INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM Bitumen Safety Code

Being Part II of the Institute of Petroleum Model Code of Safe Practice in the Petroleum Industry

3rd Edition July 1990 Published on beh l! o! T"E INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM# LON$ON by John %iley & Sons 'hi(hester ) Ne* +or, ) -risb ne ) Toronto ) Sin. /ore

'o/yri.ht 0 1991 by The Institute o! Petroleu1# London Re/rinted M r(h 1992 3ll ri.hts reser4ed) No / rt o! this boo, 1 y be re/rodu(ed by ny 1e ns# or tr ns1itted# or tr nsl ted into l n.u .e *ithout the *ritten /er1ission o! the /ublisher) Library of Congress Cataloging - in - Publication Data: Institute o! Petroleu1 56re t -rit in7 -itu1en s !ety (ode 8 Institute o! Petroleu193rd ed) P) (1) 9 5The Institute o! Petroleu1 1odel (ode o! s !e /r (ti(e in the /etroleu1 industry : /t) 11 7 ;Published on beh l! o! the Institute o! Petroleu1) London); IS-N 0 <=1 92930 1 I) -itu1en9S !ety 1e sures) I) Title) II) Series: Institute o! Petroleu1 56re t -rit in7) Model (ode o! s !e /r (ti(e in the /etroleu1 industry ) /t) II) TP>923-?1?= 1991 >>?)?;3@@9d(20 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: Institute o! Petroleu1 -itu1en s !ety (ode93rd) ed) 1) -itu1en) S !ety 1e sures 1) Title 11) Series >>?)?3@@ 1 (hine

90920=>2 'IP

IS-N 0 <=1 92930 1

Printed nd bound in 6re t -rit in by 6 lli rd 5Printers7 Ltd) 6re t + r1outh

CONTENTS
Foreword 1. General Information 1)1 S(o/e nd 3//li( bility o! the 'ode 1)2 $e!inition o! -itu1en 1)3 -itu1en E1ulsions 1)< The " A rds 2. Health Prote tion 2)1 Introdu(tion 2)2 S,in -u1s 2)3 -itu1en Fu1es 2)< "ydro.en Sul/hide 2)? S,in 'ont (t *ith -itu1en ) 2)> "e lth Sur4eill n(e 2)= 'l ssi!i( tion) P (, .in. nd L bellin. 2)@ 3ddendu1 in Res/e(t o! 'o l T r M teri ls !. Fire Pre"ention 3)1 Introdu(tion 3)2 'ontrol o! Fl 11 ble 3t1os/heres 3)3 The 'ontrol o! Sour(es o! I.nition 3)< Fire Pre( utions !or 3n(ill ry Petroleu1 M teri ls# or Fuels 3sso(i ted *ith -itu1en Inst ll tions #. Fire Fi$htin$ <)1 Or. nis tion <)2 The Prin(i/les o! Fi.htin. -itu1en Fires <)3 T n, Fires <)< M inten n(e o! EBui/1ent %. &anufa ture ?)1 Introdu(tion ?)2 $istill tion Pl nts ?)3 OCid tion Pl nts) ?)< Rundo*n T n, .e '. Blendin$ >)1 introdu(tion >)2 - t(h9-lendin. >)3 In9Line -lendin. (. Stora$e =)1 Introdu(tion =)2 Lo( tion) S/ (in. nd 3re 'l ssi!i( tion o! T n,s =)3 T n, $esi.n Fe tures 'o11on to 3ll 'l sses o! -itu1en =)< O/er tions =)? Ins/e(tion =)> M inten n(e nd T n, 'le nin. ). *oadin$+ Tran,-ort and .i, har$e @)1 Introdu(tion @)2 -ul, Tr ns/ort 'ont iners @)3 Ro d nd R il T n, 3((ess 6 ntries @)< Pneu1 ti( $is(h r.e Syste1s @)? Pi/e*or, @)> "oses @)= $r inin. o! Lo din. 3r1s) 'hutes nd "oses

@)@ @)9 @)10 @)11 @)12

Ro d Shi/ P (, 'le r O/er

T n,er nd R il( r O/er tions ) nd - r.e O/er tions !or -ul, -itu1en ' r.oes .in. n(e o! Pi/e*or, -lo(, .es tor Prote(tion

/. Produ t 0,er Guidan e 9)1 Introdu(tion 9)2 -ul, Su//lies 9)3 P (, .ed Su//lies 9)< Mobile -itu1en "e tin. Dettles !or -itu1ens nd M sti(s 9)? Roo!in. 9)> Floorin. 9)= 3s/h lt M nu! (ture nd Use 9)@ Sur! (e $ressin. o! Ro ds 9)9 Su11 ry o! "e lth Pre( utions in die Use o! Petroleu1 -itu1ens 11. Sam-lin$ 10)1 Introdu(tion 10)2 $i/ S 1/lin. 10)3 S 1/le E l4es 2--endi e, 2. 'l ssi!i( tion o! Petroleu1 nd its Produ(ts by the Institute o! Petroleu1 B. Re(o11ended -itu1en " ndlin. Te1/er tures C) 6loss ry o! Ter1s .) The 3//li( tion o! 3re 'l ssi!i( tion E) EC/osure to -itu1en by S,in 'ont (t nd Inh l tion F) Re!eren(es) Fi$ure, =)1 =)2 @)1 @)2 9)1 9)2 Ta3le, 1)1 1)2 1)3 1)< <)1 <)2 =)1 @)1 Penetr tion 6r de -itu1ens " rd 6r de -itu1ens OCidised 6r de -itu1ens 'utb (, -itu1ens Sele(tion o! Port ble Fire ECtin.uishers Re(o11ended Mini1u1 Pro4ision o! Port ble Fire ECtin.uishers T n, S/ (in. !or 'l ss 11527 or 111527 'utb (, -itu1ens Re(o11ended -itu1en " ndlin. nd Stor .e Te1/er tures 3re 'l ssi!i( tion !or 'utb (, -itu1ens 'one Roo! T n, !or 'l ss 1 $iluents Ty/i( l 'urrent " A rd % rnin. P nel !or -itu1en Ro d nd R il T n,ers in the UD TeCt o! Tr ns/ort E1er.en(y 5Tre17 ' rd !or -itu1en EC 1/le o! 6uide !or the S !e Re(ei/t o! -ul, -itu1en Su..ested TeCt !or First 3id Poster

FO4E5O4.
This re4ision o! the 19=9 IP -itu1en S !ety 'ode !ollo*s (o1/rehensi4e re4ie* o! ll s/e(ts in4ol4ed in the s !e h ndlin. o! /etroleu1 b itumens, in(ludin. re/orted in(idents) Ne* in!or1 tion nd studies# !or1in. the b sis o! the .uid n(e de4elo/ed in the (ourse o! this re4ision h 4e sho*n th t# *hen there is o4erhe tin.# the 1 r.in o! s !ety ( n be(o1e d n.erously s1 ll *ith so1e bitumen grades. nd th t there is in ll ( ses need to ensure ((ur te (ontrol o! the te1/er ture in bitumen t n,s)

This u/d te to the 'ode .i4es /ro1inent ttention to the 1e sures th t should be t ,en to 1ini1ise the li,elihood o! flammable (ondition in or round the 4 /our s/ (e o! bitumen t n, .e nd !or the (ontrol o4er /otenti l sources of ignition, both ele(tri( l nd non9ele(tri( l) This .uid n(e should be dr *n to the ttention o! ll *ith res/onsibility !or the desi.n# (onstru(tion# 1 inten n(e nd o/er tion o! bitumen h ndlin. /l nt9both in the 1 nu! (turin. nd bul, distribution# but no less in the (o11er(i l user se(tion o! the bitumen industry) *here the (onditions o! (lose (ontrol 1 y be less e sily tt in ble th n is the ( se *ithin the /etroleu1 industry .ener lly) In ddition to the / rti(ul r !o(us on the s/e(ts o! !l 11 bility /resented in 'h /ters 3# ? nd =# the other (h /ters o! the 19=9 'ode h 4e lso been eCtensi4ely re4ie*ed nd u.1ented s //ro/ri te) 3ttention should be dr *n to the re(o11end tions on he lth s/e(ts nd /erson l /rote(tion in 'h /ter 2) to the /rodu(t user .uid n(e in 'h /ter 9 nd to the eC/ nded .uid n(e on 1 inten n(e nd t n, (le nin. in 'h /ter =# *ith its eCtended se(tions on s !e entry (onditions nd the (ontrol o! hot *or,) The 'ode .i4es !or the 1ost / rt re(o11end tions !or s !e /r (ti(e r ther th n set o! ri.id rules) In deter1inin. ny reBuired s !e /ro(edures# the e!!e(t o! ny unusu l (ir(u1st n(e# on *hi(h it is i1/ossible to .ener lise# should re(ei4e due (onsider tion) 3lthou.h it is belie4ed th t do/tion o! the 'ode;s re(o11end tions *ill hel/ to redu(e the ris, o! ((ident# the Institute o! Petroleu1 ( nnot ((e/t ny res/onsibility# o! ny ,ind# !or d 1 .e or lle.ed d 1 .e risin. or other*ise o((urrin. in or bout /re1ises) re s or 4ehi(les to *hi(h this 'ode //lies) St tutory reBuire1ents eCist in 1 ny (ountries nd these should l* ys be (o1/lied *ith) This 'ode h s been /re/ red by %or,in. 6rou/ re/ortin. to the IP S !ety Sub 9'o11ittee nd *ill be re4ie*ed !ro1 ti1e to ti1e) It *ould be o! .re t ssist n(e in ny !uture re4ision i! users *ould send (o11ents or su..estions !or i1/ro4e1ent to: The Se(ret ry# S !ety Sub9'o11ittee Institute o! Petroleu1 >1 Ne* ' 4endish Street London % 1 M @3R

1 GENE42* INFO4&2TION
1.1 SCOPE 2N. 2PP*IC2BI*IT6 OF THE CO.E This 'ode (o4ers s !ety in 1 nu! (ture# stor .e) distribution nd use o! bitumen. It //lies .ener lly to ll .r des o! bitumen 1eetin. intern tion lly re(o.nised s/e(i!i( tions but *here d4i(e is .r de de/endent s in the ( se o! stor .e te1/er ture .uid n(e# it re!ers to bitumens 1eetin. the -ritish St nd rd s/e(i!i( tions re!erred to in 1)2)1 to 1)3 nd T bles 1) 1 to 1)<) 3 si1il r r n.e o! .r din.s is !ound in other n tion l s/e(i!i( tions# but ( re is ne(ess ry to ensure th t ny other .r de to *hi(h this / rti(ul r d4i(e is //lied is eBui4 lent to the -ritish St nd rd re!eren(e .r de in ll rele4 nt res/e(ts) This 'ode does not (o4er (o l t rs# (o l t r deri4 ti4es# or 1iCtures o! (o l t r /rodu(ts *ith bitumens. 3lthou.h (o l t rs nd deri4 ti4es ( n h 4e //li( tions si1il r to so1e bitumens. their (he1i( l# /hysi( l nd in / rti(ul r toCi(olo.i( l (h r (teristi(s re 4ery di!!erent) %ith re. rd to the hazards rel ted to their use they 1ust there!ore be tre ted se/ r tely) 3d4i(e on s !e h ndlin. o! (o l t r /rodu(ts nd their 1iCtures *ith /etroleu1 bitumens should be obt ined !ro1 their su//liers) 1.2 .EFINITION OF BIT0&EN Bitumen is de!ined by the Institute o! Petroleu1 nd in -S 3>90 s 'A viscous li uid or a solid, consisting essentially of hydrocarbons and their derivatives, !hich is soluble in trichloroethylene, is substantially non "volatile and softens gradually !hen heated. It is blac# or bro!n in colour and $ossesses !ater$roofing and adhesive $ro$erties. It is obtained by refinery $rocesses from $etroleum. It is also found as a natural de$osit and as a com$onent of naturally occurring as$halt in !hich it is associated !ith mineral matter.' 'Bitumen' is de!ined in si1il r 1 nner in 1ost / rts o! the *orld outside North 31eri( ) So th t un9 ne(ess ry (on!usion does not rise# it should be noted th t in the UD the ter1 as$halt is used !or

