way home?
The race 80 70 60 50 km 40 30 20 10 0 0
Car
Cycle
15 30 45 60 75 90 Minutes
5. Study this graph and answer the following questions: (a) How many minutes start did the cyclist get? (b) Who slowed down after an initial spurt: the driver or the cyclist? (c) How long did it take the driver to catch the cyclist? (d) What did the cyclist do after the car overtook him? (e) If the cyclist had been able to maintain his initial speed, estimate how long he would have been riding before being overtaken?
54
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 55
6.
What has 6 wheels and flies? Here is its graph! Study the graph and answer the questions below.
4.5 Distance from base 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 7:15 7:45 8:15 8:45 9:15 9:45 10:15 10:45 11:15 11:45 12:15 12:45 Garbage route
(a) Can you explain what the garbage truck is doing at 9:15 am and 11:45 am? (b) Why does the graph oscillate back and forth between 7:45 and 8:45 and again between 9:45 and 10:45? (c) Between 10:45 and 11:15, what does the graph tell you about the garbage truck? Think carefully about the information conveyed from the graph and try to come up with at least 2 explanations. (d) Keeping in mind your answers to (c), explain with data from the graph whether you think the garbage truck fills up at a constant rate or not.
Time
7.
Make up a story about this graph explaining how, when and why Harry and Sally met.
Km from home
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9:00 am 9:30 am 10:00 am
Harry meets Sally
Harry Sally 10:30 am 11:00 am 11:30 am 12:00 am 12:30 pm 1:00 pm 1:15 pm
Conversion graphs
These are line graphs that allow you to convert between two quantities. Temperature conversion 250
Fahrenheit 200 150 100 50 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Celsius 70 80 90 100
Note:
1. 2. 3.
You can convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius. A certain amount of accuracy is lost in the graph. 100 Celsius appears to be about 210 Fahrenheit (212). Temperatures outside the range of freezing to boiling points of water may be found by extending the graph. 100 F = 38 C (approx) 75 C = 167 F (approx)
Example
55
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 56
8.
Study this graph and answer the following questions: (a) How many centimetres are there in 6 inches? (b) How many inches are there in 10 cm? (c) Which is larger, a cm or an inch? (d) By considering your answer to (a), work out how many cm there are to the inch. (e) Describe a method you could use in conjunction with the graph to convert 50 inches to cm.
8 7 6 Inches 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
Length conversion
9 13 Centimetres
17
Column graphs
Energy consumption 45 40
Note: 1. The data here is categorical data. This type of data is suitable for 35 display with a column graph as each column is a separate category. 30 2. This type of graph is good for comparing categories. In this case, 25 the countries are arranged in order of their level of consumption 20 from largest to smallest. 15 3. As before, the graph has a title and axes with labelled units. There is a gap between the columns showing that the data is not 10 continuous. 5 Categorical data: The data here is called categorical data. The 0 figures belong to separate categories; Canada, USA, and so on. There is no way to arrange the categories in any particular order other than say alphabetical order which has no bearing on their energy usage.It would make no sense to draw a line graph of the data. Joining France to Australia with a line would have no meaning. Categorical data is not continuous.
Gigajoules
9.
Millions $
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
Which state had the largest agricultural income? What was the agricultural income for Queensland in 1998/99? Which state had an income of $5 500 000 000? What is the difference between income in Tasmania and Victoria (the two smallest states by area)? How much larger (by what factor) is NSW income than Tasmanian income? Give one reason why Victoria is such a small state, yet manages to be in the top 3 states for agricultural produce. Which two states have closest to the same agricultural income? The Northern Territory is not shown on this graph. Where do you think it would be? Give reasons for your answer.
NSW
WA
Qld
Vic
Canada Sweden USA UK France Italy Australia Greece Japan NZ Agricultural income 1998/99 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Tas SA State Agricultural income 1999/2000
It looks just like a column graph lying on its side!
Horizontal column graphs

10. (a) Which state is closest to WA in terms of its agricultural income? (b) Which states had over $6 billion in agricultural income in 99/2000? (c) Which state had approximately half the agricultural production of Victoria in 1999/2000? (d) What is the difference in income between the highest and lowest producing states?
Tas WA State SA Qld Vic NSW 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10 000 Millions $
56
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 57
Multiple column graph (3-D)

A column graph is useful for comparing several sets of data on the one graph. Here are 2 years of agricultural income alongside each other. Chart building capabilities of spreadsheets also mean that you can give a 3-D effect to many of the standard graph types. (See 12.02.) 11.
10,00
Agricultural Income 1998 to 2000
$m
8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0
NSW Vic
Qld
SA
WA
Tas
1998-99
1999-2000
(a) Which states did not improve their agricultural income in 99/2000? (b) Which state made the most improvement to their farm incomes in 99/2000? (c) Which states remained relatively unchanged over the 2 year period? (d) What is the difference in income between the highest and lowest producing states?
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics
Stacked column graph (horizontal)

12. Answer the following questions to the nearest scale measurement on the graph.
Stopping Distance
100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
Reaction Distance Braking Distance
(a)
If you saw a child 20 metres ahead on the road, what is the maximum speed you could be doing in order for the child to be safe? (b) At 80 kph, how far is travelled before the brakes are applied? (c) If a kangaroo jumped onto the road 20 metres in front of your car travelling at 100 kph, (the car, not the roo), at what speed would the car collide with the roo? (d) What distance does a car travelling at 80 kph take to stop after the brakes are applied? (e) If the speed limit in a school zone is 40 kph, how far from the crossing should traffic lights be placed?
Speed km/hour
Distance in metres
Sector graphs
% Distribution of overseas students in schools in 1994
NSW Vic Qld SA WA Tas, NT, ACT
% Distribution of overseas students in schools in 2000

NSW Vic Qld SA WA Tas, NT, ACT
Note: When comparing two graphs, we should try to formulate questions that we could answer by looking at the graphs. What kind of information is hidden in the data display? What kind of information might not be in the graphs? Is the missing information in some way misleading? Try these questions, referring to the graphs above.
57
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 58
13. (a) (b) (c) (d)
Which state had the largest number of overseas students in both years? Which state appears to be substantially losing overseas enrolments from 1994 to 2000? Which states appear to be gaining overseas enrolments from 1994 to 2000? These figures represent only primary school enrolments. In what way does this change your perception of the information? State one way in which graphical information could be misleading. (e) The total number of O/S students in 1994 was 401 while the total number in 2000 was 1385. In what way does this affect your perception of the graphical information? (f) In the light of the information revealed in (e), revisit your answers to (b) and (c) and state another way in which percentage graphical data could be misleading.
Divided bar graphs

