Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Quaternary International
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint

Lithic technology of the nal Mousterian on both sides of the Pyrenees

Cline Thibaut a, Vincent Mourre b, *, Pierre Chalard c, David Colonge d, Aude Coudenneau e, Marianne Deschamps f, Agata Sacco-Sonador g
a

Pacea/Umr 5199, Les Hauts Arthmes, 84560 Mnerbes, France Inrap Mditerrane, Traces/Umr 5608, 561 rue tienne Lenoir, km Delta, 30900 Nmes, France c SRA Midi-Pyrnes, Traces/Umr 5608, DRAC, 32 rue de la Dalbade, BP 811, 31080 Toulouse, France d Inrap GSO, Traces/Umr 5608, Dardennes hautes, 46300 Le Vigan, France e Lampea/Umr 6636, LAMPEA e MMSH, 5, Rue du Chteau de lHorloge, BP 647, 13094 Aix-En-Provence Cedex 2, France f Traces/Umr 5608, Maison de la Recherche Bt 26, 5, alle Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France g Maison de la Recherche Bt 26, 5, alle Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
b

a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history: Available online 12 June 2011

a b s t r a c t
The Mousterian of the North side of the Pyrenees has been the subject of several synthesis including relatively recent ones dealing with all the aspects of the Neanderthal groups subsistence. The Tarragona eCapellades workshop provided an interesting opportunity for developing a new synthetic balance regarding the nal (MIS 3) Mousterian of the Pyrenees, with an emphasis on data regarding lithic industries and resulting from the recent research on the North side with a few incursions on the South side. Some comparisons are taking shape, opening new research trails which still largely remain to explore, but which reveal the Pyrenees as a much less impermeable natural boundary than might be thought a priori. In the region, a technical diversity is perceptible. It is characterized by the use of very varied raw materials, the display of different aking methods and the production of tools with diversied technical and morpho-functional characteristics. Despite this important diversity, several series share some characteristics that allow sketching a technical geography whose interpretation remains to be discussed case by case. Some areas thus dened coincide with entities traditionally interpreted as cultural, as in the case of the Vasconian. 2011 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA.

1. Introduction Recent syntheses about the Mousterian of the Northern side of the Pyrenees cover all aspects of Neanderthal groups subsistence (Jaubert and Bismuth, 1996; Jaubert, 2005, 2007). The TarragonaeCapellades workshop provided an interesting opportunity for developing a new synthetic balance for the nal Mousterian lithic industries of the Pyrenees during MIS 3. As in other areas, the question of Mousterian lithic industries variability is a sizzling one in the context of the Pyrenees but it has been slightly discussed for this region up to now. It has mainly been addressed through the question of the Vasconian facies signication: dened by F. Bordes

* Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: celine.thiebaut@wanadoo.fr (C. Thibaut), vincent.mourre@ inrap.fr (V. Mourre), pierre.chalard-biberson@culture.gouv.fr (P. Chalard), david. colonge@wanadoo.fr (D. Colonge), coudenneau.aude@orange.fr (A. Coudenneau), deschamp@univ-tlse2.fr (M. Deschamps), gatounz@hotmail.fr (A. Sacco-Sonador). 1040-6182/$ e see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.028

on typological basis (1953), this facies is considered by this author as the expression of a cultural group using ake cleavers. This interpretation has been discussed by different authors and is coming to light again thanks to renewed technological analysis of classical Vasconian series. The synthetic balance proposed here is mainly based on the authors recent or current studies of lithic industries from ve Pyrenean sites (Olha II, Calavant, Noisetier cave, Mauran, Roman shelter) and on a review of the available literature as exhaustive as possible, at least for the north side. Even if it is difcult to compare the results of these analyses to those published by other authors, it is worth attempting this exercise. The objective is to propose here a regional balance for the lithic industries of the Pyrenean chain and piedmont. This balance is designed as a step in developing a program of collective research involving researchers interested in the Mousterian on both sides of the Pyrenees. The series presented here, with the exception of those from Roman shelter, come from the northern part of the Pyrenees chain (Fig. 1). Sites belong to various geomorphological and geological contexts (plain, plateau, mountains), and include an open air site

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

183

Fig. 1. Location of the mentioned sites.

(Calavant), an open air site originally backing on a rocky bar (Mauran), rock shelters (Roman, Olha), and a cave (Noisetier). Utilized raw materials are quite diverse, and the fauna associated with the lithic implements varies depending on sites and studied levels. Except in Mauran, fauna indicates a temperate climate. It can be relatively diversied as in Roman (red deer and horse are dominant), Noisetier and Olha II (red deer is dominant), or almost monospecic as in Mauran (bison almost exclusively; Table 1). After presenting the considered levels at each site, stressing the technical similarities and differences, a comparative approach will allow denition of a number of clusters of lithic series with relatively homogeneous technical traits.

2. Series 2.1. Olha II, layer Askf-1 Olha shelter is located in Cambo-les-Bains (Pyrnes-Atlantiques). It is located at the foot of a limestone bar overlooking Olha Creek, a few tens of metres upstream of its conuence with the Nive River (Laplace and Mroc, 1954). Olha II was excavated by G. Laplace and lies a few metres away from the Olha shelter explored by E. Passemard (1936). Three units are distinguished in the stratigraphic sequence of Olha II, each consisting of several layers. Within the intermediate unit, the Askf-1 clayey-sandy layer is characterized by

Table 1 Synthesis of the available data for the studied levels. Site name Olha II Site type Rock shelter Level/layer lev. Askf-1 Age (years BP) Between 60 000 and 40 000* Techno-complexes Lato sensu Discod with cleavers Associated fauna Varied: Red deer, Bovids, Rhinoceros, Horse Climate/environment Temperated Number of lithic artifcats 1256

Calavant Mauran

Open air site Cliff foot

surface lev. XV2

Unknown Between 41 000 and 47 000**

Lato sensu Discod with cleavers and handaxes Stricto sensu Discod with denticulates

Not preserved Monospecic: Bison

Indeterminate Cold, steppic

1101 2738

Noisetier

Cave

layer 1

Between 39 700 and 45 100 *** between 42 100 and 44 300**** Between 43 300 and 45 700***** Between 42 000 and 52 000******

Accumulation of different industries Stricto sensu Discod

Varied: mainly Red deer and Ibex Varied: Red deer, Horse, Aurochs Varied: Horse, Red deer, Aurochs Varied: Horse, Red deer, Aurochs

Temperated, wooded

422

Roman

Rock shelter

lev. E

Mediterranean temperate, semi open Cold, steppic Cold, steppic

2592

Roman Roman

Rock shelter Rock shelter

lev. H lev. I

Stricto sensu Discod Stricto sensu Discod

371 1341

Roman

Rock shelter

lev. K

Between 50 300 and 55 900******

Stricto sensu Discod

Varied: Red deer, Horse, Aurochs

Mediterranean temperate, semi open

2330

*Based on biochronology, **based on 13 ESR dates, ***based on 5 SMA C14 dates, ****based on 1 SMA C14 dates, *****based on 2 SMA C14 dates, ******based on 4 and 6 U/Th dates.

