Bibliography

Primary Sources

American Advocate (Hallowell, ME). "Critical Review of the Indian Removal Act Process." August 28, 1830. Accessed January 9, 2014. http://infoweb.newsbank.com/.

This extensive article gives insight into popular opinion from the year the Act was passed. It also just gives a lot of information on details and the way the Act was handled. It is very helpful and provides a wide range of information.

Baltimore Patriot (Baltimore, MD). "Cherokee Nation v Georgia." April 26, 1831. Accessed January 9, 2014. http://infoweb.newsbank.com/.

This article from the Baltimore Patriot discusses the court case between the Cherokee nation and the state of Georgia. The court case determined state government's stance on the Indian Removal Act and doomed the Cherokee nation.

Congress, U.S. "Indian Removal Act of 1830." The Native American Experience. Woodbridge, CT: Primary Source Media, 1999. American Journey. U.S. History in Context. Web. 9 Jan. 2014. http://ic.galegroup.com/

This is a copy of the Act itself and explains the reasoning and rules behind it. It was interesting to see the phrasing and wording of the Act that the government used to make it sound neutral.

Gibson, Geo. Letter, "Emigration of Indians," n.d. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875. http://memory.loc.gov/.

This database of American government documents has tons of items on the Indian Removal but this particular source involves a letter to a Lieutenant ordering the removal and care of the Choctaw Indians. It's interesting to see the correspondence that took place between the government and the Lieutenant and how they intended on going about the removal of the tribe of thousands.

Indian Removal Act. Photograph. http://www.papermasters.com/images/indian-removalact.jpg.

This picture is a satirical drawing of Andrew Jackson spanking an Indian for being a "Indian outrager".

The Indian Removal Act of 1830. Photograph. Native History Association. http://www.nativehistoryassociation.org/images/s102.jpg.

This image is of the opening of the Indian Removal Act itself.

Jackson, Andrew. "On Indian Removal." Social Policy: Essential Primary Sources. Ed. K. Lee Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, and Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 76-78. U.S. History in Context. Web. 9 Jan. 2014. http://ic.galegroup.com/

This speech was given by Andrew Jackson to Congress to support the passing of the Act. He gives an interesting take on the justification of the Indian Removal and it was helpful to his exact beliefs on it.

Otis, Elwell Stephen. The Indian Question. N.p.: Sheldon and Company, 1878. http://books.google.com/books?id=CI5HAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA107&dq=indian+removal+ act&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oqHiUur7NLHhsASG7oLABw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepa ge&q=indian%20removal%20act&f=false.

This book was written by Elwell Stephen Otis in 1878 and discusses the topic of Indian Removal and the questions surrounding it. It has a deep analysis which is very informative.

Providence Patriot (Providence, RI). "Indian Removal Accepted by Full Congress." June 2, 1830. http://infoweb.newsbank.com/.

This newspaper article discusses the Act being passed by Congress and fully supports it. It calls the Indians 'barbarians' and defends their removal by saying "instead of being cut off, and destroyed by fire and sword..." This provides insight into the opinion on the Act back when it was taking place.

"The Removal of the Indians." The American Monthly Magazine, 1830. Accessed January 10, 2014. http://books.google.com/books/.

This long article from the magazine examined the Indian Removal Act and a report from The North American Review on it. It was critical of the Act itself, calling it an injustice by our government and said that it undermined America's image. It was interesting to see more public opinion on the topic, and makes you wonder why the bill was able to pass with such sentiment against it.

"SAMUEL A. WORCESTER, PLAINTIFF IN ERROR v. THE STATE OF GEORGIA." SIRS Government Reporter. http://sks.sirs.com/.

This court case from 1832 was between Samuel Worcester and the state of Georgia. It gives primary-source information on the argument and reasoning of both sides. This is valuable because it provides opinions from the time.

Secondary Sources

"Andrew Jackson Signs the Indian Removal Act: May 28, 1830." In Global Events: Milestone Events Throughout History. Vol. 6. Detroit: n.p., 2013. Accessed December 17, 2013. http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/.