Indigenous participation in education 1996 and 2000 1996 2000 Primary Secondary
First, measure the length of the segment VET at 2.9 cm. Next, measure the entire bar at 11.8 cm.
Note: Categorical data: Again the divided bar graph representing proportions of a complete set is suitable for displaying categorical data. Data is grouped into categories of primary, secondary, vocational education and higher education. 1. Divided bar graphs are very good for comparing each category with the bar. It is easy to see that there are many indigenous students at primary level but not many are going on to higher education. 2. It is also useful for comparing with a second snapshot at a later date. It can be seen that vocational training has increased in comparison to the other forms of education. 3. Divided bar graphs are similar to sector graphs in that they represent a whole set of data. What is not clear when comparing 2 sets of data is that they may be different sized sets. It may appear from the comparison that participation at primary level has fallen when, in fact, there are more indigenous people involved in education and it has actually increased. The graph is indicating that vocational educational training (VET) courses have increased at a greater rate. 4. It is possible to calculate the percentage composition from the graph but not absolute numbers, unless a total figure is known. Example In 2000, what percentage of indigenous students was involved in VET courses?
3.6 100% = 30% (approx). 11.8
14. Unemployment rate (aged 15 to 64)
Key:
With non-school educational qualifications Bachelor degree or above Advanced diploma and diploma or below Without non-school educational qualifications
(a) Which educational group had the largest unemployment rate? (b) Which group had the smallest unemployment rate? (c) There is not much difference between the rates for advanced diploma holders and other types of non-school qualifications. What does this suggest for employment options? (d) Assuming employment is desirable, what advice would assist school students in planning their future education?
58
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 59
Step graphs
This information from the US Postal Service shows the costs of sending small parcels through the mail. The weights in the American system are measured in ounces. Note: Small parcel rates $6.15 1. There is a rate for up to 3 ounces (ozs), but not over. Anything over 3 ozs is in the up to $5.85 5 oz class. After this, the price increases for each 2 ozs. The graph clearly displays the $5.55 increase in price within the stated bands. $4.91 2. The graph is not a good way to display the I hope it's the rates detail. The costs of each weight category is $4.27 that are small marked on the vertical axis rather than read from a scale. This sort of detail is better $3.63 read from a table. $2.99
$2.35 $1.71 $1.39 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Weight (ozs)
Discrete data: The variable for the weight of items posted is called discrete data. It is quantitative (measured by a number) and it can be ordered from 0 to 21 and beyond. This means it is not categorical. It is not continuous because there is no value between up to 3 and up to 5, etc. This is noticeable when a change in postage costs occurs and there is a gap in the graph. 15. Classify the following variables as continuous, discrete or categorical data: (a) The shoe sizes of joggers on sale at Sportsgear World Are Us. (b) The suburbs from which the students at your school come. (c) The length of the index finger of each person in your class. (d) The year that students are in at high school (7 12). (e) The time it takes for each student in the school to travel to school each day. (f) The names of people in your class. (g) The number of letters in each persons surname. 16. Suggest the type of graph (sector graph, line graph or column graph) that would be best suited to display this data. (a) The number of joggers (shoes) of each size that were sold at the sale. (b) The number of students at your school from each of the surrounding suburbs. (c) The height of an ice cube melting in the sun.
3.02
DRAWING GRAPHS
Constructing a line graph

Example 1 Firstly, the data must be continuous, not categorical or discrete. Any graph based on time would be suitable. Secondly, a suitable scale must be chosen for each axis. Different scales may be used.To choose a suitable scale, look at the range of values, noting the highest and lowest value that will be plotted.The lowest value is 189 and the highest is 365 so a scale from 150 to 400 is suitable.
59
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 60
Note: Misleading Displays. Sometimes the way graphs are drawn can be misleading. This can be done deliberately to mislead, or it may be done for another purpose (to avoid wasted space on a graph or to emphasise differences in data).
Death by Trauma 1987 1988 Age 15-17 331 365 1989 332 1990 280 1991 1992 265 244 1993 213 1994 1995 232 189 1996 217 1997 227
Choose a suitable scale 400 No of deaths 350 300 250 200 Death by trauma
Give the graph a title
Plot each point in the table and join them with straight lines
150 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Age 15-17 Label both axes and show scale
Example 2 Misplaced zero

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Example 2a 175 170 165 160 155 150 145 140 135 130 Example 2b
Consider these 2 graphs. One shows zero while the other begins from 130. There is less wasted space in the second graph and the scale detail is easier to read. It does, however, give an impression of large variation between A and B where the full scale first graph shows relatively little difference.
1 A
3 B
1 A
3 B
Example 3 Irregular scales
Expenses
140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0
This graph has a steep section from 1995 to 2000. It appears that expenses are on the increase. However, up to 1995, data was shown in single year increments while the last entry covers a five year period. Expenses are actually continuing at the same rate.
Other examples of misleading graphs are: Graphs with misleading titles. If the graph is titled students, are they primary, secondary or both? 1991 1992 Expenses 1993 1994 Graphs with missing information. If there is no date 1995 2000 Year on the figures, are they current or old? Constructing line graphs with a spreadsheet (See detailed section at the end of this chapter.)
60
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 61
Example 4 Here is some data showing the percentage inflation rates in Australia and USA during the 70s and 80s. Open a spreadsheet and copy the table into the cells as shown.
71 Aust USA 72 73 74 75 15.1 9.1 76 13.6 5.8 77 12.3 6.5 78 7.9 7.6 79 9.1 11.5 80 10.2 13.5 81 9.7 10.2 82 11.1 6.2 83 84
6.1 5.8 4.3 3.3
9.4 15.1 6.2 11.0
10.1 3.9 3.2 4.3
When the table has been entered, highlight the entire table by dragging across all cells. From the menu, select the chart wizard icon or new chart according to your computers menu. Follow the series of dialogue boxes, and select the line graph for the type of graph; enter a title for your graph, the labels for the axes (horizontal axis = year, vertical axis = inflation rate %), and customise the scale on the axes where necessary. You will also be able to customise the graph when you have finished by selecting various parts of the graph and following the prompts in the dialogue boxes to change background colours, fonts, font sizes etc.
Inflation rate 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Rate %
71
72
73
74 75 USA
Australia
76 Year
77
78
79
80
Constructing a sector graph

Example 5 Constructing a sector graph from percentage figures. Time spent on the Internet Homework % 20 Games 15 Music 15 Chatting 20 Shopping 30
Homework Shopping
Here is how to calculate the angle at the centre of a particular sector. Games = 15%
15 360 = 54. 100
Games
Here is how to calculate the percentage in a particular category, that is, shopping.
Chatting Music
Measure the angle with a protractor. 108

108 100 % = 30 % . 360
61
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 62
Example 6 Constructing a sector graph from raw data. Selected cancers (death rates per 100 000 population) Male lung cancer Female lung cancer Female breast cancer Prostate cancer Skin cancer 60 17 27 32 7
All this talk of pie charts has made me hungry!
Death Rates from Cancer

Male lung cancer Female lung cancer Female breast cancer Prostate cancer Skin cancer
Here is how to calculate a value in a particular category say male lung cancer. Firstly add to total = 143.
60 360 = 151 143