184

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

a concentration of ashes and charcoal fragments (Laplace and Saenz de Buruaga, 2000). The lithic remains were rst studied by Laplace and Saenz de Buruaga (2000) according to the analytical and structural typology method (Laplace, 1972). The lithic series from Askf-1 layer was recently reviewed and discussed from a technological perspective in a study dedicated to the Vasconian and its meaning within the Mousterian facies (Deschamps, 2008, submitted, in progress; Deschamps and Mourre submitted). The data presented here result from the analysis of all the cores and tools, as well as a sample of the raw products. 2.2. Calavant Calavant Turon is a hill at 431 m asl, located 10 km southwest of Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrnes). The sediments are Mio-Pliocene detrital materials of the Cieutat-Orignac cone. After the surface discovery of a few artifacts by T. Barragu, the site was regularly surveyed and a thousand pieces were collected (Barragu et al., 1993). A rescue excavation showed that no archaeological layer was preserved (Jarry, 2000). Lithic artifacts from the surface collection and the excavation were recently studied for a university thesis (SaccoSonador, 2008). 2.3. Mauran The Mauran deposit is backed with a calcareous rock bar that belongs to a pre-Pyrenean range, the eastern massif of Petites Pyrnes. Located 60 km south of Toulouse (Haute-Garonne), it dominates the Garonne valley on its right bank. This privileged location has two advantages: (1) it allows the control of a crossing track used by large herbivores characterized by seasonal migrations and gregarious behavior; (2) lithic raw materials and freshwater are locally available (Geneste and Jaubert, 1999; Rendu, 2007). The succession of alluvial formations indicates that the sequence

cannot be earlier than the Last Interglacial. Biochronology conrms this estimate. ESR dates were obtained by R. Grn from dental samples from the main archaeological level; they range between 31 700 2100 and 47 400 3400 a, with an average age of 44 3 ka (Grn in Farizy et al., 1994). Lithic and faunal remains taphonomic study shows that disturbances in the deposit were limited (Farizy et al., 1994, p. 239). Fauna is largely dominated by bison (98.9%) and the acquisition of carcasses was performed at the end of the season, between late summer and early fall (Rendu, 2007). The lithic industry was the subject of publications and detailed work (Girard et al., 1975; Jaubert, 1993; Farizy et al., 1994; Jaubert and Mourre, 1996; Thibaut, 2001; Thibaut et al. in press). Presented here are the rst unpublished results of a useewear analysis realized in the framework of the collective research project Des Traces et des Hommes (Thibaut and Coudenneau, in Thibaut et al., 2008). 2.4. Noisetier Cave Noisetier Cave is located in the middle of the French Pyrenees in the Neste Valley, on the commune of Frchet-Aure (Hautes-Pyrnes). It is a small cave 20 m long, 3e4 m wide and 3e6 m high. It opens approximately 825 m asl and at a relative height of 145 m above the bottom of the valley. First excavated by M. Allard in 1987 and 1992, it has been the subject of a new interdisciplinary research program since 2004 (Mourre et al., 2008a, 2008b). The deposit was explored to more than 1 m depth, and the substrate has not yet been reached. This sequence contains various archaeological levels corresponding to a temperate episode of MIS 3 according to biochronological data (microfauna and large mammals) and radiocarbon AMS dating (Mourre et al., 2008a, 2008b). The results presented here relate to layer 1, the main archaeological level documented to date, and include previously unpublished data concerning petroarchaeology.

Raw materials (%) int (94, 2), quartzite (3, 4), quartz (1, 6 ), ophite (0, 4), lydite (0, 2), sandstone (0, 1), indet (0, 2) int (86, 1) quartzite (11, 7) quartz (0, 7), others (1, 5) int (38, 3), quartzite (36, 9), quartz, shales, granite, gneiss, microgranite, lydite, ophite, tourmaline, poudingue, sandstone quartzite (65), shale (14), lydite (11), int (8) int (88, 3), quartz (4, 8), limestone (4, 3), shales (2), others (1, 4 )

Production methods

Handaxes Cleavers Retouched tools Small tools types frequency n4 n 271 ie 36.8% Scrapers, denticulates

Site function Habitat

References Laplace and Mroc, 1954, Laplace and Saenz de Buruaga, 2000, Deschamps, 2008 Sacco-Sonador, 2008 Farizy et al., 1994, Thibaut et al. in press.

Lato sensu Discod n1 prevailing, production of small elungated akes from prismatic cores Lato sensu Discod n 34 prevailing, polyedral cores Stricto sensu None Discod prevailing

n3 None

n 25 ie 1.9% n 110 ie 9.3%

Scrapers, denticulates Denticulates, notches, scrapers

Indeterminate Kill and butchery site

Lato and stricto sensu Discod, Levallois, Kombewa Stricto sensu Discod prevailing, Kombewa-like aking on int

n1

n1

n 31 ie 24%

None

None

n 54 ie 7.4%

int (65, 8), limestone (18, 6), shales (9, 7), quartz (5, 4), quartzite and calcite (0, 6) int (54, 2), quartz (33, 6), limestone (11), others (1, 2)

Probable Discod (based on products)

None

None

n 13 ie 16%

Stricto sensu Discod None prevailing, bipolar-on-anvil aking (limestone) int (40, 8 ), quartz (32, 5), Stricto sensu Discod None limestone (16, 5), shale (9, 7) prevailing, Kombewa quartzite and granite (0, 5) aking (int and limestone)

None

n 8 ie 4.5%

Mourre et al., 2008a et b, Mourre and Thibaut, 2008 Denticulates, Short occupation Bischoff et al., 1988, partialy retouched habitat Vaquero, 1992, 1997, tools, scrapers, notches, 1999, Vaquero et al., Upper Palaeolithic 2001, Chacn, 2000, 2009, Chacn et al. 2007, type tools Denticulates, Short occupation Chacn et Fernndez-Laso, partialy retouched habitat 2007, Fernndez-Laso et al. tools, scrapers, 2010; Thibaut, 2007 notches Denticulates, notches, Short occupation scrapers habitat Denticulates, partialy Temporary retouched tools, notches habitat

Scrapers, denticulates

Temporary habitat

None

n 32 ie 6.2%

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

185

Fig. 2. Proportion of raw materials in the studied series.

2.5. Roman shelter, levels E, H, I and K Roman shelter is located about 50 km west-northwest of Barcelona, in the commune of Capellades (Anoia, Catalonia). It belongs to the large set of sites of Cinglera del Capell. It opens to the northwest, 50 m above the Anoia River and on its right bank. Roman shelter has a stratigraphic sequence of several tens of metres with more than 30 levels of the Upper Pleistocene (Bischoff et al., 1988), most of which

belong to Middle Palaeolithic and a single one to Aurignacian (Vaquero, 1992; Carbonell et al., 1994; Vaquero et al., 2001). The substrate was reached only locally in a survey conducted by A. Roman at the beginning of the 20th century. Lithic site industry was the subject of many studies (Vaquero, 1992, 1997, 1999; Vaquero et al., 2001; Chacn, 2000, 2009; Chacn et al., 2007; Chacn and Fernndez-Laso, 2007). Here, a new technological analysis of level E, H, I and K (Thibaut, 2007) is presented.

186

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

3. Lithic industries The number of lithic artifacts and the diversity of raw materials used vary from one studied lithic series to another (Table 1 and Fig. 2). 3.1. Raw materials Although they are relatively diversied according to the sites geomorphological contexts (Table 1), most of the sources of raw materials are located in a nearby or local environment (<5 km). In Olha II, ophite, quartzite, quartz, and sandstone were collected as pebbles, probably from the Nive River, as indicated by the presence of alluvial neocortex. On the other hand, ysch int is dominant in this series and is available in secondary deposits approximately 10e15 km away from the site. Flints of Salies-deBarn, Bidache and Iholdy are present, and come from remote sources located 30 km away. In Calavant, most of the artifacts were made with the Montgaillard-Hibarette int available 10 km to the west (Barragu et al., 2001). This ysch int is of good quality and is found in nodules and slabs of different sizes. The quartzite is derived from the Pyrenees axial primary range, and could be found in the neighboring watercourses or on the site itself. Other raw materials locally available in secondary deposits include quartz, schist, and lydite. In Mauran, diversity of raw materials is important. In order of decreasing importance (artifact numbers), the series include quartzite, int, quartz, schist, micaceous quartzite, andalusite schist, gneiss, leptynites, granites, lydites, micaschistes, cherts, crystalline eruptive rocks, very siliceous metamorphic rocks, green rocks (ophite, serpentine), detrital sedimentary rocks, and microgranites. Blocks were collected either in the Garonne alluvial deposits or, in the case of int, from deposits located less than 5 km away (Servelle and Simonnet, in Farizy et al., 1994). The vast majority of the quartzite and other sedimentary or metamorphic rocks of the Noisetier Cave come from alluvial deposits of the Neste, as indicated by neocortical surfaces which can be observed on more than one third of the artifacts. As surprising as it may seem, Paleolithic people also imported quartzite, as demonstrated by a ake bearing an alteration cortex and a reddened joint which are typical of quartzite from Lannemezan plateau Pliocene formations. The apex of the latter roughly corresponds to the mouth of the valley and is located about 15 km north of the site. The int mainly comes from sources a few tens of

