The Veteran A Myth

American Association for Public Opinion Research
"The" Veteran-A Myth Author(s): Leo P. Crespi and G. Schofield Shapleigh Source: The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Autumn, 1946), pp. 361-372 Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Association for Public Opinion Research Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2745539 . Accessed: 05/12/2013 12:36
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"THE" VETERAN-A
SWEEPING
MYTH
BY LEO P. CRESPI AND G. SCHOFIELD SHAPLEIGH

and a welcome to armchair theorists, statements have been made about eyeopener has becomeless liftto personswhose job it is to work with "the" veteran-"the" veteran moral, less religious,less independent, more ex-fighting men. restless, etc. Disturbed by thesegeneralizations, of PsycholProfessor is Assistant Dr. Crespi the authors wentto a groupof veterans themwas his co-author University; selves-asked them how theyhad reactedto ogy at Princeton at the same university. a student theirwar experiences. The resultswill be an untilrecently
havecome ofveterans experiences uponthepsychology fects ofmilitary in disposition Therehas beenan evident in forwide consideration. thinks veterain of"the" veteran-the tospeak generally these discussions of genSuchwidth this. wants theveteran feels that, theveteran this, has notbeenconfined of veterans eralization in thecharacterization seem treatments writings; the scholarly merely to the journalistic assertions. in sweeping equally to abound of veterappraisal sociological in perhaps theoutstanding Waller, "The whenhe states: forqualifications grand disregard ans,1 exhibits seemstrange to him;he has idealized he [theveteran] parents whom welltolerate their he cannot to talkwiththem, cannot findwords of the lives "The regimentation And further, meant ministrations." and to their sense ofself . . . somedamage ofmillions ofmeninvolves . . . losesthe . . . The soldier to think forthemselves. to their power fallacy The stageis setfortheuniversalizing sense of self-direction." example, is The Veteran in thevery titles writers Waller's, for employ. evenmore of revealing is, The Personatlity ComesBack,and another Withsuchan initial esVeteran.2 canreaders orientation, theReturned as a monolithic of veterans unity? capethinking to inquire-"Hasevery veteran scientist is motivated The cautious a decrease in hisfamily ?" "Has every veteran with suffered lost rapport in the conduct of his affairs?" and self-direction Surely independence at theminimum, overpowersuchunlimited characterizations imply, ofwartime in theeffects Does suchuniformity experience ingtrends. in factoccur?
1 WillardWaller,The Veteran ComesBack. DrydenPress,I944, pp. 93, II9.
2
IN
THE CLOSING
STAGES
theefaftermath, of thewarand in itspresent
of theReturned I946. Hygeia,February, Veteran," MajorMiltonL. Miller,"The Personality
362
PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY, FALL
1946
Even theman in the street pausesto wonderwhen he runsafoul of opposinggeneralizations: e.g., "the veteran is more religious than everbefore" and "the veteran is less religious than everbefore." Such bald contradictions makeit clearto all thatit is hightimeto relinquish themyth of "the"veteran forthe less pretentious factsof veteran one, veteran two,and veteran three. In thismodestspirit the present study is offered. Subjected to testare someof themoreimportant generalizationsabout the veteran's psychology to ascertain just how universal are the presumedconsequents of military life. Such an inquiryhas to morethan academicvalue. Most of the attitude changespresumed be generalin the veteran groupare changesforthe worse,e.g., disilof Dissemination lusionment, dependency, boredom, and immorality. of vetof the problem thesenotions has led to pessimistic conceptions is overdrawn, eranreadjustment. If it shouldbe foundthatthepicture thatchangesare thatdeteriorations are limitedrather than universal, a