Measure each angle with a protractor.
3.02
1. From this table of daily temperatures recorded over a week in January, construct a line graph. Make your scale on the vertical axis extend from 0 to 35. Label the days in the week from Sunday until Saturday.
Day Maximum temp Sun 22 Mon 24 Tues 28 Wed 32 Thurs 30 Fri 29 Sat 25
2.
From the sales room at Cheap Eddies used car yard, the sales personnel, Wanda and Phil, have a board on which they chalk up their sales each month. Draw up a line graph for Wandas sales, Phils sales and total sales for the 6 weeks shown.
Week Wanda Phil Total 1 7 5 12 2 8 10 18 3 9 9 18 4 8 7 15 5 3 4 7 6 1 2 3
3.
When we went on our caravanning holiday last year, I kept a diary of the distance to our home each day by looking it up in a road atlas. Here are my holiday notes. Draw a graph showing how far from home we were on each day of the holiday.
Day Distance km 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 460 11 460 12 240
240 380
380 460
590 590 590
840 840
(a) Why did we remain 590 km from home for three days in a row? (b) Explain why it appears that we stayed in the same towns on our way out as on our way home. (c) On which day did we do the most travelling? Explain what feature you would look for on your graph in order to answer this question.
62
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 63
4.
Here is a table showing the population of NSW (measured in thousands and rounded off to the nearest 100 000) from 1901. Draw a line graph to show the trend in population growth. Dont forget to choose a suitable scale on each axis. Hint: Make your scale from 0 to 7 (million) and mark it off in tenths of a million.
NSW population (000s)
1901 1400 1910 1600 1920 2100 1930 2500 1940 2800 1950 3200 1960 3800 1970 4500 1980 5200 1990 5800 1999 6400 2000 6500
(a) (b) (c) (d) 5.
At what time was NSWs population growing at the fastest rate? Which 2 years in the table do not correspond to the pattern of the rest? How accurate is it to say that NSWs population has grown at a constant rate over the last 100 years? Comment on any changes in population growth rate noticeable from the graph.
For the following data, construct 2 line graphs on the same axes. One for the maximum and one for the minimum daily temperature. Climate averages for Station: 071032 Thredbo (Crackenback Station)
Month Mean daily max temp Mean daily min temp Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun 13.5 9.3 5.2 1.7 4.6 1.8 Jul 0 Aug Sep 0.4 5 2.9 Oct 7 Nov Dec 10.5 14.1 1.7 4.8
15.7 16.4 6.3 7.1
1.6 3.7 5.5
3.3 0.6
(a) (b) (c) (d) 6.
During which months are the maximum and minimum graphs closest together? During which months are the maximum temperatures decreasing at the fastest rate. Is it more so that summer fades rapidly or winter onsets rapidly? During which months might snowmaking (man-made) be possible?
Construct a line graph showing the distance travelled by two kangaroos, Joe and Tess, who have been tagged with a radio transmitter to follow their movements. The operator assesses the distance they have travelled from the release point every half hour after their release for 6 hours.
Time Joe Tess 30 m 1 h 90 m 2 h 2.5 h 0.4 0.3 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 3 h 3.5 h 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 4 h 4.5 h 1.8 1.9 1.5 2.0 5 h 5.5 h 6 h 1.2 2.1 0.9 2.1 0.5 2.1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
By comparing their graphs, describe Joes initial reaction. When and why do you think he changed this reaction? How was Tesss reaction different to Joes? What was Joes final reaction and how did this compare with his initial reaction. (e) Are male or female kangaroos more likely to survive when faced with danger? Explain.
63
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 64
7.
Here is some data for a couple who go exercising together. Draw the 2 graphs on the same axes and describe their activities. Grant (jogger) and Mary (walker) go exercising together
Time Grant Mary 0 0 0 5 0 0.5 10 0 1 15 0 1.5 20 0.7 1.5 25 1.4 1.9 30 2 2.2 35 2.5 2.5 40 2.5 2.5 45 2.5 2 50 1.8 1.5 55 1.1 1 60 0.4 0.5
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 8.
The table shows the distance from home measured in km. Who left home first and, why do you think they did this? What happened when they were 2.5 km from home? Who rested before they met up? Did they both set out for home at the same time? Whom do you expect will reach home first? Who exercises at a more consistent pace: the jogger or the walker?
Petroleum is becoming a scarce commodity and petrol prices are on the rise. The USA is one of the worlds largest users of petrol and still measures petrol sales by the gallon. Below is a table that shows the number of litres per gallon. Draw up a conversion graph for these figures and answer the questions.
Gallons Litres 5 22.5 15 68 20 91 40 182 50 227.5
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Cowboys in the American West wore ten gallon hats. How many litres is 10 gallons? Do you think that a hat could hold this much liquid? To fill a small family sedan with petrol takes about 35 litres? How many gallons is that? Petrol in the US costs about US$2 a gallon. How much is this per litre? Given that the exchange rate is A$1 = US$0.60, how much would it cost in Australian terms for a litre of US petrol? (f) Is this relatively cheap or expensive compared to the price of petrol in Australia? 9. The current exchange rate for our currency is A$1.60 = US$1. Draw up a conversion graph for Australian/US dollars, up to US$100 using this figure. (Note: US$100 is worth A$160). Use your graph to answer these questions. (a) In the duty free shop, a bottle of wine is priced at US$18. What is this in A$? (b) In Australia I would expect to pay $60 for a pair of shoes. What is this in US$? (c) In practice, a business would not use a conversion graph for calculating exchange rates of currency. (They would more than likely use a calculator or computer.) Why is this?
10. In the USA, measurement of weights is still done in pounds. On many American TV shows, you will hear a person describe their weight as 185 or 210. One pound in the American system (Avoirdupois) is 454 g (grams) or 0.454 kg in the metric system. Make a conversion graph for pounds to kilograms. Make a scale along the horizontal axis from 1 to 300 pounds. Answer these questions from the graph. Hint: You only have to plot 2 points for a straight line and one of them is (0, 0). (a) A wrestler in an American TV show weighs 285 pounds. What is this weight in kilograms? (b) A child in Australia weighs 20 kg. What is this in pounds? (c) In the British system, previously used in Australia, there was a weight called a stone. One stone was equivalent to 14 pounds. From your graph, find the weight in kilograms of an adult who weighed 10 stone. (d) A saying about a man who was supposed to be skinny was: A 90 pound weakling. What weight would the saying be in kilograms?
64
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 65
11. In a small town, a survey was taken of the number of children attending daycare on each day of the week. Draw a column graph to represent the attendance on each day. Can you suggest a reason for the pattern?
Day Attendance Mon 18 Tue 16 Wed 12 Thur 24 Fri 20
12. From this table of religious adherents, arranged from the largest number to the smallest, construct a column graph.
Christianity 2 billion Islam 1.3 bill Hinduism 900 million Atheism 850 mill Buddhism 360 mill Chinese Trad 225 mill Indigenous 150 mill
Hint: Make a fairly large scale on the vertical axis from 0 to 1.5 (in billions) and step off intervals of 0.1 on your scale. 1 billion = 1000 million so what is 150 million expressed as a decimal part of a billion? (a) Compare the top 4 entries in the table with the next 3. What are the worlds major belief systems? (b) What additional information would be useful to make judgements about trends in world beliefs? (c) Do some further research at your library and draw some conclusions about trends in religious beliefs. 13. Draw a horizontal column graph pairing both columns in each category in the table below. Use the graph to compare the wages of workers in the amusement and recreation industries with workers in all industries. Can you conclude from your graph whether workers in the amusement industries are better paid than their counterparts? Median hourly earnings of occupations in amusement and recreation services, 2000
Occupation Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors Self-enrichment education teachers Security guards Landscaping and groundskeeping workers Receptionists and information clerks Waiters and waitresses Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers Amusement and recreation attendants Amusement and recreation services $12.20 $11.97 $8.80 $8.35 $7.78 $6.83 $6.81 $6.63 All industries $10.96 $13.44 $8.45 $8.80 $9.63 $6.42 $6.61 $6.72
14. Here is a table of the fees paid by overseas students studying in Australia in 2000. The figures have been rounded off to the nearest 100 million.
Fees paid by O/S Student Higher education Vocational education School education ELICOS (English Language) Fee ($m) 1000 300 100 400
Construct a sector graph showing the relative distribution of the expenditure of these students in the different educational sectors in 2000. First, calculate the total fees paid. In regard to this graph, where do you think Australia should create more placements for fee paying overseas students?
65
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 66
15. From this following list of countries supplying oil products to Australia, construct a sector graph. Australias major crude oil imports for 200001 and their principal sources were: Vietnam (26% of total crude petroleum imports), Indonesia (14%), United Arab Emirates (12%), Saudi Arabia (12%), and Papua New Guinea (12%); other various sources (remainder). [Source: Iornet.org] (a) What percentage of imported oil comes from unlisted sources? (b) What percentage of oil imports come from middle-eastern countries? (c) To assess our dependence on each one of these sources for our oil, what other information would be necessary? (d) Besides being first on the list, how do we know that Vietnam is our largest supplier of crude oil? 16. Display the various costs associated with petrol prices using a divided bar graph. You could try drawing an outline of a petrol bowser and dividing it up. Here are figures from recent costs of a litre of fuel.
Refinery Excise (tax) Freight/Wholesale/Retail profit GST Total cost/litre 37.3 cents 37.7 cents 6.4 cents 8.1 cents 89.5 cents/litre
(a) Shade in that part of the cost of a litre of petrol that goes to the government in some form of tax. (b) When petrol prices move up and down by a large amount, consider the components and comment on which parts can be easily increased or decreased daily. 17. Children waiting to be adopted in the USA in 1998 were living in a variety of accommodation. From this list of figures from Fedstat (US Govt Statistics), make a divided bar chart.
Pre-adoption home Relative Foster home Group home Institution 8% 26% 57% 4% 6%
Before you attempt to answer these questions, get in a group and brainstorm situations which might involve children being forced into a position of being put up for adoption. (a) What percentage of accommodation is actually supplied by the government? (b) Can you think of some reasons why less than half as many children stay with a relative instead of with a foster family? (c) Taking into account your answer to (b), does it seem likely that people are more likely to take care of a child (foster) who is not a relative than one who is? (d) From these statistics, does it seem fair to conclude that less than half of the children who are unable to live with their own families, are taken in by a relative? (e) From your answers and discussion, write a short description of the way in which these statistics could easily be misinterpreted. 18. A Sydney parking station advertises the following rates. They also have an early bird deal for $10 for patrons who arrive before 0 1 hours $7 9:30 am and depart after 3:00 pm. Draw a step graph to represent these charges. Consider how you would show the early bird deal. You may 1 2 hours $14 need to include a special key.
2 3 hours $21 $22 $22 3 4 hours Maximum fee
66
27/10/2003
8:57 AM
Page 67
19. Here is a table of bulk postage rates according to the number of items posted. Draw up a multiple step graph showing each of the 6 classes of mail and the postage rate for the number of items posted. Bulk Postage Rates
Description C5 envelope DL window face B4 envelope 2-way envelope 500g satchel 3kg satchel 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
$3.80 $3.61 $3.80 $3.61 $4.80 $4.56 $8.00 $7.60 $6.30 $5.99 $9.30 $8.84
$3.61 $3.61 $3.61 $3.61 $3.61 $3.61 $3.61 $3.61 $3.61 $3.61 $4.56 $4.56 $4.56 $4.56 $4.56 $7.60 $7.60 $7.60 $7.60 $7.60 $5.99 $5.99 $5.99 $5.99 $5.99 $8.84 $8.84 $8.84 $8.84 $8.84
$3.61 $3.61 $3.42 $3.42 $3.42 $3.42 $3.61 $3.61 $3.42 $3.42 $3.42 $3.42 $4.56 $4.56 $4.32 $4.32 $4.32 $4.32 $7.60 $7.60 $7.20 $7.20 $7.20 $7.20 $5.99 $5.99 $5.67 $5.67 $5.67 $5.67 $8.84 $8.84 $8.37 $8.37 $8.37 $8.37
$3.42 $3.42 $3.42 $3.42 $4.32 $4.32 $7.20 $7.20 $5.67 $5.67 $8.37 $8.37
3.03
READING TABLES
Example 1 This tide chart contains a lot of information including times, dates, tide heights and whether it is a low or high tide. It cleverly uses colour to distinguish these highs and lows, and refers to EST and DST for time reference. 2003 Tide Predictions for Sydney January 2003
Wed 1 Time 0007 0645 1330 1923 Ht 0.38 1.82 0.24 1.31 Thu 2 Time 0058 0735 1422 2016 Ht 0.39 1.88 0.19 1.31 Fri 3 Time 0146 0824 1510 2105 Ht 0.41 1.91 0.18 1.30 Sat 4 Time 0234 0910 1555 2152 Ht 0.43 1.89 0.20 1.29 Sun 5 Time 0320 0954 1639 2237 Ht 0.46 1.83 0.25 1.27 Mon 6 Time 0406 1036 1720 2321 Ht 0.50 1.74 0.31 1.25 Tue 7 Time 0451 1116 1800 Ht 0.54 1.63 0.37
Copyright. National Tidal Facility, The Flinders University of South Australia.
Time in 24 hour clock, height (ht) in metres above chart datum, red for low tide and blue for high tide. Times stated are Eastern Standard Time (EST). During Daylight Saving Time (DST when in force), one hour needs to be added to the times stated.
(a) Ron wants to fish the bottom of the tide in the afternoon on Sunday. What time should he go fishing?
Solution
There are two low tides on Sunday (red). 0320 or 3:20 am and 1639 or 4:39 pm. Ron wants to go in the afternoon so the second one is appropriate. Daylight saving is in effect in Sydney in January so the notes tell us to add one hour. Ron should go at 5:39 pm.
67
27/10/2003
8:58 AM
Page 68
Solution
(b) Ron needs to go pumping for nippers on the mud flats before he fishes but he knows that the tide must be under 0.2 m for full access to the mud flats. When should he go nippering? On the previous day, Friday, there is a low tide of 0.18 at 1510 or 3:10 pm. Again, adding 1 hour for DST, he should go on Friday at 4:10 pm.
(c) When the tide is over 1.85 m, the rock shelf is covered and a bombora breaks in the bay. When can Ron surf the bomby? Solution High tides over 1.85 m occur on Thursday (8:35 am), Friday (9:24 am) and Saturday (10:10 am).
3.03
1. Read the tide chart and answer the following questions. 2003 Tide Predictions for Sydney December 2003
Thu 25 Time 0253 0929 1617 2216 Ht 0.38 1.99 0.11 1.32 Fri 26 Time 0346 1020 1709 2310 Ht 0.42 1.93 0.16 1.29 Sat 27 Time 0441 1110 1800 Ht 0.46 1.82 0.24 Sun 28 Time 0003 0535 1200 1848 Ht 1.27 0.52 1.67 0.33 Mon 29 Time 0057 0632 1250 1936 Ht 1.26 0.59 1.52 0.40 Tue 30 Time 0150 0733 1342 2021 Ht 1.27 0.65 1.38 0.46 Wed 31 Time 0244 0840 1438 2106 Ht 1.30 0.68 1.27 0.50
Copyright: National Tidal Facility, The Flinders University of South Australia.
Time in 24 hour clock, height (ht) in metres above chart datum, red for low tide and blue for high tide. Times stated are Eastern Standard Time (EST). During Daylight Saving Time (DST when in force), one hour needs to be added to the times stated.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
Is it a high or a low tide at 9:40 am on Wednesday 31 December? fishing at the low high tide or the Is this the lowest tide of that day? If not, when is the lowest tide of the day? high low tide. What is different about Saturday 27? Find the date and time of the lowest tide expected during this week. Suggest a method, referring to patterns you have noted in the table, that would confirm that this is the lowest, other than a trial and error method. What is the height and status of the tide on Monday 29 at 8:36 pm? When is there a high tide of 1.29 metres? Is there a constant difference between the heights of the 2 low tides each day? Is there a constant difference between the times of the 2 high tides each day? Propose one further question that could be answered from this table.
Now I can go
68
27/10/2003
8:58 AM
Page 69
2.
Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line Waterfall/Cronulla to Bondi Junction Weekdays

