nLAkING nLAkING

near|ng Sound Waves near|ng Sound Waves

near|ng ls Lhe neural percepLlon of sound energy
Sound waves are Lravellng vlbraLlons of alr LhaL conslsL of reglons of
hlgh pressure caused by compresslon of alr molecules alLernaLlng
wlLh reglons of low pressure caused by rarefacLlon of Lhe molecules
ormat|on of sound waves ormat|on of sound waves
9ropert|es of sound waves 9ropert|es of sound waves
%cycle/sec Pz)
%d8)
ComplexlLy
ound ls characLerlzed by lLs plLch %Lone) lnLenslLy %loudness) and Llmbre %uallLy)
numan aud|tory f|e|d numan aud|tory f|e|d
Puman ears can deLecL sound waves wlLh freuencles from 20 Lo 20000 cycles per second
buL are mosL senslLlve Lo freuencles beLween 1000 and 4000 cycles per second
normal hearlng persons can deLecL very sofL sounds of 20 d8 Lo very loud sounds of 120 d8
Above Lhls level Lhe sounds Lyplcally become uncomforLable
An audlogram ls a graph LhaL shows Lhe
sofLesL sounds a person can hear aL
dlfferenL plLches or freuencles
ke|at|ve Magn|tude of Common Sounds ke|at|ve Magn|tude of Common Sounds
Anatomy of the ear Anatomy of the ear
Lxterna| Lar Lxterna| Lar
9|nna
CollecLs sound waves and
channels Lhem down Lhe
exLernal ear canal
k L sound |oca||zat|on
Closeness of sound source
lnLenslLy
Lar cana| protect|on
lne halrs
Modlfled sweaL glands
LhaL produce cerumen
%earwax)
@empan|c membrane
IlbraLes when sLruck by sound waves
Lual resLlng alr pressure on boLh sldes
%role of eusLachlan Lube)
M|dd|e Lar M|dd|e Lar
Mlddle ear transfers Lhe vlbraLory
movemenLs of Lhe Lympanlc membrane
Lo Lhe fluld of Lhe lnner ear Lhrough
movemenL of Lhe osslcles
1o lnner ear 1o lnner ear
Mlddle ear amp||f|es sound waves pressure Lo
seL up fluld vlbraLlons ln Lhe cochlea
surface area of Lhe Lympanlc oval wlndow
Lever acLlon of osslcles
t|mes amp||f|cat|on
Inner Lar Inner Lar
dlsslpaLes fluld pressure
rgan of Cort| rgan of Cort|
Palr cells generaLe neural slgnals when Lhelr surface halrs
are mechanlcally deformed ln assoclaLlon wlLh fluld
movemenLs ln Lhe lnner ear
Palr cells generaLe neural slgnals when Lhelr surface halrs
are mechanlcally deformed ln assoclaLlon wlLh fluld
movemenLs ln Lhe lnner ear
@ransm|ss|on of sound waves @ransm|ss|on of sound waves
end|ng of ha|rs on def|ect|on of the bas||ar membrane end|ng of ha|rs on def|ect|on of the bas||ar membrane
as||ar Membrane as||ar Membrane
8asllar membrane ls narrow and sLlff aL lLs oval wlndow
end and wlde and flexlble aL lLs hellcoLrema end
Narrow st|ff Narrow st|ff
W|de f|ex|b|e W|de f|ex|b|e
9|tch d|scr|m|nat|on 9|tch d|scr|m|nat|on
1he ablllLy Lo dlsLlngulsh beLween varlous freuencles of lncomlng sound waves
ulfferenL reglons of Lhe basllar membrane naLurally vlbraLe maxlmally aL dlfferenL
freuencles
ound wave of a parLlcular freuency Lravels Lo Lhe reglon of Lhe basllar membrane LhaL
naLurally responds maxlmally Lo LhaL freuency
Loudness d|scr|m|nat|on Loudness d|scr|m|nat|on
(|n sounds w|th same frequency) (|n sounds w|th same frequency)
Loud sound sources Loud sound sources
1ympanlc membrane vlbraLes more 1ympanlc membrane vlbraLes more
CreaLer basllar membrane movemenL CreaLer basllar membrane movemenL
Sound transduct|on Sound transduct|on
Aud|tory pathways Aud|tory pathways
Dnllke Lhe vlsual paLhways audlLory slgnals from each ear are