1iCture o! bitumen nd 1iner l 1 tter su(h s stone# s nd nd !iller) "o*e4er# in the US3) the ter1 as$halt is //lied to the /rodu(t de!ined in 1ost / rts o! the *orld s bitumen. %hen n tur l see/ .es o! bitumen re intruded by !ine 1iner l 1 tter# they re re!erred to s n tur l as$halts 5 s/h lte7) Four /rin(i/ l ty/es o! bitumen re re(o.nised) These re re!erred to s $enetration grade. hard grade. %&idised grade nd cutbac# bitumens. 1.2.1 Penetration Grade Bitumen, These re /rodu(ed s residu l /rodu(ts !ro1 the distill tion o! /etroleu1# subFe(ted in so1e ( ses s outlined in 'h /ter ? to / rti l oCid tion /ro(ess) -ritish St nd rd .r des 5see T ble 1)17 re desi.n ted by nu1ber re/resentin. the 1id 9/oint o! the /enetr tion r n.e nd the su!!iC ;/en; nd si1il r r n.e is to be !ound in other n tion l s/e(i!i( tions) These bitumens re used /rin(i/ lly !or ro d sur! (in. but lso !or industri l //li( tions nd roo!in.) 1.2.2 Hard Grade Bitumen, These re /rodu(ed in * ys si1il r to those used !or $enetration grade bitumens but they h 4e lo*er $enetration values nd hi.her softening $oints. -ritish St nd rd .r des 5see T ble 1)27 re desi.n ted by the /re!iC G"H !ollo*ed by t*o nu1bers re/resentin. the li1its o! the softening $oint r n.e) These bitumens re used# !or eC 1/leI in / ints nd en 1els) 1.2.! O7idi,ed Grade Bitumen, These re /rodu(ed s des(ribed in 'h /ter ? by / ssin. ir under (ontrolled te1/er ture (onditions throu.h so!t bitumens d1iCed *ith flu& ) They re 1ore rubber li,e th n $enetration nd hard grade bitumens. -ritish St nd rd .r des 5see T ble 1)37 re desi.n ted by t*o nu1bers re/resentin. the 1id9/oints o! the softening $oint nd /enetr tion r n.es in th t order) These bitumens re used *idely in the 1 nu! (ture o! roo!in. !elts) * ter/roo! / /ers nd ele(tri( l .oods) 1.2.# Cut3a 8 Bitumen, These re bitumens. the viscosities o! *hi(h h 4e been redu(ed by blendin. *ith lo* 4is(osity diluents: ,erosine !or eC 1/le s in the -ritish St nd rd .r des o! -S 3>90 5see T ble 1)<7) These re desi.n ted by nu1ber re/resentin. the 1id9/oint o! the St nd rd T r Eis(o1eter 5STE7 viscosity r n.e nd the su!!iC ;se(s;) These bitumens re used l r.ely !or ro d sur! (in. //li( tions) Their blendin. /ro(ess is des(ribed in 'h /ter >) S/e(i l cutbac# bitumens re used !or /rodu(in. 1 sti(s nd ..re. te 1iCes) %here other s/e(i!i( tions e1/loy diluents o! di!!erent flash$oint to the bo4e 5e).) n /hth or . s oils7) this should be t ,e (onsider tion in their h ndlin. nd hy.iene /re( utions) 1.! BIT0&EN E&0*SIONS These re dis/ersions o! bitumen in * ter# (hie4ed by the use o! e1ulsi!yin. .ents) They re used l r.ely !or ro d sur! (in. //li( tions) Ty/es nd .r des ty/i( lly in use in the UD re des(ribed by -S <3<) 1.# THE H2924.S %hen h ndlin. bitumens, hazards ( n rise !ro1: the hi.h h ndlin. te1/er tures .ener lly ne(ess ry# the combustible n ture o! the /rodu(t# 4 /our e1issions sso(i ted *ith the /rodu(t *hen he ted) /ersistent s,in (ont (t) / rti(ul rly *hen in solution# (ont (t in /i/in.) t n, .e or other 4essels by hot bitumen *ith * ter# *ith 4iolent eC/ nsion to ste 1 o! 1ore th n 1>00 ti1es its 4olu1eI this ( n .i4e rise to d n.erous froth" over, nd 1 y ( use boil"over nd ru/ture o! the t n, roo!) tte1/ted use o! (o1/ressed ir to (le r /i/eline blo(, .e or sus/e(ted blo(, .e in hot bitumen lines# or use o! ir !or 1iCin. in hot bitumen t n,s)

The /re( utions ne(ess ry to 4oid the h A rds sso(i ted *ith the h ndlin. o! bitumens re des(ribed in the !ollo*in. (h /ters)

They re (onsidered !irst .ener lly under the he din.s o! "e lth Prote(tion) Fire Pre4ention nd Fire Fi.htin.# nd then 1ore s/e(i!i( lly in rel tion to the 4 rious /h ses of bitumen h ndlin.) !ro1 its 1 nu! (ture throu.h to its ulti1 te use) Ta3le 1.1. Penetr tion .r de bitu1ens 5-S 3>90 P rt 17 6r de Pro/erty Test Method 1? /en 2? /en 3? /en ?0/en =0/en 100/en 200/en 300/en <?0/en JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ Penetr tion 3STM 1? K? 2? K? 3? K= ?0K10 =0K10 100K20 200K30 300K<? <?0K>? 3t 2?o' $?)@> IP <98@> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ So!tenin. Point o'51in7 IP ?@8@> >3 ?= ?2 <= << <1 33 30 2? 51 C7 => >9 >< ?@ ?< ?1 <2 39 3< JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ Loss on he tin. IP <?8?@ For ? h t 1>3o' 5 7Loss by 1 ss L51 C7 5b7$ro/ in /enetr)51in7 0)1 20 0)2 20 0)2 20 0)2 20 0)2 20 0)? 20 0)? 20 1)0 2? 1)0 2?

Ta3le 1.2. " rd .r de bitu1ens 5-S 3>90 P rt 27JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ 6r de Test " @0890 " 1008120 Pro/erly 1ethod So!tenin. 51in7 IP ?@8@> @0 100 Point o' 51 C7 90 120 Penetr tion51in7 IP <98@> > 2 t 2?o' 51 C7 12 10 JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ Loss on he tin. IP <?8?@ !or ? h t 1>3 o' Loss by 1 ss L 51 C7 0)? 0)0?

Ta3le 1.!. OCidised .r de bitu1ens 5-S 3>90 P rt 27 6r de Pro/erty So!tenin. 51in7 Point o' 51 C7 Penetr tion t 2?o' Loss on he tin. !or ? h t 1>3 o' Loss by 1 ss L 51 C7 Test 1ethod IP ?@8@> IP <98@> IP <?8?@ 0)2 0)2 0)? 0)2 0)? 0)2 =?830 =0 @0 30 K? @?82? @0 90 2? K? @?8<0 90 90 <0 K? 9?82? 90 100 2? K? 10?83? 11?81? 100 110 110 120 3? K? 1? K?

Ta3le 1.#. 'utb (, bitu1ens 5-S 3>90 P rt 17 6r de Pro/erty Eis(osity 5STEM7 t <0 o'# 10 11 (u/ $istill tion 5 7$istill te to 22?o'5L by 4olu1e 1 C7 3>0o' 5L by 4olu1e7 Test 1ethod IP =28@> ?0 se(s ?0 K10 100 se(s 100 K20 200 se(s 200 K<0

IP 2=8=<

1 @ to 1<

1 > to 12

1 < to 10

5b7Penetr tion t 2? o' IP <98@> o! residue !ro1 distill tion to 3>0o' St nd rd t r 4is(o1eter)

100 to 3?0

100 to 3?0

100 to 3?0

2
2.1 INT4O.0CTION

HE2*TH P4OTECTION

This (h /ter .i4es d4i(e on the hazards sso(i ted *ith bitumen 'defined s in 'h /ter 17 nd the /erson l /rote(tion nd syste1s o! *or, th t should be (onsidered to /rote(t . inst these) The 1 in (ute hazards to he lth rise out o! the he tin. o! the /rodu(t !or h ndlin. or use) Not bitu1en ( n .i4e rise to serious bu1s# "e ted bitu1en e4ol4es !u1es nd / rti(ul rly i! subFe(ted to 4ery hi.h te1/er ture# ( n e4ol4e hydro.en sul/hide# *hi(h ( n (re te si.ni!i ( nt he lth hazard in (on!ined s/ (es su(h s t n, ull .es) 3t 1bient te1/er tures bitu1en is nor1 lly solid nd i11obile nd thus .i4es rise to) no (ute or (hroni( he lth hazards. "o*e4er (hroni( hazards ( n rise *hen bitu1en is he ted nd fumes evolve nd *hen bitu1en is 1iCed *ith other subst n(es) Bitumens contain /oly(y(li( ro1 ti( hydro( rbons 'PA() in (on(entr tions in the lo* /er(ent .e r n.e) So1e o! these (o1/ounds *ith < to > !used rin.s nd hi.h boilin. /oints h 4e been de1onstr ted in ni1 l studies to h 4e carcinogenic /ro/rieties) These / rti(ul r studies re ,no*n to be /resent in bitu1en in 4ery s1 ll (on(entr tions) It 1ust ho*e4er# be e1/h sised th t the (on(entr tions o! P3"s /resent in bitu1en re se4er l orders o! 1 .nitude lo*er th n o((ur in (o l t r /rodu(ts# *hi(h re ,no*n to be ( r(ino.eni() %hilst bitu1en *hi(h is solid t 1bient te1/er tures is not belie4ed to /resent ny (hroni( hazard, ho*e4er *hen (ut b (, *ith diluent it should be re. rded s /osin. carcinogenic ris# to the s,in i! re.ul r nd re/e ted eC/osure *ere to t ,e /l (e o4er 1 ny ye rs *ith /oor /erson l hy.iene) See 2)?) O*in. to the /resen(e o! the P3"s in the !u1es .i4en o!! *hen bitu1en is he ted# interest in the (hroni( toCi(ity o! these !u1es eCists nd this is dis(ussed !urther belo*) See 2)3) Modi!ied -itu1ens nd $eri4 ti4es -itu1en is used in nu1ber9o! !or1ul ted /rodu(ts) e).) in s/e(i l bitumens for / rti(ul r //li( tions# buildin. /rodu(ts# /reser4 ti4es nd lubri( nts) Su(h !or1ul tions reBuire ddition l (onsider tion o*in. to the toCi(ity o! the (o1/onents d1iCed nd s/e(i!i( d4i(e on the hazards nd /re( utions ( n only be obt ined !ro1 the s !ety d t sheet o! the su//lier) -e( use o! this it is re(o11ended th t (orre(t identi!i( tion o! bitu1en ty/e nd .r de be 1 de by re!eren(e to the su//liers; d t sheets be!ore introdu(tion in the *or, /l (e so th t the //ro/ri te /re( utions re est blished) 2.2 S:IN B04NS 3ll bitu1en is h ndled s /ro(essin. nd tr ns/ort tion !in l //li( tion) In its he ted ( usin. bu1s be!ore it (ools or he ted liBuid t te1/er tures bo4e 100 o' t so1e st .e durin. nd *hen it is bein. in(or/or ted in 1iC or /re/ r tion or used in its !or1 it *ill dhere re dily to ny eC/osed / rt o! the body# usu lly ( n be re1o4ed)

2;.1 Prote ti"e Clothin$ a$ain,t S8in and Eye Burn, The obFe(ti4e in /ro4idin. /rote(ti4e (lothin. to /re4ent burns 1ust be to eli1in te s,in or eye (ont (t *ith the hot liBuid) $e/endin. u/on the o/er tion in Buestion# the !ollo*in. should l* ys be used: O4er lls *hi(h re desi.ned to shed s/l shes nd s/ills * y !ro1 the body by 1e ns o! (lose9!ittin. (u!!s nd le.9ends ( / ble o! o4erl //in. the !oot *e r# to.ether *ith suit ble ! (e nd eye shield) The le.s o! o4er lls 1ust be *orn outside the boots) "e t9resist nt .lo4es *ith (lose9!ittin. (u!!s)

"e t9resist nt he 4y duty boots *ith (lose !ittin. t the to/) -oots nd under no (ir(u1st n(es should li.ht shoes# s nd ls et( be *orn)

re /re!er ble to shoes#

I! there is be used:

si.ni!i( nt ris, o! s/l shin.# the !urther ddition l ite1s or /rote(ti4e (lothin. should lso

Full he d nd ! (e /rote(tion *ith ne(,9!l / !ittin. o4er the (oll r) 3 ne(, (loth)

2.2.2 Fir,t 2id for S8in or Eye Burn, E1er.en(y * ter sho*ers) e).) o! the ste/9on ty/e# nd eye b th ! (ilities should be /ro4ided *hene4er bitumen is h ndled t n ele4 ted te1/er ture) 3ll bitumen bu1s should re(ei4e 1edi( l ttention *ithout del y nd bu1s to the eyes 1ust be re!erred ur.ently !or 1edi( l ttention) -u1s to the s,in or eye should be i11edi tely (ooled by /l (in. the bu1 re o! the body under (le n (old runnin. * ter) This tre t1ent should be (ontinued until the bitumen h s (ooled nd this (ould t ,e u/ to 1? 1inutes) No tte1/t should be 1 de to re1o4e the bitumen !ro1 the s,in or re o! the eye s it !or1s sterile b rrier to the !!e(ted / rt nd *ill /rote(t . inst in!e(tion) 3 bitumen /l Bue *ill nor1 lly det (h itsel! *ithin !e* d ys) In the ( se o! bu1s to the he d nd ne(,# shoulders# (hest# b (, or other / rts o! the body# (old *et to*els ( n be //lied to the bu1 re until / in is relie4ed) Lotions nd oint1ents should not be //lied# but eC /osed) bu1s ( n be li.htly (o4ered by sterile bu1 dressin.s to eC(lude irI *r //in. the ( su lty in bl n,ets or ny *ool dressin. should be 4oided but# s sho(, *ill usu lly o((ur# the / tient should be ,e/t * r1 nd /ro4ided *ith /lenti!ul !resh ir) Only s1 ll 1ounts o! liBuid should be .i4en t !reBuent inter4 ls nd only i! the / tient is (ons(ious nd h s no other inFuries e).) !r (tured li1bs# *hi(h 1 y reBuire .ener l n estheti( *hen hos/it lised) No l(oholi( be4er .es o! ny ,ind should be .i4en) %here bitumen en(ir(les li1b or !in.er# tourniBuet e!!e(t ( n o((ur s the bitumen (ools) In su(h (ir(u1 st n(es 1edi( l ttention should be sou.ht t the e rliest /ossible 1o1ent !ter (oolin.) It 1 y be ne(ess ry so1e eCtre1e (ir(u1st n(es to redu(e the 1ount o! (oolin. in order to .et the / tient to /hysi(i n *ho ( n relie4e this e!!e(t) The obFe(ti4e is to 1 int in the (ir (ul tion by bre ,in. the en(ir(le1ent nd this 1 y be done by *e ,enin. the rin. by dissol4in. or i! ne(ess ry (uttin. it) In re s or lo( tions *here /ro!ession l 1edi( l ssist n(e ( nnot be obt ined *ithin re son ble ti1e# it 1 y be ne(ess ry !or !irst9 ider to t ,e (tion) I! it be(o1es essenti l to re1o4e bitumen /l Bue !ro1 the s,in# this should be done by s* bbin. *ith 1edi(in lly9 //ro4ed 4e.et ble oil# or liber l 1ounts o! * r1 1edi(in l / r !!in) This should be !ollo*ed by * shin. *ith so / nd * ter nd the //li( tion o! 1edi( lly 9 //ro4ed re! ttin. .ent) Sol4ents su(h s . soline# ,erosine# . s oil or diesel !uel# *hi(h re s,in irrit nts should ne4er be used) Fi.ure 9)1 .i4es the re(o11ended teCt o! First 3id Poster on (tions to be t ,en in the e4ent o! bu1) These ( n be /osted in /ro1inent /osition t l r.e lo( tions# e).) bitumen /l nts# or distributed in the !or1 o! /o(,et ( rd to 1obile *or,ers) 3t 1obile sites# e).) *here hot s/r yin. is ( rried out# *here su//ly o! * ter is not 4 il ble the /ro4ision o! n e1er.en(y su//ly is re(o11ended) This (ould t ,e the !or1 o! * ter !illed stored /ressure eCtin.uisher 1odi!ied by the ddition o! !ine s/r y ty/e noAAle held in re dily ((essible /l (e) It should be (le rly 1 r,ed to indi( te it is not to be used to (o1b t !ires nd is !or !irst id use only) 2.! BIT0&EN F0&ES %hen bitumen is he ted) fumes (o1/risin. 1iCture o! / rti(ul te bitumen, hydro( rbon 4 /our nd hydro.en sul/hide . s re .i4en o!!) 3s rule# *hen *or,in. in the o/en ir# hydro.en sul/hide is unli,ely to /ose ris, to he lth) The hazard rises *hen hydro.en sul/hide ((u1ul tes in (on!ined he d s/ (es o! he ted t n,s s result o! the re (tions *hi(h h 4e been outlined in 3)2)2)3) This is de lt *ith in 2)<) The e4olution o! the li.hter hydro( rbons into he d s/ (es 1e ns th t these s/ (es ( n lso (ont in t1os/heres *hi(h ( n be eC/losi4e) It is there!ore ne(ess ry to /rote(t indi4idu ls by the use o! s !e syste1s o! *or,# !or *hi(h det iled .uid n(e is .i4en in 'h /ters 3 nd =) 3s st ted in 2) 1) s1 ll Bu ntities o! $olycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons re /resent in bitumen nd so1e o! these h 4e been sho*n to eChibit carcinogenic. /otenti l in ni1 l s,in / intin. studies)