kilometers distant (Montgaillard-Hibarette type int). The use of int from Chalosse (Lepidorbitodes variety) and Barn silicications (Salies-du-Barn type and Flysch variety) is also certied. For these materials, the straight-line distances are at least 100 km. Apparently, the int outcrops of the Petites Pyrnes to the northeast (Paleogene int and Maestrichtian int of Montsauns and Paillon type according to the R. Simonnet nomenclature) were not used. The petroarchaeological analysis of the employed int suggests that the circulation of imported materials between deposits and Noisetier Cave followed an axis oriented to the northwest (Fig. 3). Archaeological levels of the Roman shelter are characterized by a variety of raw materials. The remains are mainly made of int, quartz and limestone, in varying proportions. For all the studied levels and the considered raw materials, the cortical pieces bear mainly neocortical surfaces, thus indicating acquisition from uvial sources. On the other hand, quartzites and some of the ints could come from a more remote environment (Chacn and FernndezLaso, 2007). 3.2. Reduction sequences and raw materials economy The proportion of the different technological categories of artifacts is highly variable from one studied series to another. It also varies in a single series according to raw material. Some series show production, utilization and abandonment of tools on the spot, while others seem to show that all the stages of the reduction sequence were not realized in the same place (Fig. 4). For instance, all the stages of the reduction sequence are present for the quartzite and schist of Noisetier cave or for the int and quartzite in Olha II, Mauran and Calavant, despite varying proportions of the various technology categories. To facilitate the comparisons between series, the analysis did not consider akes less than 25 mm long, debris, and chunks. Concerning small akes, this choice has been made on one hand because they have not been systematically counted, and on the other hand because their presence depends on many variables: site function, more or less intense on-site tools production, methods of aking and state of exhaustion of the cores. For example, in the Noisetier Cave, the high proportion of small akes in int seems related to a more intense retouch of this type of material. In Mauran, small quartzite akes could reect the aking of quartzite blocks on the spot. In the Roman shelter, small int and limestone akes in certain levels are related either with the search of small blanks (as demonstrated by some very small cores from levels K

Fig. 3. Origins of the ints used in Noisetier cave.

% %
10 20 30 40 50 60 0

%
Ra
10 20 30 40 50 60 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

ra
60
ha m
3,5 0,3

w
bl oc

ra w

Ra w w bl oc k
31,0

10
k

20

30

40

50

ha m
m er sto ne s

bl oc k ha m m
7,6

bl oc k ha m m er s to ne s
3,8

m er s to ne s
1,4

25,0

er s

to ne s
co r
5,1 4,1

co rti
7,1
pa r tl
12,7

co re
co r es tic al f la ke s

18,1

s
y

co rti s
12,6

co re ca l fla ke s
5,5 6,6 4,8 15,5 15,4

3,4

16,7

pa rtl
na tu
17,0

13,8

y
na tu
6,8 7,6

pa rtl y na tu r al f la ke s
15,9 14,3 23,7

ra lf la ke s

25,0

ra lb ac k f la ke s
9,3

na tu ra l ba ck
6,9

Roman H

Roman K

Olha II, Askf-1

8,3

Mauran

8,5 7,6

or di na ry
4,7

12,5 6,9

2,4

de bo

rd

f la ke s
39,3

48,3

43,3

39,1

16,5

an t
40,9

26,2

4,2

K om

f la ke s

12,2 6,1

24,1

16,3

24,6 21,6

8,3

9,5

be w a f la ke
1,4 0,6

4,2 4,8

3,4

Le va llo s is fla ke s
0,6

1,5

flint n = 293

flint n = 711

3,1 2,9

quartzite n = 42

quartzite n = 278

sh a pi ng f la ke s

ca lf la ke na s tu ra lf na la tu ke ra s lb ac k fla ke or s di na ry fla de ke bo s rd an tf l ak K es om be w af la Le ke va s llo is fla ke sh s ap in g fl a ke s fla ke or s di na ry fla de ke bo s rd an tf l ak K es om be w af la Le ke va s llo is fla ke sh s ap in g fl a ke s

5,6 flint n = 354 limestone n = 171 flint n = 29 limestone n = 24

co re co s rti ca pa lf rtl la ke y na s tu ra lf na la tu ke ra s lb ac k fla ke or s di na ry f l de ak bo es rd an tf la K ke om s be w af la Le ke va s llo is fla ke sh s ap in g fl a ke s

% %
10 20 0

%
30 40 50 60 10 20 0

%
30 40 50 60

ra
10 20 30 40 50 60 0

w ha m m
3,8

ra w bl oc k ha m
0,6 2,3

Ra w bl oc k to ne s s ca l pa rtl y na tu r na tu r al or fla al f ba ck m er s

Ra w ha m m

10

20

30

40

50

60

ha m er sto ne s
1,9

bl oc k

bl oc k er s to ne s co re s

3,2

0,1

10,3

15,8

er sto co re s
7,8 7,5

ne s co rti ca l fla ke s
2,6 32,1

5,3

1,7 2,3

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

co rti pa rtl y

co re co rti

22,7

7,6

co re

pa rtl

ca l

co rti ke s la ke s fla di na ry de bo rd ke s fla ke s pa rtl

6,1 2,3

10,5

fla

ca l y na tu r
14,5 11,4 6,7

10,3

14,915,8

Fig. 4. Proportion of the different technological categories in the studied series.

fla na tu r al al f ba ck ke s la ke s
11,3 6,5

na tu r

na tu r

ke s

al f

20,5 18,9 17,8 15,0

al
2,6

ba ck
7,5

la ke s

8,9

Calavant

Roman I

Roman E

Noisetier 1

3,5 5,2

or
36,4

fla

ke s

or
9,1 57,5

fla di na ry an t K om de bo rd
40,9

ke s fla ke s fla
41,6

8,5

16,9

8,8

di na ry
15,1

11,6

35,1

26,3

an t
8,9 9,1

28,1

7,4 1,9

be w
18,9

ke s

om

fla be w

ke s

24,6

12,3 2,6 1,9 flint n = 772

1,1 2,3 1,7 2,3 1,1

2,5 limestone n = 57

0,1

flint n = 764

shale n = 44

quartzite n = 110

quartzite n = 179

1,0

fla de ke bo s rd an tf la K ke om s be w af l ak Le es va llo is fla ke sh s ap in g fl a ke s

na tu ra lf na la tu ke ra s lb ac k fla ke or s di na ry f la de ke bo s rd an tf la K ke om s be w af l ak Le es va llo is fla ke sh s ap in g fl a ke s

flint n = 77 limestone n = 53

af la Le ke va s llo is fla ke sh s ap in g fl a ke s

af la Le ke va s llo is fla ke sh s ap in g fl a ke s
18,2

7,1 1,9

187

188

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

Fig. 5. Discoid debitage: n 1e4 int and quartzite pseudo-Levallois points from Mauran (Farizy et al., 1994); n 5e6, int and quartzite Discoid core from Mauran (Farizy et al., 1994); n 7, quartzite pseudo-Levallois point from Noisetier cave (drawing by V. Mourre).

and E), either, for level H, with the removal of a large part of the production (small akes in int represent 86% of the series). Variability of debris and chunks proportion is directly linked to the raw materials and to the degree of homogeneity of the blocks. They therefore give no information about the general organization of the production and make it difcult to compare the management of the different raw materials. Sandstone and granite hammers are present in Noisetier Cave (n 6). In Mauran, quartzite, andalousite schist and quartz pebbles were used as hammers. The lack of raw or tested pebbles and a certain decit in cores and cortical akes in Noisetier cave could indicate import of raw quartzite and schist akes. In Olha II, the high proportion of raw quartzite pebbles could represent a reserve of blocks to be aked. Hammerstones are also present but have not yet been studied. No int core or int raw block has been unearthed in Noisetier Cave. Flint is imported as raw or retouched akes, which can be sharpened in the site as shown by the high proportion of retouched

tools (20% of the int pieces versus 5.5% for quartzite). Lydite is also present in the form of akes, ake fragments, and debris. Schist seems to have been preferred to make bifaces, as indicated by the higher proportion of schist shaping akes and the presence of a biface in this raw material. An economy of raw material seems to exist at the Noisetier Cave, including selective use of granite and sandstone as hammers and schist for shaping operations. As in Noisetier Cave, allochtonous raw materials are imported as usable products, while the ones available in the surroundings are partly imported in the form of raw blocks, large akes or cores in Olha II. In this site, ophite was only used to make cleavers, imported as nished tools even if this rock is present in the Nive River. The site thus shows a real economy of raw materials sensu Perls (1991). In Calavant, int cores as well as cortical and partially cortical int akes are considerably over-represented compared to the full debitage akes. It is possible that this raw material only passed through the site: int, imported in the form of rough blocks, it would have been aked on the spot, and then a large part of the full debitage

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

189

Fig. 6. Discoid debitage: n 1e8 and 11, int, limestone and quartz pseudo-Levallois points from Roman shelter; n 9e10 and 12, int Discoid cores from Roman shelter (n 12 is on a akes lower face) (drawing by C. Thibaut).