LransmlLLed Lo boLh Lemporal lobes because Lhe flbers
parLlally cross over ln Lhe braln sLem
or Lhls reason a dlsrupLlon of Lhe audlLory paLhways on one
slde beyond Lhe braln sLem does noL affecL hearlng ln elLher
ear Lo any exLenL
Iest|bu|ar System Iest|bu|ar System
Iest|bu|ar System Iest|bu|ar System
1. The vestibular apparatus is located in the inner
ear and comprises oI 3 semi-circular canals and
vestibule (utricle & saccule)
2. These organs contain the sensory hair receptors
Cell membranes are depolarlzed when benL release LransmlLLers
Iest|bu|ar apparatus Iest|bu|ar apparatus
25:,
| | Sem|c|rcu|ar cana|s Sem|c|rcu|ar cana|s
ueLecL roLaLlonal or angular acceleraLlon or deceleraLlon of Lhe head %dynamlc
eulllbrlum)
1hree semlclrcular canals arranged Lhreedlmenslonally ln planes LhaL lle aL rlghL
angles Lo each oLher
|| || to||th to||th organs organs
ueLecL changes ln Lhe raLe of llnear moLlon %sLaLlc eulllbrlum) %movlng ln a
sLralghL llne regardless of dlrecLlon)
Compsed of Lhe utr|c|e and Lhe saccu|e
$accule : responsible Ior ;079., acceleration
&tricle: responsible Ior 47439, acceleration
Saccu|e Saccu|e and utr|c|e or|entat|on |n and utr|c|e or|entat|on |n
upr|ght pos|t|on upr|ght pos|t|on
accule
DLrlcle
DLrlcle
@he LND @he LND
near|ng tests near|ng tests
An audlogram ls a graph LhaL shows Lhe sofLesL sounds a
person can hear aL dlfferenL plLches or freuencles
Pearlng LesLs
Alr conducLlon LesLlng
8one conducLlon LesLlng
Audlogram
peech Zone
Types of Hearing Loss
SensorineuraI:
a problem in the inner ear or the nerve that sends signals to the brain.
onductive:
a problem with the portion of the middle ear that conducts sound from the outer ear
canal to the inner ear.
ixed:
Descr|pt|on of near|ng @est
1he ob[ecLlve of any hearlng LesL ls Lo measure your Lhreshold for Lones and speech uurlng Lhe
hearlng LesL Lhe AudlologlsL wlll place foam earphones ln each ear and a headband around your
forehead Lo hold a bone conducLor ln place 1he earphones dellver sound Lhrough Lhe alr
%sound waves) and Lhe bone conducLor dellvers sound Lhrough small bone vlbraLlons ?ou wlll
mosL llkely noL feel Lhe vlbraLlon of Lhe bone conducLor durlng Lhe LesL When Lhe LesL sLarLs
you wlll be lnsLrucLed Lo respond each Llme you hear a sofL Lone presenLed ln elLher ear ln
addlLlon you may hear occaslonally a sLaLlc nolse ln Lhe background of elLher ear LhaL should be
lgnored 1hls ls called masklng nolse and ls used Lo lsolaLe one ear aL a Llme for accuraLe
measuremenLs 1he AudlologlsL wlll measure your Lhreshold for Lones over a range of
freuencles 1yplcally Lhe range ls 230 Lo 8000 Pz because Lhls encompasses Lhe freuency
range necessary Lo undersLand speech peech LesLlng lncludes Lwo LesLs lrsL Lhe peech
8ecepLlon 1hreshold %81) LesL ls used Lo measure Lhe lowesL level aL whlch you can repeaL
words lL ls common Lo use Lwosyllable words wlLh eual sLress on each word for Lhe 81 1he
second speech LesL peech ulscrlmlnaLlon %u) ls used Lo assess your ablllLy Lo undersLand and
repeaL slnglesyllable words presenLed aL a loud volume 1he u LesL ls beneflclal because lL
measures Lhe amounL of speech dlsLorLlon you may be experlenclng AL Lhe concluslon of Lhe
hearlng LesL Lhe audlologlsL wlll revlew Lhe resulLs and recommendaLlons and answer any
uesLlons you may have abouL Lhe LesL