Train from Sutherland Dep Jannali Como Oatley Mortdale Dep Penshurst Hurstville Dep Allawah Carlton Kogarah Rockdale Banksia Arncliffe Wolli Creek Tempe Sydenham Redfern Central Arr am ---8.23 8.25 8.27 8.30 8.33 8.34 8.39 ------8.42 8.44 ------8.50 ---8.53 8.58 9.00 am ---8.33 8.35 ---8.39 8.42 8.43 8.46 ------8.49 8.51 ------------8.57 9.02 9.04 am ---8.41 ---------------8.51 ------------------------------9.08i am ---------------------8.46 8.48 8.49 8.51 8.53 8.55 8.57 9.00 9.01 9.04 9.09 9.11
am ---8.52 8.54 ------8.59 9.00 9.03 ------9.06 9.08 ------------9.14 9.19 9.21
am ---8.58 9.00 9.02 9.05 9.08 9.09 9.12 ------9.15 9.17 ------9.21 ---9.24 9.29 9.31
am ---9.09 ---------------9.19 ------------------------------9.36i
am ---------------9.11 9.12 9.16 9.17 9.19 9.21 9.23 9.25 9.27 9.30 9.31 9.34 9.39 9.41
am ---9.21 9.23 ------9.28 9.30 9.32 ------9.35 9.37 ------9.41 ---9.44 9.49 9.51
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
(i)
Do you need to know whether daylight saving is in place to make an adjustment? What does ---- indicate in the table? What time does the 8:33 from Sutherland arrive at Central? If you needed to be at Sydenham by 9:30 am, what is the latest train you could get from Hurstville? A commuter arrives at Sutherland station at 8:15 am. What is the earliest he or she could be at Arncliffe station? Explain. How long does the normal service take from Sutherland to Central? Why does it vary? How much time is saved on the trip from Sutherland to Central if you catch the express (departs 9:09 am) rather than the all stops service (departs 8:58 am)? A group of travellers from Penshurst arrives at the station at 9:00 am to go to Tempe. Since the 9:00 am service does not stop at Tempe, they wait for the 9:09 service and change trains at Wolli Creek. They get off at 9:21 at Wolli Creek, wait 9 minutes, and board the 9:30 service arriving at Tempe 1 minute later? Evaluate this travel plan. Can you find a simpler way of getting to Tempe by 9:31? Can you think of a reason why they might have chosen this travel plan in preference to the simpler one?
Learning to read railway timetables is good training!
69
27/10/2003
8:58 AM
Page 70
3.
The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is calculated from the monthly or seasonal fluctuations in the air pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin. Sustained negative values of the SOI often indicate El Nio episodes. These negative values are usually accompanied by sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, a decrease in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Australia.
Year 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov 0.6 Dec 1.6
8.2 7.9 1.6 0.6
8.5 21.1 8.2 16.0 10.8 14.0 7.6 13.5
10.6 22.8 13.0 10.4 18.0 17.2 17.2 14.1 7.3 11.6 3.5 16.2 9.0 1.5 6.2 7.8 1.3 13.9 4.2 6.8 0.8 4.6 3.2 6.9 1.3 4.2 1.3 0.1 5.5 7.2
4.0 2.7 8.4 4.1 1.1 13.3
8.5 16.2 22.4 24.1 9.5 19.8 14.8 17.8 15.2 9.1 9.9 1.0 14.6 4.8 9.8 2.1 5.3 11.1 10.9 0.4 9.9 1.4 9.1 9.7 1.9 12.5 13.3 13.1 12.8 22.4 7.2 6.0 7.7 9.1
23.5 19.2 28.5 24.4 0.5 15.6 5.1 8.9 2.7 8.6 12.9 11.9 7.7 8.9 9.4 6.7 18.5 16.8 0.3 1.3 3.6 9.0
5.5 3.7
1.8 3.0 8.9
5.2 3.8 14.5 6.3 7.6 14.6 7.6 7.4
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) 4.