%hilst to d te there is no (on(lusi4e e4iden(e to su..est th t bitumen fumes re carcinogenic, !urther *or, is /ro(eedin.# nd d4i(e 1 y h 4e to be 1ended in li.ht o! this nd other rese r(h *or,) Ne4ertheless# bitumen fumes ( n ( use irrit tion to the res/ir tory syste1 nd !or this re son n o((u/ tion l eC/osure li1it * s introdu(ed) Bitumen fumes there!ore /ose hazards to the s,in nd res/ir tory syste1) The fumes e1itted in(re se r /idly *hen bitumen is subFe(ted to unne(ess rily hi.h te1 /er tures) ' re should be t ,en to /re4ent o4erhe tin. nd to 1ini1ise s,in (ont (t by the use o! //ro/ri te /erson l /rote(ti4e eBui/1ent nd ttention 1ust be / id to o((u/ tion l eC/osure li1its) In the UD there is n O((u/ tion l EC/osure St nd rd 5OES7 *hi(h is dire(tly //li( ble to bitu1en *hi(h h s not been d1iCed *ith ny other 1 teri l) This is the OES !or ;3s/h lt# Petroleu1 *umes' *hi(h is /ublished in the "e lth nd S !ety ECe(uti4e;s (urrent nnu l 6uid n(e Note E"<0 1990 ;O((u/ tion l EC/osure Li1its;# *hi(h Buotes the !ollo*in. !i.ures: OES 9 ? M.8M3 @9hour ti1e9*ei.hted 4er .e Short Ter1M 9 10 M.8M3 1091inute ti1e9*ei.hted 4er .e M M Ci1u1 EC/osure Li1it 3 si1il r st nd rd is in use in nu1ber o! other (ountries)

3 re!eren(e 1ethod by *hi(h su(h le4els ( n be ssessed h s been /ublished s P rt III o! the 'ON'3%E Re/ort >8@< ;Re4ie* o! Bitumen *ume EC/osure nd 6uid n(e on Me sure1ent;) The /ro(edure# *hi(h is (o1/leC) !irst uses the ultr !ine (o1/osite biter in(or/or ted in /erson l s 1/ler to deter1ine tot l / rti(ul te 1 tter 5TPM7) *hi(h !ill in(lude eri l dust nd other 1iner l 1 teri l) This is then sol4ent eCtr (ted to deter1ine the benAene soluble 1 teri l 5-SM7# *hi(h .i4es the As$halt Petroleu1 *ume eBui4 lent) It h s been noted in E"<0# / r .r /h 20 th t !or sin.le subst n(e) (ontrol to the OES# or belo* it) ( n be re. rded s deBu te (ontrol o! eC/osure to inh l tion) "o*e4er due to !lu(tu tions in the *or, /l (e it is (onsidered it *ill be /rudent to tte1/t to redu(e eC/osure belo* th t !i.ure) Su(h redu(tion is !un(tion o! the ventilation and the 4oid n(e t ll ti1es o! eC(essi4e te1/er ture le4els# nd the /r (ti( l .uid n(e .i4en in 2)3)1 nd in the se(tions on user //li( tion (onsider tions in 'h /ter 9 should be ( re!ully e4 lu ted) See Note to 9) 1) %here it is ne(ess ry to deri4e user *or,in. li1its !or 1iCtures (ont inin. other (o1/onents it should be re1e1bered th t the o((u/ tion l eC/osure st nd rd !or 3s/h lt# Petroleu1 *umes can only be //lied to the bitumen $ rti(ul te 1 tter o! the 1iCture in the ir) Other li1its 1 y be //li( ble to other (o1/onents) For eC 1/le# i! bitumens *hi(h h 4e been (ut b (, *ith ,erosine re to be s/r yed# it *ould be ne(ess ry to (onsider the eC/osure to bitumen $ rti(ul te 1 tter in the erosol nd to //ly the OES !or 3s/h lt# Petroleu1 *umes to this) Si1il rly# it *ould be //ro/ri te to (onsider li1it !or hydro( rbons# e).) %hite S/irit !or the ,erosine 4 /our /h se) %here other sol4ents re e1/loyed si1il r /ro(edure should be !ollo*ed) It should be borne in 1ind th t (urrent nd !uture *or, on bitumen fumes 1 y result in (h n.e in the Buoted o((u/ tion l eC/osure li1its) 2.!.1 4e,-iratory Prote tion a$ain,t Bitumen Fume, -e( use the e4olution o! fumes in(re ses *ith in(re se in te1/er ture) it is essenti l th t the .uid n(e .i4en in 'h /ter 9) nd in 3//endiC - ;Re(o11ended Bitumen " ndlin. Te1/er tures; !or users should be !ollo*ed# nd th t e4ery o/er tion should be ( rried out t s lo* te1/er ture s /ossible (o1/ tible *ith e!!i(ient *or,in. but l* ys belo* the 1 Ci1 re(o11ended) %here hot bitumen is to be h ndled by /ersons *or,in. in (on!ined s/ (es# e).) indoors# e!!e(ti4e lo( l rti!i(i l ventilation o! suit ble /er!or1 n(e should be used in order to redu(e eC/osure s ! r s /ossible) " l! ! (e orinasal cartridge res/ir tors o! n //ro4ed ty/e should be used i! the OES is li,ely to be eC(eeded !ter su(h /re( utions h 4e been (onsidered) The s 1e .ener l rules 1 y be //lied to (ut b (, bitu1ens) "o*e4er# *hen h ndlin. !or1ul ted bitu1inous /rodu(ts or /rodu(ts (ont inin. bitumen, for eC 1/le d1iCed *ith other (o1/onents o! s/e(i l n ture su(h s (o l t r /rodu(ts) d4i(e 1ust be sou.ht !ro1 the su//liers; s !ety d t sheets) It 1 y be ne(ess ry to enter into dis(ussions *ith the1 i! it is !elt th t the in!or1 tion is not deBu te) 2.# H6.4OGEN S0*PHI.E 3s noted in 2)3# hydro.en sul/hide ( n (on(entr te in the (on!ined 4 /our s/ (es o! bitu1en stor .e t n,s nd leth l (on(entr tions ( n o((ur)

The odour threshold o! hydro.en sul/hide is *ell belo* 1 //1) "o*e4er) the ! 1ili r Mb d e..sM odour ( nnot be relied u/on to * rn o! the /resen(e o! d n.erous (on(entr tions be( use the . s r /idly de dens the sense o! s1ell e4en (on(entr tions o! 20 //1# *ell belo* h A rdous le4el) Prolon.ed eC/osure to (on(entr tions bo4e ?0 //1 /rodu(es irrit tion o! the eyes nd 1u(ous 1e1br nes o! the nose# thro t nd lun.s) EC/osure !or 30 1inutes or so u/ to (on(entr tion o! 200 //1 ( n be toler ted *ithout serious (on 9 seBuen(es but should be 4oided) See belo*) 3ny eC/osure to (on(entr tions bo4e ?00 //1 ( n result in de th nd t le4els bo4e =00 //1 un(ons(iousness nd (oll /se ( n o((ur in se(onds) In the UD the O((u/ tion l EC/osure St nd rd Buoted in the "e lth nd S !ety ECe(uti4eMs 6uid n(e Note E"<0 !or hydro.en sul/hide is s !ollo*s: 9 10 //1 51< 1.8137 @ hour ti1e9*ei.hted 4er .e 5OES7 9 1? //1 521 1.8137 10 1inute ti1e9*ei.hted 4er .e 5MLL7 2.#.1 4e,-iratory Pre aution, $es/ite /ossible d n.erous (on(entr tions *ithin t n,s# eC/erien(e h s sho*n th t the ris, is lo* *hen /u1/in.# . u.in. or s 1/lin. t n,s sin(e 1e sure1ents t ,en !oot or 1ore !ro1 h t(h o/enin.s h 4e sho*n dilution to belo* h A rdous le4els) Ne4ertheless# t n, to/s nd / rti(ul rly the re.ion round di/ holes nd t n, 4ents should be re. rded s h A rdous re s nd /ersonnel should be in!or1ed o! the /otenti l h A rd) Syste1s o! *or, should be instituted th t reBuire /ersonnel to st nd u/*ind nd *ith their ! (es t le st t*o !eet * y !ro1 su(h sour(es o! eC/osure durin. o/er tion l (ti4ities) They should lso be d4ised to 4oid bre thin. 4 /ours# / rti(ul rly *hen o/enin. di/ holes or h t(h (o4ers) Persons in the 4i(inities o! t n,s or t n, ( rs bein. lo ded or !illed *ith bitu1en should st nd u/*ind o! 4ents nd other o/enin.s so s to 1ini1ise their eC/osure to the 4 /ours dis(h r.ed) M nu l . u.in. or s 1/lin. !ro1 the t n, to/ should be dis(our .ed# nd !or .ener l s !ety re sons /re!eren(e .i4en to uto1 ti( le4el9indi( tors) See =)3)< nd =)3)11) 3s noted in =)<)># ((ess by /ersonnel to the roo!s o! hot bitumen t n,s should be !orbidden durin. /rodu(t 1o4e1ent into or out o! the t n,s (on(erned) There is not nor1 lly su!!i(ient hydro.en sul/hide to ( use h r1 in the 4i(inity o! o/en ir *or, *ith bitumen but# *here there is ny doubt) tests !or hydro.en sul/hide (on(entr tion should be ( rried out nd //ro/ri te /re ( utions t ,en) Entry into T n,s Entry o! /ersonnel *ithout //ro4ed breathing a$$aratus into t n, *hi(h (ont ins or h s (ont ined bitumen should be !orbidden until the t n, h s been !ully tested nd (erti!ied to be !ree !ro1 hydro.en sul/hide# to (ont in res/ir ble t1os/here nd to be other*ise s !e !or su(h entry) The /erson enterin. the t n, should be eBui//ed *ith belt nd li!eline) 3 se(ond /erson eBui//ed *ith breathing a$$aratus should st nd by the entr n(e 5F (tories 3(t Se(tion 301) See =)>) 1)7 2.#.2 Emer$en y Fir,t 2id for Per,on, 2ffe ted 3y Hydro$en Sul-hide Res(uers li,e*ise should not enter sus/e(t t1os/heres *ithout //ro/ri te breathing a$$aratus nd *ithout se(ond /erson si1il rly eBui//ed st ndin. by the t n, entry) See =)>) 1) Persons !!e(ted by inh l tion o! hydro.en sul/hide should be re1o4ed s soon s /ossible to n un(ont 1in ted re in the !resh ir) Medi( l ttention should be ( lled *ithout del y nd i11edi te resus(it tion /ro(edures (o11en(ed s !ollo*s: 'ons(iousness should be s(ert ined by shoutin. nu1ber o! ti1es nd by .entle sh ,in.# t ,in. ( re o! /ossible inFury) I! (ons(ious the ( su lty should be /l (ed in the re(o4ery /osition# i)e) on the side nd *ith he d do*n* rds to /re4ent (ho,in. i! 4o1itin. o((urs) I! not (ons(ious# /l (e on the b (, nd loo,# listen nd !eel !or si.ns o! bre thin.) I! the he rt h s sto//ed# eCtern l ( rdi ( 1 ss .e should be e1/loyed# usin. eCtern l (hest (o1/ression '+CC). I! the / tient is not bre thin.# n i11edi te (he(, should be 1 de by !irst o/enin. the 1outh to ensure th t the ir* y is (le r 5i! ne(ess ry re1o4in. 4o1it# blood# loose teeth or bro,en dentures !ro1 the 1outh or thro t7 nd rti!i(i l res/ir tion //lied by eC/ired ir resus(it tion '+A,) usin. the 1outh9to91outh or 1outh9to9nose 1ethod) I! or *hen the he rt nd lun. o/er tion is nor1 l# the ( su lty should be /l (ed in the re(o4ery /osition) i)e) on the side# nd *ith the he d do*n* rds in ( se o! 4o1itin.) I! bre thin.# he should be .i4en oCy.en# *hi(h should be 4 il ble on st ndby b sis)