fillip to constructive as well as destructive, it would certainly provide to civilveterans the moraleof every personinterested in readjusting ian life. The subjects for this investigation were I99 veterans enrolledas students at Princeton University. Anonymity was preserved as far as thequestionnaire to encourage in administering possible candor.It was recognizedthat the subjectswould not be completely representative of veterans generally, but this fact was deemed not entirely disadvantageous in the present connection. Studentveterans deviatefrom veterans in the direction generally of being more alike in theirchareconomic to supacteristics-education, status, age, etc.It is reasonable in the effect of the war upon theirattitude pose,then,thatvariations more minimum than maximum.Consequently, shouldbe rather any conclusions drawn fromthe presenceof such variability apply even as a whole.Further, to theveteran morestrongly population any findbe generalized student veterans still ingswhichcouldnotsafely beyond of considerable Student veterans forma largesegpartake significance. and a crucialsegment in establishing mentof theveteran population, intocivilianlife. thetenorof veteran absorption
FAMILY RAPPORT
of changein veterans' atOne of the mostsignificant possibilities It is not unreasonable to lies in thearea of family titudes relationships.
"THE" VETERAN-A MYTH
363
lifesoldiers of military period of their as a consequence that suppose manihomethey return that upontheir suchwise conditioned become We havealparents. withtheir and rapport fest lessunderstanding is unithatsuchan effect implying statement readycitedWaller's in the same generalize writers Other veterans. thecaseamong versally "All returned statement, thegeneric makes forexample, Pratt,' vein. abouttheir hometown, abouttheir disillusioned . . . become soldiers Do thefacts andfriends." their families ofall about jobs. . . butmost thetheses? support to bearin thematter, that wasbrought thequestion Table i gives thesample ofveterans. from obtained andtheresults
TABLE i
AS A RESULT THAT THE OF THE WAR OR YOUR BETWEEN WARTIME YOU EXPERIENCES, AND YOUR DO YOU FEEL HAS: RELATIONSHIP PARENT(S)
Alternatives a. become more b. remained
Vets N=i 99
% of
Di, .% ofCombat % Non-C Vets Vets between
a& c
N-117 50.5
N=82 36.6
39.0
2I.9 2.5
Differ-
ence
13.9* io.8
understanding? 44.8
32.6 2i.6
I.O 23.2*
unchanged? c. become less understanding?
28.2 21.3 0.0
.6
2.5
d. No Opinion
* In thisand thefollowing difference passesthe 95 per centlevel of statistical tablesa starred difference a daggered passesthe go per centlevel. significance;
thatstatements columnmakesit evident A glanceat the first Subareindefensible. andPratt's, "the" suchas Waller's about veteran, have relationships thatfamily of veterans report stantial proportions unand remained less understanding, moreunderstanding, become that not emerges finding changed. Butthisis notall. The surprising but,to the theses indefensibly general and Pratt's onlyare Waller's isrepresentative, arewrong. The proporthey thepresent sample extent their more with relationship understanding of who report tion veterans as great as theproportion of thewaris overtwice as a result parents from the lastcolumn of the less.It is further who report apparent
8
I944, Soldierto Civilian.McGraw-Hill, GeorgeK. Pratt,
p.
I23.
364
PUBLIC OPINION
QUARTERLY,
FALL I946
tablethatthecombat veterans-the groupwho wouldbe presumed to havesuffered thegreater lossof rapport-are, on thecontrary, the group whoindicate thegreater increase in family as a understanding consequence of their military experiences. If they Thesefindings are unexpected. are as important as they hold up at all generally, of the refutation they constitute a striking prophets ofgloom in this critical areaofveteran readjustment.
INDEPENDENCE
