Survey Lab - II Manual

II Year B.Tech.
II Semester Civil Engineering
Aurora Engineering College
Evaluation of Laboratory Marks for II Year (Internal Exams)

1. 2. . ". The internal lab examination schedules will be given by the Examination Branch. During a year there will be three lab exams and each exam will be evaluated for 25 marks. !verage of three lab exams will be the final internal lab exam marks. #irst laboratory exam will be conducted on #irst 1$ of the total number of ex%eriments& 'econd (aboratory Exam will be conducted on the 'econd 1$ of ex%eriments and the Third (aboratory Exam will be conducted on the last 1$ of ex%eriments. The evaluation is as follows ). *ontinuous evaluation )). )nternal (aboratory Exam I. aContinuous Evaluation Day to day evaluation + 1, marks Each ex%eriment $ %rogram will be evaluated for 1, marks. The s%litting of marks is as follows iii!ttendance + 2 marks The student should attend the lab regularly. if he$she is absent he$she will be losing 2 marks. Ex%eriments $ %rogram and observation The student should com%lete the %rogram $ ex%eriment within the assigned time otherwise he $ she will be losing 2 marks. Ex%eriment result will carry " marks. /ecord 2 marks 'tudent must submit the record in the next lab session. !verage marks of the 0alf of the ex%eriments will be considered for day to day evaluation for 1, marks se%arately for lab examination one and two. + + 15 marks 1, marks
iiiivvb-
(ab knowledge Test 12ui3-5 marks ! 4ui3 will be conducted along with the internal lab exam and schedule will be given se%arately. The 4ui3 will be conducted for 2, minutes. The 4ui3 contains 2, 4uestions of ty%e multi%le choice. Each 4uestion carrying ,.25 marks. + + + + + + 2 hours 1, marks 5 marks " marks marks marks
II.
Internal laboratory examination aExam The '%litting of marks as follows i- Ex%eriments $ 6rogram write u% ii- /esult and 7ra%hs 8iva 8oce The internal lab examination duration
b-
Every student will be given %rograms $ ex%eriments in the internal lab exam. )n case the student wishes to change the %rograms $ ex%eriments 1 mark will be deducted. ! time slot of "5 minutes is given for write u% of %rograms $ ex%eriments. The student is ex%ected to com%lete the assigned %rogram $ ex%eriment within 1 hour and the remaining 15 minutes will be utili3ed for viva voce examination.
5.
There shall be no su%%lementary exams in case the student fails to attend internal lab and 4ui3 exam as %er schedule.
II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering
Evaluation of Laboratory Marks (End exams)

1. 2. . The external lab examination schedules will be given by the Examination Branch. Duration of External lab examinations Exam will be evaluated for 5, 9arks The '%litting of marks is as follows ). )). ))). )8. Ex%eriment write+u% $ 6rogram with algorithm Ex%eriment 'etu% $ 6rogram execution /esult 8iva :8oce a- ;ritten 8iva b- <ral 8iva + + + + + + 1, marks 1, marks 1, marks 2, marks 1, marks 1, marks + 0ours
;ritten 8iva:8oce Exam will be consisting of 1, 4uestions of short answer ty%e and fill in the blanks. Each 4uestion will carry e4ual marks and allotted time is 15 minutes. LAB CO E 1. 2. . ". 5. =. 5. ?. @. 1,. 11. 12. 1 . 1". 'tudents should re%ort to the labs concerned as %er the timetable. 'tudents who turn u% late to the labs will in no case be %ermitted to %erform the ex%eriment scheduled for the day. !fter com%letion of the ex%eriment& certification of the staff in+charge concerned in the observation book is necessary. 'tudents should bring a notebook of about 1,, %ages and readings$observations$results into the notebook while %erforming the ex%eriment. should enter the
The record of observations along with the detailed ex%erimental %rocedure of the ex%eriment %erformed in the immediate %revious session should be submitted and certified by the staff member in+charge. >ot more than three students in a grou% are %ermitted to %erform the ex%eriment on a set u%. The grou%+wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to& and no mix u% of student among different grou%s will be %ermitted later. The com%onents re4uired %ertaining to the ex%eriment should be collected from (ab+ in+charge after duly filling in the re4uisition form. ;hen the ex%eriment is com%leted& students should disconnect the setu% made by them& and should return all the com%onents$instruments taken for the %ur%ose. !ny damage of the e4ui%ment or burnout of com%onents will be viewed seriously either by %utting %enalty or by dismissing the total grou% of students from the lab for the semester$year. 'tudents should be %resent in the labs for the total scheduled duration. 'tudents are ex%ected to %re%are thoroughly to %erform the ex%eriment before coming to (aboratory. 6rocedure sheets$data sheets %rovided to the studentsA grou%s should be maintained neatly and are to be returned after the ex%eriment. D/E'' *<DEB Boys + 7irls + #ormal white shirt neatly tucked in& and white trousers& white $ black $ brown $ tan shoes and belt& )+cards worn round neck #ormal white 'alwar Camee3& white $ black $ brown $ tan shoes& )+cards worn round neck
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
!"I#CI!LE$ O% $&"'EYI#(
The fundamental %rinci%les u%on which the surveying is being carried out are working from whole to %art. after deciding the %osition of any %oint& its reference must be ke%t from at least two %ermanent obDects or stations whose %osition have already been well defined. The %ur%ose of working from whole to %art is

to localise the errors and to control the accumulation of errors. This is being achieved by establishing a hierarchy of networks of control %oints 1'tations having known %osition-. The less %recise networks are established within the higher %recise network and thus restrict the errors. To minimise the error limit& highest %recise network 1%rimary network- #ig.1 of control %oints are established using the most accurate / %recise instruments for collection of data and rigorous methods of analysis are em%loyed to find network %arameters. This also involves most skilled man%ower and costly resources which are rare and cost intensive.
%i).* #et+ork of Control !oints
THEODOLITE SURVEYING
,-EO OLI,E $&"'EYI#(

I#,"O &C,IO#
The Theodolite is one of the most %recise surveying instruments and is suitable for measurement of hori3ontal as well as vertical angles. )t has a %owerful telesco%e and so it can be used also for distance sighting. Theodolites are of two ty%es. They are i- Transit ty%e ii- >on+Transit ty%e ! transit Theodolite is one in which the line of sight can be reversed by reversing the telesco%e through 1?,, in the vertical %lane. The non+transit Theodolites are either %lain Theodolites or E+ Theodolites in which the telesco%e can not be transited. >ow dayAs only transit Theodolites are being used.
!A",$ O% ,"A#$I, ,-EO OLI,E