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
What was the SOI for July 1998? Is this a high, medium or low result? During which 4 years was an El Nio episode likely? Calculate the average SOI in July and January. Are negative SOI values more likely in summer or winter? Make a prediction for December 2002. Imagine you are a long range weather forecaster. From the pattern observed in the table, write out a rainfall forecast for Australias northern and eastern regions in 2003.
NRL 2002 Ladder Club Warriors Knights Broncos Roosters Sharks Eels Dragons Raiders Nthn Eagles Storm Cowboys Panthers Wests Tigers Rabbitohs Bulldogs P 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 W 17 17 16 15 15 10 9 10 10 9 8 7 7 5 20 D 0 0 1 1 0 2 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 L 7 7 7 8 9 12 12 13 14 14 16 17 17 19 3 F 688 724 672 621 653 531 632 471 503 556 496 546 498 385 707 A 454 498 425 405 597 440 546 641 740 586 803 654 642 817 435 B 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 PTS 38 38 37 35 34 26 25 25 24 23 20 18 18 14 8
P:Played, W:Win, L:Loss, D:Draw, F:For, A:Against, B:Byes, PTS:Points Bulldogs points prior to Round 24 deducted due to salary cap breach.
(a) What is the difference between, points for, and, points against, for the Knights? (b) How many teams scored more points for than against?
70
27/10/2003
8:58 AM
Page 71
(c) If the Bulldogs had not been stripped of their competition points prior to round 24, would they have been first on the ladder? Give reasons. (d) How many draws were played during the season? (e) The Northern Eagles scored more points than the Raiders but finished behind them on the table. Why do you suppose that was? (f) Why do all teams have 2 byes? (g) Can you work out from the table, how many points a team receives for a bye? (h) Find a team with a good defensive record but with a relatively weak attack record.
Melbourne Kalgoorlie
5.
Canberra Adelaide Brisbane Broome Alice Springs Darwin Broken Hill Hobart Cairns
Alice Springs Brisbane Broken Hill Broome Cairns Canberra Darwin Hobart Kalgoorlie Melbourne Perth Sydney Townsville
1690 2131 509 4036 2862 1210 3212 1412 1965 745 2749 1431 2525
3057 1754 2346 2336 2753 1522 3102 2983 2436 3767 2929 2096
1577 4317 1841 1295 3493 2403 3806 1736 4390 1027 1467
4100 2353 1108 3276 1506 2029 839 2813 1175 2016
3754 5099 1963 5448 2942 4781 2416 4883 2016
3139 2796 3900 4382 3233 6016 2868 374
4229 1322 3028 655 3812 304 2765
4624 4505 3967 4342 4060 2556
3377 667 2710 4161 784 3493 1560 3254 863 3988 3524 4230 2890 5640 2492
(a) Read from the table, the distance from Melbourne to Perth. (b) Calculate the cost of running a truck from Melbourne to Canberra at 38 cents/km. (c) How long would it take to travel from Sydney to Broken Hill at an average speed of 90 kph if the driver took a 15 minute break after every 2 hours? (d) Laurence Leadfoot said that he once drove non-stop from Melbourne to Adelaide in 8 hours. If this were true, do you think he would have exceeded the speed limit at times? (e) An eccentric millionaire is once supposed to have jumped into a taxi in Sydney and said: Take me to Perth. If the flagfall is $2.55 and thereafter $1.45 per km, what would it have cost the big spender? (f) Compare the distances from Broken Hill (NSW) to Sydney in NSW with Adelaide in SA. What effect do you think this has on the attitude of the people of Broken Hill? 6.
4th Test: Australia v England at Melbourne, 26-30 Dec 2002 Australia 1st innings JL Langer ML Hayden RT Ponting DR Martyn *SR Waugh ML Love +AC Gilchrist c Foster not out b Dawson c Caddick c Crawley b Dawson b Caddick b White c Trescothick b White b White Run Min Balls 250 578 407 102 189 149 21 17 77 62 1 40 38 32 30 4s 30 10 3 3 15 4 0 6s 1 3 0 0 0 0 0
I enjoy the outfield
159 117 160 141 9 6
Extras (lb 11, w 5, nb 5) 21 Total (6 wickets dec, 146 overs, 588 mins) 551
(a) The strike rate for a batsman is the number of runs scored by the number of balls faced (100 to change it to a %). Which batsman in this innings had the highest strike rate? (b) Looking at the run rate (runs scored minutes batting) for individual batsmen, it is clear that most of them took about 2 mins or more per run. Why is the Australian average run rate then almost a run a minute?
Sydney
Perth
71
27/10/2003
8:58 AM
Page 72
(c) (d) (e) (f) 7.
Who was batting and what happened immediately prior to Australias declaration? Based on the number of sixes hit, who was the most aggressive batsman? Based on the number of fours hit, who was the most aggressive batsman? Is it correct to evaluate information in a table based only on one part of the data?
NSW Population Weight Not Over (Kilos) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Zones 1 & 2 $3.69 3.85 4.65 4.86 5.03 5.63 5.80 5.98 6.11 6.28 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 $3.75 3.85 4.65 5.20 5.71 6.01 6.28 6.53 6.76 7.57 $3.75 4.14 5.55 6.29 6.94 7.44 7.91 8.30 $3.75 4.14 5.65 6.93 7.75 8.50 9.20 9.84 $3.75 4.49 5.71 7.14 8.58 9.52 10.35 11.11 11.83 12.50 $3.75 4.49 5.77 7.20 8.64 9.90 11.39 12.54 13.38 14.17 Zone 8 $3.75 4.49 6.32 7.87 9.43 11.49 12.83 15.04 17.04 18.14
Here is a table showing the cost of posting small parcels by their weight and according to their destination zone.
8.74 1 0.45 9.10 11.01
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
How much is it to send a parcel weighing 2300g to Zone 6? What is the difference between sending a 5 kilo package to Zone 2 or Zone 8? What is the difference between sending a 4.5 kilo package to Zone 3 or a 2.5 kilo package to Zone 7? How many 500 g articles can be sent to zone 3 for the same price as a 4 kg package to Zone 8? Dollar signs are shown in only the first row of the table. Why?
WHO AM I?
I was born on June 13, 1928 in Bluefield, West Virginia, son of an electrical engineer and an English teacher. By high school, I had proved one of Fermats theorems, and was aiming to do electrical engineering like my father, but switched at university to studying chemical engineering. I was encouraged to shift into mathematics as my major and graduated with a masters degree. I moved to Princeton for postgraduate work that led me to write a paper on The Bargaining Problem, which was later published in economics journals. This, in turn, led to my interest in game theory studies. It was here I developed the idea that led to Non-Cooperative Games, also making a nice discovery relating to manifolds and real algebraic varieties, but I was prepared for the possibility that the game theory work would not be acceptable as a thesis. I also managed to solve some problems that, at the time, were considered unsolvable. I married in 1956 but fell into a long period of mental illness from which I finally recovered to receive the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1994, resulting from my earlier work in game theory being applied to markets. A film was later made of my life starring Australian actor, Russell Crowe. My initials are JN. Who am I?
72
27/10/2003
8:58 AM
Page 73
INVESTIGATION
Research the mathematical relationship between the notes in the harmonic musical scale. Find out if each note has a defined pitch and how it is defined. Has it always been defined that way and are there different ways of defining the notes in the scale. Modern electric guitars come with fixed note tuning devices. Earlier musicians had preferences for tuning by their own ear. What was the Pythagorean tuning system?
GROUP ACTIVITY
Go to the school library and find some magazines or newspaper articles containing several graphs. Discuss in your group the type of each graph. See if you can answer the following questions for each graph you have found. 1. Why has this type of graph been chosen for this data? 2. Is it an appropriate type of graph for the data? 3. Could another type of graph have been used? 4. Does the graph have a misplaced zero, gaps in the scale or other devices which might be misleading?
3.04
Dot Plot
FURTHER GRAPHS
Where you have a large number of scores collected separately, there is an easy method of displaying each score by placing a dot over the score for each item. Example 1 Here is a golfers score card for each hole on an 18 hole round of golf.
Hole Score 1 4 2 5 3 6 4 7 5 6 6 4 7 5 8 9 9 8 10 7 11 7 12 3 13 5 14 7 15 4 16 8 17 6 18 5
4 5 6 7 8 9 Number of strokes per hole
Note: 1. Each dot is placed on the graph as you come to it. There is no need to summarise the data first. 2. In displaying this data graphically, we no longer know on which hole the score was made. 3. We can see a shape to the distribution of the scores with only 1 hole scoring 3 and only 1 hole scoring 9. The scores are tending to cluster towards the middle. 4. Each dot must be carefully placed and be the same size as the others to preserve a scale.
73
27/10/2003
8:58 AM
Page 74
Frequency histogram and frequency polygon