It has already beenillustrated witha quotation from Wallerthat a presumed effect of military lifeofveterans is a lossofindependence and self-direction. Miller holds4 thattheveteran has theneed"to be taken careof,to havedependent feelings gratified." The veteran supposedly becomes moredependent thanwhenhe entered theservice because, according toWaller,' "onedoesnotneedtostrive inthearmy, or toplanorforesee; oneneeds onlyto givehimself over to thegreat machine which takes care ofeverything... ." Do thePrinceton veterans manifest as universal a trend toward lossof independence as Waller's and Miller's positions imply?
TABLE
AS A RESULT OF YOUR PERIOD 2 DO YOU FEEL: IN SERVICE,
Alternatives a. less independent and less able to make decisionsforyourself? c. more independent and more able to make decisions for yourself ? d. No Opinion
% of
Vets
Nrig99
Dig. % of Combat % Non-C between Vets Vets DibFera& c N-1z17 N=82 ence
4.5
b. equallyindependent?15.1
4.3
4.9
21.9
.6
11.7
75.5*
10.2
8o.o
0.4
85.5
0.0
72.0 1.2
13.5t
1.2
from Judged theprevailing pointof view, theresults as pictured in Table 2 can be considered as nothing short of nonplussing. It seems
4 Major Milton L. Miller,"The Personality of the Returned Veteran," Hygeia, February, I946, p. 98. 5 WillardWaller,"Veterans' Ann. Am. Academy, Attitudes," Vol. 238, March,I945, p. I77.
365
that aleffect might in this is a rather widespread there that, instance, but ironically the about"the"veteran, mostjustify a generalization to those cited. opposite wouldhaveto be diametrically generalization thatas a result of their period of thesample report Fullyfour-fifths and moreableto in theservice feelmore, they notless,independent an almost concluThereis, further, forthemselves.6 makedecisions exthattheveterans withthe moreintense siveindication military to a greater extent than thiseffect veterans-show perience-combat suchexperience. do theveterans without of any substantial number of are representative If theseresults of those awrywiththe analyses is exceedingly veterans, something in veterans and lossof self-direction in dependency who see increase So for a second critiregimentation. oftheir army generally as a result to in opposition cal area of adjustment seemto indicate, the facts their warof veterans thatfora largeproportion prevailing theory, augment thedifficulrather than changes diminish induced personality pursuits. to peacetime tiesofreadjustment
RELIGION
rehas beena great thatthere feelpersuaded Manyindividuals forces during thepastwar.On the among thearmed vivalofreligion as Dr. Daniel A. other a minister and informed hand,as eminent as his observabattlefronts, offered Poling, after a tourof numerous It is valuto organized religion."7 tions, indifference "overwhelming can shedupon sample of veterans able to see whatlightthepresent Tables3 and 4 givethequestion difference ofopinion. this important that was posedand thereturns. group as a wholethemajorthat for theveteran Table3 discloses faith as a result oftheir religious in theamount ityreport no change in faith and, reports increase of their experiences. A minority wartime of Witha difference in faith. a minority reports decrease parallelly, significantly overminority trends neither of these only6.5 percent,
6 The suggestion could be made herethatofficers have been differently affected by theirwar experiences than enlistedmen with the present unexpected finding perhapsdue in part to a disproportionate numberof ex-officers in the Princeton sample. Unfortunately this possibility could notbe checkedas thenecessary information was not obtained. Perhapsit is too obviousto pointout thatif officers do differ systematically fromenlisted men in theeffects of thewar upon froma bad case of splitpersonality. suffers them, already"the" veteran 7 Time, January 3, 1944.
366
PUBLIC OPINION
DO YOU FEEL, AS A RESULT THAT YOUR
QUARTERLY,
FALL I946
WARTIME ANY, HAS:
TABLE 3
OF THE WAR OR YOUR FAITH, IF EXPERIENCES, RELIGIOUS
Alternatives
% of
Vets
25.1
% of Vets
(19-22)
I2.5
% of Vets
a. increased?
b. not changed? c. decreased? d. No Opinion
DO YOU FEEL,
N=:1gg 53.3 i8.6