,"I'E, )t is a %late having a central circular threaded hole for fixing hole for fixing the Theodolite on tri%od stand by a wing nut. )t is also called the base %late or lower tribrach. %OO, $C"E. These are meant for leveling the instrument. There are three foot screws arranged in between trivet and tribrach. ,"I B"AC)t is a triangular %late carrying the three+foot screws at its ends. LE'ELLI#( -EA Trivet& foot screws and tribrach together form leveling head. (evelling the instruments& fixing the tri%od& su%%orting the main instrument assembly are its uses. $!I# EL$ (O") A/E$ Two s%indles one inner and other outer. )nner one is solid and rigid and outer one is hollow. To outer s%indle lower %late is attached. To inner s%indle u%%er %late is attached. LO.E" !LA,E 7raduated from ,, to =,, in clockwise direction %rovided with a lower clam%ing and tangent screw. &!!E" !LA,E
Contains vernier A an B !rovi e "ith #!!er clam!ing an #!!er tangent scre".
%i).0 ,1eodolite and its !arts
1. 2. . ". 5. =. 5. ?. @. 1,. 11. 12. 1 .
TE(E'*<6E T/F>>)<> !G)' 8E/>)E/ #/!9E 8E/T)*!( *)/*(E 6(!TE (E8E(' 'T!>D!/D' 1!+#/!9EF66E/ 6(!TE 0</)H<>T!( 6(!TE 8E/>)E/ 0</)H<>T!( *)/*(E (<;E/ 6(!TE )>>E/ !G)' <FTE/ !G)' !(T)TFDE (E8E(
1". 15. 1=. 15. 1?. 1@. 2,. 22. 2". 2=.
(E8E(()>7 0E!D (E8E(()>7 '*/E; 6(F9B B<B !/9 <# 8E/T)*!( *)/*(E *(!96 #<<T 6(!TE T/)6<D 0E!D F66E/ *(!96 (<;E/ *(!96 8E/T)*!( *)/*(E *(!96 T/)6<D
!LA,E B&BBLE )t is meant for leveling the instrument at the time of measuring hori3ontal angles. $,A# A" (O") A 2 %"AME
Two frames are %rovided on u%%er %late to su%%ort the telesco%e assembly. ,ELE$CO!E #itted in between standards. 6er%endicular to the hori3ontal axes %rovided with a focusing screw& clam%ing screw and tangent screw. 'E",ICAL CI"CLE #ixed rigidly with the telesco%e and moves with it. Each 4uadrant is graduated from , , to @,,. Hero is marked at the ends of hori3ontal diameter. I# E/ BA" (O") ,3%"AME 6rovided on the stand in front of the vertical circle. )t carries the vernier I*A and IDA. These verniers are used for taking the readings of the vertical circle. The vertical log of )ndex bar is %rovided with a cli% screw. !t the lower end by means of which the altitude bubbles can be brought to the center. AL,I,& E B&BBLE 6rovided on to% of index bar. )t is to be leveled while taking vertical angle readings.
,"I!O The tri%od head carries at its u%%er surface an external screw to which trivet %late of base %late of the leveling head may be screwed. !L&MB BOB )t is used for centering the Theodolite. COM!A$$ 'ome Theodolites are %rovided with a com%ass& which can be either tubular ty%e 1or- trough ty%e.
,E"M$ &$E
CE#,E"I#( Cee%ing the instrument exactly above the station mark& by means of a %lumb bob is known as centering. ,"A#$I,I#( Turning the telesco%e about the hori3ontal axis in the vertical %lane through 1?, , is called transiting.
&
%ACE LE%, )f the vertical circle of the Theodolite is on the left of observer at the time of taking readings. )t is known as face left and also called as telesco%e normal 1or- bubble u%. %ACE "I(-, )f the vertical circle of the Theodolite is on the right of observer at the time of taking readings it is knows as face right. )t is also called as telesco%e inverted 1or- bubble down. C-A#(I#( %ACE <%eration of bringing the vertical circle from one side of the observer to the other side is known as changing face. )t is done by transiting the telesco%e and turning it through 1?, , in the hori3ontal %lane. $.I#(I#( ,-E ,ELE$CO!E )t is the %rocess of turning the telesco%e in hori3ontal %lane. )f the telesco%e is rotated in clockwise direction. )t is known as right swing. )f the telesco%e is rotated in anticlockwise direction. )t is known as left swing. LI#E O% COLLIMA,IO# )t is the line Doining the intersection of cross hairs and o%tical center of the obDects glass and its continuation. A/I$ O% ,ELE$CO!E )maginary line %assing through the o%tical center of the obDects glass and the o%tical center of the eye%iece. A/I$ O% B&BBLE ,&BE )t is an imaginary line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the bubble tube at its middle. -O"I4O#,AL A/I$ )t is the axis about which the Theodolite of the telesco%e rotates in the hori3ontal %lane. 'E",ICAL A/I$ )t is the axis about which the Theodolite of the telesco%e rotates in the vertical %lane.
,EM!O"A"Y A 5&$,ME#,$
The tem%orary adDustments are to be done at every set u% of the instrument. These mainly involves : 1. *entering 2. (eveling . #ocusing *. CE#,E"I#( ,-E ,-EO OLI,E O'E" ,-E $,A,IO# 1i- 6lace the tri%od over the station and fix the Theodolite using wing out. 1ii- !%%roximate centering and leveling is done by tri%od stand 1iii- !ccurate centering is done with the hel% of shifting head. 0. LE'ELLI#(
'
1i- !%%roximate leveling is made with the hel% of tri%od legs 1ii- !ccurate leveling is made with the hel% of foot screws. 6. %OC&$$I#( T0E EEE 6)E*E ! %iece of white %a%er is held in front of the obDect glass and eye %iece is moved in 1or- out by turning it clockwise 1or- anti clockwise until cross wires a%%ear distinct and shar%. T0E <BJE*T 7(!'' The telesco%e is directed towards the obDects and focusing screw is turned clockwise 1oranticlockwise until the image a%%ears clean and shar%. 'ETT)>7 T0E 8E/>)E/ The vernier I!A is set to 3ero. (ower clam%ing screw is fixed and u%%er clam%ing is rotated till the )ndex of vernier shows 3ero. F%%er tangent screw is used for setting the vernier exactly to 3ero.
!"ECA&,IO#$
iii(eveling and centering must be done %erfectly. /elation of fundamental lines at Theodolite must be maintained while taking readings.
iii- /anging rod should not be disturbed for taking %receding angles. iv- *are should be exercised in taking out the Theodolite from the box and in screwing it to the tri%od. ! Theodolite fitted on a tri%od should never be set u% on the floor as it may lead to serious damage. ;hile %lacing the Theodolite into the box& the leveling head should be shifted to a central %osition and the foot screws should be evened all around. The clam% should be released during transit so that the different %arts can yield without being damaged& in case it strikes some obstruction. v- *lam%s and screws should es%ecially be carefully o%erated. Fnnecessary %ressure should not be used in tightening them. )f the screws do not turn easily& they should be cleaned with a good solvent such as alcohol or gasoline. vi- The wing nuts on the tri%od must be tight so as to %revent sli%%age and rotation of the head. The tri%od legs should be well s%read out to furnish stability to the instrument and to %ermit %lacement of the telesco%e at a convenient height for the observer. vii- The vertical circle should be cleaned if tarnished in use. 0owever& excessive rubbing should be avoided& otherwise the engraved graduations will get im%aired. viii- The Theodolite should be %rotected from moisture and dust as far as %ossible. )f it has been ex%osed to moisture it should be wi%ed dry before re%lacing it in the box.
A!!LICA,IO#$
(aying off hori3ontal angles& locating %oints on line& %rolonging survey lines& establishing grades& determining difference in elevation& setting out curves etc.
E/E"CI$E *
1(
(A) MEA$&"EME#, O% -O"I4O#,AL A#(LE

Aim7 To determine the hori3ontal angle by using transit Theodolite E8ui9ment7 Theodolite& Tri%od 'tand& /anging /ods& 6lumb Bob and 6egs. !rin:i9le7 The Theodolite is most accurate instrument used for measurement of hori3ontal and vertical angles. To measure the hori3ontal angle& the angles obtained are added and is divided with number of angles. #irstly for taking every angle vernier I!A is made to 3ero& if it is %rovided with IBA also make it to 3ero& otherwise its vernier reading is noted down. The angles are measured by kee%ing the telesco%e in normal and inverted %ositions. Then the readings are taken by swinging the telesco%e to the right and left& which is called as right swing and left swing. The average included angle is obtained as !verage included !ngle K 'um of included angles of both faces >o. <f times !ro:edureB To measure hori3ontal angles say angle 62/ 1#ig. -& the following %rocedure is followed. iiiiiiiv'et+u% the instrument at 2 and level it. (oose the u%%er clam% and turn the u%%er %late until the index arrow of the vernier I!A nearly coincides with the hori3ontal circle. >ow tight the u%%er clam%. Turn the u%%er slow motion 1tangent- screw so as to make the two 3eros exactly coincide& so that I!A vernier reads 3ero and IBA vernier reads 1?, ,. (oose the lower clam% and direct the telesco%e to sight station 6. The a%%roximate bisection of the station is done by sighting from over the telesco%e through a %in and hole arrangement %rovided over its to%. >ow tighten the lower clam%. Bisect station I6A exactly by using the lower slow motion 1tangent screwFnclam% the u%%er clam% and swing the telesco%e and bisect the station /. >ow tighten the u%%er clam% and bisect / accurately using the u%%er tangent screw. /ead the verniers& the reading of vernier I!A gives the angle 62/ directly while the vernier IBA obtained by deducting 1?,,. ;hile entering the reading the full reading of vernier I!A& i.e.& degree& minutes and seconds and only minutes and seconds of vernier IBA are entered& the mean of the two readings gives the angle 62/. *hange the face of the instrument re%eat the %rocedure& thus a second value of the angle 62/ is obtained. The average of these two values is the re4uirement i.e. to say re4uired angle.
vviviiviii-
ix-
11
%i).6 Measurement of -ori;ontal An)le Observations and Cal:ulations7

PQR K
"esult7 The re4uired average included angle 62/ that is hori3ontal is determined by using transit PQR K Theodolite as Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained.
(B) MEA$&"EME#, O% 'E",ICAL A#(LE

