Inversion of permeability and porosity from transient pressure data.

Project Assigment:
Given the following reservoir and well data:
Two wells, 360 feet apart, have been completed in a new reservoir and then shut in. The
size of the reservoir is not yet nown but all point to a large reservoir. !ell "
0
. # was
produced at $#% &T'() while well remained shut in the pressure data recorded at well
"
0
. * together with other pertinent data are given below.
+easured 'ottomhole ,resssure-psia.
Time-hrs. ,ressure-psia.
0.0 3/%3
0.0330 3/%3
0.0611 3/%3
0.#000 3/%3
0.#330 3/%3
0.#6/0 3/%3
0.*$00 3/%3
0.$000 3/%3
0./$00 3/%*
#.0 3/%#
*.0 3/11
3.0 3/16
$.0 3/10
#0.0 3//%
*0.0 3//0
01.0 3//0
/*.0 3/6/
%6.0 3/6$
2eservoir and well data

o
30.%*
'
o
3#.06 2'(&T'
43#3ft
r
w
30.*/ ft
c
t
3#35#0
66
psi
6#
7t is re8uired to determine the formation permeability and porosity using inversion
approach. The true value are given, 9303# md and 30.*3/
7 ,art.
:ssuming a priori information of permeability and porosity with Gaussian distribution.
;se log9 and parameter.
!ith a
mean
30.*1, log 9
mean
3log-$00.3*./ ,

30.0$ and


log9
30.0$ a normal
distribution was generated for each of those parameter as is shown in <igures # and *.
7n each distribution a class interval of ** was used.
<igure#and *. ,orosity normal distribution for
mean
3.*1 and standard deviation30.0$
and =og normal permeability distribution for log
9mean
3*./ and standard deviation30.0$
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
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0
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4
8
0
Poro
F
r
e
c
u
e
n
c
y
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
9.000
Bins_Array
Norm.Dist.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2
.
5
0
0
2
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5
2
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8
6
0
2
.
8
8
0
2
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9
0
0
2
.
9
2
0
log K
F
r
e
c
u
e
n
c
y
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
9.000
Bins_Array
Norm. Dist
77 part a.
: **5** +atri> allow us to calculate the value for the prior function. <or the
prior function 7 used the following relationship.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
1


> ? > > <
>
T
and the prior term of the function is given by.
( ) ( )
( ) 2
log log
) (
2 2
log

,
_

,
_

9
9 9
> p


which could be e>pressed in this case as follow
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 ) (
2
1
exp
2
1
2
1
2 /
> p
?
> <
>
n

,
_

where
) 1 . 3 ( 2
log
2
1
n and ?
>

<igure "
0
3. depict a surface of the prior function when for any fi>ed value of p->. is
found for each oh the log9 values . 7n it we can see that the more probably value is
found in the log 9
mean
and
mean
.
77 part b.
The solution of diffusivity e8uation with infinite acting reservoir is used to found the
lielihood function.
The e8uations for that are the following
( ) ( ) 4
4 2
1
4 2
1
,
2
1
2

,
_

,
_

)
)
)
)
i ) ) )
t
r
@
t
r
@ t r p
where,

( ) 1 . 4 ) (
1
dt
t
e
> @
>
t

) 2 . 4 (
000264 . 0
2
w t o
)
r c
9t
t

( ) 3 . 4
2 . 142
)) , ( (
' 8
t r , , 9h
,
)

( ) 4 . 4
w
)
r
r
r
<igure3. ,rior distribution function showing the pea at the mean values of the porosity
and log of permeability
0
.
0
6
0
0
.
1
2
0
0
.
1
8
0
0
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2
4
0
0
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3
0
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3
6
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4
2
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4
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0
2
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6
2
0
2
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6
8
0
2
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7
4
0
2
.
8
0
0
2
.
8
6
0
2
.
9
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

log(k)
Prior
<rom the measurement bottomhole pressure, we have.
Time-hrs. ,ressure-psia. pressure -psia.
#.0 3/%3 0
0.0330 3/%3 0
0.0611 3/%3 0
0.#000 3/%3 0
0.#330 3/%3 0
0.#6/0 3/%3 0
0.*$00 3/%3 0
0.$000 3/%3 0
0./$00 3/%* #
0.0 3/%# *
$.0 3/11 $
6.0 3/16 /
6.0 3/10 %
##.0 3//% #0
*$.0 3//0 #%
0%.0 3//0 *3
/3.0 3/6/ *6
%6.0 3/6$ *1
<rom those measured value we already have the observed d3,, so that we can say that
we have a set measurements given the vector, d3A ,
#
, ,
*,BBBBBBBB.
,
#/
C. :nd based
on these measurements, we want to estimate a set of parameters given by the vector,
>3A >
#
, >
*
BBBBBB., >
#/
C. The drainage radii- r . is considered to be the distance
between the two analyzed wells.
The lielihood function is given by
( ) ( ) ( ) 5 ) ( ) ( ) / (
1
m g d ? m g d > d y <
d
T


&ince ?
d
6#
is given by.
( ) 6
1 ....... .......... .......... 0 0
0 ....... .......... .......... 1 0
0 ....... .......... .......... 0 1
The lielihood term is reduced to.