3.0
N=88
59.I
23.9
N sii
35.2
(23-29)
Age Difference
22.7*
48.6
I4.3
I.7
IO.5
9.3
2.8
4.5 TABLE 4
OF THE RELIGIOUS WAR OR YOUR FAITH, IF
AS A RESULT THAT YOUR
WARTIME ANY, HAS:
EXPERIENCES,
Veterans AgedI9 to22 % Combat % Non-C Alternatives Diu. Vets Vets N=47 N-41 i 2.8 a. increased? 12.2 .6 b. not changed? 57.3 6i.I 3.8
c. decreased?
21.3
Veterans Aged23 to 29 % Combat % Non-C Vets Diff. Vets N=70 N=4I

41.4 24.4 17.Ot
.2
48.5
8.6
1.4
48.7
24.4
26.8
d. No Opinion
8.5
?.?
5.5 8.5
i5.8t
1.0
2.4
enamored ofspeaking Individuals of"the" veteran would probably recast theveteran theconclusion to this form: hasjustabout thesame ofreligious as he had before amount faith today thewar.In so doing themost they wouldmissexactly interesting point-that many veteran increase ans haveexperienced in faith and many a decrease. It is intothedata to see whatfactors ourwhileto go further worth are trends. withthese associated opposing Table 3 showsthaton thisreligious fortheonlytime question, a reliable evidences in thissurvey, itself in thereturns.8 age difference veterans to younger of age), three As compared times as (19-22 years
8 Thisgeneral differences ofattitude between ofolder absence andyounger comparable groups in this are specifically in suggesting that theattitude menis important Princeton changes study of normal social and notsimply theresult as interpreted, war-induced growth.
periences.
shadows itsopponent. So as a major finding, to thedegree thesample is representative hasbeenno significant netchange there in theamount of religious exfaith of veterans as a consequence of their military
367
increases in faith. Within manyolderveterans (23-29) haveexperienced becomessignifithe older group,the proportion who have increased who have decreased.Within the cantlygreaterthan the proportion occurs, thoughit is notlargeenough younger grouptheopposite trend to be conclusive. in generaldo not demonstrate So thoughveterans do. And it is quite older veterans any net increasein religious faith, the oppositeeffect-a net possiblethatyounger veterans experienced decrease in faithas a consequence of theirwar experiences. Such provocative resultswarrantpushing further. What about to religion?Certainly an imcombatexperience as a possibleimpetus of the widelyvoicedthesis, "No atheists in foxholes," is that plication or heighten actsto restore religious feeling. Does such battle experience occur? Since the two age groupshave been revealedto be different, to assessthe impactof combatexperiit behooves the cautiousanalyst soldiers. Table 4 achieves ence separately fortheolderand theyounger are worth sucha separation The results at thecostof somecomplexity. of the table will disclosethat combatexperience the cost. Scrutiny on the two age groups. effects seemsto have directly Among contrary thereis a clear indication that combatcauses inthe older veterans Of theseolder creasesin religiousfaithto far outshadowdecreases. an increase in religious faith; combatveterans 41.4 per centunderwent difference needwhich, only8.6 percenta decrease-an almostfivefold withoutcombatexless to say,is reliable.Among the older veterans in faithmatchone another. and decreases increases perience, on the otherhand, it appearsthat Among the younger veterans, the effect lifehas been of military combatexperience withor without The differfaiththanincreases. in religious to occasionmoredecreases but it is suggestive. ence is not statistically reliable, From these resultsthe conclusionmay be drawn that foxhole faith-but only among tendsto favorincreasein religious experience falls far shortof the exuberant This effect older soldiers. contention, for severalreasons.First,23.5 per cent of in foxholes," "No atheists no changefrom the men withcombatexperience reported specifically previous lackof faith.Second,13.6 per centof the combatexperience a decreasein faith.Third, and most important, group underwent there is morethana suggestion veterans of a secuamongtheyounger influence ofmilitary thana religious rather experience, whether larizing combator otherwise.
368
PUBLIC OPINION
QUARTERLY,
FALL 1946
SEX AND MORALS
It is widely believedthat one of the predominant of influences war bothupon thecivilian and upon thesoldier is a liberalpopulation izationof sex behavior and morals. Implicative of sucha viewis Pratt's statement,9 "in their[thesoldiers']exclusively environment, masculine off theyweredeprived of the usual civilianopportunities fordraining sex feelings through wholesomerecreational contacts with girls,and Waller as a resulttheyhave come to overvalue thisbiologicinstinct." in this connection,10 remarks "Soldiersand civiliansalike participate in the relaxation of sexualmorality in timeof war." The writers' intention in putting a question to their veteran sample this to from area was not challengethe thesisthat war experience tends to liberalizemorality. The point is too well supported from past wars to be denied.The motivation was rather to ascertain if any numberof veterans appreciable did not report such an effect. If such were the case, howeverundeniablethe majority one would be trend, alerted notto speakof "the"veteran as havingbecomemoreliberalin morality.
TABLE 5
TOWARD AS A RESULT THAT YOUR OF YOUR ATTITUDES WARTIME EXPERIENCES, SEX AND DO YOU MORALS FEEL HAVE:
Alternatives a. become more liberal?
Vets N=igg 65.9