Aim7 To measure the vertical angle subtended by the line of sight of a given rod with reference to the hori3ontal axis at a selected station. E8ui9ment7 Transit Theodolite& Tri%od 'tand& 6lumb Bob& /anging /od and 6egs. !rin:i9le7 The vertical angle is the angle made by an inclined line of sight with hori3ontal line of sight. 8ertical angles are measured by using telesco%e clam%ing and telesco%e tangent screws. !ro:edureB *) Let AOB is to be measured (%i).=)7 iiiiiiiv'etu% the instrument doing the exact adDustments 1centering& leveling and focusing the eye%ieceThe centering is done with reference to altitude bubble. Cee% the instrument in the left %osition make the vernier I*A read 3ero with the hel% of vertical circle clam% L tangent screws. Bring the altitude bubble to 3ero when the telesco%e is hori3ontal.
12
vviviiviii0)
Direct the telesco%e to the obDect and bisect it accurately by means of the vertical circle clam% and tangent screw. /ead both the vernier I*A and IDA and take the average& which gives the value of vertical angle. *hange the face and re%eat the %rocedure. The re4uired vertical angle is the average of face left and face right.
Let AOC is to be measured (%i).=)7 iiiiiiivThe instrument is already setu% on the station at I<A. Direct the telesco%e to the to% of the rod and bisect it accurately by means of the vertical. /ead the both verniers I*A and IDA and take the average which gives the value of vertical angle IA. Then the telesco%e is bisected to the bottom of the rod. Then read the both verniers I*A and IDA readings the average gives the value of vertical angle I A. The summation of L gives the !<*. The face is changed and same %rocedure should be re%eated then find !<*. The average of this two gives the !<*.
vvivii-
%i).= Measurement of 'erti:al An)le Observations and Cal:ulations7 K K
0ori3ontal Distance& D K 8ertical 0eight K D 1TanMTan"esult7 The vertical angle to the given ranging rod is measured as !<* K 0eight of the given obDect K Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained.
13
E/E"CI$E 0
(A) MEA$&"EME#, O% -O"I4O#,AL A#(LE (BY "E!E,I,IO# ME,-O )
Aim7 To determine a hori3ontal angle by the method of re%etition. E8ui9ment7 Transit Theodolite& Tri%od& 6lumb Bob& /anging /ods and 6egs. !rin:i9le7 )n the method of re%etition& the angle is measured and added to itself several times and divided by the number of times it is added. )t is then %ossible to obtain the value of angle to a greater degree of accuracy than the least count of the vernier. The error due to im%erfect graduations is also minimi3ed. !ro:edure7 The method of re%etition is used to measure a hori3ontal angle to a finer degree of accuracy than that obtainable with the least count of the vernier. By this method an angle is measured two 1ormore times by allowing the vernier to remain clam%ed each time at the end of each measurement instead of setting it back at 3ero when sighting at the %revious station. Thus an angle reading is mechanically added several times de%ending u%on the number of re%etitions. The average hori3ontal angle is then obtained by dividing the final reading by number of re%etitions. 7enerally six re%etitions are done three with the telesco%e normal and three with the telesco%e inverted. To measure the hori3ontal angle& say angle 62/ 1#ig.5- the following %rocedure is followed. iiiiiiivv'etu% the instrument at I2A and level it. (oosen the u%%er clam% and turn the u%%er %late until the index of vernier I!A nearly coincide with the hori3ontal circle. >ow tight the u%%er clam%. Turn the u%%er tangent screw so as to make the two 3eros exactly coincide. 'o that I!A vernier reads ,, and IBA vernier reads 1?,,. 'ight station I6A& tighten the lower clam% and bisect station I6A exactly by using the lower tangent screw. Fnclam% the u%%er clam% and swing the telesco%e& bisect station I/A by using the u%%er clam% and u%%er tangent screw. /ead both the verniers take average to get PQR . Fnclam% the lower clam% and swing the telesco%e and bisect station I6A accurately by using the lower clam% and lower tangent screw. /ead both the verniers check the vernier reading it should be the same 1unchanged- as that obtained in ste% =. /elease the u%%er %late by using u%%er clam% and bisect station I/A accurately by using u%%er tangent screw. The vernier will read twice the PQR
viviiviiiix-
14
x-
/e%eat the %rocedure for re4uired number of times say three times and find out the value of PQR . *hange face and make three more re%etitions as described above. #ind the average angle with face right by dividing the final reading by three or what ever the number of re%etitions. The average 0ori3ontal angle is then obtained by taking the average of the two angles obtained with face left and face right.
xi-
xii-
%i).> Measurement of -ori;ontal An)le ("e9etition Met1od) Observations and Cal:ulations7 <bservations are entered in the field book and the angles are calculated. Inst At $i)1t to , A & "i)1t %a:e 3 "i)1t s+in) B Mean In:luded an)le && , & && , & && , & && Left %a:e 3 "i)1t s+in) A B Mean , & && , & && , & && Avera)e In:luded an)le , & &&
In:luded an)le , & &&
"esult7
PQR K
The angle is measured by the method of re%etition and the obtained 0ori3ontal angle is
Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained.
15
(B)
Aim7
MEA$&"EME#, O% I#CL& E A#(LE$ BE,.EE# 'A"IO&$ !OI#,$ ("EI,E"A,IO# ME,-O )
To measure included angles between various %oints around the instrument station. E8ui9ment7 8ernier Transit Theodolite& Tri%od 'tand& 6lumb Bob& /anging /ods and 6egs. !rin:i9le7 'everal angles at a station are measured one after the other and finally the origin is closed by sighting the first station. )f there is any error in the first and final readings taken on the initial station& the error is distributed e4ually among all the measured angles. !ro:edure7 )t is most commonly used in triangulation survey. The method in measuring a hori3ontal angle is %referred when several angular measurements are to be made at a station all the angles are measured successively and finally the origin is closed. The final reading and vernier I!A should be same as the initial 3ero. )f not the discre%ancy is e4ually distributed among all the angles. To measure the angles !<B& B<*& *<D& D<! etc. 1#ig.=-& by method of reiteration the following %rocedure is ado%ted. 'te% 11-B 'et u% instrument at I<A and level it. 'te% 12-B 'et the vernier I!A to read 3ero using u%%er clam% and u%%er tangent screw. 'te% 1 -B Direct the telesco%e towards %oint IBA and bisect it exactly using the lower clam% and lower tangent screw. 'te% 1"-B (oosen the u%%er clam% and bisect %oint I*A accurately using u%%er tangent screw. /ead the both vernier I!A LA IB and take mean value. 'te% 15-B 'imilarly bisect D etc& and #inally IBA and read both the verniers in all the cases. The last reading and vernier I!A should be =,,. )f not the discre%ancy is noted and distributed. 'te% 1=-B /e%eat the %rocedure by changing the face.
%i).? Measurement of -ori;ontal An)le ("eiteration Met1od)
1$
Observations and Cal:ulations7 <bservations are noted down in the field book and angles are calculated. Instrument $tation $i)1t ,o A , I N , I "i)1t %a:e B N , "i)1t $+in) Mean I N In:luded An)le , I N
Instrument $tation
$i)1t ,o A o O P
Left %a:e B o O P o
"i)1t $+in) Mean O P o In:luded An)le O P
Total included angle K "esult7
Error K
The various angles at station I<A are measured by reiteration are K Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained.
1%
E/E"CI$E 6
-EI(-,$ A# I$,A#CE$ (,"I(O#OME,"IC LE'ELLI#() (A) BA$E ACCE$$IBLE
Aim7 To find the elevation of the to% of a s%ire $ tower $ building using the %rinci%le of trigonometric leveling.
Equipment:
Transit 8ernier Theodolite& Tri%od stand& 6lumb bob& Ta%e& (eveling 'taff and 6egs. !ro:edure7 )t is re4uired to find the elevation 1/.(.- of the to% of a tower I2A from the instrument station I6A as shown in #ig.5.
%i).@ Base A::essible (et& 6K instrument station 2K 6oint to be observed !K center of the instrument DK hori3ontal distance between 6 and 2 hA K height of the instrument at 6 2AK6roDection of 2 on hori3ontal %lane 'K /eading on staff ke%t on B.9& with line of sight on hori3ontal K !ngle of elevation from ! to 2 1. 2. 'etu% the Theodolite at 6 and level if accurately w.r.t. the altitude bubble. 'ee that the vertical circle reads ,,,A,Q when the line of sight is hori3ontal. Direct the telesco%e towards 2 and bisect it accurately clam% both the %lates. /ead the vertical angle IA. 6lunge the telesco%e and sight to the same %oint I2A and take the vertical angle I A calculate the avg. of the vertical angles measured in both faces. ;ith the vertical vernier set to 3ero reading and the altitude bubble in the center of its run take the reading on the leveling staff ke%t at !.B.9. (et it be I'A.
3. ".
1&
Observations and Cal:ulations7 8ertical !ngle& K 'taff /eading& ' 1m- K 0ori3ontal Distance& D 1m- K
#rom Triangle !22AB h K D tan /.(. of 2 1m- K /.( of B.9 M ' M h where h K D tan 1<r/.(. of 2 1m- K /.( of instrument axis M D tan 1<r/.(. of 2 1m- K /.( of 6 M hA M D tan& if /.( of 6 is Cnown "esult7 /.(. of 2 1m- K /.( of B.9 M ' M h where h K D tan Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained.
1'
(B) BA$E I#ACCE$$IBLE ($I#(LE !LA#E ME,-O )

Aim7 To find the elevation of the to% of a building using the %rinci%le of trigonometrical leveling with the instrument stations having their vertical axes in the same %lane as the obDect. E8ui9ment7 Transit 8ernier Theodolite& Tri%od 'tand& 6lumb Bob& Ta%e& (eveling 'taff and 6egs. !ro:edure7 )t is re4uired to find the elevation 1/.(.- of the to% of a building I2A from the instrument stations 6 L / as shown in #ig.?.
%i).A (a) Instrument Axis at $ame Levels h K 22A b K 0ori3ontal dist. b$w 6 L / D K 0ori3ontal dist. b$w 6 L 2 1 K angle of elevation from ! to 2 2 K angle of elevation from B to 2
%i).A (b) Instrument Axes at ifferent Levels
2(
1. 2. .
'etu% the Theodolite at 6 and level it accurately with res%ect to the altitude bubble. 'ee that the vertical circle reads ,,,A,Q when the line of sight is hori3ontal. Direct the telesco%e towards 2 and bisect it accurately clam% both the %lates. /ead the vertical angle 1. Transit the telesco%e so that the line of sight is reversed. 9ark the instrument station / on the ground along the line of sight. 9easure the dist. b$w 6L/ accurately. (et it be IbA re%eat the ste%s 12- L 1 - for both face observations. The mean values should be ado%ted in the calculations. ;ith the vertical vernier set to 3ero reading and the altitude bubble in the center of its run take the reading on the leveling staff ke%t at !.B.9. (et it be I'A if both the instrument axis are at same level and I'1A if they are at different levels. 'hift the instrument to / and set u% the Theodolite there. 9easure the vertical angle I 2 I to 2 with both face observations. )n case of instrument axis at different levels re%eat the ste% 1"- and let the reading at / be I'2A.
".
5. =.
Observations and Cal:ulations7 8ertical !ngles& 1 K 2 K 'taff /eadings ' 1 1m- K '2 1m- K 1or- ' 1m- K
0ori3ontal dist. b$w 6 L / K b K In :ase of instrument axis at same level7 #rom triangle !22A h K D tan1 #rom triangle B22A h K 1b M D- tan2 DK b tan2 . tan1 + tan2
/.(. of 2 1m- K /.(. of B.9. M ' M h In :ase of instrument axis at different levels7 h1+h2 K '2R'1 K ' DK ' M b tan2 . tan1 + tan2
h1 K D tan1 h2 K 1b M D- tan2 /.(. of 2 K /.(. of B.9. M '1 M h1 /.(. of 2 K /( of B.9. M '2 M h2
Result:
/.(. of given %oint 2 1m- K Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained.
21
(C) BA$E I#ACCE$$IBLE ( O&BLE !LA#E ME,-O )