This article gave important information on the background of the relations between the US government and the Native Americans leading up to the Indian Removal Act. It talks about battles between Andrew Jackson's forces and the Indians when Jackson was a president, and shows the controversy that was developing early in the 1830s.

"Andrew Jackson Signs the Indian Removal Act: May 28, 1830." In Global Events: Milestone Events Throughout History. Vol. 6. Detroit: n.p., 2013. Accessed January 8, 2014. http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/.

This source provides information and Jackson's reasons for signing the Indian Removal Act and the thoughts that surrounded it leading up to the event. It also talks about the global effect of the Act.

Cherokee Lands 1791. Image. https://infogr.am/app/uploads/sizes/458_1347541230.jpg.

This map shows the vast lands possessed by the Cherokee just after the American Revolution.

Cherokee Removal Scenes. Image. Accessed January 27, 2014. https://infogr.am/app/uploads/sizes/458_1347541230.jpg.

This picture shows just how much land was taken from the Cherokee Indians and the distances they had to travel. In contrast to the image of pre-removal Indian lands, the disparity between how much land was theirs becomes very apparent.

Ehle, John. Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation. N.p.: Anchor Books, 1988.

John Ehle's Trail of Tears provided information on the events surrounding the fall of the Cherokee nation. It discusses the history of the Cherokee's, and provides a very in-depth of perspective of what brought about their destruction.

Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Accessed January 27, 2014. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia.

This source discusses the conflicts between the Indians and court cases such as Worcester v. Georgia. It also talks about Andrew Jackson's election and how that led to many of these changes.

"Fletcher v. Peck." PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/capitalism/landmark_fletcher.html.

This source from PBS provides info on the Fletcher v. Peck court case, a relatively unknown topic and ruling that had lasting effects on the rights of Indians.

"Indian Removal Lesson Plan." Unpublished manuscript, Stanford, n.d. http://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/Lessons/Unit%204_Expansion%20and%20Slavery/India n%20Removal%20Lesson%20Plan.pdf.

This Stanford lesson plan provided a very helpful timeline that spans fifty years. It also contains interesting documents from Andrew Jackson and Elias Boundoit.

"Maine towns opposed Indian Removal Act." SoMeOldNews. Accessed February 6, 2014. http://www.someoldnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/caravan.jpg.

This interesting article from a Maine newspaper discusses opposition in small Maine towns towards Indian Removal. The fact that Maine towns far from where Indian removal took place

were so involved in honoring the treaties that had been made with the Indians is very heartwarming and says a lot.

McNeill, Allison. "Indian Removal Act of 1830." In Westward Expansion Reference Library, 49-58. Vol. 3. Detroit: n.p., n.d. Accessed December 17, 2013. http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/.

This fantastic source provided general information about the Indian Removal Act. It discusses events surrounding the Act both leading up to it and after it. For example, it tells the reader that the head of the Federal Indian Office thought it was best for the Indians to be removed from the Americans.

Patterson, Sara M. "Indian Removal Act (1830)." In Major Acts of Congress. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. Accessed January 8, 2014. http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/.

This article states that many European americans believed the land that the american indians were using could be put to better use. the people acted like native americans were a completely different species.

"Quotations from The Trail Where They Cried." Cherokees of California. Accessed February 2, 2014. http://www.powersource.com/cocinc/history/quotes.htm.

These quotes provided by a Cherokee organization in California are all very interesting and many of them really give you a sense of the connection the Cherokee people had to their land.

"Removal." In The Native American Experience. Woodbridge, CT: Primary Source Media, 1999. Accessed December 17, 2013. http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/.

This article provided valuable insight into the Native American response to the Indian Removal Acts. It discusses the Seminole resistance against the US government, as well as the Cherokee removal. It helped me because one of my main questions was what the Indian response to the Acts was.

"Treaties and Executive Orders, and the Dawes-Allotment Act." UIdaho. Accessed January 28, 2014. http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~rfrey/329treaties_and_executive_orders.htm.

This source from University of Idaho discusses the numerous treaties and acts involving Indian control in the 1800's and has links to many of them. It also has many fascinating maps that show just how much the Indian's right to their land was abused.