3ll /ersons *ho 1 y be reBuired to d1inister su(h tre t1ent should re(ei4e deBu te tr inin. in its /ro(edure) 3 suit ble .uid n(e le !let *ritten by the Resus(it tion 'oun(il 5UD7 is 4 il ble !ro1 the -ritish "e rt Found tion# 102 6lou(ester Pl (e# London %1" <$") 3// rent de th !ro1 hydro.en sul/hide is not irre4ersible sin(e /ro1/t nd e!!i(ient rti!i(i l res/ir tion 1 y restore li!e) 2.% S:IN CONT2CT 5ITH BIT0&EN The !un(tion o! the Intern tion l 3.en(y !or Rese r(h on ' n(er 5I3R'7# / rt o! the %orld "e lth Or. nis tion is to re4ie*# su11 rise nd e4 lu te the stren.th o! e4iden(e !or the carcinogenicity in eC/eri1ent l ni1 ls nd hu1 ns !or *ide r n.e o! .ents# nd (onditions o! eC/osure) The use o! ni1 l studies llo*s 1u(h *ider r n.e o! eC/osure (onditions nd (on(entr tions to be eC/lored outside the r n.e o! hu1 n eC/osure) The results o! su(h studies in *hi(h solutions o! bitumens in or. ni( sol4ents 5su(h s benAene# toluene nd (etone7# *hen / inted on to the s,in o! ni1 ls h 4e .i4en rise to s,in tu1ours h 4e led I3R' in its Mono.r /h 3? to (on(lude th t: ;There is su!!i(ient e4iden(e !or the ( r(ino.eni(ity o! eCtr (ts o! ste 1 9re!ined bitumens, ir9re!ined bitumens, nd /ooled 1iCtures o! ste 19 nd9 ir re!ined bitumens in eC/eri1ent l ni1 ls) There is in deBu te e4iden(e th t bitumens lone re carcinogenic to hu1 ns) There is no in(onsisten(y bet*een the bo4e st te 1ents !or the re sons outlined in the / r .r /h bo4e nd this is 1 de (le r by I3R' in the /re 1ble th t /re(edes their 1ono.r /hs# *hi(h st tes: N));The Mono.r /hs re/resent the !irst ste/ in carcinogenic ris# ssess1ent# *hi(h in4ol4es eC 1in tion o! ll rele4 nt e4iden(e th t) under (ert in (onditions o! eC/osure# n .ent (ould lter the in(iden(e o! ( n(er in hu1 ns) The se(ond ste/ is Bu ntit ti4e ris# esti1 tion# *hi(h is not usu lly tte1/ted in the Mono.r /hs) $et iled# Bu ntit ti4e e4 lu tions o! e/ide1iolo.i( l d t 1 y be 1 de in the Mono.r /hs# but *ithout eCtr /ol tion beyond the r n.e o! the d t 4 il ble) Ou ntit ti4e eCtr /ol tion !ro1 eC/eri1ent l d t to the hu1 n situ tion is not undert ,en) These Mono.r /hs 1 y ssist n tion l nd intern tion l uthorities in 1 ,in. ris# ssess1ents nd in !or1ul tin. de(isions (on(ernin. ny ne(ess ry /re4ent ti4e 1e suresNN; These Bu li!i( tions by I3R' on the use o! their e4 lu tions (le rly indi( te th n n .ent) *hi(h is# is /rob bly# or is /ossibly carcinogenic to hu1 ns# does not ne(ess rily /resent n a tual ris# to hu1 ns) Further ssess1ent# in(ludin. (onsider tion o! /ossible eC/osure# is needed in order to re (h (on(lusion on (tu l ris#. "o*e4er I3R' lso t ,e the 4ie* th t ;in the bsen(e o! deBu te d t on hu1 ns# it is re son ble# !or /r (ti( l /ur/oses) to re. rd (he1i( ls !or *hi(h there is su!!i(ient e4iden(e o! carcinogenicity in ni1 ls s i! they /resent carcinogenic ris# to hu1 ns;) On this /re1ise it 1 y be t ,en s /rudent in the h ndlin. nd use o! bitumen to 4oid inti1 te nd /rolon.ed s,in nd body (ont (t *ith the 1 teri l *here this (ould o((ur) In the ( se *here b#umens re h ndled hot# the /ossibility o! he t bu1s nd the (onseBuent 1e sures th t re t ,en to /rote(t . inst this (t s 4ery e!!e(ti4e deterrent to re/e ted s,in (ont (t thou.h .ood /erson l hy.iene in res/e(t o! h nds nd inner (lothin. should l* ys be 1 int ined in the (ourse o! *or,) In situ tions in *hi(h bitumens re 1 de less 4is(ous by the ddition o! diluent e).) ,erosine or nother sol4ent# the /ossibility !or biolo.i( l ((essibility is enh n(ed) *hen su(h diluted bitumens, or bitumens in e1ulsi!ied !or1# re s/r yed or en(ountered in the !or1 o! 1ist or erosol# there is# in ddition to the ris# o! inh l tion) hi.h /rob bility o! s,in# (ont (t dire(tly or 4i (ont 1in ted (lothin.) 3//ro/ri te syste1s o! *or, nd /erson l /rote(ti4e eBui/1ent should there!ore be /ro4ided to /rote(t /ersons *here inti1 te (ont (t *ith bitumen 1i.ht rise !ro1 its use *ith diluents or in s/r yin. o/er tions *here the te1/er tures do not /re(lude the /ossibility o! s,in (ont (t) See 2)?) 1) &odified Bitumen, and .eri"ati"e, +et !urther hazards 1 y be sso(i ted *ith bitu1inous /re/ r tions (ont inin. additives nd it is not /ossible to /ro4ide d4i(e !or these /rodu(ts# *hi(h ( n (ont in 1 teri ls su(h s ro1 ti( eCtr (ts o! /etroleu1 distill tes# (o l t r /rodu(ts nd e1ulsi!yin. (he1i( ls) In ll (ir(u1st n(es the su//liers; d t sheets should be (onsulted nd) *here so1e doubt still eCists# !urther d4i(e sou.ht !ro1 the su//lier) 2.%.1 Prote ti"e Clothin$ a$ain,t S8in Contamination In (ir(u1st n(es *hen bitumen is bein. h ndled under (onditions in *hi(h /rote(tion . inst he t bu1 is not ne(ess ry# o4er lls# .lo4es nd /rote(ti4e !oot*e r should still be used) The use o! o4er lls *ithout /o(,ets is /re!er ble in order to 4oid the /ossibility o! (ont 1in ted eBui/1ent nd (loths8r .s (ont 1in tin. under. r1ents)

%hen the bitumen is h ndled in !or1 in *hi(h s/l shin. is /ossible# /erson l /rote(ti4e (lothin. should be o! n i1/er4ious ty/e nd suit ble eye nd ! (e /rote(tion should be used) %hen bitu1inous /rodu(ts re bein. s/r yed or en(ountered in the !or1 o! n erosol# the d4i(e .i4en in 2)3 bo4e should be !ollo*ed) O4er lls should be dry (le ned s ne(ess ry to 4oid /er1e tion o! the /rodu(t to under(lothin.) Under (lothin. (ont 1in ted *ith the /rodu(t should be dry (le ned or dis( rded) 2.%.2 Fir,t 2id and Per,onal Hy$iene In the e4ent o! non9he ted bitu1inous /rodu(ts enterin. the eye# the eye should be !lushed *ith (o/ious Bu ntities o! (le n * ter) I! irrit tion /ersists# the / tient should be re!erred !or 1edi( l ttention) Persons en. .ed in the 1 nu! (ture) blendin. or use o! bitumen t *or, should be /ro4ided *ith //ro/ri te barrier creams !or the h nds nd * shin. ! (ilities in(ludin. hot * ter# so / nd (le n to*els# /re!er bly dis/os ble) Lo* te1/er ture s,in (ont (t nor1 lly does not reBuire !irst id but the /rodu(t should be * shed o!! the s,in i11edi tely !ter ny (ont 1in tion nd t the end o! e (h *or, /eriod# *ith /ro/riet ry# s,in (le nser# so / nd * ter) Re! ttin. s,in /re/ r tions should be used !ter * shin. to ssist in re/l (in. n tur l oils) Under no (ir(u1st n(es should /erson *ho h s been h ndlin. bitu1inous /rodu(ts e t# drin,# s1o,e or .o to the toilet *ithout !irst * shin. the h nds) The //li( tion o! barrier creams to the s,in) /rior to *or, *ith bitumen, ssists in subseBuent (le nsin. should (ont (t o((ur) It 1ust be stressed# ho*e4er# th t barrier creams re not deBu te substitutes !or .lo4es or other i1/er1e ble (lothin. nd should there!ore not be used s the sole !or1 o! /rote(tion) Sol4ents su(h s . soline 5/etrol7# ,erosine 5/ r !!in7# . s oil or diesel !uel should not be used !or s,in (le nsin. /ur/oses be( use they d 1 .e the s,in) 6 soline in / rti(ul r lso /oses serious !ire hazard. 2.%.! Bitumen Emul,ion, Bitumen emulsions 1 y tend to be irrit tin. to the s,in nd eyes nd (ould lso /rodu(e ller.i( res/onses in so1e indi4idu ls) Su(h irrit tion e!!e(ts rise 1 inly !ro1 the e1ulsi!yin. .ents nd (ids nd b ses used) 2.' HE2*TH S04<EI**2NCE In the UD the 'ontrol o! Subst n(es (azardous to "e lth Re.ul tions only reBuire he lth sur4eill n(e *hen n identi!i ble dise se is ,no*n nd so1e 1ethod o! /redi(tin. the ( use o! sy1/to1s ( n be dete(ted) In the ( se o! 1iner l oil /rodu(ts identi!ied s h 4in. carcinogenic /otenti l# sel!9eC 1in tion on re.ul r b sis is //ro/ri te nd ny s,in bnor1 lities su(h s irrit tion# redness# dis(olor tion# (r (,in.# s*ellin. or * rty .ro*ths should be i11edi tely re/orted to /hysi(i n) Indi4idu ls *ho h 4e (o1e into (ont (t *ith bitu1inous /rodu(ts re.ul rly nd *ho h 4e (h n.ed Fobs or h 4e retired should be d4ised to (ontinue this sel! eC 1in tion s 1 tter o! /ruden(e) 2.( C*2SSIFIC2TION+ P2C:2GING 2N. *2BE**ING Bitumen t 1bient te1/er ture is not (l ssed s d n.erous !or su//ly under the 'l ssi!i( tion# P (, .in. nd L bellin. le.isl tion) "o*e4er# *hen bitumen is d91iCed *ith diluents to su(h n eCtent th t the bitumen 1 y be re. rded s bio 4 il ble# (onsider tion 1ust be .i4en to its (l ssi!i( tion under the (urrent re.ul tory re.i1e) 2.) 2..EN.0& IN 4ESPECT OF CO2* T24 &2TE4I2*S This 'ode li1its its .uid n(e to the h ndlin. o! /enetr tion# h rd nd o&idised grade bitumens, and (utb (,s 1 de u/ *ith /etroleu1 diluent su(h s ,erosine) "o*e4er# s st ted in 2) 1# (o l t r 1 teri ls nd other non 9/etroleu1 (o1/ounds ( n be dded to so1e bitu mens. 3lthou.h o!ten .rou/ed *ith bitumen because o! their use in si1il r //li( tions su(h s ro d dressin.# roo!in.# et(# (o l t rs nd /it(hes re 4ery di!!erent in their (he1i( l nd toCi(olo.i( l (h r (teristi(s# nd re not to be (on!used *ith bitumen either *hen used lone or i! blended *ith bitumen. This di!!eren(e is due to their 1ode o! ori.in# in res/e(t o! *hi(h the -S 3>90 'Bitumens for -uildin. nd

'i4il En.ineerin.: P rt 3; .i4es the !ollo*in. de!initions: Pit h) The bl (, or d r, bro*n solid or se1i9solid residue re1 inin. !ter the / rti l e4 /or tion or !r (tion l distill tion o! (rude t rs /rodu(ed *holly or subst nti lly s by9/rodu(t in the ( rbonis tion o! (o l t te1/er tures in eC(ess o! >00 o') 4efined tar) T r /re/ red !ro1 the /it(h nd oil !r (tions resultin. !ro1 the distill tion o! (rude t rs /rodu(ed *holly or subst nti lly s by9/rodu(t in the ( rbonis tion o! (o l t te1/er tures eC(eedin. >00 o') -S 3>90 P rt 3 then .i4es st nd rds in res/e(t o! series o! $itch" bitumen and t r9bitu1en 1iCes !or use in ro d sur! (e dressin.# in *hi(h these (ont in 20 to 2?L by 1 ss o! /it(h) nd 30 to ??L o! re!ined t r# *ith the re1 inder bein. 1 de u/ o! $enetration grade bitumen (o1/lyin. *ith -S3>90 P rt 1) See T ble 1)1) Li,e bitumens, these 1iCtures re desi.n ted by the .r de su!!iCes ;/en; nd ;se(s;# nd to 4oid (on!usion the !ollo*in. !uller re4ie* is o!!ered:

'o l t r nd /it(h h 4e been listed by the "e lth nd S !ety ECe(uti4e s carcinogenic in their ( ution ry .uid n(e MS5-7< ;S,in ' n(er ( used by Pit(h nd T r;# *hi(h users re reBuired to !ollo*) In this res/e(t# the /resen(e o! s1 ll Bu ntities o! <9> rin. /oly(y(li( ro1 ti( (o1/ounds in bitumen * s 1entioned in 2)3) 3n lyti( l d t !or this *ere /ro4ided to I3R' !or their re4ie* o! bitumen 5% ll( 4e et l 19=17) This sho*ed# in (o1/ rison o! these d t !or nu1ber o! /etroleu1 bitumens *ith (o1/ r ble n lyses !or (o l t r nd /it(h# th t the (ontent o! <9> rin. /oly(y(li( ro1 ti(s o! these l tter * s so1e three orders 51000s7 hi.her th n !or the bitumens. It is !or this re son th t *hen (o l t r or /it(h# or 1iCtures o! these *ith bitumens, s in -S 3>90 P rt 3# re used# the s !ety d t sheets o! the su//liers should be !ollo*ed) In the ( se *here bitu1inous ty/e 1 teri ls o! un,no*n or un(ert in ori.in re to be used# nd (on!ir1 tion th t they re not *holly o! /etroleu1 bitumen ori.in ( nnot be obt ined# throu.h loss o! l bellin. et()# it *ould be /rudent to !ollo* the he lth .uid n(e o! the /re4ious IP Bitumen S !ety 'ode 519=97# nd h ndle the1 in the s 1e * y s (o l t r /rodu(ts) It h s lso been noted in 2)1 th t toCi( hazards ( n rise *hen bitumens (ont in diluent !luCes su(h s (o l t r n /hth # t r !luC oil or (reosote) 'reosote nor1 lly (ont ins toCi( /henoli( (o1/ounds# *hi(h re re dily bsorbed throu.h the s,in# nd these !luCes lso (ont in /oly(yli( ro1 ti( (o1/ounds) It is there!ore ne(ess ry !or su//liers o! /rodu(ts (ont inin. su(h 1 teri ls to distribute //ro/ri te s !ety d t sheets# nd !or users o! (utb (, *hi(h 1 y (ont in (o1/onents o! un,no*n ori.in to eCer(ise due ( ution in res/e(t o! their h ndlin. nd (ont (t *ith the body)