Aim7 To find the /.(. of the to% of an obDect& when the base of the obDect is inaccessible and the instrument stations are not in the same vertical %lane as the elevated obDect& ado%t trigonometrical leveling 1double %lane method-. E8ui9ment7 Transit 8ernier Theodolite& Tri%od 'tand& 6lumb Bob& Ta%e& (eveling 'taff and 6egs !ro:edure7 (et 6L/ be the two instruments stations which are not in the same vertical %lane as that of the elevated obDect I2A as shown in #ig.@ 6L/ are should be selected such that the le 62/ is a well conditioned triangle.
%i).B Base Ina::essible ( ouble !lane Met1od) )t is re4uired to find out the elevation of the to% of an obDect I2A 1. 'etu% the instruments at 6 and level it accurately w.r.t. the altitude bubble. Bisect the %oint 2 and measure the angle of elevation I1A. 'ight to %oint / with reading on hori3ontal circle as 3ero and measure the hori3ontal angle /621 11- from 6. Take a back sight I'A on the staff ke%t at !.B.9. 'hift the instrument to / and measure I2Iand I2I from /. 9easure the distance b$w two instrument stations / L 6 1e4uals to IbA-
2. . 4. 5. (et
21K %roDection of 2 on the hori3ontal line thought !& 22K %roDection of 2 on the hori3ontal line thought B& !21K hori3ontal line though !& B22K hori3ontal line though B& !221 is the vertical %lane simultaneously& B222 is the vertical %lane simultaneously&
22
6/26 is a hori3ontal %lane *K 0ori3ontal angle measured at 6& 0K 0ori3ontal angle measured at /& *K 8ertical angle measured at !& 0K 8ertical angle measured at B. #rom le !22A& h1K D tan1 #rom le 6/21& angle 621/ K K 1?,, + 11 M 2By a%%lying sine rule 1621$sin2- K 1/21$'ing1- K 1/6$sin 621 K D K b sin2$ Ssin 11M2-T !nd /21K b sin1$ Ssin 11M2-T Observations and Cal:ulations7 8ertical !ngles& 1 K 2 K 'taff /eadings '1 1m- K '2 1m- K 0ori3ontal !ngles& 1 K 2 K
h1 K D tan1 or h2 K /21tan /.(. of 2 1m- K /(. <f !.B.9. M '1 M h1 1<r/.(. of 2 1m- K /.(. of !.B.9. M '2 1from B- M h2 K "esult7 /.(. of given station 2 1m- K Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained.
23
E/E"CI$E =
C&"'E $E,,I#( 2 (A)
Aim7 To setout the sim%le curve of given radius and length of long chord by means of offsets from the long chord. E8ui9ment7 Theodolite& Tri%od 'tand& *ross+'taff& /anging /ods& 6egs& *hain and Ta%e. !rin:i9le7 'etting out a curve by method of offsets from long chord is linear method. )t involves setting out the normal offsets of the long chord at s%ecified intervals and Doining them. The length of offsets at any distance IxA from the mid %oints of the long chord is given by
I%%E"E#, ME,-O $
$E,,I#( O&, A $IM!LE C&"'E BY MEA#$ O% O%%$E,$ %"OM LO#( C-O"
L Ox = R x R 2
2 2 2
;here <x K length of offset at a distance IxA from the mid of long chord. GK (K /K s%ecified distance between offsets. length of the long chord. /adius of the curve
2 2
L Oo = R R 19id <rdinate2
Fsually& the offsets from the mid of long chord towards the end are setout and the curve is symmetric over the central offset line. !ro:edure7 1. 2. The obtained length of long chord is first setout on the field by %ro%er ranging and mid %oint is established 1#ig.1,The length of offsets at mid length is to be setout. #or this& a %erson holds the cross+staff at re4uired %oint and aligns the slit with the end station ranging rods. !t this instant another %erson looks through the normal slit and guides a %erson with a ranging rod to come into its view thus along this line normal to long chord& the calculated offset is setout. The cross staff is shifted to next %oint distance IxA as s%ecified and above ste% is re%eated the offset corres%onding to that distance is set out from that %oint. 6egs are marked at the end of the offsets& the Doining of which com%letes the setting.
. ".
24
Observations and Cal:ulations7 Distance 1G m- K <rdinate 1E m- K
%i).*C (a) $ettin) Out By Ordinates from t1e Lon) C1ord
%i).*C (b) $ettin) Out By !er9endi:ular Offsets
"esult7 The sim%le curve is setout by the method of offsets from long chord in the field. Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained. A99li:ations7 *urves are used on highways and railways where it is necessary to change the direction of motion.
25
(B) $E,,I#( O&, A $IM!LE C&"'E BY "A#DI#EE$ ME,-O

Aim7 Two tangents intersect at a given chainage L with the given deflection angle. *alculate all the data necessary for setting out a curve with a given radius by /ankineAs method or Deflection !ngle 9ethod or <ne Theodolite 9ethod. The %eg interval is ,m. E8ui9ment7 Transit Theodolite& Tri%od 'tand& Ta%e L *hain& /anging /ods& and 6egs. !rin:i9le7 ! substance of this method of setting out a sim%le curve is the location of various %oints on the curve from their total deflection angles. Total deflection of a %oint is the angle made by a chord Doining that %oint to the %oint of curvature with the rare tangent. )t is indicated by IA. ! deflection angle of a chord is the angle made by the chord with the tangent drawn at the straight starting %oint of the chord. )t is denoted by I A. IA for given chord lengths are determined by
1%1&.' C R
;here * K (ength of chord& / K /adius of curve
%i).** $ettin) Out By "ankineEs Met1od
2$
!ro:edureB 1. 2. . 4. 5. $. 5. (ocate %oints T1& T2 and 8 1#ig.11-. 'etu% the Theodolite exactly at %oint T1 and make its tem%orary adDustments. 'et the I!A : vernier to 3ero degrees and bisect the %oint 8& clam% the lower %late. /elease the u%%er %late and set the I!A+vernier to read 1 the line of sight is thus directed along T1 !. 0old the 3ero of the ta%e at T 1 L take a distance * 1 1T1!- and swing the ta%e with an arrow till it is bisected by the Theodolite. This establishes the first %oint ! on the curve. 'et the second deflection angle 2 on the vernier so that the line of sight is set along T 1B. 0old the 3ero of the ta%e at %oint ! and an arrow at the other end 1!B-& swing the ta%e about %oint ! till the arrow is bisected at %oint B. This establishes the second %oint B on the curve. The same ste%s are re%eated till the last %oint T 2 is reached.
?.
Observations and Cal:ulations7
1%1&.' C K deflection angle& 1 ) 2 ) 3 * etc.) are the s#ccessive e+lection angles R
;here * K (ength of chord& *1& *2&Uetc.& are the successive chord lengths / K /adius of curve (et !B*D U.. be the %oints on the curve the total deflection angles of which are 1 2 U then 1 K 1 2 K 1 M 2 ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ !nd n K n+1 M n (ength of (ong *hord ( K 2/ ')> $2 Tangent length 1T18- K / Tan $2 (ength of *urve K / 1$1?,*hainage of %oint T1 K *hainage of 8 : T18 *hainage of %oint T2 K *hainage of T1 M (ength of *urve "esult7 The re4uired sim%le circular curve is set out in the field by /ankineAs 9ethod. Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained.
2%
(C) $E,,I#( O&, A $IM!LE C&"'E BY ,.O3,-EO OLI,E ME,-O

Aim7 Two tangents intersect at a given chainage with a given deflection angle. *alculate all the necessary data for setting out a curve with a given radius by two Theodolite method. The %eg interval is ,m. E8ui9ment7 Two Transit Theodolites& Tri%od 'tands& /anging /ods and 6egs. !rin:i9le7 )n this method two Theodolites are used one at T 1 16.*- and the other at T2 16.T-. The method is used when the ground is unsuitable for chaining and is based on the %rinci%le that the angle between the tangent and the chord is e4ual to the angle which that chord subtends in the o%%osite segment.
VT1 A = 1 K deflection angle for I!A but AT2T1 is the angle subtended by the chord T1 A in the o%%osite segment. AT2T1 = VT1 A = 1
Thus& 'imilarly
VT1 B = 2 = T1T2 B VT1C = 3 = T1T2C

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
VT1T2 = n = T1T2V
!ro:edure7 1. 2. . 'et u% one transit at 6.*. 1T1- and the other at 6.T. 1T2- 1#ig.12-. *lam% the both %lates of each transit to 3ero reading. ;ith the 3ero reading& direct the line of sight of the transit T 1 towards 8. 'imilarly& direct the line of sight of the other transit at T 2 towards T1 when the reading is 3ero. Both the transits are thus correctly oriented. 'et the reading of each of the transits to the deflection angle for the first %oint I!A. The line of sight of both the Theodolites are thus directed towards I!A along T 1! and T2! res%ectively. 9ove the ranging rod or arrow in such a way that it is bisected simultaneously by cross hairs of the both instruments. Thus %oint ! is selected.
".
5.
$.To fix the second %oint IBA. 'et reading 2 on both instruments L bisect the ranging rod. 5. /e%eat the ste%s 1"- L 15- for calculation of all the %oints.
2&
%i).*0 $ettin) Out By ,+o3,1eodolite Met1od "esult7 The re4uired sim%le circular curve is setout in the field by two+theodolite method. Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained.
2'
TACHEOMETRIC SURVEY
3(
,AC-EOME,"IC $&"'EY
I#,"O &C,IO#
Tacheometer in general sense& is a transit Theodolite fitted with anallactic lens 1#ig.1 - and a stadia dia%hragm 1#ig.1"- consisting of one stadia hair above and the other at e4ual distance below the hori3ontal cross hair 1#ig.15-. The stadia hairs are ke%t in the same vertical %lane as the other cross hairs.
%i).*6 ,a:1eometer
31
,Y!E$ O% $,A IA
IA!-"A(M
%i).*= $tadia
ia91ra)ms
$,A IA "O $
1. #or the short distances ordinary leveling staffs may be used 2. #or greater distance the stadia rods of to " meters in length are generally used
$,A IA "EA I#($
F%%er 0air 9iddle 0air
%i).*> $tadia "eadin)s
(ower 0air
,Y!E$ O% ,ELE$CO!E$ &$E I# $,A IA $&"'EYI#(