19.1
% of
% of Combat % Non-C Difi. between Vets Vets a& c N-82 N-II7

66.o
51.3* I5.3
Difference
0.0
9.I
66.o
24.4
b. not changed?
c. become less liberal? d. No Opinion
14.6
0.4
I8.7
0.0
8.5
1.1
10.2 I.
Resultsare listedin Table 5. It is clear thatalmosttwo-thirds of the veterans towardsex and moralshave reportthat theirattitudes become more liberalas a resultof theirwartimeexperiences. However,it is equally clear thata full thirdof the group underwent no or became,on the contrary, changein attitudes less liberal.So if most veterans have become more liberalmorally, in a carefulsense "the"
9 GeorgeK. Pratt,Soldierto Civilian.McGraw-Hill, I944, pp. I22-I23. 10WillardWaller,The Veteran Comes Back. DrydenPress,I944, p. 83.
369
veteran has not.Viewers withalarmmight be inclined to seizeupon this majority trend as evidence fora war-induced moral deterioration. Suchan inference wouldhaveto be contested. Frommany points of view, liberalization of contemporary attitudes toward sex and morals must be accounted a constructive rather thana destructive trend. In leaving Table 5 notice of thehint of a combat might be taken The differences influence uponmorality. arenotreliable butthere is thesuggestion-worth verifying if further study is undertaken-that veterans whohaveundergone combat experiences showa higher proportion thando non-combat veterans ofindividuals whohavebecome attitudes. lessliberal in their moral
ALCOHOL
To proceed thegeneral to themorespecific in moralattifrom tude,thequestion of drinking was raised withthe veteran sample. in consumption Increase of liquorhas longbeenassociated withmiliBenderhas said in thisconnection," taryservice during wartime. is another "Drinking escapeof specialimportance [to the soldier] because of itsimplied assertion of manhood, itsstrengthening of the the army behavior and because of the comwill to defy standards, fora fewminutes at leastthelonely munity lifeofthebar. . . where is mendo drink warmth andcomradeship." soldier knows If,as likely, inclination more as soldiers thanthey did as civilians, doesthegreater to civilian life? persist uponreturn to theabovequestion. Table6 gives theanswer It canbe seenthat some57 per centof theveterans an increased sampled report proneTABLE 6
AS A RESULT THAT YOU OF THE WAR OR YOUR OR LESS WARTIME EXPERIENCES, DO YOU FEEL ARE MORE PRONE TO INDULGE IN ALCOHOLIC DRINK?
Alternatives a. more b. no change c. less d. No Opinion
Vets N-Ig9
57.2
of
between a&c
40.6*
Diff.
% of Combat % Non-C
N Vets II7 55.5
26.5
Vets N-82 59.7

21.9 22.2 1.2
24.6
Difference 4.2 4.6
i6.6
I.6
16.3 1.7
5.9
.5
11Capt. WilsonR. G. Bender,"The Man As He Leaves the Service,"Mental Hygiene, January,I945.
370
I946
of their in alcoholic drinking as a consequence nessto indulgence trend, which does a majority wartime The fact established experiences. no change or less whoreport however, a largeminority notpreclude, shows up in Table6 ofan influNo indication todrinking. inclination habits. upon drinking experience enceof combat upon somewhat depends changeis evaluated How the present there would of thegoodlife.In anycase,however, one'sphilosophy increased indulgence inflating datafor in thepresent be nojustification a baremajority ofveterans to debauchery, or forinflating in drinking to "the"veteran.
BOREDOM AND RESTLESSNESS
stress upon interesting Wallerhas presented in his booka very of life.He conceives in military theoverwhelming roleof boredom to frustration,''12 reaction uncontrollable as an "automatic boredomn menrebel ofwaris oneofthethings that "The boredom andremarks a military experience.""13 against one of thechief complaints against, to anyone who has had realistic These are compelling observations to occurred The thought of soldiers. contacts withanylargenumber perto ascertain ifsucha state thewriters be interesting that it might to establish werebelieved veterans. Two considerations severed among and needof enterof greater restlessness, a realpossibility boredom, of their war experiences. as a consequence amongveterans tainment fortheprofashion in compensatory might be motivated First, they be motivated by, they might of military life.Second, tracted denials in civilian of frustrations readjustinvolved theconsiderable number ment.
TABLE 7
AS A RESULT HAS IN YOUR OF THE CASE: WAR OR YOUR WARTIME EXPERIENCES, OF FINDING DO YOIf FEEL THAT BOREDOM, RESTLESSNESS, AND THE NEED ENTERTAINMENT
Alternatives a. increased?
% of
Vets 58.8
I7.6 N=I99
Diff. betteen
a& c
% of Combat % Non-C Vets Vets N=82 N=II7 57.4 6i.o