Fig. 7. Flint Discoid core from Olha shelter (drawing by M. Deschamps).

products would have been exported. According to these data, Calavant seems to have been a production site, intermediate between the int outcrops and a consumption site where the full debitage products would have been carried. The presence of a few retouched pieces, and of 34 bifaces and 54 shaping akes, indicates that this site is also a place of consumption. Whatever the interpretation of this series may be, it should be remembered that it is a surface site. In Mauran, the aking of raw blocks on-site is evident, considering the high proportion of int and quartzite cores and cortical akes. However, the low proportion of full debitage quartzite akes could indicate removal of this kind of artifact. A quite original schema would imply a production of int and quartzite akes and

190

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

Fig. 8. Quartzite Levallois akes from Noisetier cave (drawing by V. Mourre).

the exportation of quartzite akes only. However, the overrepresentation of quartzite cortical akes may be a consequence of a limited exploitation of cores. In Roman shelter, the elements corresponding to the different stages of the reduction sequencefor the two main raw materials (int and limestone) are present in proportions varying according to the level and the raw material. Regarding technological categories of the int and limestone artifacts from levels K and E, one can only note the strange similarity between their respective proportions. All the elements are present from acquisition to use for int as for limestone, even if the hammerstones are absent from level K. The full debitage akes are present in large proportions and reect the on-site abandonment of the vast majority of the product pieces. In H and I levels, the proportions of the different technological classes signicantly differ from those of the previous levels. Variations depending on the raw materials are also evident. H level is characterized by a small amount of lithic remains, a very high proportion of small and very small int akes (78.9%), and a signicant proportion of limestone debris and chunks (30%). Flint artifacts reect a short occupation with in-site production, retouch and use of a few akes (10% of retouch and resharpening akes) and removal of a signicant part of the products as well as some cores probably. Limestone seems to have been exploited according to a completely different strategy: some raw blocks have been brought in, part has then been aked, but the poor quality of some of these blocks related to the presence of diaclases and their

heterogeneity is probably the origin of the high proportion of debris and chunks, inducing a low proportion of full debitage products (ordinary and core-edge akes). Similar interpretations can be proposed for the artifacts of level I. Small and very small int akes represent 82% of the series. For all levels of the Roman shelter, the debitage of the blocks proceeded to exhaustion as shown by the small dimensions of some cores and some pseudoLevallois points. However, the high proportion of small and very small akes can be partly explained here by the removal of a large part of the production. Limestone akes of full debitage are better represented, while the debris and chunks are present in proportions similar to the series of previously mentioned levels (27%). For this level, a less important part of the limestone akes may have been exported. For the different levels, quartzite and sandstone were brought as raw or retouched akes. This is also the case for quartz, except for K and M levels where they were partly aked onsite. For the different studied archaeological levels, it seems that the shelter was used differently: for levels K and E, it could be used as a temporary habitat while for levels H and I, the occupation could be linked to temporary and shorter stays (Vallverd et al., 2005). 3.3. Production methods Discoid debitage dominates in all analyzed series. However, different variants are present. Discoid debitage sensu stricto (Boda, 1993) oriented towards the production of pseudo-Levallois points

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

191

Fig. 9. N 1, at quartzite pebble fractured on anvil from Mauran (Farizy et al., 1994); n 2, at shale pebble fractured on anvil from Noisetier cave (photo by J. Viguier); n 3, limestone core aked on anvil from Roman shelter (drawing by C. Thibaut, retting by M. Vaquero).

is present at Mauran on int and on quartzite (Jaubert, 1993), at the Noisetier Cave on quartzite (Fig. 5) and in different levels of Abri Roman on limestone, on int and sometimes on quartz (Fig. 6). On the other hand, Olha II and Calavant Discoid debitage seems more oriented towards the production of short pieces with a peripheral cutting edge or of core-edge akes (Fig. 7). The assemblage is a Discoid debitage lato sensu, included in the broader variability of this concept and characterized at minimum by the centripetal exploitation of surfaces with clearly dened roles (debitage surface vs. platform preparation surface), using nearly parallel fracture planes and with a low degree of predetermination (Mourre, 2003). Besides this Discode debitage, Levallois debitage is present on quartzite at the Noisetier Cave (Fig. 8). Bipolar-on-anvil debitage was identied in Mauran and in level I of the Roman shelter on a limestone core (Fig. 9). Small elongated and at pebbles with marks resulting from percussion on anvils along their longer axis are present in Mauran and Noisetier Cave (Fig. 9). The function of this kind of object is still mysterious. Indications of aking on akes lower face are present in Roman, level E and in Noisetier Cave. For the latter site, it appears to be a way to start a Discoid debitage more than a distinct method. Olha II series includes a few prismatic cores showing the negatives of small elongated akes produced recurrently (Fig. 10). The latter are, however, poorly regular and do not appear to have been retouched. To date, those artifacts cannot be identied with a clear lamellar production. Olha II, Calavant and Noisetier cave series also demonstrate the production of large tools including handaxes and cleavers (Fig.11). In addition to the tools themselves, shaping akes and characteristic

by-products are present. The cleavers mainly belong to type 0 (Tixier, 1956). 3.4. Retouched tools The proportion of retouched tools, although quite variable, is still relatively low whatever the raw material is. Only the int tools from Roman level H represent more than 40% of the blanks larger than 25 mm, but this represents only 12 artifacts. In Noisetier Cave, although scarce, the retouched tools represent 20% of the int akes larger than 25 mm, and 37% excluding the shaping akes. However, in this site, int has perhaps been imported as akes already partly retouched. The main part of the production was thus intended to be used unretouched. With the exception of Calavant, int retouched tools are usually more abundant than those in quartzite or limestone. Retouched tools are dominated by denticulates in Mauran and in the different levels of the Roman shelter, even if there is an increase in the proportion of the scrapers in level E. Scrapers are prevailing in Olha II and Calavant. The Noisetier Cave tools are more diversied and are characterized by a majority of akes with an irregular, often steep and sometimes convergent retouch together with scrapers and denticulates. It seems difcult to establish any connection between the Pyrenean series considered here and the classical typological facies of the Mousterian, because the composition of the toolkits seem inuenced by the available raw materials. However, Olha II shelter series was attributed to Vasconian (Deschamps, 2008, submitted). Calavant and Noisetier cave series share afnities with the

192

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

Fig. 10. Prismatic core from Olha shelter (drawing by M. Deschamps).

Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition (MTA) on the one hand, because of the presence of handaxes, and with the Vasconian on the other hand, because of the presence of cleavers (Mourre et al., 2008b; Mourre and Thibaut, 2008; Sacco-Sonador, 2008). The studied series of Roman shelter have many similarities with the industry of Mauran (stricto sensu Discoid debitage, prevailing denticulates, absence of handaxes and cleavers); the latter has been interpreted as a Denticulate Mousterian (Farizy et al., 1994; Thibaut, 2005). 3.5. Useewear analysis Among the studied series, only that of Mauran has had a useewear analysis so far. The blanks bearing interpretable wearing are predominantly linked to butchery activities. Altogether, 172 lithic artifacts were analyzed. This sample includes all the tools, all the pseudo-Levallois points and a few raw akes. Among them, only 54 pieces had unmistakable useewears spread over 64 zones. The activities could be identied for 48 zones; on 10 others the performed action has been identied but not the worked material (transverse action, n 6 and longitudinal action, n 4); for the last 6, the gesture and the worked material have not been recognized. Mauran lithic industry is characterized by the predominance of two raw material groups with different petrographic features: the pre-Pyrenees ints and the quartzites from the primary axial chain available in the alluvial formations of the Garonne River. Butchery

largely dominates the spectrum of activities carried out, both with int and quartzite blanks (Figs. 12 and 13). Nevertheless, it should be stressed on the one hand the greatest diversity conducted with int blanks and on the other hand the lack of wearing related to woodwork on quartzite blanks. The low efciency of quartzite cutting-edges for wood scraping was experimentally observed in the framework of the collective research project "Des Traces et de Hommes" (Thibaut et al., 2009a). Ligneous bers ll the gaps between the quartz grains constituting the edge and deprive it of its sharpness, which then prevents the tool from entering the worked piece of wood (Thibaut and Coudenneau, in Thibaut et al., 2009b). The importance of hide working must be put into perspective as it mostly relates to fresh skin cutting, which can be linked to skin removal preceding butchery operations. A quartzite pseudoLevallois point could have been used to pierce the skin with an indeterminate freshness. Woodwork is represented by a larger number of akes used scraping. Only two int denticulates were used for sawing wood. A point bounded by a notch has been used in a punctiform contact with a rotary movement to drill into wood. During butchery operations, two main materials and different types of blanks and tools were used. Except for an artifact, the denticulates used for butchery bear traces of repeated or strong contacts with a hard material such as bone (Fig. 14). The latter were therefore probably used for cutting and disarticulation

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

193

Fig. 11. N 1, int handaxe from Calavant; n 2, shale handaxe from Noisetier cave; n 3, cleaver in undetermined material from Noisetier cave; n 4, int handaxe from Olha shelter; n 5, ophite cleaver from Olha shelter (photo n 1e3 by J. Viguier and n 4e5 by Ph. Jugie MNP Les Eyzies e Dist. RMN).

activities. The functionality of these tools for such tasks is moreover conrmed experimentally (Thibaut and Coudenneau, in Thibaut et al., 2007). A scraper, two quartzite pseudo-Levallois points and a regular ake made of andalousite schist have been used for butchery, but do not bear characteristic disarticulation wear marks. They were therefore probably used to remove the meat. It seems that tools have been used at various stages of the butchery process according to their morpho-functional characteristics. Contrary to a previously suggested hypothesis (Thibaut, 2005), it appears that all types of denticulates (Thibaut, 2003, 2005) were used for butchery. A few artifacts were used to scrape hard material such as bone. It is highly likely that this activity is directly linked to the fracturing of bison bones, well documented in Mauran. One tip of a quartzite pseudo-Levallois point shows a bending fracture. Its step fracture reminds the ones produced using points as spear-heads (Coudenneau in progress; Fischer et al., 1984; OFarrell, 2004). This fracture is accompanied by two continuous lined-up quadrilateral asymmetric scales, with hinge fractures. An interpretation of the point as related to its use as spear-head is possible but not certain: this type of fracture can also occur during butchering activities such as disarticulation (Coudenneau in progress). The set of activities identied in Mauran may be correlated directly or indirectly to the acquisition and processing of animal carcasses. Woodwork can result from shaft or spear manufacture. Only dry hide scraping is somewhat out of place, but this activity

Fig. 12. Proportions of activities identied in Mauran according to useewear analysis and depending on raw material.

194

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

Fig. 13. Mauran tools and related activities (photo and CAD by C. Thibaut).

remains uncertain. More than an intense practice of dry hide work on the site, it may reect a one-time work implemented to address a particular need (ligature scraping?). According to useewear analysis results, the predominance of denticulates may be interpreted as a single functional objective response: carving and/or dismembering of bison carcasses. The Denticulates Mousterian of Mauran would reect an economic or functional facies, as previously suggested by Jaubert (Jaubert et al., 1990; Jaubert, 1999). In other economic contexts, Mauran Neanderthals might have produced industries dominated by other types of tool. . Clauds work on MTA showed that the handaxes were mainly used for butchering activities (Claud, 2008). Thus, the lack of handaxes in Mauran could therefore indicate that at least two different groups coexisted in southwestern France, one using handaxes for its butchery work and the other denticulates. 4. Site function Site functional interpretation for the different studied series is of uneven difculty. For Mauran, the faunal assemblage and the

useewear analysis results indicate an occupation related to the acquisition and processing of bison carcasses (Farizy et al., 1994; Rendu, 2007). Other studied sites are more difcult to interpret. For the deposits of the French side, this difculty is particularly linked to the conservation of the studied levels. Archaeological levels unearthed in shelter or cave context result in an accumulation of occupations, in which respective characteristics are sometimes difcult to understand. The faunal (Costamagno et al., 2008) and human remains (Mourre et al. 2008a) unearthed in Noisetier Cave demonstrate that the site was not only a hunting camp. The presence of two deciduous young Neanderthal teeth seems incompatible with the stay of a group including only hunters. Similarly, the predominance of red deer is inconsistent with a hunt oriented towards mountain species such as ibex. It is therefore possible that the cave was used as a living place, even if for temporary stays. This assumption may also be offered for Roman shelter, E and K levels. Calavant site or Roman levels H and I can match with brief occupations whose nature seems difcult to specify (transitional living place, hunting camp, specialized but brief activity-oriented site).

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

195

Fig. 14. Mauran denticulates and use marks (photo by C. Thibaut and A. Coudenneau, drawing, by C. Thibaut).

5. Regional comparisons 5.1. Raw materials Most of the considered series indicate the use of local raw materials and conrm the diversity of materials knapped by the Paleolithic humans. This exibility of Neanderthal knappers seems systematic, and gave them a technical freedom that can be

considered not as a simple adaptation of methods of lithic production to environmental constraints, but as the capacity to overcome certain technical constraints inherent in the used raw materials. The only example of materials circulating over 100 km known to date in the considered area is provided by the Noisetier Cave industry. The only real example of raw material economy is given by the ophite cleavers production in the western part of the considered area.

196

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

5.2. Methods of debitage Discoid debitage is very widespread. It is mainly oriented towards the production of thick akes with peripheral cuttingedges and of core-edge akes. Discoid debitage of pseudoLevallois points seems less common and is conned to the eastern half of the Pyrenees range. For the Olha I Fs series, to date only a relatively old study is available (Passemard, 1936). One of the authors (M.D.) undertook an updated technological study of all the sequence and plans to start new eldwork on this site. For the other French series, Levallois debitage is present only in Tournal (bear level), in Noisetier cave, in necs (Duran, 2002, 2005) and, as raw imported products, in layer 7 of Belvis (Maroto et al., 2005). In these series, this method was used on quartzite although this material does not naturally lend itself to this kind of debitage. This indicates a strong functional or cultural constraint. The debitage of elongated elements from small prismatic cores seems a characteristic of the western end of the considered region (Olha II, Gatzarria; Deschamps, 2008). The same debitage was found in the Cantabrian Mountains in Castillo and Morn series (Mallo Fernndez et al., 2004). The produced akes were rarely retouched, or never in some series, and their interpretation is still difcult in the absence of functional analysis. The bipolar-on-anvil debitage was identied only in series studied here, and its presence has perhaps not been systematically reported or recognized in previous studies. A cursory examination of the Tournal cave industry allowed identication of this method, not previously reported for this site. The axial split fracture on anvil of small and at pebbles is documented in Mauran, and in Noisetier Cave as well as in Tournal cave, where small at quartzite pebbles quite similar to those of the other two sites were identied. 5.3. Macro-outillage Handaxe shaping and cleaver production seem characteristic of some series of the northwest Pyrenees, with an eastern limit so far represented by Noisetier Cave. Towards the west, cleavers are present in Cantabria, in particular at Castillo and Morn, and in Galicia (Benito del Rey, 1976, 1981; Cabrera Valds, 1984; Villar Quinteiro and Llana Rodriguez, 2001). Towards the east, cleavers were reported in Mauran (Farizy et al., 1994) and Tournal cave (Tavoso, 1987) with a single specimen in each site. The review of these artifacts by one of the authors (V.M.) demonstrated that they

did not t the typological and technological denitions of this tool. In Noisetier Cave and Olha I, cleavers in conformity with these denitions are present, some showing very reduced dimensions (4e6 cm in length). Handaxes are present in Olha I and II, Haregui (Senz de Buruaga and Ebrard, 2004), Calavant and Noisetier cave.