Alternatively, the scores can be collected together into a frequency table, and a frequency histogram can be drawn. By joining all of the centres of the columns, the frequency polygon can be added. Example 2
Frequency table
Number of strokes 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Frequency
Frequency histogram 5 Number of holes 4 3 2 1 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Number of strokes per hole
1 3 4 3 4 2 1
Note: 1. The scores must first be collected in a table. More work is involved than a simple dot plot. 2. The variables involved in this data set are discrete as 4.5 strokes or 4.5 holes are impossible. Some interpretation may be made, however, as an average of 4.5 means that from 4 to 5 strokes could be expected as a common score on any given hole. 3. In this particular example, there is little information contained in the frequency polygon.
Stem and leaf plot

A similar method of representing a number of scores but showing more detail in a horizontal mode is the stem and leaf plot. Example 3 Here is a set of marks gained by students from a country school in the School Certificate External Examination (arranged in order). 34 48 49 51 51 80 83 83 85 87 53 57 61 62 65 88 88 89 89 89 66 67 67 67 70 89 90 91 91 92 72 73 74 76 79 94 94 95 96
Stem leaves 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 89 1137 1256777 023469 033578899999 01124456
You can see the shape of the distribution in a stem and leaf plot. There are more scores toward the higher end. This is called skewed data.
74
27/10/2003
8:58 AM
Page 75
Scatter diagram and regression line (line of best fit)