( ) ( ) 7 ) ( ) / (
2
1

n
i
m g d > d y p
where,
d3observed , and g-m. 3 calculated , using e8. 3.
This lielihood function is then calculated obtained
( ) ( ) ( ) 8 ) / (
2
1
exp
2
1
2
1
2
> d y p
?
> <
>
n

,
_

<igure "
0
0. )epict a surface of the lielihood function when for any fi>ed value of
p->. is found for each oh the log9 values . 7n it we can see the ma>imum lielihood
estimated fi>ed one the parameter and change the other one.
77 part c.
<rom 'ayes Theorem nowing the prior and lielihood functions. The posterior
function could be e>pressed as.
The e8uations for that are the following
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 9 ) ( ) ( ) / (
1 1
+

> ? > m g d ? m g d d y > <
>
T
d
T
Thus, the posterior term could be e>pressed as.
( )
( ) ( )
( ) 10
log log
) ( ) / (
2 2
log
2
1

,
_

,
_

9
n
i
9 9
m g d d y > p

The posterior function could be defined through 'ayes Theorem as.

( ) 11 ) ( * ) / ( ) / ( > p > d y p d y > p
;sing the **5** matri> already mentioned the respective value of the posterior is then
calculated fi>ing one value of the porosity and changing permeability. This allow us to
found the surface in which the pea should be the true given value. To find this value a
optimization process was also used.
To be able to do this procedure 7 calculated the partial derivative of , respect to log 9
and respectively. ?ombining e8s. 3 to 3.0 the following e8s. are obtained.
( ) 12
2
3 . 2
log
2
2
1
2
1
1
]
1

,
_

t9
?
9
e
t9
?
@
9
9? ,

and
( ) 13
2
2
1
1
]
1

t9
?
e
9
? ,


where,
000264 . 0 * 4
;
2 . 142
2
2 1
t
? r
?
h
' 8
?


The sensitivity matri> is given by
( ) 14
log
log
log
17 17
2 2
1 1

, ,
, ,
, ,
9
9
9


Then for an initial guess of log
9
and and using e8s. 3 to 3.0 we obtain the -d6g-m..
matri>.
( ) 15
17 17
2 2
1 1
cal obs
cal obs
cal obs
, ,
, ,
, ,



<or the optimization process the following relation was used.
[ ] ( ) ( ) [ ] ) 16 ( ) (
1 1 1 1
p > >
T
> d
T
> > ? m g d ? G d> ? G ? G +

Then >new3>oldDd>
This result is shown in Table #.
The value found by this and the graph way is the so call ma>imum a posterior and is
going to be used for the ne>t stages of the proEect.
<igure 0. =ielihood distribution. The pea represent the ma>imum lielihood estimate
with porosity30.** and 930#6.%.
0
.
0
6
0
0
.
1
2
0
0
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1
8
0
0
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2
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0
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2
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8
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0
2
.
9
2
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30

log(k)
Likelihood
0
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0
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0
0
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1
2
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1
8
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2
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0
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2
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8
6
0
2
.
9
2
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300

log(k)
Posterior
<igure $. ,osterior distribution. The pea represent the ma>imum a posterior estimate
with porosity30.** and 93036.$.
Table #. &chematic procedure to calculate the ma>imum a posterior estimate from the
optimization.
7n figure $ we could observe the surface for the posterior function with the ma>imum a
posterior value.
777 ,art.
:fter determine the most liely 9 and -+:,. from the posterior distribution, the
sensitivity matri> G->. e8. #0 was calculated for each pair of log
9
and varying one
parameter and fi>ing the other one. Those values are shown below.
H
y
= G
T
C
d
-1
G C
x
-1
H
y
+C
x
-1
7.286286E+03 5498.958487 408.3770462 0 7.694663E+03 5498.958487
5498.958487 6073.891983 0 399.0213866 5498.958487 6472.91337
d-g() x-x!
0.000000 -0.078463
-0.000006 -0.057078
-0.000297
-0.002684 G
T
C
d
-1
(d-g()) C
x
-1
("-"
!
)
-0.010877 -31.334434 -32.042613
-0.072659 -23.735427 -22.775448
-0.598940
-0.347500 G
T
C
d
-1
(d-g())-Cx-1("-"!)
-0.118287 0.708179
0.255425 -0.959979
0.306668
-0.454416
0.440525
-0.068971
-0.557712
-0.210197
-0.099645
7.694663E+03 5498.958487 #"
1 0.708179
5498.958487 6472.91337 #"
$ -0.959979
#"
1
= 0.000504022
#"
$
= -0.00057649
K 417.0128511
Poro 0.223700728
% &ter 4
=
'ensiti(ity )*trix - G
-3.343931E-09 6.929489E-09
-2.856312E-04 6.166587E-04
-7.868064E-03 1.766027E-02
-4.736913E-02 1.107007E-01
-1.410967E-01 3.435199E-01
-5.566259E-01 1.495057E+00
-1.819767E+00 6.564644E+00
-2.167776E+00 1.074968E+01
-1.903498E+00 1.375586E+01
9.468346E-01 1.991252E+01
3.994121E+00 2.252539E+01
8.962905E+00 2.486047E+01
1.709458E+01 2.676930E+01
2.866602E+01 2.794976E+01
3.834478E+01 2.838385E+01
4.411666E+01 2.853004E+01
4.824280E+01 2.860342E+01
The 4essian associated with the data points 4y could be calculated through the relation
( ) 17
1
G ? G F F 4
d
T T
y y