6. Provisional synthesis A complete comparative approach of all the series unearthed on both sides of the Pyrenees is still lacking. The synthesis can nevertheless highlight interesting research tracks and sketch a new circum-Pyrenean technical geography (Fig. 15):  In the west, deposits have delivered series characterized by a Discoid debitage lato sensu with a production of small elongated pieces from prismatic cores, with cleavers and some handaxes. These features are at least present from Cantabria to the central part of the mountainous chain, i.e. in Noisetier Cave. The movement of int from Chalosse and Barn to the central Pyrenees seems to conrm that this geographical area has a certain anthropological value.  The stricto sensu Discoid debitage, the Levallois debitage on quartzite and the axial split fracture on anvil of small and at pebbles have been described only in series located east of the Aure Valley. What meaning should be given to the geographical distribution of these few technical characters? Is this the expression of different industrial groups (sensu Livache, 1981)? At least two technological entities seemed to occupy the vast territory of the Pyrenees and its piedmont at the end of the Paleolithic. The rst seems to share some of the characteristics used by Bordes (1953) to dene empirically the Vasconien, this facies which he considered as problematic because of the association of cleavers, tools with a high cultural signicance, and diversied tool sets hardly tting his interpretative model of the Mousterian facies (Deschamps and Mourre submitted, Deschamps in progress). Can the meaning of the second group be seriously discussed while the functional data are still partial? The Noisetier Cave industry combines characteristics of both groups and seems to indicate a contact area. Has this cave been occupied by groups with different technical traditions? The Pyrenean Middle Paleolithic still offers more questions than it provides answers and conrms itself as an exciting research eld.

Fig. 15. Map of the different areas currently identied in the circum-Pyrenean technical geography.

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198

197

Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge all the people who facilitated the study of the lithic series presented here, especially J. Jaubert for Mauran, J. Barragu for Calavant, J.-J. Cleyet-Merle for Olha, E. Carbonell, M. Vaquero and M.-G. Chacn for Roman. The Noisetier cave excavations are nanced by the French Ministre de la Culture and the Conseil gnral des Hautes-Pyrnes. The authors also wish to thank the Frchet-Aure municipality for its condence, the inhabitants of the village for their warm welcome and the volunteer excavators who contributed to the success of the eldwork, particularly J. Viguier for the pictures of the archaeological material. C. Thibaut benetted from a Lavoisier grant (French Ministre des Affaires trangres) for her work on the Roman shelter industries. M. Deschamps benetted from a Bourse du patrimoine grant (French Ministre de la Culture) for her work on the Vasconian. Useewear analyses of Mauran denticulates were conducted in the framework of the Projet Collectif de Recherche "des Traces et des Hommes" (coordinated by C. Thibaut and funded by the French Ministre de la Culture). V. Mourre acknowledges D. Sacchi who allowed him to examine the Tavoso series material preserved in the archaeological deposit of Carcassonne and F. Lebgue who presented him this material he was himself investigating in October 2008. The background map of Figs. 1, 3 and 15 is based on a map by Eric Gaba/ Sting published on wikimedia commons under the free licenses GFDL/CC-SA-BY 3.0 and available at: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pyrenees_topographic_map-fr.svg.

References
Barragu, J., Clot, A., Marsan, G., 1993. Le Palolithique de la valle de lArros. Munibe (Antropologia-Arkeologia) 45, 99e118. Barragu, J., Barragu, E., Jarry, M., Foucher, P., Simonnet, R., 2001. Le silex du ysch de Montgaillard et son exploitation sur les ateliers du Palolithique suprieur Hibarette (Hautes-Pyrnes). Palo 13, 29e52. Benito del Rey, L., 1976. La industrialticamusteriense de la capa "alfa" de la Cueva del Castillo (PuenteViesgo, Santander). Zephyrus XXVIeXXVII, 31e84. Benito del Rey, L., 1981. Aspectostcnicos y typolgicos que relacionanestrechamente el Musteriense con hendidores de las cuevas del Castillo y Morn (Santander). Munibe 33, 157e170. Bischoff, J.-L., Julia, R., Mora, R., 1988. Uranium series dating of the Moustrien ocupation at Abric Romani. Spain Nature 332, 68e70. Boda, E., 1993. Le dbitage Discode et le dbitage Levallois rcurrent centripte. Bulletin de la Socit Prhistorique Franaise 90, 392e404. Bordes, F., 1953. Essai de classication des industries "moustriennes". Bulletin de la Socit Prhistorique Franaise, 457e466. L. Cabrera Valds, V., 1984. El yacimiento de la cueva de "El Castillo" (PuenteViesgo, Santander). Bibliotheca Praehistorica Hispana XXII, 485. Madrid. Carbonell, E., Giralt, S., Vaquero, M., 1994. Abric Romani (Capellades, Barcelone, Espagne): une importante squence anthropise du Plistocne suprieur. Bulletin de la Socit Prhistorique Franaise 91, 47e55. Chacn, M.G., 2000. Abric Roman: anlisismophotchnico y distribucinespacial de la industrialticadelnivel K (Capellades, Barcelona). Tesis de Licenciatura. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, 142 p. Chacn, M.G., 2009. El Paleoltico medio en el suroesteeuropeo: Abric Roman (Capellades, Barcelona, Espaa) Payre (Rompn, Ardche, Francia) y Tournal (Bize, Aude, Francia). Anlisiscomparativo de los conjuntoslticos y los comportamientoshumanos. Ph.D. Tesis, en cotutela con mencineuropea. Departament dHistoria i Historia de lArt (UniversitatRovira i Virgili, Tarragona) y Dpartement de Prhistoire (Musum National dHistoire Naturelle, Paris, Francia), 607 p. Chacn, M.G., Fernndez-Laso, M.C., 2007. Modelos de ocupacin durante el Paleoltico medio: el nivel K del Abric Roman (Capellades, Barcelona, Espaa). Complutum 18, 47e60. Chacn, M.G., Fernndez-Laso, M.C., Carca-Antn, M.D., Allu, E., 2007. Level K and L from Abric Roman (Barcelona, Spain): Procurement resources and territory management in short occupations during the middle Palolithic. British Archaeological Research, S. In: Moncel, M.-H., Moigne, A.-M., Arzarello, M., Peretto, C. (Eds.), Aires dapprovisionnement en matires premires et aires dapprovisionnement en ressources alimentaires: approches intgres des comportements, vol. 1725, pp. 187e197.