The sim%le external+focusing telesco%e. The external+focusing anallactic telesco%e.
32
The internal telesco%e
C-A"AC,E"I$,IC$ O% ,AC-EOME,E"
The value of the constant f$i should be 1,,. The telesco%e should be fitted with an anallactic lens. The axial hori3ontal line should be at center of the other two hori3ontal line The telesco%e should be %owerful& the magnification being 2, to , diameter. The a%erture of the obDective should be 5 to "5mm in diameter. The magnifying %ower of the eye%iece should be greater to render staff graduations clearer at long distance.
!"ECA&,IO#$
iii(eveling and centering must be done %erfectly. /elation of fundamental lines at Theodolite must be maintained while taking readings.
iii- /anging rod should not be disturbed for taking %receding angles. iv- *are should be exercised in taking out the Theodolite from the box and in screwing it to the tri%od. ! Theodolite fitted on a tri%od should never be set u% on the floor as it may lead to serious damage. ;hile %lacing the Theodolite into the box& the leveling head should be shifted to a central %osition and the foot screws should be evened all around. The clam% should be released during transit so that the different %arts can yield without being damaged& in case it strikes some obstruction. v- *lam%s and screws should es%ecially be carefully o%erated. Fnnecessary %ressure should not be used in tightening them. )f the screws do not turn easily& they should be cleaned with a good solvent such as alcohol or gasoline. vi- The wing nuts on the tri%od must be tight so as to %revent sli%%age and rotation of the head. The tri%od legs should be well s%read out to furnish stability to the instrument and to %ermit %lacement of the telesco%e at a convenient height for the observer. vii- The vertical circle should be cleaned if tarnished in use. 0owever& excessive rubbing should be avoided& otherwise the engraved graduations will get im%aired. viii- The Theodolite should be %rotected from moisture and dust as far as %ossible. )f it has been ex%osed to moisture it should be wi%ed dry before re%lacing it in the box.
A!!LICA,IO#$
Tacheometer %rime obDect is to %re%are contour ma%s 1or- %lans re4uiring both the hori3ontal as well as vertical control.
33
34
E/E"CI$E >
-EI(-,$ A# I$,A#CE$ &$I#( !"I#CI!LE$ O% ,AC-EOME,"IC $&"'EYI#(
,AC-EOME,"IC CO#$,A#,$
Aim7 To determine the Tacheometric constants using Tacheometer. E8ui9ment7 Tacheometer& *hain 1or- Ta%e& 6egs and (evelling 'taff. !rin:i9le7 Distance between two %oints is given by 1#ig.1=-
D=
f s + , f + di
;here f$i is called the multi%lying constant. 1f M d- is called additive constant.
%i).*? ,a:1eometri: Constants
35
!ro:edure7 'etu% the instrument at one end of a straight line say 5,m Drive %egs at 1,m& 2,m& 25m and at 5,m lengths... Cee% the staff on the %egs and observe the corres%onding staff interce%ts with hori3ontal sight. Cnowing the values of I'A and corres%onding IDA values for different %eg intervals a number of similar e4uations can be formed by substituting the values of I'A and IDA in e4uation D K C' M * The simultaneous e4uations are taken two at a time to find the values of ICA and I*A. The average values of ICA and I*A are found.
Observations and Cal:ulations7 0ori3ontal Distance& D 1m- K 'taff )nterce%t& ' 1m- K D K C' M * "esult7 #or the given instrument f$i K multi%lying constant 1CfMd K !dditive constant 1*K K
3$
(A)
Aim7
I$,A#CE BE,.EE# ACCE$$IBLE !OI#,$ BY $,A IA ME,-O
To measure the hori3ontal distance between two accessible %oints E8ui9ment7 Tacheometer& Tri%od 'tand& Ta%e& 6lumb Bob& 6egs and /anging /ods. !rin:i9le7 *) $taff 1eld 'erti:al7 a) An)le of elevation
%i).*@ An)le of Elevation #rom right angle triangle <#* 1#ig.15-
OCF = '( BCB . = A . CB = BCB . =
(et IA be the angle
COA . = / 2 CA . O = '( , / 2CA . A = 1&( ,'( / 2- = '( + / 2

!ABA K !A* M BA* K !**<' VM B* *<' V K 1!* MB*- *<' V K ' *<' V )nclined distance (K C' *<' V M * K C 1!ABA- M * 0ori3ontal distance D K C' *<'2 VM * *<'V 8 K ( ')> V K #* K 1C' *<' V ')> V- M * ')> V 8 K W C' ')> 2V M * ')> V
3%
b) An)le of de9ression
%i).*A An)le of e9ression #rom #ig.1?& )nclined distance (K C' *<' V M * 0ori3ontal distance D K C' *<'2 VM * *<' V 8 K ( ')> V K 1C' *<' V ')> V- M * ')> V 8 K W C' ')> 2V M * ')> V
0)
$taff 1eld #ormal7 a) An)le of elevation
%i).*B An)le of Elevation #rom #ig.1@& ( K C' M * D K <#A M ##A K ( *<' V M 0 *<' V DK 1C' M *- *<' V M 0 ')> V 8 K ( ')> V 8 K 1C' M *- ')> V
3&
b)
An)le of de9ression
%i).0C An)le of e9ression #rom #ig.2,& ( K C' M * D K <#A : ##A K ( *<' V + 0 *<' V DK 1C' M *- *<'V X 0 ')>V 8 K ( ')> V 8 K 1C' M *- ')> V !ro:edureB 1. 2. . ". 5. #ix the two stations I6A and I2A& those are unknown distance. 'et the Theodolite over station I<A L do the tem%orary adDustments and kee% the instrument in face left %osition. 'et the vernier reading I6A reading , , ,A ,Q by using u%%er clam% screw and u%%er tangential screw. /elease the lower clam%& sight I6A and clam% the lower clam% screw. Fse the lower tangential screw for exact bisection. /elease the u%%er clam%ing screw and rotate clockwise direction to sight I2A. Fse the u%%er clam% and u%%er tangent screw for exact bisection.
$.>ote the readings of vernier I6A and I2A. The average of vernier I6A and I2A gives the angle I A on face left 1#ig.21-. 5. /e%eat the same %rocedure on face right& the average of face left and face right gives the angle 6<2 and measured distances <6 and <2.
3'
%i).0* Measurement of 'erti:al An)le Observations and Cal:ulations7 D K C' *os2 M * *os
PQ 2 0 OP 2 + OQ 2 2 OP 12 C1S
"esult7 The hori3ontal distance between accessible %oints N62A is K Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained.
4(
(B)
Aim7
I$,A#CE BE,.EE# ,.O ACCE$$IABLE !OI#,$ BY ,A#(E#,IAL ,AC-EOME,"Y ME,-O
To determine the hori3ontal distance between two accessible %oints by tangential Tacheometer. E8ui9ment7 Tacheometer& Tri%od 'tand& Ta%e& 6lumb Bob& 6egs and /anging /ods. !rin:i9le7 i) Bot1 an)les are an)les of elevation7 (et I6A I9A I2A I'A I1A I2A D 8 0 / %osition of the instrument 6osition of instrument axis 'taff station is the distance between the vanes 1i.e. staff interce%tis the angle of elevation corres%onding to I!A is the angle of elevation corres%onding to IBA. 0ori3ontal distance b$n 6 and 2 K 921. 8ertical interce%t between the lower vane and the hori3ontal line of sight. height of the instrument K 96 is the height of the lower vane above the foot of the staff which is e4ual to staff reading at lower vane K B2 Observations and Cal:ulations7 )nstrument at < 'taff station 6 2 0ori3ontal angle 8ertical angle 'taff readings 0ori3ontal distance 1m-
!& B are %osition of vanes
41
%i).00 Bot1 An)les are An)les of Elevation #rom Triangle 9B2A 1#ig.22-& 8 K D Tan2 (lary Triangle !92A 8 M ' K D Tan1 D K ' $ 1Tan1 + Tan28 K ' Tan2$ 1Tan1 + Tan2ii) Bot1 an)les are an)les of de9ression7
%i).06 Bot1 An)les are An)les of e9ression
#rom Triangle 9B2A 1#ig.2 -& 8K D Tan2 (lary Triangle !92A 8 + ' K D Tan1 D K ' $ 1Tan2 + Tan18 K ' Tan2$ 1Tan2 + Tan1iii) One an)le of elevation and t1e ot1er of de9ression7
%i).0= One An)le of Elevation and t1e Ot1er of e9ression7 #rom Triangle 9B2A 1#ig.2"-&
42
8 K D Tan2 (lary Triangle !92A ' + 8 K D Tan1 D K ' $ 1Tan2 MTan18 K ' Tan2$ 1Tan2 M Tan1!ro:edure7 i. ii. iii. iv. v. 'et u% instrument at I6A and do the tem%orary adDustments. 'et the vernier I!A to 3ero and vertical angle circle read to 3ero by using telesco%e clam%ing screw and tangent screw. Turn the telesco%e in vertical %lane and bisect the %oint I!A at a station I2A. The staffs interce%t reading and corres%onding reading on vertical circle is to be noted down. Thus& turn the telesco%e and bisect the staff at a %oint IBA of station held at I2A of 1m reading L corres%onding reading on vertical circle is to be noted down. The hori3ontal distance betweenA I6A and I2A %oints is to be calculated by using the formula.
D=
S tan 1 tan 2
;here I'A is the difference between two interce%ts. "esult7 The hori3ontal distance between two accessible %oints is measured to beB Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained.
43
SETTING OUT WORKS
44
$E,,I#( O&, .O"D$