! FI4E P4E<ENTION

!.1 INT4O.0CTION %hen h ndlin. /etroleu1 /rodu(ts the ris,s o! !ire should be 1ini1ised by li1itin.# s ! r s is re son bly /r (ti( ble) the eCtent o! /rodu(tion o! !l 11 ble atmos$heres and by 4oidin. sour(es of ignition in re s *here !l 11 ble atmos$heres might be /resent) !.2 CONT4O* OF F*2&&2B*E 2T&OSPHE4ES S1 ll Bu ntities o! the 4 /ours o! hydro( rbons in ir ( n !or1 a flammable mi&ture *hi(h ( n be i.nited by !l 1e# hot sur! (e or he tin. ele1ent# s/ r, or other source of ignition. This is true o! the 4 /ours th t ( n (olle(t in the (on!ined ull .e s/ (e o! stor .e t n,# or other en(losed (ont iner (ont inin. he ted bitumen. "ydro( rbon 4 /our be(o1es flammable !hen its /er(ent .e in ir re (hes s lo* !i.ure s bout 1L by 4olu1eI belo* this the 1iCture is s id to be ;too le n to burn;# or ;belo* the lo*er !l 11 ble li1it;I nd this !l 11 bility (ontinues9o!ten *ith eC/losi4e /otenti l in the (on!ined s/ (e o!

t n,9until the /er(ent .e o! 4 /our re (hes hi.her le4el in ir o! bout @L 4olu1e) %hen it is s id to be ; bo4e the u//er !l 11 ble limit ', or ;too ri(h to burn;) The nor1 l /ro(edure !or the (ontrol o! !l 11 ble atmos$heres is b sed on the (l ssi!i( tion o! the /rodu(t bein. h ndled# usin. the Institute o! Petroleu1 sys te1 o! (l ssi!i( tion 5see 3//endiC 37 or eBui4 lent nd then to //ly l yout# (onstru(tion# nd o/er tion l (odes s //ro/ri te to the /rodu(t (l ss) In the use o! this (l ssi!i( tion 1ost i1/ort nt ! (tor in deter1inin. the desi.n nd l yout s *ell s o/er tion l /re( utions is the subdi4ision o! the 'l sses II nd III ((ordin. to *hether they re to be stored or h ndled t te1/er tures belo* 5subdi4ision 5177) or bo4e die flash$oint 'sub" di4ision 5277) In the ( se o! bitumen, this /ro(edure is dire(tly //li( ble only to cutbac# .r des) See 3)2) 1) 3ltern ti4e //ro (hes re ne(ess ry !or bitumens other th n (utb (, .r des) See 3)2)2) !.2.1 Cut3a 8 Bitumen, Bitumens cut b (, *ith ,erosine nor1 lly h 4e !l sh /oints in the 'l ss 111 r n.e 5see 3//endiC 37) They re re.ul rly h ndled t te1/er tures bo4e their !l sh /oints nd should there!ore nor1 lly be stored nd h ndled s 'l ss III527 /rodu(ts) See =)2)2) 'utb (, .r des 1 de *ith sol4ents 1ore 4ol tile th n ,erosine ( n h 4e !l sh /oints in the 'l ss II r n.e# nd *hen stored# or h ndled t te1/er tures bo4e their !l sh /oint they should be (l ssi!ied s 'l ss 11527 /rodu(ts !or *hi(h =)2)2 . in *ill //ly) To su11 rise# !l 11 ble atmos$heres in (utb (, o/er tions ( n o((ur: 9 in (utb (, t n, 4 /our s/ (es t nor1 l *or,in. te1/er tures# 9 in the 4i(inities o! 4ents !ro1 t n,s# / rti(ul rly durin. he tin. nd !illin.# 9 in the 4i(inities o! 1iCin. nd s/r yin. o/er tions) Sources of ignition should be (ontrolled in these re s) See =)2)2 nd 9)@)1) The ! (t th t (utb (, bitumens at nor1 l *or,in. te1/er tures o!ten /rodu(e t1os/heres too ri(h in !l 11 ble 4 /our to be !l 11 ble *ithout ddition o! ir# 1ust not be relied u/on s s !e.u rd . inst the /resen(e o! !l 11 ble atmos$here !herever they re h ndled in (ont (t *ith ir *ith (onseBuent dilution do*n to *ithin the !l 11 ble range, e).) t 4ents nd other t n, o/enin.s) For the h ndlin. o! the cutbac# diluents see =)2)3) !.2.2 Bitumen, other than Cut3a 8 Grade, This ( te.ory in(ludes $enetration, hard nd o&idised .r de bitu1ens *hi(h reBuire di!!erent h ndlin. in ((ord n(e *ith the !ollo*in.) Bitumens other th n (utb (, .r des nor1 lly h 4e !l sh /oints *hen deter1ined by (on4ention l test 1ethods *ell in eC(ess o! 100 o') They there!ore ! ll in the ;Un(l ssi!ied r n.e; in 3//endiC 3) In this 3//endiC# ttention h s been dr *n to the ! (t th t the !l sh /oint test o! bitu1en or other residu l /rodu(t held under he ted t n, .e (onditions is not reli ble indi( tor o! the /resen(e or bsen(e o! !l 11 ble t1os/here o! hi.hly 4ol tile hydro( rbon 4 /ours th t 1 y h 4e e4ol4ed nd built u/ in the (on!ined t n, ullage s/ (e bo4e the bul, he ted /rodu(t nd !hi(h ( nnot be dete(ted by !l sh /oint test) Thus the !ollo*in. distin(tion h s to be 1 de in re. rd to the h ndlin. o! these (l sses o! bitu1en: 3)2)2)1 Non9(utb (, Bitumens (andled in the O/en 3ir) -e( use o! .ood n tur l dis/ersion by *ind dis/l (e1ent in o/en ir# the !l 11 ble t1os/heres th t 1 y ((u1ul te o4er /eriod o! ti1e in the (on!ined he d s/ (e o! n en(losed he ted t n, do not nor1 lly /ersist *hen these he ted /rodu(ts re h ndled in *ell 4entil ted o/en ir lo( tions) 3)2)2)2 Non9(utb (, 6r des in 'on!ined Stor .e in "e ted T n, .e) Under su(h (on!ined (onditions !l 11 ble t1os/heres ( n o((ur: 5i7 in t n,s *hen stor .e te1/er tures eC(eed the 1 Ci1 re(o11ended in 3//endiC -) 5ii7 in so1e o&idised grade $roduction /l nt rundo*n t n, 4 /our s/ (es t te1/er tures belo* the 1 Ci1 re(o11ended in 3//endiC -# 5iii7 in t n,s *here 1istin. h s o((urred due to s/l sh !illin.# 5i47 in t n,s *here (ont 1in tion *ith lo*er !l sh /oint 1 teri ls h s o((urred) 547 in the 4i(inities o! 4ents !ro1 ny su(h t n,s) In n tte1/t to better underst nd nd (ontrol these o((urren(es) it is i1/ort nt to be * re o! *hi(h re .r de rel ted) so th t the obFe(ti4e st ted in 3)1 o! li1it in. the de4elo/1ent o! !l 11 ble atmos$here and, i! this is not /r (ti( ble) other 1e sures su(h s the (ontrol o! ignition sources ( n be e!!e(ti4e) 3)2)2)3

The ! (tors underlyin. the e4olution o! su(h flammable 4 /ours h 4e been in(re sin.ly rese r(hed *ith the !ollo*in. bro d beh 4iour l / tterns be(o1in. noted: 5i7 Bitumens under the in!luen(e o! he t ( n be /rone to the .r du l e4olution into the (on!ined s/ (e o! t n, o! 4 /our (onsistin.# in 4 ri ble /ro/ortions ((ordin. to ty/e o! 1eth ne# ;other hydro( rbon; 5ty/i( lly in the '2 but eCtendin. in so1e ( ses to the '? r n.e7# ( rbon 1onoCide# ( rbon dioCide# * ter 4 /our# nd in so1e ( ses hydro.en sul/hide 5the re son !or s !e.u rdin. . inst the /resen(e o! this toCi( 1 teri l in so1e t n, s/ (es9see 'h /ter 27) The de.ree o! the ther1 l (ti4ity th t /rodu(es these (o1bustible 4 /ours is .r de rele4 nt) Under he t there is less (ti4ity *ith the ;str i.ht; /enetr tion nd h rd .r de residue bitu1ens# (o1/ red to si.ni!i( ntly .re ter !indin. in res/e(t o! the o&idised grades, (ou/led *ith the hi.her te1/er tures t *hi(h they re stored) The re (tions o((urrin. in the ir oCid tion /ro(ess result in ne*ly blo*n 1 teri l bein. 1ore re (ti4e nd sus(e/tible to ther1 l !ter9(r (,in.) This /otenti l !or ther1 l (r (,in. o! !reshly ir blo*n bitu1en is obser4ed lso in the 1onitorin. o! t n, 4 /our s/ (es nd h s been !ound to de(re se *ith ti1e) s *hen the /rodu(t is tr ns!erred !ro1 the initi l t n, to se(ond t n, e4en *hen both re held t the s 1e te1/er ture)

5ii7

These di!!eren(es h 4e been t ,en ((ount o! in 'h /ter ? M nu! (ture# in distin.uishin. bet*een the /re( utions th t should be t ,en in res/e(t o! rundo*n t n,s th t re(ei4e /rodu(t dire(t !ro1 the 1 nu! (turin. ste/ nd in / rti(ul r !or the o&idised grades, (o1/ red to do*nstre 1 o&idised grade t n,s nd ll ( te.ories o! t n, .e !or the non" o&idised grades. 3)2)2)< It should# ho*e4er) be re(o.nised th t !or ll .r des o! bitu1en# !l 11 ble t1os/heres ( n lso de4elo/ in /oorly 4entil ted s/ (es by o4erhe tin. the /rodu(t lo( lly by hot !ire tube he tin. unit o/er tin. in n un9 .it ted t n, or on *hi(h he 4y (o,e build u/ h s been llo*ed to o((ur) For this re son the ne(essity o! ((ur te (ontrol o! te1/er ture in the he tin. o! bitu1en t n,s h s been stressed in 'h /ters = nd 9) -e( use o! these ! (tors# it is ne(ess ry to (onsider ( re!ully the se(ond /rin(i/le eC/ressed in 3)1 nd (ontrol ll /ossible sour(es o! ignition, both ele(tri( l nd non9ele(tri( l) nd 4oid their /resen(e in the 4i(inity o! he ted bitu1en t n,s nd their 4ents nd other o/enin.s) These sour(es o! ignition are outlined in 3)3) nd in(lude the ( se *here /yro/hori( ( rbon (eous de/osits !or1 on * ll nd roo! re s o! t n,) %here there is /ossibility o! the /resen(e o! !l 11 ble t1os/here lso o((urrin. *ith su(h .r des) s/e(i l rr n.e1ents 1 y h 4e to be 1 de to 4oid su(h (ondition) See 3)3)?# ?)<)2# ?)<)3# ?)<)< nd =)3)@) !.! THE CONT4O* OF SO04CES OF IGNITION !.!.1 Ele tri al E=ui-ment Ele(tri( l eBui/1ent used in re s in *hi(h !l 11 ble t1os/here (ould de4elo/ 1ust be desi.ned nd (onstru(ted to st nd rds //ro/ri te to the ris,s) To ! (ilit te this the re s in or round /l nt nd eBui/1ent *here !l 11 ble t1os/heres 1i.ht o((ur should be subFe(t to re (l ssi!i( tion *hi(h .r des the ! (ility into non h A rdous nd h A rd Aones in ((ord n(e *ith the /rob bility o! a flammable release) Re(o11end tions !or (l ssi!i( tion o! re s in nd round bitu1en stor .e ! (ilities re .i4en in 'h /ter = 5see =)2)1 nd =)2)27) in ((ord n(e *ith the IP 3re 'l ssi!i( tion 'ode 1990# the /rin(i/les o! *hi(h re outlined in 3//endiC $) !.!.2 Hot 5or8 I.nition sour(e (ontrol re s should be desi.n ted in nd round sso(i ted /etroleu1 /rodu(ts) %ithin these re s ny *or, usin. n (uttin. eBui/1ent or 1 (hines *hi(h 1i.ht be sour(es o! i.nition !or (o4ered by n //ro/ri te /er1it to !or#. This should s/e(i!y ll throu.hout the *or,# in(ludin.: the the the the ll /l nts h ndlin. bitu1en or ,ed li.hts# tools# *eldin. nd !l 11 ble 4 /ours# should be the /re( utions to be t ,en

eCtent o! the re *ithin *hi(h the *or, is /er1itted# /eriod o! ti1e o4er *hi(h the /er1it is 4 lid# 1e ns by *hi(h the re is to be ,e/t !ree !ro1 !l 11 ble . ses /eriod o! the *or,#

nd 4 /ours throu.hout

the /re( utions to be t ,en to 4oid the s/re d o! !ire eCtin.uishin. eBui/1ent# the /ro(edure to be !ollo*ed in ny e1er.en(y)

ny !ire# in(ludin. the /ro4ision o! st ndby

The ignition source (ontrol re to be desi.n ted in the !or# /er1it should in(lude: s 1ini1u1# ll re s (l ssi!ied s hazardous, in ((ord n(e *ith 3)3)1 bo4e# ll other re s in *hi(h !l 11 ble atmos$heres 1i.ht be /resent or be /rodu(ed by the hot !or#, ll re s !ro1 *hi(h ny s/ r,# !l 1e or hi.h te1/er ture 1i.ht be tr ns1itted !ro1 the hot !or# to n re *hi(h 1i.ht (ont in !l 11 ble t1os/here) the ne(ess ry /reli1in ry e1/tyin. nd (le nin. o! 4essels# t n,s nd /i/e9*or,# the s/ din. or bl n,in. o!! o! ll (onne(tions to /ro4ide /ositi4e isol tion# dis(onne(tion o! ele(tri( l eBui/1ent nd other ser4i(es# nd . s !ree testin. be!ore (o11en(e1ent o! the hot !or#, nd (ontinuous (he(, th t he t .ener ted by the *or, itsel! does not /rodu(e lo( lised 4 /oris tion o! he 4y /rodu(t 1 teri l re1 inin. on * lls# roo! nd botto1 nd ris, o! eC/losion) See =)>)3 nd =)>)<) For s !e (onditions !or entry into t n,s nd 4essels# see =)>) 1)