Claud, E., 2008. Le statut fonctionnel des bifaces au Palolithique moyen rcent dans le Sud-Ouest de la France. tude tracologique intgre des outillages des sites de La Graulet, La Conne de Bergerac, Combe Brune 2, Fonseigner et ChezPinaud/Jonzac. Ph.D.Thesis. Universit de Bordeaux 1, Talence, 646p. Costamagno, S., Robert, I., Laroulandie, V., Mourre, V., Thibaut, C., 2008. Rle du Gypate barbu dans la constitution de lassemblage osseux de la grotte du Noisetier (Frchet-Aure, Hautes-Pyrnes, France). Annales de Palontologie. In: Costamagno, S., Fosse, Ph., Laudet, F. (Eds.), La Taphonomie: Des Rfrentiels Aux Ensembles Osseux Fossiles, vol. 94, pp. 245e265. Coudenneau, A., in progress. lments triangulaires au Palolithique moyen en Europe occidentale: du typo-techno-morphologique au fonctionnel. Ph.D. Thesis. Universit de Provence, Aix-en-Provence. Deschamps, M., 2008. Le Vasconien et sa signication au sein des facis moustriens. Master II. Universit de Toulouse II - Le Mirail, Toulouse, 126 pp. Deschamps, M. and Mourre, V., submitted. Le Vasconien, un demi-sicle aprs sa dnition par Franois Bordes. In: Colloque international Franois Bordes, Clbres ou obscurs. Hommes et femmes dans leurs territoires et leur histoire, 134e Congrs national des socits historiques et scientiques, Bordeaux, 2009. Deschamps, M., in progress. La diversication culturelle au Palolithique moyen rcent: Le Vasconien et sa signication au sein des facis moustriens. Ph.D.Thesis. Universit de Toulouse II - Le Mirail, Toulouse. Deschamps, M., submitted. Le Vasconien: rvision de sa signication partir des industries lithiques dOlha I et II, dIsturitz et de Gatzarria, Palo. Duran, J.-P., 2002. Industries moustriennes en Languedoc, Roussillon et Catalogne au Wrm ancien: la Combe, le Ratier, la Rouquette, les Anecs, Moutou-LaJoliette, la Caune de lArago, lArbreda. Ph.D. Thesis.Universit de Perpignan, Perpignan, 755 p. Duran, J.-P., 2005. Lindustrie moustrienne des Anecs (Rods, Pyrnes-Orientales, France). Pyrenae 36, 11e39. Farizy, C., David, F., Jaubert, J., 1994. Hommes et bisons du Palolithique moyen Mauran (Haute-Garonne). XXXme supplment Gallia Prhistoire. CNRS, Paris, 267 pp. Fernndez-Laso, M.C., Rivals, F., Rosell, J., 2010. Intra-site changes in seasonality and their consequences on the faunal assemblages from Abric Roman (Middle Palaeolithic, Spain). Quaternaire 21, 155e163. Fischer, A., Vemming Hansen, P., Rasmussen, P., 1984. Macro and micro wear traces on lithic projectile points. Experimental results and prehistoric examples. Journal of Danish Archaeology 3, 19e46. Geneste, J.-M., Jaubert, J., 1999. Les sites palolithiques grands bovids et les assemblages lithiques: chronologie, techno-conomie et cultures. In: Brugal, J.-Ph., Enloe, J., David, F., Jaubert, J. (Eds.), Le bison: gibier et moyen de subsistance des hommes du Palolithique aux Paloindiens des grandes plaines. Actes du Colloque international de Toulouse 1995. Editions ADPCA, pp. 185e214. Girard, C., Hoffert, M., Miskovsky, J.-C., 1975. Gisements prhistoriques des petites Pyrnes. Contribution la connaissance du Palolithique moyen en HauteGaronne: le gisement de Mauran. Bulletin de lAssociation Franaise pour ltude du Quaternaire 3e4, 171e187. Jarry, M., 2000. Le Turon de Calavant. Station moustrienne de tradition acheulenne. Rapport de sauvetage, Toulouse, 15 p. Jaubert, J., 1993. Le gisement palolithique moyen de Mauran (Haute-Garonne): techno-conomie des industries lithiques. Bulletin de la Socit Prhistorique Franaise 90, 328e335. Jaubert, J., 1999. Chasseurs et artisans du Moustrien. La maison des roches, Paris, 157 pp. Jaubert, J., 2005. Peuplements nandertaliens du Palolithique moyen sur le versant nord des Pyrnes: revue documentaire. In: Maroto, J., Ramio, S., Ripoll, E. (Eds.), II Congrs Internacional Histria dels Pireneus, Grone, 11-14 novembre 1998. Praehistoria Pyrenaica, Centre Associat de la U.N.E.D, pp. 41e72. Jaubert, J., 2007. Quels peuplements avant lAurignacien sur le versant nord des Pyrnes?. ditions Muse-forum Aurignac, Cahier. In: Qui Est LAurignacien? Colloque DAurignac, 20-21 Septembre 2003, vol. 3, pp. 9e25. Jaubert, J., Bismuth, T., 1996. Le Palolithique moyen des Pyrnes centrales: esquisse dun schma chronologique et conomique dans la perspective dune tude comparative avec les documents ibriques. In: DelporteH, ClottesJ (Eds.), 118me Congrs National des Socits historiques et scientiques, Pau 1993. ditions du CTHS, pp. 9e26. Jaubert, J., Mourre, V., 1996. Coudoulous, Le Rescoundudou, Mauran: diversit des matires premires et variabilit des schmas de production dclats. Rome. Quaternaria Nova VI. In: Bietti, A., Grimaldi, S. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Round Table: Reduction Processes ("chanes opratoires") for the European Mousterian, pp. 313e341. Jaubert, J., Lorblanchet, M., Laville, H., Slott-Moller, R., Turq, A., Brugal, J.-P., 1990. Les chasseurs daurochs de La Borde - un site du Palolithique moyen (Livernon, Lot). 27. Documents dArchologie Franaise, Paris, MSH, 157 pp. Laplace, G., 1972. La typologie analytique et structurale: base rationnelle dtude des industries lithiques et osseuses. Colloques nationaux du CNRS. In: Banques de donnes archologiques, pp. 92e143. Laplace, G., Saenz de Buruaga, A., 2000. Application de la typologie analytique et structurale ltude de loutillage moustrode de labri Olha 2 Cambo (Kanbo) en Pays Basque. Palo 12, 261e324. Laplace, G., Mroc, L., 1954. Application des coordonnes cartsiennes la fouille dun gisement. Bulletin de la Socit Prhistorique Franaise, 58e66. LI. Livache, M., 1981. Culture, acculturation, tribu. Des dnitions des ethnologues leur usage en prhistoire. Dialektik e Cahiers de typologie analytique, 29e44.