English Maths 68 65 71 74 77 81 76 85 91 82 85 92 84 90 78 81 91 94 45 48 54 59 63 67 68 76 78 78 79 79 83 85 89 92 95 98
Exam Results
100 90 80 Maths 70 60 50 40 40
Plots that don't closely fit the pattern are called outliers!
Note: 1. Each plot represents both the English and Maths mark of one student. 2. There is a pattern observable in the plot. The higher the Maths mark, the higher the English mark tends to be in general. 3. By drawing a straight line so there are approximately the same number of marks above the line as below it and the total distances from the points to the line is minimised, we have a regression line or line of best fit.
80 100
Groups of scores bunched together, usually showing some trend, pattern or tendency are called clusters.
60
English
3.04
1. A ride at a carnival can take up to 12 people at a time on the ride. The operator keeps a tally of the number of people riding each time.
5 6 7 8 9 10 Number of riders each time
11
12
(a) (b) (c) (d)
How many times did the ride go with 6 people on board? The ride went exactly 4 times with how many people on board? Give one reason why there are often 12 riders but not 9, 10 or 11. Look at the shape of the distribution. Does it appear that the ride is mostly more than half full (712) or half full or less (16)? (e) The operator figures that on this night he just about broke even. Estimate how many riders are required to cover the running costs for each ride.
75
27/10/2003
8:58 AM
Page 76
2.
To put together the high school winter sports program, students were asked to nominate a sport from the following list. R = Rugby B = Basketball L = Bowling S = Squash T = Tennis H = Hockey F = Touch (Football) P = Table Tennis This list was returned from Year 11 R B B F P P F H S S T F R T P P B L S S S F P S B H H B B R S L B H H R L R R R R R P FR S R S R R B T T H L H R L L F P S H P T
(a) Make a dot plot using categorical data. (b) Decide which sports might run and which do not have enough starters. (Research team numbers.) (c) Team members from collapsed sports may be assigned to another team. Come up with a list of 6 viable sports to offer. 3. Here is a double stem and leaf plot for male and female drivers in a local traffic survey. The survey took place in a new 40 kph zone near a school but as it was a trial, no motorists were booked for exceeding the speed limit. (a) The graph makes it look as if many female drivers were Speed Male Female speeding. Comment on the groups in the 4050 kph range. kph (b) Did male or female drivers have the larger proportion 2 5 8 9 exceeding 40 kph? 9 8 7 7 5 3 1 3 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 (c) Who were the safest drivers near children in this survey? 9 7 5 5 2 1 4 0 0 1 1 2 3 3 5 7 (d) Comment on some other aspect of the survey that you have 4 4 3 5 0 1 5 8 noted from the graph. 2 6 (e) Do you think a speed camera is warranted at this site? For this set of data showing the running time (in minutes) of videos, arrange them in increasing order, create a stem-and-leaf plot and answer the questions. 117 123 135 122 145 98 94 95 96 99 120 122 102 111 125 131 119 150 99 112 121 101 112 100
(a) How many of these movies are less than one and a half hours? (b) Look at the shape of the leaves and estimate the usual or average running time of these videos. Look for a cluster of times near the middle. (c) Nominate movies which are unusually short or unusually long compared to the others in this survey. Write down the times of these outliers. (d) If you now ignore these outliers, does this change your estimate of the average time? (e) Does the distribution of the graph lead you to think that movies are made with a certain time in mind or are they quite random in their length? Give reasons from the graph to support your answer. (f) Investigate running times of other movies. Are the movie lengths in this study of typical length or are they shorter or longer than commonly available video movies? 5. Eric has programmed his calculator to simulate a die. Each time a key is pressed it generates a random number from 1 to 6. Anna is not so sure that his programming is correct so they undertake a trial to test it out. Here are Erics results.
Score 1 2 3 4 5 Frequency 16 12 13 11 13
76
27/10/2003
8:58 AM
Page 77
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Use the tabulated figures to construct a frequency histogram. Draw a frequency polygon on your graph. If Erics programming is correct, what would you expect to see on your graph? From the graph, does it appear that the 6 numbers are randomly generated or is there some pattern? If the numbers are not randomly generated, then do they appear to favour the higher numbers, the lower numbers or are they just inconsistent?
6.
Here is a table of average household sizes from the Australian Bureau of Statistics.
Year 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 Household Size 3.55 3.47 3.31 3.12 2.98 2.88 2.8 2.64 2.6
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 7.
Construct a frequency histogram. Add a frequency polygon. What is the clear trend in Australian household size? Is the trend accelerating? Make a prediction for the household size in 2006. Would a sector graph be suitable to display this information?
An experiment to test the melting time of a block of ice placed in an environment of a fixed temperature was conducted. A number of blocks of ice the same size were successively placed in a room with thermostat control. Here are the results.
Temperature Minutes to Melt 12 44 13 40 14 34 15 36 16 35 17 34 18 33 19 29 20 24 21 21 22 23 23 18 24 18 25 14 26 15
(a) (b) (c) (d) 8.
Construct a scatter plot. Place the temperature along the horizontal axis of your graph. Draw a regression line (line of best fit). Use your regression line to estimate the length of time taken for an ice block to melt at 30. What does your graph imply about an ice block placed in an environment of 0? Does this make sense? What part of the mathematical model needs reviewing here?
A number of people were asked to type for 1 minute and their speed and accuracy was recorded.
Words / min No. of errors 21 12 22 11 24 10 31 12 31 11 30 10 32 8 33 9 35 10 34 7 37 8 37 10 40 4 40 6 40 8 47 46 1 4
(a) Draw up a scatter plot with the number of words per minute typed along the horizontal axis. (b) Study the pattern carefully and draw in a regression line to emphasise the relationship between speed and accuracy. (c) It has been said More haste, less speed! It may be expected that the faster the person tries to type, the more mistakes are made. Is this true for this sample? (d) Give at least one reason for the result found in part (c).
77
27/10/2003
8:58 AM
Page 78
Special graphs
9. This graph is called a wagon wheel and shows the scoring areas of a batsman in a cricket match. 4th Test: Australia v England at Melbourne, 2630 Dec 2002
JL Langer Left Hand Bat 1st Innings 67 4 x 4 0 x 6 45ss 30 5x4 0x6 12ss 26 4x4 1x6 9ss 45 5x4 0x6 18ss 44 7x4 0x6 38 5x4 0x6 19ss Runs: Balls faced: Strike rate: Scoring shots: 0s 1s 2s 3s 4s 6s 250 407 61.43 120 287 65 13 11 30 1
Source: Cricinfo
Study the information given in the graph and the legend carefully. You may need to ask someone in your class about definitions in the game of cricket. Does Langer prefer the on-side or the off-side when driving?
Spreadsheets
Here is a spreadsheet that shows how calculations work. Firstly, spreadsheets consist of rows (Row 1, 2, 3 etc) and columns (column A, B, C etc). The box formed by the intersection of a row and a column is called a cell (e.g. F8).
There are 3 kinds of cell entries recognised by a spreadsheet. 1. Labels (Headings etc) consisting of letters, symbols and numbers. 2. Data, consisting of numbers (money, percentages, decimals etc). 3. Formulas consisting of mathematical expressions (displayed in row 8).
Note: The results of formulas are usually displayed in each cell rather than the formula itself. In this case, row 8 is showing the formulas so that you can see how they work. A formula must begin with an = sign for a spreadsheet to recognise it as a formula. The formula is normally displayed in the formula bar at the top of the spreadsheet. Example: The cursor is on the cell F8. The contents of the cell F8 are shown in the formula bar above. F8 = D8 + E8. That means that the contents of cell F8 will be the sum of the contents of cells D8 and E8.
78
27/10/2003
8:58 AM
Page 79
Reading across row 7, we find: The label (cell A7) tells us that the row is about a home theatre DVD. The data (cell B7) tells us the ticketed price is $4879.00. The data (cell C7) tells us that there is a 20% discount available on this item. The formula (Cell D7) = B7*(1C7) tells the spreadsheet to subtract the discount from 1 (leaving 80%) and multiply this by the price in cell B7. The amount displayed is 80% of the ticket price. The formula (cell E7) = 0.1*B7 tells the spreadsheet to multiply the cost (B7) by 0.1 (10%). The amount displayed is 10% of the ticket price. The formula (cell F7) = D7+E7 tells the spreadsheet to add GST to the discount price. The amount displayed is the sale price. Advantages of a spreadsheet 1. Only one set of formulas has to be typed in. Once one row or column is complete, the formulas can be copied but they will automatically update their references to each successive row or column. F2 = E2 + D2 will be copied to the next line as F3 = E3 + D3. 2. If any of the data changes, it is easy to recalculate everything. Simply enter the changed data into the relevant cell and all cells are automatically recalculated. 3. Spreadsheets can construct colourful, accurate and interesting graphs and charts with inbuilt templates for most types of graphs.
10. For the spreadsheet shown, fill in the missing values.
(a) D5 = ?
(b) E5 = ?
(c) F5 = ?
11. State whether the named cell contains a label, data or a formula. (a) E1 (b) F3 (c) B4 12. Is the stamp duty charged on the price, the trade-in or the balance? 13. How is the cost calculated?
79
27/10/2003
8:58 AM
Page 80
Creating graphs using a spreadsheet

(This example uses Microsoft Excel which is available on PCs and Macintosh platforms.)
Step 1: Open a new spreadsheet and enter in a data set. For this example, we will use a data set from earlier in the chapter. Step 2: Highlight (drag over with the mouse) all of the cells containing the data including their headings. Do not click on the column header A or the row header 1. Step 3: Click the Chart Wizard icon on the toolbar at the top of the spreadsheet.
Step 4: Select the type of graph (pie graph) and the sub-type (exploded 3-D pie graph). Check the graph sample to see that it is the correct type and then press Next.
Step 5: Type title Time on the Internet in this box. Step 6: Click on legend tab.
80
27/10/2003
8:58 AM
Page 81
Step 7: Uncheck the show legend box. Step 8: Click on the data labels tab.
Step 9: Click on Show label and percent Step 10: Click Next. Step 11: Click finish in the last window to create your final graph.
Hints: 1. To colour in the background, click on the graph anywhere to highlight it and then click on a (pale) colour of your choice using the fill tool. 2. To select more vibrant colours for your sector graph, click on each sector and again select the colours of your choice using the fill tool. 3. As you can see, the heading 'Homework' is too long to fit on one line. To overcome this problem, click on the graph anywhere to highlight it and then drag the side handle to the right until the label fits on one line. 4. You can now copy and paste this graph into a word processing document. It should look like this!
81
27/10/2003
8:59 AM
Page 82
Time on the Internet

Homework 20% Games 15% Music 15%
Shopping 30%
You can experiment with other types of graphs. On the CD, there is a folder (Chapter 3) containing all of the data sets and graphs used in this chapter. Try to recreate some of these yourself and change some of the parameters to customise their appearance. For a more in-depth treatment of spreadsheets, consult specialist publications in your library or computer software manuals.
Chatting 20%
WHO AM I?
I am formed more or less by the digit 1 and a couple of zeros but I am not 100. I am seen ubiquitously in advertisements and mathematics textbooks. I sometimes have my own key on a calculator although my use is often not well understood in this context. I am essential to investing and most students of all subjects are familiar with my implications. Do not try to guess who I am unless you are 100% sure of my identity.
INVESTIGATION
Investigate the achievements of Karl Friedrich Gauss. What contribution to statistics did Gauss make concerning the normal distribution? What is the normal distribution and can you find a picture of its graph? What other names are given to this graph? What other major achievements did Gauss make? On a scale of 1 to 10 from small achievements to great achievements, how would you rank Gauss as a mathematician?
GROUP ACTIVITY
Counting in binary
You will need a group of 4 people or more to simulate a binary counter. Designate one person as the units counter, another as the 2s counter and another as the 4s counter, and so on, (going up by powers of 2). They will form a machine by standing side by side, beginning with the units counter on the left, and raising and lowering their right arm to indicate 1 or 0. Note: Change means if the arm is up, it comes down and, if the arm is down, it goes up! Rule for units counter: Each time a number is called, change the arm. Rule for other counters: When the persons arm on your left goes down, you change! Now someone begins counting very slowly 1 2 3 4 and the group attempts to model a binary (digital) counting machine. Note: This modelling task is much more difficult than it appears and your group will be doing very well if they can get this right on their first attempt!
82
27/10/2003
8:59 AM
Page 83
A Number Puzzle
B A S
S is the Sun and two planets are orbiting (close enough to a circular orbit). Planet A orbits every 10 years while planet B orbits every 30 years. How long is it until the first time when the planets and the Sun are in a straight line again?
3.05
Miscellaneous extension
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Is half of 20% greater than, less than or the same as 50% of 20? What fraction lies halfway between Which is larger,
71 81 or ? 80 90 1 1 and ? 5 7
What is the angle sum of a quadrilateral plus a hexagon? Is it the same as the angle sum of a decagon? Explain. What is the angle sum of a 40 sided plane figure? France has an area of 560 000 km 2 . France is 2 times the size of the UK. What area is the UK? Find two numbers whose sum is 25 and whose product is 144. Find the shortest method you can for converting each of these repeating decimals into a fraction in its lowest terms. (a) 0. 7