Note> The ! (t th t hot !or# is to be ( rried out in or on / rt o! the ! (ility th t is dee1ed non9h A rdous Aone by the re classification /ro(edure does not 1 ,e it less ne(ess ry to ( rry out . s test (he(,s be!ore the *or, is (o11en(ed) For det iled eC 1/les o! *or, /er1it# see the IP Re!inin. or M r,etin. S !ety 'odes) These /ro4ide .uid n(e !or the (orre(t use o! /ort ble . s dete(tion eBui/1ent) lso

!?!.! 2uto?i$nition of Bitumen %hen he ted in the /resen(e o! ir to te1/er ture ,no*n s the i.nition tem$erature or uto9i.nition or s$ontaneous ignition tem$erature. a !l 11 ble subst n(e *ill i.nite s/ont neously e4en in the bsen(e o! sour(e o! ignition. -he uto9i.nition te1/er ture is n entirely di!!erent /ro/erty to the !l sh /oint o! subst n(e# nd *ill de/end u/on nu1ber o! ! (tors# *hi(h in(lude: the te1/er ture o! sur! (es in (ont (t *ith the subst n(e# the (ont (t ti1e bet*een the subst n(e nd the hot sur! (e# the ir !lo* nd (oolin. r te# *hether the sur! (e is ; (ti4e; s in 3)3)< or inert)

"e 4y# hi.her boilin. /etroleu1 1 teri ls su(h s residu l !uel oils nd bitumens tend to h 4e uto ignition te1/er tures (onsider bly lo*er th n those o! lo*er !l sh /oint su(h s ,erosine or . soline) Thus !or the !or1er there is (on4er.en(e bet*een !l sh /oint nd ignition tem$erature su(h th t he ted lo( l sur! (e te1/er tures ( n result in i.nition t ,in. /l (e *ithout sour(e o! ignition being /resent) Auto"ignition o! bitumen can thus o((ur *hen it is eC/osed to the ir t te1/er tures *hi(h# de/endin. u/on .r de# ( n be s lo* s 2?0 o') Le ,s nd other eC/osures o! bitumen to ir t su(h te1/er tures should there!ore be 4oided# / rti(ul rly *here other !l 11 ble 1 teri ls re /resent) !.!.# 2uto?i$nition of Oil Im-re$nated &aterial, Self" heating leading to uto9i.nition t the sur! (es o! /orous or !ibrous 1 teri ls i1/re.n ted *ith oils or bitumens, ( n o((ur t te1/er tures s lo* s 100 o') Oil nd bitumen contamination o! ther1 l insul tion 1 teri ls nd the ((u1ul tion o! oily r .s or si1il r 1 teri l ne r hot sur! (es# should there!ore be 4oided# nd l ..in. should be re/l (ed *here ne(ess ry by non9 bsorbent ty/e o! insul tion) 1!?% Pyro-hori .e-o,it, 3 /yro/hori( de/osit is solid de/osit# nor1 lly !or1ed in n oCy.en de/leted en4iron1ent# *hi(h ( n /rodu(e self" heating *hen its te1/er ture or the surroundin. oCy.en (on(entr tion is in(re sed) 3s su(h it is s/e(i l ( se o! uto9i.nition) ' rbon (eous de/osits# *hi(h ( n be /yro/hori(# o((ur on the roo!s nd * lls o! he ted bitumen t n,s due to *ettin. by liBuids or (ondens tion o! 4 /ours# !ollo*ed by ther1 l de.r d tion) In the 4 /our s/ (es o! hot t n,s the sur! (e l yers o! these de/osits .o throu.h (ontinuous oCid tion /ro(ess *hi(h is ((eler ted by ny in(re se o! te1/er ture) This (onsu1es oCy.en nd .ener tes oCides o! ( rbon# * ter 4 /our nd s1 ll Bu ntities o! 4 rious hydro( rbon . ses) It is ( use o! the

oCy.en de/letion *hi(h h s been obser4ed in 1 ny bitumen stor .e t n,s not eC/ressly bl n,eted *ith inert gas. The oCid tion /ro(ess nor1 lly /rodu(es no si.ni!i( nt lo( l te1/er ture rise) Self"heating o! de/osits le din. to auto" ignition can o((ur ho*e4er# / rti(ul rly *here there is either sudden in(re se o! the oCy.en (on(entr tion t the (ti4e sur! (e o! the de/osit or (h n.e o! o/er tin. (onditions *hi(h in(re ses the te1/er ture o! the de/osit) See =)<)=) iron sul/hide de/osits *hi(h ( n be /yro/hori( o((ur inside 1ild steel eBui/1ent *here4er the t1os/here in (ont (t *ith the 1et l (ont ins hydro.en sul/hide nd * ter 4 /our nd is l r.ely de/leted o! oCy.en) See =)3)@) I! these de/osits subseBuently (o1e into (ont (t *ith ir# in the dry st te# they ( n self" heat !ro1 (old su!!i(iently to i.nite any flammable atmos$here /resent) 3)3)> In /ro(ess /l nt nd t n, 4 /our s/ (es li,ely to (ont in $yro$horic de$osits s/e(i l ( re is ne(ess ry to 4oid the si1ult neous o((urren(e o! flammable atmos$heres nd the (onditions ne(ess ry !or self"heating of the de/osits nd to deter1ine *ith *hi(h .r des o! bitumen there is /rob bility o! these t*o (ir(u1st n(es be(o1in. (oin(ident# *ith the (onseBuen(e o! !ire or eC/losion) It h s lre dy been indi( ted in 3)2)2)3 th t the /rob bility o! the de4elo/1ent o! n t1os/here in the flammable range in he ted bitumen t n, is li,ely to be sso(i ted *ith the re(ei/t o! !reshly blo*n o&idised grades into rundo*n t n,s) Re(ent rese r(h into the beh 4iour o! the de/osits l id do*n in t n,s o! di!!erent bitumen .r des .i4es e4iden(e /ointin. to the li,elihood o! the de/osits th t o((ur in this (l ss o! t n, .e be(o1in. sus(e/tible to o4er he tin. in the /resen(e o! ir t te1/er tures belo* those t *hi(h de/osits !ro1 other .r des o! bitumen h 4e been !ound to be(o1e (ti4e) This rese r(h is !urther re/orted on under 'h /ter ? M nu! (turin. 5see ?)< Rundo*n t n, .e7# to.ether *ith the re(o11ended /re( utions th t should be t ,en) !.!.( Stati Ele tri ity The ele(tri( l (ondu(ti4ity o! liBuid bitumen is su(h th t it does not ((u1ul te ele(trost ti( (h r.e *hen !lo*in. throu.h /i/in. or lo din. syste1s into t n,s or tru(,s) It is there!ore not ne(ess ry !or this re son lone to ensure ele(tri( l (ontinuity by bondin. the /i/e *or, o! syste1s h ndlin. liBuid bitumen or its cutbac#s, but see belo* in res/e(t o! 1istin.) E rthin. nd bondin. o! t n,s ho*e4er re l* ys ne(ess ry be( use o! the ris#s !ro1 li.htnin.) The !irst / r .r /h bo4e rel tes only to bitumens in the liBuid (ondition) 3//endiC 3 notes th t# irres/e(ti4e o! the flash $oint, flammable liBuid *hen !inely dis/ersed s 1ist# foam or !ine s/r y ( n be i.nited nd burn) 3lthou.h the liBuid bitumen itsel! is not st ti( ((u1ul tor# (h r.ed 1ist (ould be .ener ted by s/l sh !illin.# sin(e (ondu(ti4e / th *ill not eCist) I! l r.e 4olu1e su(h s stor .e t n, *ere to be !illed *ith (h r.ed 1ist this (ould le d to the /ossibility o! s/ r, dis(h r.e o! in(endi4e 1 .nitude bein. .ener ted) S/l sh !illin. o! bitumen or cutbac# t n,s there!ore should not be undert ,en 5See =)3)37) -e( use o! the s1 ller 4olu1e# the bo4e (h r.e e!!e(t does not be(o1e si.ni!i( nt in the !illin. o! bitumen ro d t n,er or r il ( r# lthou.h s/l sh !illin. th t (ould ( use 1istin. should be 4oided on .ener l s !ety .rounds) !.# FI4E P4EC20TIONS FO4 2NCI**246 PET4O*E0& &2TE4I2*S+ O4 F0E*S 2SSOCI2TE. 5ITH BIT0&EN INST2**2TIONS 3)<)1 $iluents su(h s ,erosine used in the blendin. o! cutbac# bitumens /rodu(ed to -S 3>90 s/e(i!i( tions nor1 lly h 4e flash $oint *hi(h# sin(e they *ill be stored t te1/er tures *ell belo* this# *ill /l (e the1 in the 'l ss II517 r n.e) For their h ndlin. see =)2)3) I! other diluents re used# their !l sh $oints lso should be t ,en into (onsider tion in ((ord n(e *ith 3//endiC 3# sin(e) i! this /l (es the1 into the 'l ss I ( te.ory# 1ore strin.ent /re( utions *ill be ne(ess ry) 3)<)2 3 4 riety o! liBuid !uels re used !or he tin. /ur/oses in bitumen ! (ilities h ndlin. bul, bitumen. Fuels su(h s industri l distill te .r des re stored nd h ndled in the 'l ss II517 or III517 (ondition# i)e) t te1/er tures belo* their !l sh $oints. The s 1e (o11ents s !or =)2)3 *ill //ly) In l r.er inst ll tions residu l 5bl (, oil7 !uel oils 1 y be used# *hi(h ! ll into the Un(l ssi!ied ( te.ory o! 3//endiC 3) nd should be stored nd h ndled t te1/er tures belo* their !l sh /oints) "o*e4er# ttention h s been dr *n in 3//endiC 3 to the ! (t th t su(h residu l !uels in the (on!ined (ir(u1st n(es o! he ted stor .e t n, ( n 5 s in the ( se o! bitumens as noted in 3)2)27 .i4e rise to

the slo* e4olution o! flammable va$our, ((u1ul tion o! *hi(h in the 4 /our s/ (e ( nnot be dete(ted or /redi(ted by !l sh $oint test) The he d s/ (e o! su(h he ted !uel t n, .e should !or /ruden(e nd in ((ord n(e *ith =)2)1 !or bitumens in the Un(l ssi!ied 'l ss be .i4en n re (l ssi!i( tion o! Pone 0# *ith .one / r dius o! 1)? 1 surroundin. ll 4ents nd other t n, o/enin.s) This Aonin. *ill //ly to ll ele(tri( l eBui/1ent in ((ord n(e *ith 3//endiC $) nd non9ele(tri( l sources of ignition should be eC(luded) For other .ener l .uid n(e on the desi.n# lo( tion et( o! !uel oil t n,s) the IP M r,etin. S !ety 'ode 1 y be (onsulted) !.#.! *PG Fuel LP6 !uel *ill be in use on user sites# in(ludin. 1obile ! (ilities# nd //ro/ri te s !e h ndlin. should be .i4en due e1/h sis) See 9)< nd 9)@)1) For the .ener l s !e h ndlin. o! LP6 bottled or su//lied in bul,# the .uid n(e /ro4ided by the !ollo*in. sour(es should be !ollo*ed: 5i7 The UD LiBue!ied Petroleu1 6 s Industry Te(hni( l 3sso(i tion 5LP6IT37 'odes o! Pr (ti(e: LP6IT3 'OP 1: ;Inst ll tion nd 1 inten n(e o! bul, LP6 stor .e t (onsu1er ;/re1ises; P rts I# II# nd III LP61T3 'OP =: ;Stor .e o! !ull nd e1/ty LP6 (ylinders nd ( rtrid.es;) LP61T3 'OP 22: ;LP6 /i/in. syste1 desi.n nd inst ll tion;) nd S !ety ECe(uti4e /ubli( tions 1 y lso be (onsulted:

5ii7 The !ollo*in. UD "e lth

"SE 6uid n(e Note 'S< 5June 19@>7: ;The ,ee/in. o! LP6 in (ylinders nd si1il r (ont iners; 5"MSO7) "S5673<: ;The stor .e o! LP6 t !iCed inst ll tions; 19@=) 5Re/l (es e rlier /ubli( tion 'S? nd "S5671?# nd (o4ers !iCed stor .e 4essels l r.er th n 1?0 litres 5?0 ,.7 ( / (ity;)

# FI4E FIGHTING
#.1 O4G2NIS2TION Site M n .ers should see, the (oo/er tion o! lo( l !ire bri. des *hen /l nnin. their !ire !i.htin. /ro(edures) The eCtent o! /ro4ision o! desi.n ted !ire !i.hters nd o! !ire !i.htin. ! (ilities t the site should t ,e into ((ount the ( ll9out res/onse to be eC/e(ted !ro1 the lo( l !ire bri. de) This /l nnin. should be ( rried out in (onFun(tion *ith the initi l /l nnin. o! the site l yout# s deBu te ((ess *ill be needed su(h th t 1obile //li n(es ( n be de/loyed or (on(entr ted t the lo( tion o! the !ire nd in the best /osition !or the tt (, to be 1ounted be rin. in 1ind 4 ri tions in *ind dire(tion) This ((ess *ill lso ser4e s 1e ns o! es( /e in the e4ent o! !ire out bre ,) #.1.1 Emer$en y Plan, E1er.en(y /l ns should be !or1ul ted# in(ludin. /ro(edures !or: 9 9 9 9 9 9 r isin. the l r1 in ( se o! !ire# ( llin. the !ire bri. de# /oli(e# 1bul n(e nd 1edi( l ser4i(es *hen reBuired# !irst tt (, on ny !ire# !ire !i.htin. (o11 nd nd the tr ns!er o! (o11 nd s ser4i(es rri4e# si.n llin. the end o! the e1er.en(y# in(ident in4esti. tion nd re/ortin.)