I#,"O &C,IO#
'etting out is a survey undertaken in order to transfer onto the site the %lans %re%ared as a result of some %revious survey. 'etting out& in a sense& is the reverse of the conventional surveying. 0ere& instead of using data from the site to %re%are %lans& the %lans and designs %re%ared by the designer are transferred accurately onto the actual site. )t may be described as the fixing of well+ defined %oints in the field showing the hori3ontal and vertical %ositions re4uired by the %lans. To build according to the %lan& a contractor must have reference lines and %oints established in the field. This involves %lacing of %egs or marks to define the lines and levels of work where after& the construction %roceeds according to these marks. 'ome factors to be considered during setting out works areB 1.The reference lines and %oints should be well defined& not easily %erishable& close to the work yet out of the way or actual construction o%erations. 2.! very high degree of accuracy should be maintained and only extremely low tolerances should be allowed. )n order to achieve this& fre4uent and inde%endent checking should be done. .The instruments used should be checked fre4uently and discre%ancies& if any& should be removed. )n most of the setting out works& the %rinci%le is very sim%le& but in %ractice& difficulties like skew %lans& obstructions& etc. are encountered which often necessitate the use of indirect methods. The use of surveying methods %rovides the tool for layout or setting out works as well as the control which makes the %ro%er layout %ossible. The contem%orary construction scenario encom%asses a wide variety of structures. !s such& it will be im%ossible to cover every conceivable setting out %roblem in this book. )nstead& a few more common and im%ortant ones are discussed herein. E%I#I,IO#$ 'ome terms which are used fre4uently in setting out works are defined below. Stake The term stake refers to any ty%e of keel& which is driven into the ground so as to act as a %ermanent identification mark. 'takes may be made of timber& steel& co%%er& etc. 7enerally these are %ointed at one end to facilitate their anchoring into the ground. De%ending u%on the %ur%ose it serves& it is termed as guard, grade, or line stake. Post )n the setting out works& %ost is used to refer to any circular or s4uare %ole& generally wooden&
which is used for various %ur%oses& e.g. acting as a %eg to su%%ort hori3ontal members like sight rails.
45
Batter-board
This is also known as a slo%e rail. )n setting out works of large magnitudes& where
absolute accuracy is re4uired& batter+boards are used in conDunction with the wooden stakes or %ins. ! batter+board is generally a flat& s4uare& wooden board& which is forced on to% of a %in anchored in ground. >ails are driven in this board to indicate the direction of various lines that may give the boundary of a building& mark of an excavation& etc. 'trings or wires can be stretched between two batter+boards using the nails driven in them. Batter+boards and wires over wooden stakes as shown in #ig.25.
%i).0> Batter3Boards and .ires Over .ooden $takes Batter board for a %i%eline as shown in #ig.2=.
%i).0? (a) Batter3board for a !i9eline
4$
%i).0? (b) &se of Batter3Board Crosshead ! crosshead consists of two vertical %osts 1+1.5 m high& firmly embedded in ground&
on each side of the trench with a hori3ontal rail nailed to these %osts across the trench. Sight rails The hori3ontal member of the crosshead& i.e. the timber beam nailed to the %osts is
referred to as a sight rail. ! sight rail is in itself a kind of batter+board. The u%%er edge of the cross%iece is set to a convenient height above the ground so that a surveyor may align his eye with the u%%er edge. ! single sight rail is used for road works& footings& etc.& whereas two sight rails at right angles are used for building corners. #or trenches and large diameter %i%es& sight rail is used. 'ight rail shown in #ig.25 is used for highly undulating and stee% grounds.
%i).0@ $i)1t "ails
4%
Boning rod cm and is
)t is a T+sha%ed wooden rod as shown in #ig.2?. The to% %iece is generally 1,cm x ", cm thick. This is nailed to an u%right %ole. )t is generally used in the layout of trenches
for sewers& %i%e lines& etc. The length of a boning rod for each trench section is ke%t the same.
%i).0A (a) Bonin) "od
%i).0A (b) &se of Bonin) "od Travelling rod ! traveling rod 1#ig.2@- is a s%ecial ty%e of boning rod in which the hori3ontal %iece& called traveler& can be moved along a graduated vertical staff and can be conveniently clam%ed at any desired height.
4&
%i).0B ,ravellin) "od
!re:autions
1- 0old the ta%e such that it is in hori3ontal %lane. 2- 0old the cross staff over the %oint in %erfectly vertical %osition. - Fse wooden or 9' %egs for marking the %oints. "- 6lace the batter board and sight+rails in hori3ontal %osition using the s%irit level.
4'
E/E"CI$E ?
$E,,I#( O&, O% $,"&C,&"E$
Aim7 To set out work for a given %lan of a building. E8ui9ment7 *ross+'taff& '%irit (evel& Threads$;ire$/o%e. !rin:i9le7 'etting out of a building involves the transfer of the architectAs %lan from %a%er onto the actual site. The obDect of setting out a building is to %rovide the builder with clearly defined outlines for excavations. Two methods are generally used for setting out a building. ,m Ta%e& 5m 6ocket Ta%e& 6egs& ;ooden 'takes !nd
!ro:edure7 A. By using a circumscribing rectangle 'ince stakes cannot be set at the exact corner %oints of a building 1if set so& these will be lost during excavations-& these are fixed at the corners of a bigger rectangle circumscribing the actual chosen& but a distance of usually 2+" m is considered to be ideal. The actual %rocedure consists of the following ste%sB 1a1b1c1d1e1f1g6re%aration of the foundation trench %lan showing the width of the foundations for various walls. Tem%orary %egs are driven at the actual corner %oints of the building. Then using these %egs as reference& a %arallel line& say !B as shown in #ig. , of re4uired length is set out at an arbitrarily selected distance 1say 2m- from the actual center line. ! chord is stretched between the %egs ! and B. !t !& a line is set out %er%endicular to !B 1with a ta%e using & "& 5 method-. <n this line& the %osition D is marked by setting a %eg. 'te% 1d- is re%eated at %oint B so as to obtain %oint *. 0aving now set out the reference rectangle !B*D& the actual corners can be marked using the sides of the reference rectangle !B*D. <nce all the %oints are staked& a chord is %assed around the %eri%hery of the rectangle and the actual excavation lines are marked using lime.
5(
%i).6C $ettin)3out $tru:tures by &sin) a Cir:ums:ribin) "e:tan)le C1e:ksB 1i)n ste%s 1d- and 1e-& after marking %oints D and *& res%ectively& the diagonals BD and !* should be measured. These lengths should corres%ond to the distances on the %lan. 1ii!fter setting out the %oint *& the length *D should be measured and should be exactly same as that of !B. B. By making use of the rectangle formed by centerlines of the outer walls of a building )n this method the rectangle formed by the centerlines of the outer walls of the building is used. The ste%s involved areB 1aThe tem%orary stakes are fixed at the %oints that re%resent the corners of the center line rectangle. The %rocedure is similar to the one used in the first method while %lotting the circumscribed rectangle. 'ince these %egs are not %ermanent and will be lost during excavation& the sides of the rectangle are %roduced on both the sides and %ermanent stakes are fixed on each of the %rolongations& at a fixed distance& say 2m& as shown in #ig. 1. By using these stakes& the %osition of any %oint can be obtained by %lotting its coordinates using the reference stakes.
1b-
1c-
%i).6* $ettin)3out by &sin) "e:tan)le %ormed by Centerlines of t1e Outer .alls of a Buildin)
51
TOTAL STATION
52
,O,AL $,A,IO#
I#,"O &C,IO#
Total 'tation is three+dimensional surveying technology unit. Total station combines the follow three basic com%onents into one integral unit 1#ig. 2-. an electronic distance measurement instrument an electronic digital Theodolite a com%uter or micro%rocessor
Total station can automatically measure hori3ontal and vertical angles as well as slo%e distances from a single setu%. #rom these data it can instantaneously com%uteB hori3ontal and vertical distance com%onents elevations coordinates
and dis%lay the results on an (*D. Total station can also store data either on board in internal memory or in external data collectors. Data can be u%loaded and can be downloaded to a com%uter. )t can also %erform basic co+ ordinate geometry functions like area and %erimeter calculations. Distance 9easurementB ;hen a distance is measured with a total station a electromagnetic %ulse is used for measurement : this is %ro%agated through the atmos%here from instrument to a %rismatic reflector or target and back during measurement. Distances are obtained by measuring the time taken for a laser radiation to travel from the instrument to a %rism 1or target- and back. The %ulses are derived from an infrared or visible laser diode and they are transmitted through the telesco%e towards the remote end of the distance being measured& where they are reflected from a reflector and return to the instrument. 'ince the velocity v of the %ulses can be accurately determined& the distance D can be obtained using 2D K vt& where t is the time taken for a single %ulse to travel from instrument+target+instrument. This is also known as the timed+%ulse or time of flight measurement techni4ue& in which the transit time t is measured using electronic signal %rocessing techni4ue. ;hen measuring distances to a reflector telesco%e uses a wide visible red laser beam& which emerges coaxially from the telesco%eYs obDective. ;hen reflector less measurements are made telesco%e uses a narrow visible red laser beam which emerges coaxially from the telesco%eAs obDective
53
%i).60 ,otal $tation
54
!"ECA&,IO#$
Total stations are very ex%ensive and can be damaged by forcing or dro%%ing the e4ui%ment. 6lease be extremely careful with this ex%ensive e4ui%ment and make sure it does not get wet. 1. 2. . ". 5. =. 5. ?. @. >ever 6lace the Total 'tation directly on the ground. Do not aim the telesco%e at the sun. 6rotect the Total 'tation with an umbrella. >ever carry the Total 'tation on the tri%od to another site 0andle the Total 'tation with care. !void heavy shocks or vibration. ;hen the o%erator leaves the Total 'tation& the vinyl cover should be %laced on the instrument. !lways switch the %ower off before removing the standard battery. /emove the standard battery from the Total 'tation before %utting it in the case. ;hen the Total 'tation is %laced in the carrying case& follow the layout %lan.
55
5$
5%
5&
5'
$(
$1
$2
$3
$4
$5
$$
$%
$&
BA$IC $,E!$ I#'OL'E
I# $E,,I#( &! A ,O,AL $,A,IO#
*. $E,,I#( &! ,O,AL $,A,IO# O'E" A !OI#, %O" ,-E %I"$, ,IME (Ali)nin) to #ort1)
1. 2. . ". 'witch on the instrument. 6ress F'E/ key for (aser Beam for centering and leveling. 6ress ME#&. 6ress %* (!"O("AM$).
5.
6ress %* ($&"'EYI#().
=.
6ress %* ($et 5ob).
$'
5. ?. @. 1,. 11. 12. 12. 1 . 1". 1".
6ress %* (#E.) to give a new Dob name. To write the name of the Dob. 6ress %* (I#!&,) and then using the #unction keys %* to %= give the name. Then 6ress Enter. 6ress %= (OD) 6ress %0 ($et $tation) to give the station >o. 6ress %* (I#!&,) to give the station number using the #unction keys from %* to %=. 6ress %0 (%I# ). 6ress %= (E#-). Enter the Easting& >orthing and Elevation for the %oint and 6ress %= (OD) >ow in front of 1i (Instrument -ei)1t) give the height of the instrument. 6ress %= (OD) 6ress %6 ($et Orientation).
15. 1=. 15. 1?.
6ress %* (Manual An)le $ettin)). 6oint the instrument in the >orth direction and 6ress %* (-;FC). 6ress %6 ("EC). 6ress %= ($,A",).
1@.
)n front of the (!t I ) !oint I
give the number of the %oint to shoot.
2,.
)n front of the 1r 1"efle:tor 1ei)1t) give the height to which the reflector is o%ened.
%(
0. %O" $-I%,I#( ,-E $,A,IO# BY ALI(#I#( ,O ,-E BACD !OI#, (Dno+n Co3ordinates)
1. 2. . ". 5. =. 5 5. ?. @. 1,. 11. 12. 1 . 1". 15. 1=. 15 1?. 1@. 2,. 2,. 21. 'witch on the instrument. 6ress F'E/ key for (aser Beam for centering and leveling. 6ress ME#&. 6ress %* (!"O("AM$). 6ress %* ($&"'EYI#(). 6ress %0 ($et $tation) to give the station >o. )n front of 'tationB Enter the 'tation >umber where you are standing. !ress %* (I#!&,) to give the station number using the #unction keys from %* to %=. 6ress %0 (%I# ). 6ress %= (OD). >ow 7ive in front of 1i (1ei)1t of Instrument) and 6ress %= (OD). 6ress %6 ($et Orientation). 6ress %0 (Coordinates). )n front of B$ (Ba:k $i)1t) give the number of the Back 6oint to which the )nstrument is being aligned. By 6ressing %* (I#!&,) 6ress %0 (%I# ) 6ress %= (OD). 6ress !A(E. >ow 'ight the back %oint and 6ress %* ( I$,). The value in front of K will give the relative error in station shifting. 6ress %6 ("EC). >ow 6ress % (OD). 6ress %= ($,A",) !nd we can continue with the surveying. To see the Easting& >orthing& and Elevation for a 6oint 6ress 6!7E until you see East& >orth& Elevation.