1 3
(b) 0. 4 5
(c) 0.132
(d) 1.5 4
9.
A light blinks on a buoy every 6 seconds; a lighthouse beam sweeps by every 15 seconds and a channel marker occults every 8 seconds. How long between 2 time periods when they all synchronise? Note: A light is occulting when it is mostly on but turns off for a short time periodically. The occulting pattern allows navigators to identify the light.
10. In how many different ways can I hold up any or all of the fingers on one hand? 11. On a pool table are 4 coloured balls plus the cue ball. For a trick shot, the player is required to bounce the cue ball off any coloured ball and strike just two others (one such path is shown). How many different ways can this be done?
12. In my wallet, I have 30 notes ($20s $10s and $5s). Their value is $305. How many of each kind do I have? Give just 1 possible answer. How many possible answers are there? 13.
Start Find the square root Add 12 Find the square root Find the square root 2
What number existed at the start?

83
27/10/2003
8:59 AM
Page 84
14. If means add the product and the sum of two numbers; e.g. 5 4 = 20 + 9 = 29, calculate (2 3) (1 4) 15. Solve 2 x + x = 15
3
16. How many ways can you partition 5? (4 + 1 = 5, 2 + 2 + 1 = 5, etc, are partitions of 5) 17. Xiao is 4 years older than Suiyi. In 4 years time, the sum of their ages will be 42 years. How old are they now?
KEY WORDS
graph chart table axis axes scale plot category continuous discrete information data row column frequency histogram polygon slope conversion stacked sector bar step predict forecast dot plot stem and leaf summarise cluster outlier distribution scatter plot regression statistics legend
DIAGNOSTIC DIAGNOSTIC TEST TEST

Graphs, tables and spreadsheets
1. (a) Is the temperature showing on a thermometer a categorical, discrete or continuous variable? (b) Is the suit of the cards dealt from a deck (hearts, spades, diamonds, clubs) a categorical, discrete or continuous variable? (c) Is the order in which horses finish in a race a categorical, discrete or continuous variable?
80 70 60 50 mph 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 70 80 90 100 110 120 kph Speed conversion
3.01
2.
3.01 Answer these questions (a) Convert 100 kph to mph. (b) Convert 40 mph to kph. (c) Use the graph to estimate 100 mph as a speed in kph.
84
27/10/2003
8:59 AM
Page 85
3.
Make up a description of this harbour cruise.

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 11:00 am 11:10 am 11:20 am 11:30 am 11:40 am 11:50 am 12:00 am 12:10 am 12:20 am 12:30 am Harbour cruise
3.01 (a) What was the furthest that the ferry got from the quay? (b) During which times did most of the sight-seeing occur? (c) Explain the difference in the speed of the ferry departing and returning.
Distance in m
Distance
4.
Aquarium favorites
List the names of each sea creature and state the percentage of visitors to the aquarium who voted it as their favourite.
3.01
5.
Draw a column graph to display these rainfall amounts in mm.

Month Total monthly rainfall Oct 23.5 Nov 32.1 Dec 30.5 Jan 42.5 Feb 19.5 Mar 2.4
3.02
6.
Construct a divided bar graph showing all your calculations. Display the following data for visitors to the recreation centre. squash courts 36 gymnasium 48 performance hall 42 training field 18 Here is an official life expectancy chart.
Age Life expectancy Age Life expectancy 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
3.02
7.
3.03
28.7 27.9 27 70 71 72
26.1 25.2 24.4 23.5 22.7 21.8 21 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
20.2 19.4 18.6 17.8 80 81 82 9.1 83 8.6
17 16.3 15.5 14.8 14.1 13.4 12.7 12.1 11.4 10.8 10.2 9.7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
How much longer does a person who is currently 80, expect to live? What age does someone who is now 60 expect to live to? How far must you get to before you can expect to live to 88 or beyond? If you make it to 70, how many extra years can you expect to live more than someone who has so far only made it to 60? (e) From the table, state whether it appears true or false that the next generation can expect to live longer than the previous generation.
85
27/10/2003
8:59 AM
Page 86
8.
Wanda 9.40 10.35 11.35 12.35 1.35 2.35 4.40 8.00
From Wanda to Belmont MONDAY TO FRIDAY Shelby Park Saint St. Ave. Way AM 9.50 9.55 10.05 10.45 10.50 11.00 11.45 11.50 12.00 PM 12.51 12.50 1.00 1.45 1.50 2.00 2.45 2.50 3.00 4.50 4.55 5.05 8.05 8.10 8.20
(a) Approximately how long is the trip from Wanda to Belmont by bus?
Belmont (b) I live 5 mins walk from Saint St bus 10.17 11.17 12.17 1.17 2.17 3.17 5.19 8.44
3.03
stop. What time should I leave home if I need to catch a train from Belmont Station at 2:30?
(c) There is an error in the published timetable. Which time is wrong and what should it be? (d) The bus calls in at the depot to hand in the evening takings. Find the most likely place for the depot and the time of the visit. 3.04
9.
A survey of patrons leaving a movie theatre was conducted in which they were asked their age. (a) State the age of the youngest and oldest patrons in the survey. Stem Leaves (b) Which age group had the largest representation? 0 9 (c) Is there a large representation of senior citizens? 1 1445566899 Give a couple of reasons for this. 2 0035788999 (d) Give at least one reason for the proportion of 4049s. 3 1256777 4 023469 5 033578899 6 01456
10. For this table, draw a frequency histogram and add a frequency polygon. Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Frequency 2 4 5 8 10 3 1
3.04
11. Draw a scatter plot for these scores and draw a regression line.
Score A Score B 1 5 2 6 2 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 4 7 5 6 5 5 6 7 7 9 7 8 8 7 8 8 9 8 9 9
3.04
86

Chapter 3

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Chapter 3

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Maths8Chapter3_2003.

GRAPHS, GRAPHS, TABLES AND SPREADSHEETS

We Live in the Information Age!

(B) a sector graph (D) neither (A), (B), or (C)

(B) a survey of the entire population

(C) a banned book

Food Fuel Motel

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

READING AND INTERPRETING GRAPHS

Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets

Points on the graph are joined by straight line segments.

Month Water Temperature

Here is the table of values used to plot the graph.

180 160 140 cm 120 100 80 60

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Age Girls Boys

Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9:00 am 9:30 am 10:00 am

Harry meets Sally

Harry Sally 10:30 am 11:00 am 11:30 am 12:00 am 12:30 pm 1:00 pm 1:15 pm

Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

Horizontal column graphs

Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets

Multiple column graph (3-D)

Agricultural Income 1998 to 2000

8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics

Stacked column graph (horizontal)

% Distribution of overseas students in schools in 2000

Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets

13. (a) (b) (c) (d)

Divided bar graphs

14. Unemployment rate (aged 15 to 64)

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics

Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets

Constructing a line graph

Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets

Give the graph a title

Example 2 Misplaced zero

Example 3 Irregular scales

Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets

6.1 5.8 4.3 3.3

9.4 15.1 6.2 11.0

10.1 3.9 3.2 4.3

Constructing a sector graph

Measure the angle with a protractor. 108

Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets

Death Rates from Cancer

60 360 = 151 143

590 590 590

Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets

(a) (b) (c) (d) 5.

15.7 16.4 6.3 7.1

1.6 3.7 5.5

(a) (b) (c) (d) 6.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 8.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets

Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets

Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets

Copyright. National Tidal Facility, The Flinders University of South Australia.

Graphs,Tables and Spreadsheets