I7.9 23.0 I.7 I7.I 2I.9
Difger-
ence
3.6
b. notchanged? d. No Opinion
12
36.2*
c. decreased?
.8
I.I I.7
i3
22.6
I.0
0.0
ComesBack. DrydenPress.I944, p. 74. WillardWaller,The Veteran
Ibid., p. 73.
371
to be well founded. thesurmise in Table 7 indicate The results in boreadmitted to an increase A majority sampled of theveterans warexoftheir because and needforentertainment dom, restlessness, in thereturns. differential is apparent No combat periences. boredom, needto relieve then, feelan increased Not all veterans, This is representative. sample do-so faras thepresent buta majority all for tothenecessity It points implications. practical fact has definite to exercise considerable readjustment occupied withveteran agencies outand recreational diversions constructive providing effort toward life. to civilian returning letsforsoldiers
TOLERANCE
omission to neglect inquiring It wouldhavebeenan unfortunate experiwartime influences oftheir as topossible sample oftheveteran a with question Thisareawas approached prejudices. ences upontheir there wouldbe someadvantage The writers felt about Negroattitude. so theissue sample, forthepresent thepointconcretely in framing to Princeton of Negroes Universitywas raised abouttheadmission of Sincethemembers students. longa mootpointamongPrinceton forvarying thepresent had all beenat Princeton sample of veterans the andwerenowreturned, military experiences to their periods prior influence precisely any to assess forthem wereexcellent circumstances opinions. upontheir experience of wartime Table 8 givestheresults to thequestion as it was posed.It may no war-induced changein their be observed thata majority report
TABLE 8
REGARDING IF ANY, OPINION? THE ADMISSION WAR OR OF NEGROES TO PRINCETON, EXPERIENCES WHAT HAD INFLUENCE, UPON YOUR HAS THE YOUR WARTIME
Alternatives
% of Vets
NzI99
between
a&c
Dig.
% of Combat % Non-C
Vets
toward a. tendency 26.6 approval

b. no change 53.4
II.5
N_ II7
28.2
N_82
24.4
Vets
Digerence
3.8
6.8 7.2
5.2
15.I*
50.5
14.5
57.3
toward c. tendency
disapproval
7.3
1I.0
d. No Opinion
8.5
6.8
372
1946
is that, oftheveterans who attitude. Butthemost interesting finding overofNegro admissions didchange in attitude, increases in approval as some that this study shadow decreases. The difference is notas large has turned And ifoneremembers that thequesup,butit is reliable. a concrete is dealing all ofitspractical difficulties, tion with issue with in theincreases It is always easier to be tolerant growin importance. theabstract. It is notclear howwidely sucha result canbe generalized. Butif is symptomatic thefinding of anysubstantial trend amongveterans, can be a realinspiration to all individuals thefact and agencies intertheprogress in preserving and augmenting toward equitability ested thattheNegrominority during thewar. has achieved
TO SUM UP
The present of war-induced changes in attitudes among study veterans rather thana conwas undertaken as a pilotinvestigation Buteven from datathefact emerges that "the" clusive inquiry. limited veteran similar in thepsychois a myth. The reality is veterans-some butmany different. logical consequences oftheir military experiences, factseems to havegenerally gonebegging This farfrom astonishing conclusions aboutveterin thepassion fordramatic all-encompassing ans. is definite Further indicated evidence study that by thepresent experiences amongsomeveterans-perhaps largenumbers-wartime in respect in personality constructive tocapachaveoccasioned changes ofpostwar theproblems readjustment. ityformeeting

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American Association for Public Opinion Research

BY LEO P. CRESPI AND G. SCHOFIELD SHAPLEIGH

theefaftermath, of thewarand in itspresent

of theReturned I946. Hygeia,February, Veteran," MajorMiltonL. Miller,"The Personality

PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY, FALL

"THE" VETERAN-A MYTH

Alternatives a. become more b. remained

Di, .% ofCombat % Non-C Vets Vets between

unchanged? c. become less understanding?

28.2 21.3 0.0

"THE" VETERAN-A MYTH

N=:1gg 53.3 i8.6

AS A RESULT THAT YOUR

WARTIME ANY, HAS:

Veterans Aged23 to 29 % Combat % Non-C Vets Diff. Vets N=70 N=4I

"THE" VETERAN-A MYTH

SEX AND MORALS

Alternatives a. become more liberal?

Vets N=igg 65.9

% of Combat % Non-C Difi. between Vets Vets a& c N-82 N-II7

"THE" VETERAN-A MYTH

Alternatives a. more b. no change c. less d. No Opinion

Vets N-82 59.7

Difference 4.2 4.6

11Capt. WilsonR. G. Bender,"The Man As He Leaves the Service,"Mental Hygiene, January,I945.

PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY, FALL

% of Combat % Non-C Vets Vets N=82 N=II7 57.4 6i.o

ComesBack. DrydenPress.I944, p. 74. WillardWaller,The Veteran

"THE" VETERAN-A MYTH

toward a. tendency 26.6 approval

PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY, FALL

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