%1
E/E"CI$E @
E,E"MI#A,IO# O% A"EA &$I#( ,O,AL $,A,IO#
AimB To determine area of a %iece of land using Total 'tation. E8ui9mentB 1. 2. . ". 5. !ro:edureB 12"5Fsing arrows mark the corners of the land whose area is to be found. *hoose a %oint for the Total station set u% such that from this %oint all the %oints marked in ste% 1 are visible and set u% the station on this %oint. 6ress 9E>F. 6ress #1 16rograms-. 6ress 6!7E. Total 'tation Tri%od 6rism and 6ole !rrows #ield Book
=-
6ress #2 1!rea-.
%2
5?-
The #irst three ste%s 1#1& #2 and # - for station setu% and orientation 1refer to 'te%1 and 'te% 2-. 6ress #" 1'tart-.
The %oints whose area is to be found can be either in the memory or can be shot directly in the field. @1,)n front of 6oint )D Enter the number of the first %oint& then sight the %oint by kee%ing the reflector on that %oint. 6ress #1 1!((- or %ress the trigger. /e%eat ste% @ for the remaining %oints in a %ro%er se4uence until you have shot all the %oints. <nce you have shot all the %oint you can see the area dis%layed on the screen automatically.
"esultB The area of the given %iece of land is& ! K Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained.
A99li:ationsB )n cadastral surveys it is re4uired to make a %lan of land showing all its boundaries and also obtain its area. This information about the land is useful for land develo%ment and selling and %urchase of land.
%3
E/E"CI$E A
,"A'E"$I#( &$I#( ,O,AL $,A,IO#
Aim7 To do a closed traversing for at least five %oints using Total 'tation. E8ui9ment7 1. 2. . ". 5. !ro:edure7 1. 2. . ". 5. =. 5. ?. @. 1,. 11. 12. 1 . 1". )dentify the %oints on the ground for traversing and mark them arrows. *hoose a control %oint for using it as first station %oint such that at least one control %oint for back+sight is visible 'et u% the instrument on the %oint chosen in ste% 2. !ress 9E>F !ress #1 16rograms!ress #1 1'urvey-. %or $ettin) u9 t1e Gob as you kno+ t1e :oordinates of t+o :ontrol 9oints on t1e 9a9er follo+ t1e follo+in) ste9s. !ress #1 1'et Job-. !ress #1 1>ew-. Enter t1e #e+ 5ob #ame by 9ressin) #1 1)n%ut-. (ive t1e name of t1e Gob by usin) t1e %un:tion key #1 to #". !ress #" 1<C-. !ress #2 1'et 'tation-. In front of t1e station )ive t1e number of t1e station by )ivin) t1e number of t1e station +1ere you are standin). 15. 1=. 15. !ress #2 1#)>D-. !ress #" 1E>0-. Enter t1e Easting& >orthing and Elevation of t1e 9oint +1ere you are standin). Total 'tation Tri%od 6rism and 6ole !rrows #ield Book
%4
1?. 1@. 2,. 21. 22. 2 . 2". 25. 2=. 25. 2?. 2@. ,.
!ress #" 1<C-. In front of hi 1height of the )nstrument- Enter t1e Instrument 1ei)1t by measurin) it. !ress # 1'et <rientation-. !ress #2 1*oordinates-. In front of B$ (Ba:k $i)1t) Enter t1e number of t1e ba:k si)1t 9oint to +1i:1 you are ali)nin). !ress #" 1E>0). !ress #" 1<C-. !ress 6!7E. !ress #" until you 1ave D)'T In front of #1. ,1e value in front of )ives t1e relative error in t1e station s1iftin). !ress #2 1/E*-. !ress #" 1><-. !ress #" 1'tart-.
1. 2. . ".
Take foresight on first traverse %oint enter %oint )D and record its coordinates. 1This %oint will be the next instrument station'hift the instrument to first traverse %oint and follow the standard %rocedure to obtain the coordinates of second traverse %oint. *ontinue until you finish all traverse %oints. *heck whether there is any closing error. )f it is there a%%ly corrections to the coordinate and %lot the traverse.
1)f you are using advanced instruments closing error will be shown automatically in traverse re%ort and traverse can be adDusted on board-
%5
"esultB /ecord the coordinates obtained for each %oint in your field book. )f there is a closing error a%%ly correction to all the coordinates. 6lot the survey on a drawing sheet using the corrected coordinates. Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained. A99li:ations7 )n control surveys and to%ogra%hical surveys it is re4uired to do traversing. )n control surveys& using the existing control %oints it is re4uired to establish new control %oints. )n to%ogra%hical surveys using the existing control %oints and also by establishing new control %oints it is re4uired obtain the coordinates of various details like buildings& roads and other features.
%$
E/E"CI$E B
CO#,O&"I#( &$I#( ,O,AL $,A,IO#
Aim7 To %re%are *ontour ma% of an area using Total 'tation E8ui9ment7 1. 2. . ". 5. !ro:edure7 1. 2. . ". 5. =. 5. ?. @. 1,. 11. 12. 1 . 1". 15. 1=. 15. 1?. <btain the coordinates of all the grid %oints and record them in your field book *hoose a control %oint from where all the grid %oints and at least one control %oint for back+sight are visible. 'et u% the instrument on the %oint chosen in ste% 2. !ress 9E>F !ress #1 16rograms!ress #2 1'take <ut-. %or $ettin) u9 t1e Gob as you kno+ t1e :oordinates of t+o :ontrol 9oints on t1e 9a9er follo+ t1e follo+in) ste9s. !ress #1 1'et Job-. !ress #1 1>ew-. Enter t1e #e+ 5ob #ame by 9ressin) #1 1)n%ut-. (ive t1e name of t1e Gob by usin) t1e %un:tion key #1 to #". !ress #" 1<C-. !ress #2 1'et 'tation-. In front of t1e station )ive t1e number of t1e station by )ivin) t1e number of t1e station +1ere you are standin). !ress #2 1#)>D-. !ress #" 1E>0-. Enter t1e Easting& >orthing and Elevation of t1e 9oint +1ere you are standin). !ress #" 1<C-. Total 'tation Tri%od 6rism and 6ole !rrows #ield Book
%%
1@. 2,. 21. 22. 2 . 2". 25. 2=. 25. 2?. 2@. ,. 1. 2.
In front of hi 1height of the )nstrument- Enter t1e Instrument 1ei)1t by measurin) it. !ress # 1'et <rientation-. !ress #2 1*oordinates-. In front of B$ (Ba:k $i)1t) Enter t1e number of t1e ba:k si)1t 9oint to +1i:1 you are ali)nin). !ress #" 1E>0-. !ress #" 1<C-. !ress 6!7E. !ress #" until you 1ave D)'T In front of #1. ,1e value in front of )ives t1e relative error in t1e station s1iftin). !ress #2 1/E*-. !ress #" 1><-. !ress #" 1'tart-. !ress #" until you 1ave 9!>F!( in front of # . Enter East& >orth and 0eight for t1e 9oint to be staked.
. ".
#o+ Move t1e Instrument until 03 e8ual to ;ero. #o+ move t1e 9rism in t1is line of si)1t to t1e distan:e )iven in front of from t1e instrument station.
5.
#o+ +it1 movin) t1e instrument 1ori;ontally +it1 movin) t1e teles:o9e u9 and do+n only tell t1e 9rism man to :ome in line of si)1t of t1at 9oint. A)ain !ress #2 1D)'T) do t1is until t1e value :omes near to t1e limitin) fa:tor and you 1ave t1e 9oint. ,1en 9ress !ll or trigger button to re:ord t1e 9oint.
%&
=.
%or t1e next 9oint a)ain 6ress #" until you 1ave manual in front of # and a)ain enter t1e :oordinates of t1e next 9oint to be staked re9eat t1is 9ro:ess for all t1e 9oints. You :an vie+ xH yH ; :oordinates all t1e 9oints in file mana)ement.
5. "esult7
/ecord the coordinates of all the %oints surveyed in your field book and using this data create a contour ma% of the area surveyed. Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained. A99li:ations7 )n to%ogra%hical surveys& it is re4uired to obtain contour ma%s$ %lans of an area. *ontour ma%s are useful in %lanning and construction of %i%eline works& road works and residential colonies etc.
%'
E/E"CI$E *C
E,E"MI#A,IO# O% "EMO,E -EI(-, &$I#( ,O,AL $,A,IO#
Aim7 To determine remote height of a %oint using Total 'tation. E8ui9ment7 1. 2. . ". 5. !ro:edure7 The /emote height %rogram is used to find the elevation of the remote %oints where it is %ossible to %lace the %rism directly below the %oint the %oint whose remote elevation is to be found. 1. 2. )dentify the %oint whose elevation has to found out *hoose a %oint for the Total station set u% such that from this %oint both the %oint under consideration and its %roDection on the ground are visible& then set u% the station over this %oint. 6ress 9E>F. 6ress #1 16rograms-. 6ress 6!7E button. Total 'tation Tri%od 6rism and 6ole !rrows #ield Book
. ". 5.
=. 5.
6ress # 1/emote 0eight-. ,1e %irst t1ree ste9s (%*H %0 and %6) for station setu9 and orientation (refer to $te9* and $te9 0).
&(
?.
6ress #" 1'tart-.
@. 1,. 11. 12. "esult7
%o:us on t1e re8uired 9oint and turn teles:o9e to+ards )round and )uide t1e 9rism man for 9ro9erly 9la:in) t1e 9rism on t1e )round. #o+ 9ut t1e 9rism on t1e base 9oint and $i)1t it and 9ress # 1!((-. #o+ move t1e teles:o9e and fo:us t1e to9 9oint +1ose elevation is to be found. ,1e 1ei)1t value +ill be dis9layed on t1e s:reen.
The remote height of a %oint& h K Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained. A99li:ations7 )n construction of structures like buildings and bridges etc.& it is re4uired to find height of some %oints which are difficult to access.
&1
E/E"CI$E **
$E,,I#( O&, &$I#( ,O,AL $,A,IO#
Aim7 To set out column centres of a %ro%osed building. E8ui9ment7 1. 2. . ". 5. !ro:edure7 1. 2. . ". 5. =. 5. ?. @. 1,. 11. 12. 1 . 1". 15. 1=. 15. 1?. 1@. <btain the coordinates of all the column centers. *hoose a control %oint from where all column %ositions and at least one control %oint for back+sight are visible. 'et u% the instrument on the %oint chosen in ste% 2. !ress 9E>F !ress #1 16rograms!ress #2 1'take <ut-. %or $ettin) u9 t1e Gob as you kno+ t1e :oordinates of t+o :ontrol 9oints on t1e 9a9er follo+ t1e follo+in) ste9s. !ress #1 1'et Job-. !ress #1 1>ew-. Enter t1e #e+ 5ob #ame by 9ressin) #1 1)n%ut-. (ive t1e name of t1e Gob by usin) t1e %un:tion key #1 to #". !ress #" 1<C-. !ress #2 1'et 'tation-. In front of t1e station )ive t1e number of t1e station by )ivin) t1e number of t1e station +1ere you are standin). !ress #2 1#)>D-. !ress #" 1E>0-. Enter t1e Easting& >orthing and Elevation of t1e 9oint +1ere you are standin). !ress #" 1<C-. In front of hi 1height of the )nstrument- Enter t1e Instrument 1ei)1t by measurin) it. Total 'tation Tri%od 6rism and 6ole !rrows #ield Book
&2
2,. 21. 22. 2 . 2". 25. 2=. 25. 2?. 2@. ,. 1. 2.
!ress # 1'et <rientation-. !ress #2 1*oordinates-. In front of B' 1Back 'ight- Enter t1e number of t1e ba:k si)1t 9oint to +1i:1 you are ali)nin). !ress #" 1E>0-. !ress #" 1<C-. !ress 6!7E. !ress #" until you 1ave I$, In front of %*.
,1e value in front of )ives t1e relative error in t1e station s1iftin). !ress #2 1/E*-. !ress #" 1><-. !ress #" 1'tart-. !ress #" until you 1ave MA#&AL in front of %6. Enter East& >orth and 0eight for t1e 9oint to be staked.
. ".
#o+ Move t1e Instrument until 03 e8ual to ;ero. #o+ move t1e 9rism in t1is line of si)1t to t1e distan:e )iven in front of from t1e instrument station.
5.
#o+ +it1 movin) t1e instrument 1ori;ontally +it1 movin) t1e teles:o9e u9 and do+n only tell t1e 9rism man to :ome in line of si)1t of t1at 9oint. A)ain !ress %0 ( I$,) do t1is until t1e value :omes near to t1e limitin) fa:tor and you 1ave t1e 9oint. %or t1e next 9oint a)ain !ress #" until you 1ave manual in front of %6 and a)ain enter t1e :oordinates of t1e next 9oint to be staked re9eat t1is 9ro:ess for all t1e 9oints.
=.
&3
"esultB 7 /ecord the details of %oints set out in your field book. Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained. A99li:ations7 )n setting out a building& a surveyor has to set out %osition of columns and other elements of the building in both hori3ontal and vertical %lanes.
&4
E/E"CI$E *0
I$,A#CEH ("A IE#, A# I%%E"E#CE O% -EI(-, BE,.EE# ,.O I#ACCE$$IBLE !OI#,$ &$I#( ,O,AL $,A,IO#.
AimB To obtain the distance& gradient and difference of height between two in accessible %oints using the Total 'tation. E8ui9ment7 1. 2. . ". !ro:edureB The Tie Distance 6rogram is used to find the hori3ontal distance between two %oints by measurement in the field. 1. 2. . ". Identify t1e t+o 9oints for measurin) t1e distan:e. C1oose a 9oint for t1e ,otal station set u9 su:1 t1at from t1is 9oint t1e t+o 9oints marked in ste9 * are visible and set u9 t1e station on t1is 9oint. !ress 9E>F. !ress 6!7E. Total 'tation Tri%od 6rism and 6ole #ield Book
5. =. 5.
!ress #1 1Tie Distance-. The #irst three ste%s 1#1& #2 and # - for station setu% and orientation 1refer to 'te%1 and $te9 0). !ress %= ($tart).
&5
?.
,1ere are t+o ty9e of distan:e !oly)onal and "adial.
@. 1,.
,1e !oly)onal is t1e 9oint3to39oint distan:e +1ere as t1e "adial is used for findin) t1e distan:e from a sin)le 9oint bein) ke9t fixed. .1en t1e !oints are not in memory and you +ant to o9erate t1e 9ro)ram by takin) t1e measurements ri)1t in t1e fieldH
11. 12. 1 . "esultB are& d K
In front of t1e 9oint enter t1e number of t1e 9oint and !ress # 1!((-. In front of t1e 9oint0 Enter t1e number of t1e se:ond 9oint a)ain si)1t it and 9ress # 1!((-. #o+ you :an see t1e results dis9layed on t1e s:reen.
The distance 1d-& gradient 1s- and difference of height 1h- between two in accessible %oints &sK &hK
A99li:ations7 )n to%ogra%hical surveys& some times features like buildings etc. are not accessible. Therefore a surveyor should be familiar with the techni4ue of obtaining the hori3ontal distance& difference in height and hence the gradient between two inaccessible %oints.
&$