- sed u/on these /l ns# (on(isely eC/ressed set o! e1er.en(y /ro(edures should be 4 il ble nd ! 1ili r to ll /ersonnel e1/loyed t the site) Si1/le noti(es should be /osted t 1 in ((ess /oints *ithin nd round the site# indi( tin. the (tions to be t ,en both on dis(o4erin. !ire nd on he rin. the !ire l r1)

E1er.en(y tele/hone nu1bers should be /osted /ro1inently t (o11uni( tion (entres *ithin the site) These should be u/d ted *hen ne(ess ry nd (he(,ed !reBuently !or ((ur (y) #.1.2 Trainin$ 3ll /ersonnel e1/loyed t the site# in(ludin. dri4ers# should h 4e instru(tion nd re.ul r drills both in e1er.en(y /ro(edures nd in !irst tt (, !ire !i.htin.) They should be ! 1ili r *ith ll the ty/es o! !ire eCtin.uisher /ro4ided) 3ny desi.n ted !ire !i.hters t the site should h 4e !reBuent tr inin. nd /r (ti(e in 1 in tt (, !ire !i.htin.) The lo( l !ire bri. de should be s,ed to (oo/er te in this) There should be / rti(i/ tion in Foint eCer(ises *ith the lo( l !ire bri. de) #.2 THE P4INCIP*ES OF FIGHTING BIT0&EN FI4ES The (h r (teristi(s o! bitumen *hi(h *hen !i.htin. bitumen !ires re th t: re 1ost si.ni!i( nt in deter1inin. the //ro (hes to be t ,en

*hen on !ire bitumen be(o1es 1obile liBuid *hi(h ( n re dily !lo*# s/re din. the !ire) l r.e bitumen !ires ( n be di!!i(ult to eCtin.uish be( use o! the hi.h he t (ontent o! the liBuid) dire(t //li( tion o! * ter to the sur! (e o! bitumen $ool under !ire (onditions /rodu(es !roth o! bitumen due to eC/ nsion o! the * ter to ste 1 *hi(h is li,ely to boil"over, s/re din. the !ire nd end n.erin. /ersonnel) Str i.ht * ter Fets should ne4er be used# nd //li( tion o! * ter should only be by !o. or s/r y noAAle) the un9burnt bitumen liBuid ( n be he ted by the !ire to te1/er ture *ell bo4e its auto" ignition tem$erature, 1 ,in. it ne(ess ry not only to eCtin.uish the !l 1es nd (ool the surroundin.s but lso# in order to 4oid re9i.nition# to (ool the /rodu(t bul, be!ore le 4in. it in (ont (t *ith ir) bitumen bu1s *ith dense bro*n or bl (, s1o,e# se4erely redu(in. 4isibility do*n*ind o! the !ire) bitumen !ire de/ends 4ery 1u(h u/on the Bu ntity o!

The str te.y to be //lied *hen !i.htin. bitumen in4ol4ed in the !ire)

#.2.1 Small Fire, S1 ll bitumen !ires !ro1 le ,s or s/ills ( n be eCtin.uished usin. dry /o*der# !o 1# * ter s/r y# ste 1 l n(es# 4 /orisin. liBuid or ( rbon dioCide) The use o! ste 1# !o 1 nd * ter s/r y is to be 4oided# ho*e4er# *here it is not /r (ti( ble to isol te the ele(tri(ity su//ly !ro1 eBui/1ent in the 4i(inity o! the !ire) E /orisin. liBuid nd inert . s eCtin.uishers *hen used in the o/en ir re e!!e(ti4e only on 4ery s1 ll bitumen fires ) %here the bitumen re1 ins in (ont (t *ith hi.h te1/er ture sur! (e# s it 1i.ht do in the ( se o! le , !ro1 hot /ro(ess !l n.e# the //li( tion o! the eCtin.uishin. 1ediu1 should be (ontinued until the sur! (e h s been su!!i(iently (ooled to 4oid re9i.nition) Ste 1 l n(es re / rti(ul rly use!ul in these (ir(u1st n(es) The use o! * ter Fets dire(tly on to bitumen $ool !ires should be 4oided be( use o! their tenden(y to s/re d the /rodu(t by /rodu(in. !roth) #.2.2 Pro"i,ion of Fir,t 2tta 8 E=ui-ment T ble <)1 .i4es .ener l .uid n(e on the ty/es o! eCtin.uisher to be used . inst the 4 rious s1 ll !ires *hi(h ( n o((ur in bitumen h ndlin. re s# de/endent u/on the other !ire ris#s /resent) 3s .ener l rule# /ort ble 5ty/i( lly 10 ,.7 dry /o*der eCtin.uishers re /re!erred !or !irst tt (, on s1 ll bitumen !ires) 3ltern ti4ely /ort ble !luoro/rotein b sed !o 1 eCtin.uishers 1 y be /ro4ided but these should not be used round ele(tri( l eBui/1ent unless the /o*er su//ly is !irst (ut o!!) T ble <)2 .i4es .uid n(e on the 1ini1u1 nu1bers o! /ort ble !ire eCtin.uishers *hi(h should nor1 lly be /ro4ided in bitumen handling nd sso(i ted re s) 3ddition l /ort ble eCtin.uishers should be /ro4ided in these re s# *hene4er hot !or# is in /ro.ress or o/en !ires re in use) The 1ini1u1 s( le in T ble <)2 is s !ollo*s: 9 % rehouses# / (, .e !illin. sheds nd o/en stor .e s/ (es !or / (, .es9t*o !o 1 or t*o dry /o*der eCtin.uishers /er 230 M2 o! !loor re ) 9 O!!i(es nd stores !or dry .oods9one * ter eCtin.uisher# /er 90 M2 o! !loor re )

9 Pu1/9houses 9 t*o !o 1# t*o dry /o*der# t*o 4 /orisin. liBuid# or t*o '02 eCtin.uishers /er <? M 2 o! !loor re ) One eCtin.uisher to be lo( ted t e (h end o! the /u1/9house) %here lo* /ressure ste 1 1 in is 4 il ble the /ro4ision o! ste 1 l n(es is re(o11ended) 9 R il nd ro d 4ehi(le lo din.8un lo din. r (,s one !o 1 or one dry /o*der eCtin.uisher /er .rou/ o! u/ to t*o lo din.8 unlo din. /oints) 9 Ele(tri( l s*it(h houses9one 4 /orisin. liBuid or one ( rbon dioCide eCtin.uisher /er <? M 2 o! !loor re ) 9 Shi/ dis(h r.e nd s1 ll (r !t lo din.8dis(h r.in. berths 9 t*o !o 1 or one dry /o*der eCtin.uisher /er .rou/ o! lo din. or dis(h r.e /oints) 3ll /ort ble eCtin.uishers should he lo( ted (on4eniently !or ((ess nd ll /er1 nently lo( ted eCtin.uishers should be 1 de (ons/i(uous by (oloured b (,.round / nels# both to ssist in 4isu l identi!i( tion nd to id (he(,in. . inst loss) The bo4e s( le is subFe(t to there bein. 1ini1u1 o! t*o eCtin.uishers t ny sin.le lo( tion irres/e(ti4e o! its siAe# in ( se the !irst ! ils to o/er te) %here lo* /ressure ste 1 is 4 il ble# ste 1 l n(es 1 y be /ro4ided to eCtin.uish s1 ll !ires nd 4oid i.nition t /ersistent le ,s in hot /ro(ess re s) In the ( se o! !ire in the 4i(inity o! li4e ele(tri( l eBui/1ent# * ter# Bueous !o 1 or ste 1 should not be used until su(h ti1e s the /o*er su//ly ( n be (ut o!!) The nor1 l /ro(edure should be to (ut o!! the /o*er su//ly nd then to use the eCtin.uishin. .ent 1ost //ro/ri te to *h t is burnin.) $ry /o*der 1 y be used on ele(tri( l !ires# but ( n ( use d 1 .e to the eBui/1ent)

Ta3le #.1. Sele(tion o! /ort ble !ire eCtin.uishers !or di!!erent ty/es o! !ire Port ble Fire ECtin.uisher Ty/e E /orisin. LiBuid or 6 s 5-'F# Ste 1 $ry Fo 1 -TNI#'027 L n(e Po*der No No No +es +es No No +es +es +es +es +es No +es +es +es

Fire 'l ss 3 Ty/e M teri ls 5*ood# / /er# ! bri( et(7 Fl 11 ble liBuids 5in(ludin. bitu1ens7 ' Fl 11 ble . ses 5liBue!ied /etroleu1 . s# to*n . s7 Fires round li4e ele(tri( l eBui/1ent % ter +es No +es No

In the l r.er /l nt re s nd on Fetties# the /ort ble eCtin.uishers should be b (,ed u/ by *heeled eCtin.uishers 5ty/i( lly ?0 ,.7 in nu1bers //ro/ri te to the siAe o! the o/er tion) 3((ess routes !or these 1ust be ,e/t (le r) I11edi te //li( tion o! the bo4e eBui/1ent by /l nt /ersonnel *ell tr ined in its use ( n o!ten /re4ent the es( l tion nd s/re d o! s1 ll !ire) #.! T2N: FI4ES 3 !ire in t n, usu lly st rts s n intern l eC/losion nd# i! the roo! re1 ins l r.ely int (t nd the //ro/ri te ser4i(e ! (ilities eCist# ( n o!ten be eCtin.uished by inFe(tion o! ste 1 or inert . s into the 4 /our s/ (e) ECtin.uishin. 1 For !ire in bul, bitumen t n, .e ( n be eCtre1ely h A rdous to !ire !i.hters# unless they re !ully * re o! the /rin(i/les ent iled in <)2# nd the !ire tt (, should only (o11en(e *hen ll (on(erned re * re o! the h A rds in4ol4ed) % ter s/r y# *hen used /ro/erly# is the best 1ediu1 !or !i.htin. l r.e# o/en# bitumen $ool !ires# s !or eC 1/le !ire in t n, *here the roo! h s l r.ely blo*n * y# nd str i.ht * ter Fets should not be e1/loyed) Fo. or diffuser nozzles should be used *here their ;thro*; *ill be su!!i(ient) These should be dire(ted so s to llo* the * ter dro/lets to l nd .ently on to the bitumen sur! (e) I! it is not /r (ti( ble to re (h the !ire usin. !o. or diffuser nozzles, hi.h /ressure * ter Fets should be dire(ted into the ir u/*ind o! the !ire so th t the * ter ! lls s dro/lets throu.h the !l 1es on to the bitumen surface) Fo 1 1 y lso be used# . in subFe(t to tt in ble re (h# s n ltern ti4e to s/r y or !o. s 1e ns o! .ently //lyin. * ter (oolin. to the !ire)

Fire !i.htin. !o 1s bre , do*n r /idly *hen //lied to hot bitumen surfaces nd it is ne(ess ry to 1 ,e (orre(t (hoi(e o! !o 1 ty/e# n 1ely !luoro/rotein or FFFP !o 1# be( use o! their better resist n(e to burn b (,) Ne4ertheless the use o! !o 1 ( n hel/ to ensure th t the * ter used is *ell dis/ersed# thereby redu(in. the ris# of froth"over, $articularly *here ((ess !or * ter s/r y to the burnin. sur! (e is hindered# s in the ( se *here / rt o! the t n, roo! is re1 inin. in /l (e# or bu(,lin. of the shell h s o((urred) -e( use of /ossible !roth !or1 tion# the !o 1 //li( tion should be t lo*er th n nor1 l r tes nd it is re(o11ended th t it be introdu(ed t lo* r te of bout 1 to 2 litres81in * ter /er M2 of sur! (e re ) This is bout 20 to ?0L o! the r tes s sho*n in 3//endiC @ of the IP Re!inin. S !ety 'ode !or .ener l /etroleu1 !ires) %hi(he4er 1e ns is used# the * ter s !o 1 or s/r y should he //lied only inter1ittently to the burnin. bitumen $ool sur! (e nd //li( tion should be te1/or rily nd i11edi tely dis(ontinued t the !irst si.n of froth"over. 3n indi( tion of this ( n be the //e r n(e of *hite s1o,e# nd /ersonnel should be l* ys lert nd /re/ red to shut o!! the //li( tion nd 1o4e Bui(,ly b (, !ro1 the re ) %hen !rothin. subsides# the !o 1 or s/r y //li( tion 1 y be# resu1ed nd (ontinued ( re!ully# re /e tin. this /ro(ess until eCtin(tion h s been re (hed) Throu.hout su(h o/er tions it is i1/ort nt to /er1it only the 1ini1u1 nu1ber o! /ersons reBuired to 1 n the //li n(es to be in the !ire re ) %here# in ddition to the bo4e 1 in o/er tions there is ddition l * ter ( / (ity 4 il ble) this ( n be used s (oolin. * ter !ro1 str i.ht hose stre 1s /l yed on to the shell to (ool do*n the hot sur! (e# /ro4ided su(h stre 1s ( n be (ontrolled so s not to enter the t n,) 'oolin. * ter ( n lso be e1/loyed to /rote(t dF (ent t n,s or other /ro/erty) In order to /rote(t n dF (ent t n, . inst he t r di tion !ro1 burnin. t n,# 3//endiC 9 o! the IP Re!inin. S !ety 'ode re(o11ends the *ettin. o! the shell sur! (e ! (in. the !ire 5i)e) h l! o! the tot l (ir(u1!eren(e7 in ((ord n(e *ith the !or1ul * ter Bu ntity Q 0)?C3)1<$ M 38h i)e) 1)> $ M38h *here $ is the di 1eter in 1etres) Thus <0 1 di 1eter t n, *ould reBuire >3 M 38h o! * ter) This re(o11end tion is 4 lid !or bitu1en t n, .e) Ta3le #.2. Re(o11ended 1ini1u1) /ro4ision o! /ort ble !ire eCtin.uishers in bet*een h ndlin. nd sso(i ted lo( tions ECtin.uishers Unit o! Nu1ber /er Fun(tion 3re Unit 3re MM Produ(t * rehouse# / (, .e !illin. shed 230 M2 or o/en / (, .e 9stor .e re !loor re 2 O!!i(es nd stores !or dry .oods 90 M2 !loor re 1M 2 Pu1/9house 5/u1/s 1 inly ele(tr) dri4en7 <? 1 !loor re 2 Ele(tri( l s*it(h house <? 12 !loor re 1M Ro d or r il lo din. gantry .rou/ o! u/ to 2 lo din. /oints 1M Shi/ or s1 ll (r !t berth /rodu(t tr ns!er (onne(tion st tion 2 Ro d 4ehi(les tr ns/ortin. bitumen /er 4ehi(le 1M Mobile cutbac# s/r y94ehi(les /er 4ehi(le 2 5one on e (h side7 Lo( tion