Then the rescaled sensitivity matri> 4essian Gy is given by.
( ) 18
2
1
2
1
> y > y
? 4 ? 4
To calculate the eigenvalues of Gy the determinant is e8ualized to zero.
( ) 19
0
0

22 12
12 11

4 4
4 4
4
y
:fter solving the 8uadratic e8uation coming from this e8uation we obtained

#
and
*
.
<rom the values calculated through e8. #% the eigenvectors could be found using the
following relation.
( ) 20
0
0
2
1
22 12
12 11

>
>
4 4
4 4

Thus, the general e8uation for the eigenvector is.
( ) 21
1
) /(
11 12
2

4 4
> H
i
The rescaled 4essian matri> G IS.
( ) 22

7 4 4
y
+
7n <igure 6 a procedure to calculate the eingevalues and eigenvectors of the rescaled
sensitivity matri> and the eigenvalues of the rescaled 4essian matri> are shown.

<igure 6. &chematic procedure to calculated the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the
rescaled sensitivity matri> and the eigenvalues of the rescaled 4essian matri>.
The analysis of y and tell us that in this case the data from the pressure analysis have
a strong influence in the posterior distribution.
7H. ,art
The original 4essian from the following relation
( ) 23
1 1
+
> d
T
? G ? G 4
H
y
= G

!
"
-1
G C
x
+,-
C
x
+,-
H
y
Hy=C
x
+,-
H
y
C
x
+,-
6.967084E+03 5255.075962 0.049484517 0 344.7628062 260.0448973 17.06042104
5255.075962 5807.731023 0 0.050061276 263.0758071 290.7424245 13.01817932
eigen(*lue eigen(ector

y1
2.729362623
1
0.22 -9.083892E-01
2
0.22 1.100850E+00

y2
28.88599512 1 1
C
x
-1
408.3770462 0
0 399.0213866
. .
H = #
y
+ $
18 13.01817932
13.01817932 15.5549367
_
eigen(*lue eigen(ector H

1
3.729362623
1
0.22 -0.908389244
2
0.22 1.100849671

2
29.88599512 1 1
:fter found the original 4essian the covariance of the a posterior distribution is given by
( ) 24
1
4 ?
>
<rom e8. *0 7 found that
log9
30.0#1

30.0*, which mean our posterior covariance

give us a best appro>imation after used the pressure data.

:round the ma>imum a posterior p.d.f appro>imates a Gauusian with >3 and
?> 3 4
6#

This appro>imation is valid regarless of the actual p.d.f using in the prior distribution.
<rom the eigenvalue obtained for the original 4essian, 7 calculated the ellipsoid
considering the values of the normal porosity and permeability.
!e can calculate each ellipsoid from the relation
( ) 25 2
2
2
1
i
i
i

where
( ) 26 ) ( > > H
T

The calculated transposes eigenvector of 4 is
( ) 27
66173 . 7497 .
7497 . 66173 .

T
H
and ->6>. is the matri> given by
( ) 28
.
log log
)

(
+:,
9+:, 9
> >

<igure / and 1 give us the 36) and *6) plots of the ellipsoid. <rom those plots we can
observed the variation of each ellipse when log
9
and change from the ma>imum a
posterior. The *6) tell us that both variable loo to have the same influence in the
posterior function. This could complement from the analysis of the eigenvector of 4. 7n it
we observe a 0$ inclination of the vector.
<igure/. @llipsoids varying from the ma>imum a posterior.

-
0
.
1
6
5
-
0
.
1
0
5
-
0
.
0
4
5
0
.
0
1
5
0
.
0
7
5
0
.
1
3
5
0
.
1
9
5
0
.
2
5
5
-
0
.
1
3
0
-
0
.
0
7
0
-
0
.
0
1
0
0
.
0
5
0
0
.
1
1
0
0
.
1
7
0
0
.
2
3
0
0
.
2
9
0
0.1
1
10
100
1000

)/P
(logK-logK
)/P
)
0lli!soide
-
0
.
1
6
5
-
0
.
1
2
5
-
0
.
0
8
5
-
0
.
0
4
5
-
0
.
0
0
5
0
.
0
3
5
0
.
0
7
5
0
.
1
1
5
0
.
1
5
5
0
.
1
9
5
0
.
2
3
5
-0.130
-0.090
-0.050
-0.010
0.030
0.070
0.110
0.150
0.190
0.230
0.270

)/P
(logK-logK)/P)
0lli!soide
<ig 1. The ellipse shown a negative correlated data.