Principle of tuned-mass vibration absorber:

Problem: Periodic excitation of

vibrating system (resonant or not) Forced vibration can be cancelled by adding an auxiliary mass tuned such that

= k1 m1

& + kx + k1 ( x x1 ) = F0 cos(t ) m& x &1 + k1 ( x1 x) = 0 m1 & x

For = k1 m1 auxiliary mass vibrates in such a manner that the force exerted on m compensates the external force:

k1 x1 = F0 cos(t ) x=0 x1 = A1 cos(t ) A1 = F0 k1 = F0 m1 2

Problems/Limits of tuned-mass vibration absorbers: Amplitude of auxiliary mass is limited by absorber design. Above critical force amplitude absorber becomes saturated and absorber action disappears. If we try to remove resonant excitation (202=k/m): Adding the auxiliary mass m1 << m creates two new resonant frequancies slightly above and below 0 auf: Problem for broad spectrum of excitation frequencies.

Case study 1: North Stand, Highbury Stadium (Arsenal), 1993-2006

1992-93 Demolition of old stand and replacement by new all-seater stand using lightweight construction methods. natural frequency of vertical vibration mode of upper tier of the fully occupied stand slightly above 1 Hz

Problem: Resonant excitation of vertical mode by periodic vertical motions of the Arsenal supporters.

Solution: Attachment of tunable vibration absorbers to the upper tier

k1

Kinematic relations :

mass displacement x1 = lBC + x spring elongation xA = lAB = (lAB lBC )( x1 x)

Balance of moments : equation of motion for mass m1 : &1lBC + k1lAB (lAB lBC )( x1 x) = 0 m1& x &1 + keff ( x1 x) = 0 , keff = k1 (lAB lBC )2 m1& x

Equations of system for total system (stand + absorber mass) : &1 + keff ( x1 x) = 0 , m1& x & + keff ( x x1 ) + kx = F0 cos(t ) m& x keff = k (lAB lBC )
2

vibration of stand is cancelled if = keff m1 , effective spring constant can be tuned by changing lBC

 Solution of vibration problem by frustrating anthropogenic excitation: absorber is automatically tuned to dominant vibration frequency. In spite of ~ 5000 supporters on stand: only small auxiliary mass is needed (~ 2% of mass of the structure) since lack of feedback prevents the supporters from synchronising their motions.

Case study 2: The worlds largest tuned mass vibration absorber:

http://www.taipei-101.com.tw/en/OB/about/damper.asp Taipei 101: Until 2009 the worlds tallest building Situated near a major earthquake fault Situated in a Typhoon area Use of a tunable pendulum to control vibration of the building under extreme wind loads. Pendulum mass: 730 tons Pendulum length (tunable) around 12m

How does it work?

x x sin = 1 l x x mg tan mg mg 1 l

mg ( x1 x) F0 cos(t ) = 0 l mg & & mx1 + ( x1 x) = 0 l & + Kx M& x

mg ( x1 x) F0 cos(t ) = 0 l mg &1 + m& x ( x1 x) = 0 l & + Kx M& x

These equations are equivalent to those for a vibration absorber:

& + Kx + k1 ( x x1 ) = F0 cos(t ) M& x &1 + k1 ( x1 x) = 0 m& x

with spring stiffness

mg k1 = l
The forced vibration of the main mass is eliminated if

m = = k1

g l

The absorber can be tuned to changing frequencies by adjusting the free length of the pendulum

In Taipei 101: pendulum natural frequency (about 1/7 Hz) corresponds to frequency of the fundamental flexural mode of the tower structure -> control of resonant excitation by gusting winds