CONTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS Ag Strength Flow Expansion Expansion Sn Strength and Hardness Cu Strength and Hardness Flow Expansion Deoxidizer

zer Zn ADA SPECIFICATIONS FOR CREEP Change in dimension of a set material under a specific stress 3% maximum Correlates well with long term clinical performance Higher the creep, the greater the degree of marginal breakdown Low Hg: Alloy ratio, low creep values High condensation pressure, low creep values Under trituration and overtrituration, high creep ADA SPECIFICATIONS FOR DIMENSIONAL CHANGE 20 m/cm within 5 minutes and 24 hours Delayed or secondary expansion - Could cause pain 4-5 days after condensation - Due to moisture contamination of Zn containing alloys during condensation resulting in release of H gas ADA SPECIFICATIONS FOR STRENGTH 1 hr compressive strength: 80 MPa minimum Factors affecting strength - Undertrituration and overtrituration, low strength - High residual Hg, low strength - High condensation pressures, high strength - Presence of porosities, low strength - Slow rate of packing, low strength UNICOMPOSITIONAL - Alloys have the highest early rate and late compressive strength while low copper fine cut alloys have the lowest Other Important Properties CTEX Compressive strength Tensile strength Thermal conductivity

REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID (AGAR) Properties Can copy details very well Cheap but equipment is not Needs to be poured immediately Long shelf life ELASTOMERS (RUBBER-BASED IMPRESSION MATERIALS) Condensation polymerization reaction Polysulfide: by-product is water Condensation silicone: by-product is alcohol Addition polymerization reaction Addition silicone (vinyl polysiloxane) Polyether Properties Fluid enough to copy details Elastic and tough (does not tear easily) WT can be increased by using a cool glass slab The thinner the material, the more accurate it is. This is the exact opposite of alginates Dimensional stability POLYETHER Composition Base paste: unsaturated polyether Reactor paste: aromatic sulphonate Plasticizers Dimensionally stable but stiff Can absorb water resulting in distortion TYPES Type I (Soft): for casting of small inlays Type II (Medium): for casting of inlays and onlays subject to moderate stresses Type III (Hard): for casting restorations subject to high stresses like crowns, full crowns, and short-span bridges Type IV (Extra hard): for casting full crowns, partial denture frameworks, and long-span bridges Additonal Types Metal ceramic (Hard and Extra hard) Removable partial denture alloys

Main Components Au Type I Type II Type III Type IV Au Cu Ag Pd Zn Oxygen scavenger. Oxygen if not removed during the melting process is released during solidification resulting in gas porosity of the casting Reduces weight of allow because of its lower specific gravity Increases MT Increases strength and hardness Renders the Ag tarnish and corrosion resistant Whitens the alloy principal component of white gold Whitens the alloy Increases especially in the presence of Pd Increases strength and hardness Lowers tarnish and corrosion resistance Lowers MT Increases ductility Imparts reddish color Responsible for tarnish and corrosion resistance Imparts yellow color Increase ductility Lowers MT Increases specific gravity Decreasing Cu Increasing Ag Increasing Pd Increasing

In, Sn, and Fe Oxide forming metals these oxides are responsible for the bond between ceramics and casting alloy Solution Heat Treatment 10 minutes at 700C then quenched in water All phases are in disordered state ductility is increased, hardness and strength decreases Alloy can now be cold worked deformed without danger of fracture Hardening Heat Treatment To increase strength and hardness and to decrease ductility (not easily deformed) 15-30 minutes at 200C-400C

SILICATE CEMENT (ADA Spec No. 9) Properties o Capable of fluoride release o Coefficient of thermal expansion close to that of tooth o Strong in compression o High solubility in oral fluids o Initial esthetics good but does not last long Use o Limited to anterior restoration of pedo patients with high caries index ZN SILICOPHOSPHATE CEMENT (ADA Spec No. 21) also called Zn Silicate Cement Composition o Powder: combination of ZnPO4 and Silicate powder o Liquid phosphoric acid Setting reaction: acid-base reaction Properties o Release fluoride o Film thickness greater than ZnPO4 o More translucent than ZnPO4 o Acidity and CS similar to ZnPO4 o pH 1.43 ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL CEMENT (ADA Spec No. 30) Properties o Sedative effects on the pulp (obtundent) o Bacteriostatic o Good thermal and chemical insulator o No adhesion to tooth structure o Low CS (15 MN/m2) ZINC POLYCARBOXYLATE CEMENT (ADA Spec No. 61) Composition o Powder: ZnO, MgO, CaOH, Fluorides o Liquid: polyacrylic acid, itaconic acid, and tartaric acid Setting reaction: acid-base reaction Properties o First cement to bond chemically to tooth structure. The carboxyl group (COO-) of the PAA bonds to the Calcium (Ca++) of enamel and dentin o CS 51-73 MN/m2 o BS to enamel 3.45-13.1 MPa o BS to dentin 2.07-3.9 MPa o pH 3.42 GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS (Glass Polyalkenoate cement or Alumino Silicate Polyacrylic Acid) developed by Alan D. Wilson and Brian Kent in 1972 Composition o Powder: calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glass, lanthanum, strontium, barium or zinc oxide provide radiopacity o Liquid: 45-50% aqueous solution of polyacrylic/itaconic acid copolymer stabilized with 5% tartaric acid Setting reaction: acid-base reaction

Types o o o o o

Type 1 luting cement Type 2a (2.1) restorative type for anterior teeth Type 2b (2.2) restorative type for posterior teeth (silver alloy admix and cement) Type 3 liner or base Resin modified glass-ionomer cements (luting, restorative and liner/base materials)

RESIN MODIFIED GLASS-IONOMER CEMENTS Properties o Dual core or tri-core o Capable of fluoride release o Produces higher bond strength to tooth structure o Reduced water sensitivity o Absorbs water resulting in expansion. Not indicated for luting all-porcelain crowns o Improved mechanical properties and esthetics but still inferior to composites Uses/ applications o Class V in patients with high caries risk o Class I and II restorations in primary teeth o Material of choice for ART