Prepared by: R Batane

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Turning operation
Removal of material from a rotating workpiece to form a cyclindrical shape a centre lathe is a machine tool designed to produce cylindrical, conical and plane (flat) surfaces and Screw threats using a single point cutting tool.

Basic cutting process

A B

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Adapted from the Hongkong Polytechnique University (2003)

Metal Cutting Processes

Turning Milling

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Centre Lathe
Turning
spindle chuck tool-post tail-stock tail-stock wheel

lead-screw carriage wheel carriage cross-slide wheel

Adapted from Kalpakjian and Schmid (2000)

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Centre Lathe
Construction features The bed Headstock Tailstock Carriage Toolpost Feed gear box

The Bed
This is strong bridge-like member, made of high of high grade cast iron heavily ribbed to give it rigidity.

Its upper part carries the main slideways: the slideways locate, directly or indirectly, most of the units; Responsible for the fundamental alignments of the machine

Centre lathe features continue

Headstock Also known as the fast head: It supports the spindle Contains the gear box for varying the spindle speed. Tailstcok Or loose head at opposite end of the bed to the headstcok, moves back and forth along the bed Cast iron body Taper shank locates drills, drill chucks, die holders, etc. Bore is co-axial with spindle

Centre lathe features continue

Carriage Controls the movement of the cutting tool, and it consists of:

Saddle,, which spans the bed of the lathe Apron- carries controls Cross-slide controls the infeed of the tool Compound slide controls the angular movement of the tool

3. Cutting Conditions
Three parameters collectively make up what is termed the cutting conditions. These parameters are;
1. Cutting Speed, v

2. Feed rate, f

3. Depth of cut, d

The product of these parameters can be used to obtain the material removal rate MRR given by the equation; MRR= vfd
Where: MRR = material removal rate (units?) v = the cutting speed in m/s f = the feed rate in mm d = the depth of cut in mm
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4. Cutting Speeds and Feeds

Decisions have to be made as regards the appropriate cutting speeds and feeds for the workpiece material These have an impact on tool life High cutting speeds and feeds rapidly decrease tool life due to increased temperature. Cutting speeds and feeds also decrease with increasing hardness, within any one material group Optimum conditions depend on a number of factors; Rigidity of tooling Machine tool

Cutting speeds and feeds influence the choice of machine tool to use
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4. Cutting Speeds and Feeds Cutting stages

Roughing cut: required to remove large chunks of material from the starting workpiece as rapidly as possible .

Finishing cut: is taken to obtain the required surface finish, dimensions and tolerances

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