Survey Lab - II Manual

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Survey Lab - II Manual

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II Year B.Tech.

II Semester Civil Engineering

Aurora Engineering College

Evaluation of Laboratory Marks for II Year (Internal Exams)

II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

Aurora Engineering College

Evaluation of Laboratory Marks (End exams)

II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

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II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

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%i).* #et+ork of Control !oints

II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

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II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

Aurora Engineering College

,-EO OLI,E $&"'EYI#(

!A",$ O% ,"A#$I, ,-EO OLI,E

Contains vernier A an B !rovi e "ith #!!er clam!ing an #!!er tangent scre".

II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

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%i).0 ,1eodolite and its !arts

1. 2. . ". 5. =. 5. ?. @. 1,. 11. 12. 1 .

II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

Aurora Engineering College

II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

Aurora Engineering College

II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

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II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

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(A) MEA$&"EME#, O% -O"I4O#,AL A#(LE

II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

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%i).6 Measurement of -ori;ontal An)le Observations and Cal:ulations7

(B) MEA$&"EME#, O% 'E",ICAL A#(LE

II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

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%i).= Measurement of 'erti:al An)le Observations and Cal:ulations7 K K

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Aurora Engineering College

In:luded an)le , & &&

Comments<Inferen:e7 ;rite your comments and observations on the result obtained.

II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

Aurora Engineering College

MEA$&"EME#, O% I#CL& E A#(LE$ BE,.EE# 'A"IO&$ !OI#,$ ("EI,E"A,IO# ME,-O )

%i).? Measurement of -ori;ontal An)le ("eiteration Met1od)

II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

Aurora Engineering College

"i)1t $+in) Mean O P o In:luded An)le O P

Total included angle K "esult7

II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

Aurora Engineering College

II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

Aurora Engineering College

II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

Aurora Engineering College

(B) BA$E I#ACCE$$IBLE ($I#(LE !LA#E ME,-O )

%i).A (b) Instrument Axes at ifferent Levels

II Year B.Tech. II Semester Civil Engineering

Aurora Engineering College

h1 K D tan1 h2 K 1b M D- tan2 /.(. of 2 K /.(. of B.9. M '1 M h1 /.(. of 2 K /( of B.9. M '2 M h2

%i).@ An)le of Elevation #rom right angle triangle <# 1#ig.15-