198

C. Thibaut et al. / Quaternary International 247 (2012) 182e198 Thibaut, C., 2007. Le Moustrien denticuls de part et dautre des Pyrnes: comparaisons et interprtations des caractristiques technologiques et conomiques. Rapport de recherche post-doctorale, Bourse Lavoisier, anne 2006e2007, 94 p. Thibaut, C., Jaubert, J., Mourre, V. and Plisson, H., in press.Diversit des techniques employes lors de la confection des encoches et des denticuls moustriens de Mauran (Haute-Garonne). In: Mourre, V. and Jarry, M., (eds.), Entre le marteau et lenclume., Table-Ronde sur la percussion directe au percuteur dur et la diversit de ses modalits dapplication. Universit de Toulouse - le Mirail, 15e17 mars 2004. Supplment Palo. Thibaut, C., Claud, E., Coudenneau, A., Coumont, M.-P., Asselin, G., Beauval, C., Chacn, G., Costamagno, S., Daulny, L., Gerbe, M., Mallye, J.-B., Maury, S., Mourre, V., Plisson, H., Provenzano, N., Streit, L., 2007. Des Traces et des Hommes: Projet de recherche interdisciplinaire sur lidentication des modalits dacquisition et de traitement des matires vgtales et animales au Palolithique moyen en Europe occidentale, Rapport annuel du PCR (Programme 3), 171 pp. Thibaut, C., Claud, E., Costamagno, S., Coudenneau, A., Coumont, M.-P., Deschamps, M., Gerbe, M., Mallye, J.-B., Mourre, V., Asselin, G., Beauval, C., Brenet, M., Chacn, M.-G., Maury, S., Paravel, B., Provenzano, N., Soulier, M.-C., 2009a. Des traces et des hommes - Projet interdisciplinaire pour interprter les comportements techno-conomiques des Nandertaliens. Les Nouvelles de larchologie 118, 49e55. Thibaut, C., Claud, E., Coudenneau, A., Coumont, M.-P., Costamagno, S., Gerbe, M., Mallye, J.-B., Mourre, V., Asselin, G., Beauval, C., Brenet, M., Chacn, G., Daulny, L., Deschamps, M., Maury, S., Paravel, B., Provenzano, N., Soulier, M.-C., 2008. Des Traces et des Hommes: Projet de recherche interdisciplinaire sur lidentication des modalits dacquisition et de traitement des matires vgtales et animales au Palolithique moyen en Europe occidentale, Rapport annuel du PCR (Programme P3), 251 pp. Thibaut, C., Claud, , Coudenneau, A., Coumont, M.-P., Costamagno, S., Deschamps, M., Gerbe, M., Mallye, J.-B., Mourre, V., Asselin, G., Brenet, M., Chacn, G., Colonge, D., Lemorini, C., Paravel, B., Provenzano, N., Servelle, Ch, Soulier, M.-C., 2009b. Des Traces et des Hommes: Projet de recherche interdisciplinaire sur lidentication des modalits dacquisition et de traitement des matires vgtales et animales au Palolithique moyen en Europe occidentale, Rapport annuel du PCR (Programme P3), 218 pp. Tixier, J., 1956. Le hachereau dans lAcheulen nord-africain - Notes typologiques. In: Congrs prhistorique de France - Compte-rendu de la XVme session Poitiers-Angoulme - 15-22 juillet 1956, pp. 914e923. Vallverd, J., Allu, E., Bischoff, J.-L., Cceres, I., Carbonell, E., Cebri, A., GarcaAntn, D., Huguet, R., Ibez, N., Martnez, K., Past, I., Rosel, J., Saladi, P., Vaquero, M., 2005. Short human occupation in the Middle Paleolithic level i of the Abric Roman rock-shelter (CapelladesBarcelonaSpain). Journal of Human Evolution 48, 157e174. Vaquero, M., 1992. Abric Roman: processos de canvitecnolgic al voltant de 40.000 BP. Continutat o ruptura. Estrat 5, 9e156. Vaquero, M., 1997. Tecnologaltica y comportamiento humano: organizacin de las actividades y cambiodiacrnico en el Paleoltico Medio delAbric Roman. Ph.D. Thesis. Tarragona, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 872 p. Vaquero, M., 1999. Variabilidad de las estrategias de talla y cambiotecnolgico en el Paleoltico Medio delAbric Roman (Capellades, Barcelona). Trabajos de Prehistorica 56, 37e58. Vaquero, M., Chacn, G., Fernndez, C., Martnez, K., Rando, J.M., 2001. Intrasite spatial patterning and transport in the Abric Roman Middle Paleolithic site (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain). Tbingen, Kerns. In: Conard, N.J. (Ed.), Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and the Middle Stone Age, pp. 573e595. Villar Quinteiro, R., Llana Rodrguez, C., 2001. Premires donnes sur le passage du Palolithique Moyen au Suprieur en Galice (N.O. de la Pninsule Ibrique). In: Zilho, J., Aubry, T., Carvalho de, A.F. (Eds.), Les premiers hommes modernes de la pninsule ibrique. Actes du Colloque de la Commission VIII de lUISPP, Vila Nova de FozCa, 22-24 octobre 1998, pp. 123e143.

Mallo Fernndez, J.M., Cabrera-Valds, V., Bernaldo de Quirs, F., 2004. Le dbitage lamellaire dans le Moustrien nal de Cantabrie (Espagne): le cas de El Castillo et Cueva Morin. LAnthropologie 108, 367e393. Maroto, J., Sacchi, D., Ortega, D., 2005. Lapport des grottes des Ermitons et de Belvis la connaissance du Moustrien tardif des Pyrnes mditerranennes. In: CuraM, SolerN, MarotoJ (Eds.), II CongrsInternacionalHistriadelsPireneus, Grone, 11-14 novembre 1998., PraehistoriaPyrenaica, Centre Associat de la U.N.E.D., pp. 179e201. Mourre, V., 2003. Discode ou pas Discode? Rexions sur la pertinence des critres techniques dnissant le dbitage Discode. Oxford, BAR International Series. In: Peresani, M. (Ed.), Discoid Lithic Technology e Advances and Implications, vol. 1120, pp. 1e18. Mourre, V., Thibaut, C., 2008. Lindustrie lithique du Moustrien nal de la Grotte du Noisetier (Frchet-Aure, Hautes-Pyrnes) dans le contexte des Pyrnes centrales franaises. actes de la table-ronde de Barcelone, 8e10 mai 2008. In: Mora TorcalR, Martnez MorenoJ, de la Torre SinzI, Casanova MartJ (Eds.), Variabilidad tcnica en el Paleoltico Medio en el sudoeste de Europa. Treballs dArqueologia, 14, Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona, pp. 87e104. Mourre, V., Costamagno, S., Thibaut, C., Allard, M., Bruxelles, L., Colonge, D., Cravinho, S., Jeannet, M., Juillard, F., Laroulandie, V., Maureille, B., 2008a. Le site moustrien de la Grotte du Noisetier Frchet-Aure (Hautes-Pyrnes): premiers rsultats des nouvelles fouilles. 47, journes scientiques de la Socit prhistorique franaise, Universit Bordeaux 1, Talence 24-25 novembre 2006. In: Jaubert, J., Bordes, J.-G., Ortega, I. (Eds.), Les socits du Palolithique dans un Grand Sud-Ouest de la France: nouveaux gisements, nouveaux rsultats, nouvelles mthodes. Mmoire de la Socit Prhistorique Franaise, pp. 189e202. Mourre, V., Costamagno, S., Bruxelles, L., Colonge, D., Cravinho, S., Laroulandie, V., Maureille, B., Thibaut, C., Viguier, J., 2008b. Exploitation du milieu montagnard dans le Moustrien nal: la Grotte du Noisetier Frchet-Aure (Pyrnes centrales franaises). BAR International Series 1885, XVme Congrs de lUISPP, 4-9 septembre 2006, Lisbonne. In: Grimaldi, S., Perrin, Th., Guilaine, J. (Eds.), Mountain Environments in Prehistoric Europe: Settlement and Mobility Strategies from Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Oxford, vol. 26, pp. 1e10. session C31. OFarrell, M., 2004. Les pointes de La Gravette de Corbiac (Dordogne) et considrations sur la chasse au Palolithique suprieur ancien. In: BoduP., ConstantinC (Eds.), Approches fonctionnelles en Prhistoire. XXVme Congrs Prhistorique de France, Nanterre 24-26 novembre 2000, pp. 121e128. Passemard, E., 1936. Le Moustrien labri Olha en Pays-Basque. Revue Lorraine DAnthropologie 8me Anne, 117e160. Perls, C., 1991. conomie des matires premires et conomie du dbitage: deux conceptions opposes. In: ADPCA (Ed.), 25 ans dtudes technologiques en Prhistoire, Juan-les-Pins, XImes Rencontres Internationales dArchologie et dHistoire dAntibes, pp. 35e45. Rendu, W., 2007. Planication des activits de subsistance au sein du territoire des derniers Moustriens. Cmentochronologie et approche archozoologique de gisements du Palolithique moyen (Pech-de-lAz I, La Quina, Mauran) et Palolithique suprieur ancien (Isturitz). Ph.D. Thesis. Talence. Universit de Bordeaux 1, 352 p. Sacco-Sonador, A., 2008. Lindustrie lithique moustrienne du site du Turon de Calavant. Master I. Universit de Toulouse II - Le Mirail, Toulouse, 122 pp. Senz de Buruaga Blzquez, A., Ebrard, D., 2004. El Musteriense de la cueva de Harregui en Aussurucq, Soule (Excavaciones: Pierre Boucher, 1954-1960). Veleia 21, 9e40. Tavoso, A., 1987. Le Moustrien de la grotte Tournal. Cypsela VI, 161e174. Thibaut, C., 2001. Caractrisation des encoches et des denticuls au Palolithique moyen: Application dune nouvelle mthode dtude aux pices encoches de Mauran (Haute-Garonne)., D.E.A Thesis. Universit de Provence, Aix-enProvence, 231 p. Thibaut, C., 2003. Propositions terminologiques et mthodologiques pour ltude des pices encoches du Palolithique moyen. Prhistoire Anthropologie Mditerranennes 12, 5e37. Thibaut, C., 2005. Le Moustrien denticuls: variabilit ou diversit technoconomique? Ph.D. Thesis, 2 vol. Universit de Provence, Aix-en-Provence, 870 p.