Ty/e *oam or dry /o*der % ter $ry /o*der# BC*, -TM or 'O2 BC*, -TM or 'O2 *oam or dry /o*der *oam or dry /o*der *oam or dry /o*der *oam or dry /o*der

MThere should be 1ini1u1 o! t*o eCtin.uishers /ro4ided# ho*e4er s1 ll the re ) MM The nu1ber re!ers to (ir( 10 ,. /ort ble units)

#?!.1 2"oidan e of 4e?i$nition 3!ter !ire eCtin(tion ny re1 inin. bitu1en /ool 1ust be /rote(ted . inst re 9i.nition until the bul, h s (ooled to the nor1 l stor .e te1/er ture t *hi(h uto9i.nition *ill be unli,ely) This ( n usu lly be done by 1 int inin. .entle * ter s/r y o4er the sur! (e so s to bl n,et the sur! (e *ith ste 1 l yer) 'oolin.# o! the bul, o! the /rodu(t re1 inin. in t n, !ter !ire is best (hie4ed by /l yin. * ter on to the outside o! the t n,# t ,in. / rti(ul r ( re not to llo* the * ter to enter the t n,) %here the ther1 l insul tion on the t n, re1 ins int (t this ( n be /rolon.ed /ro(ess) #.!.2 The Pro"i,ion of &ain 2tta 8 E=ui-ment

The eBui/1ent ne(ess ry to su//ort the 1 in tt (, on de/ends u/on the siAe nd (o1/leCity o! the /l nt) O! /ri1e i1/ort n(e re:

n est blished !ire in

bitumen $lant

n deBu te su//ly o! * ter t su!!i(ient /ressure to /ro4ide !or the eCtin(tion o! the l r.est t n, sur! (e !ire li,ely to o((ur nd !or the si1ult neous /rote(tion o! dF (ent /ro/erty) See re(o11ended //li( tion r tes in <)3 bo4e) n deBu te su//ly o! hoses# br n(hes# !o. noAAles nd !o 1 1 ,ers) deBu te sto(,s o! !o 1) The stron. re(o11end tion !or !luoro/rotein or FFFP !o 1 in <)3 should be noted)

These /ro4isions 1 y be 1 de by the lo( l !ire bri. de) The eCtent to *hi(h they re 1 de by the site 1 n .e1ent *ill de/end u/on the 4 il bility o! lo( l !ire bri. des or 1utu l ssist n(e !ire !i.htin. s(he1es) 3s .ener l rule# site 1 n .ers should dis(uss their 1 in tt (, !ire !i.htin. needs *ith lo( l !ire bri. des be!ore !in lisin. their o*n /ro4isions) It is / rti(ul rly i1/ort nt to ensure th t: !ire hose nd !ire hydr nt (ou/lin.s (on!or1 to lo( l !ire bri. de st nd rds) !o 1 su//lies nd !o 1 1 ,in. eBui/1ent re (o1/ tible bet*een the /l nt nd the lo( l !ire bri. de) See bo4e !or !o 1 ty/e) 'he(,s should be 1 de to ensure th t the site dr in !ire !i.htin. * ter) #.# &2INTEN2NCE OF E@0IP&ENT 3ll !ire !i.htin. eBui/1ent should be 4 il ble !or i11edi te use in the e4ent o! n outbre , o! !ire) It should be 1 int ined in !irst (l ss *or,in. order nd restored to this (ondition i11edi tely !ter use) FiCed !ire !i.htin. eBui/1ent should be eC 1ined nd tested by (o1/etent ins/e(tors t re.ul r inter4 ls 5not eC(eedin. siC 1onths7) The results o! su(h eC 1in tions nd tests should be entered in re.ister ,e/t !or the /ur/ose) 3ll !ire eCtin.uishers should be subFe(t to s(heduled eC 1in tion# testin. nd 1 inten n(e /ro(edures) This should in(lude routine dis(h r.e nd re!ill o! the eCtin .uishin. 1edi ) Re(ords o! testin.# eC 1in tion nd 1 inten n(e should be ,e/t nd the d te o! l st eC 1in tion 1 r,ed on the eCtin.uisher) It is re(o11ended th t so1e !or1 o! se l# *hi(h h s to be bro,en on dis(h r.e# be !itted to e (h !ire eCtin.uisher *hen it is re(onditioned nd th t ny eCtin .uisher !ound *ith its se l bro,en should be re(onditioned *ithout del y) .e ! (ilities re deBu te to 4oid !loodin. by

% &2N0F2CT04E
%.1 INT4O.0CTION 6ener l re(o11end tions !or s !ety in desi.n# l yout# o/er tion nd 1 inten n(e o! oil /ro(essin. units re .i4en in the IP Re!inin. S !ety 'ode) The /resent (h /ter de ls only *ith the s/e(i l !e tures re(o11ended to s !e.u rd . inst the hazards of bitumen durin. its 1 nu! (ture by distill tion or oCid tion# in(ludin. its re(ei/t into rundo*n t n, .e) O/er tors o! 1 nu! (turin. /l nts should re!er lso to 'h /ters 2# 3# <# = nd 10) %.2 .ISTI**2TION P*2NTS %.2.1 Pro e,, Summary Bitumen to 1eet the s/e(i!i( tions !or the $enetration nd hard grade classes is /rodu(ed s residue by distill tion o! the 1ore 4ol tile (o1/onents !ro1 (rude oils nd (rude oil residu ) The distill tion ( n be ( rried out t t1os/heri( /ressure or in 1ost ( ses under 4 (uu1# nor1 lly usin. stri//in. ste 1 to the (olu1n b se to /ro1ote the re1o4 l o! the 4ol tile (o1/onents) The /ro(ess is (ontrolled /ri1 rily to 1eet /rodu(t s/e(i!i( tions !or $enetration value nd loss of !eight on heating. $e/endent u/on (rude (h r (teristi(s it 1 y be ne(ess ry to //ly 1ild ir re(ti!i( tion ste/ in blo*in. /l nt to dFust the /enetr tion8so!tenin. /oint rel tionshi/ to the desired !in l s/e(i!i( tion 4 lues) The te1/er ture o! the bitumen leaving the b se o! the distill tion (olu1n# de/endin. u/on the !eedsto(, ty/e nd the /rodu(t $enetration value reBuired# is usu lly in the re.ion o! 3?0;'8<00;')

%.2.2 4undown Tem-erature Control -e!ore rundo*n to stor .e# the /rodu(t should be (ooled to s !e stor .e te1/er ture 5see ?)< 3//endiC -7) 'oolin. is nor1 lly (hie4ed by he t eC(h n.e . inst the in(o1in. /l nt !eedsto(,) %.! OAI.2TION P*2NTS

nd

%.!.1 Pro e,, Summary OCidised bitumens re /rodu(ed by (ontrolled re (tion o! residu l bitumens nd other he 4y oil !r (tions 'blo!ing flu&es) *ith ir# t te1/er tures *hi(h ( n be in eC(ess of 2@0o') The re (tion is (hie4ed by blo*in. the ir throu.h the bitumen or bitumen l flu& 1iCture in (ylindri( l (olu1n t t1os/heri( /ressure) This 1 y be ( rried out s b t(h or s (ontinuous /ro(ess) The blo!ing flu& is sele(ted nd the /ro(ess (onditions re (ontrolled *ithin s !ety (onstr ints to 1eet /rodu(t s/e(i!i( tions re. rdin. $enetration value, Softening $oint nd loss on heating. These s !ety s/e(ts re de lt *ith in the se(tions !ollo*in.) %.!.2 The &ain HaBard, 2,,o iated with the Blowin$ Pro e,, These re: run * y oCidisin. te1/er ture due to the hi.hly eCother1i( n ture of the /ro(ess# eC/losion in the u//er 4 /our se(tion of the oCidiser 4essel# froth"over due to introdu(tion of * ter# either in the !eedsto(, or in the ir su//ly# o4er!illin. of the oCidiser 4essel *ith in deBu te settlin. 4olu1e# eC/losion in the (o1/ressed ir su//ly syste1 due to lubri( tin. oil ( rryo4er auto" ignition t the te1/er ture of the ir inlet syste1)

nd

These hazards ( n rise *ith both b t(h nd (ontinuous oCid tion /ro(esses) "o*e4er# the ne(ess ry /re( utions !or the /ur/ose o! this (h /ter *ill be outlined in ter1s o! (ontinuous /l nt) %.!.! The Ty-i al *ayout of a Continuou, O7idation Sy,tem The oCidiser 4essel is 4erti( l 4essel *ith !eed entry ne r the 1id9/oint# n ir inFe(tion distribution syste1 ne r the b se# Buen(h * ter noAAles nd ste 1 inFe(tion /oint t the to/ nd n o4erhe d 4 /our dis/os l line le din. to n in(iner tor 5ty/i( lly in the /re9he ter7) The ir su//ly (o1es !ro1 either se/ r te (o1/ressor unit or the re!inery ir su//lyI in either ( se n e!!i(ient ,no(,9out syste1 is ne(ess ry (lose to the ir entry /oint# su(h th t both lubri( tin. oil ( rryo4er nd * ter re re1o4ed# nd there should be no de d le.s or lo* /oints) The 1 in re (tions in this eCother1i( /ro(ess re de hydro.en tion# *ith the !or1 tion o! * ter 4 /our# ( rbon dioCide nd so1e li.ht hydro( rbons) Thus the to/ Buen(h * ter s/r ys re used# to.ether *ith intern l (oolin. (oils in the 4essel# to (ontrol the te1/er ture rise# *hile the /ur/ose o! the ste 1 Buen(h line is to ensure th t the oCy.en (ontent in the oCidiser 4 /our s/ (e nd o4erhe d dis/os l line does not eC(eed 1?L by 4olu1e b sed on inlet ir ssu1in. no oCy.en (on 9 su1/tion) In ddition n e!!e(ti4e eC/losion relie! syste1 h s to be /ro4ided) %.!.# Pro e,, Tem-erature Control The oCid tion /ro(ess is hi.hly eCother1i() The te1/er ture in the blo*in. (olu1n is nor1 lly (ontrolled both by intern l (oolin. (oils in the liBuid nd by the inFe(tion o! * ter or ste 1 into the 4 /our s/ (e) Ther1o(ou/les !or te1/er ture indi( tors nd8or re(orders should be lo( ted t !i4e or siC /oints t di!!erent hei.hts in the 4essel) In order to li1it the ris, o! !rothin. *ithin the blo*in. (olu1n# ny inFe(tion o! * ter should be s !ine s/r y nd ste 1 su//ly lines should h 4e e!!i(ient tr //in. ! (ilities !or the re1o4 l o! ny (ondens te *hi(h 1i.ht be /resent) T*o (o1/letely inde/endent te1/er ture 1onitorin. syste1s re /ro4ided# one !or (ontrol o! the blo*in. /ro(ess nd the other to initi te e1er.en(y (tion in the e4ent o! hi.h te1/er ture or r /id rise o! te1/er ture) %here inter1ittent (ondens te * ter s/r y is used# it *ill be ne(ess ry to ensure (ontinuous ste 1 /ur.e o! the s/r y he der to /re4ent the s/r y noAAles be(o1in. blo(,ed *ith bitumen0 this ( n be in(or/or ted *ith the to/ ste 1 su//ly) =he desi.n o! the s/r ys should be su(h th t l r.e slu.s o! * ter ( nnot be introdu(ed into the oCidiser# nd restri(tion ori!i(e or si1il r li1it tion should be in(or/or ted) In ddition to the bo4e there should be hi.h dis(h r.e te1/er ture settin. on the (o1/ressed ir

su//ly o! 1@0o' 1 Ci1u1) %.!.% *e"el Control To llo* !or the turbulent er tion o! the bitumen *hi(h o((urs in the blo*in. (olu1n nd the ris# o! !rothin. *hi(h ( n rise !ro1 the ((ident l d1ission o! * ter# l r.e ullage s/ (e h s to be 1 int ined) T*o (o1/letely inde/endent le4el 1onitorin. syste1s should be /ro4ided# one !or dire(t (ontrol o! the o/er tin. le4el nd the other t /oint bo4e the nor1 l hi.h liBuid le4el to initi te e1er.en(y (tion in the e4ent o! hi.h liBuid le4el) 3 r dio (ti4e sour(e8re(ei4er o! the . 11 s*it(h ty/e is re(o11ended !or this ser4i(e) %.!.' Off$a, Com-o,ition Control In order to 1ini1ise ris#s o! eC/losion in the 4 /our s/ (e o! the blo*in. (olu1n nd in the o!!. s dis/os l syste1# /ro4isions should be 1 de to ,ee/ the (o1/osition o! the o!!. s outside the flammable range, throu.h the to/ ste 1 inFe(tion /oint siAed to dilute the oCy.en in the 4 /our s/ (e to 1 Ci1u1 o! 1?L by 4olu1e 5see bo4e7) No s/e(i l distribution rr n.e1ent is needed !or this# other th n n e!!e(ti4e dr in syste1 to ensure th t the ste 1 line is (o1/letely !ree o! * ter) FiCed oCy.en 1eters should be /ro4ided to ! (ilit te (ontrol o! this syste1) %.!.( Off$a, .i,-o,al 3rr n.e1ents should be 1 de !or the s !e nd en4iron1ent lly ((e/t ble dis/os l o! the eCh ust blo*in. ir *hi(h ( rries 1 lodorous /rodu(ts !ro1 the oCid tion /ro(ess) The o!!. s h ndlin. syste1 should in(or/or te liBuid ,no(,9out# !l 1e rrest to /re4ent !l shb (, to the oCidiser# *hi(h should be s (lose to the 4essel s /ossible# nd in(iner tion ! (ilities) The in(iner tor (ould be the unit;s /re9he ter itsel! or n dF (ent he ter nd should h 4e /rote(ti4e de4i(es in(ludin. !l 1e ! ilure dete(tors nd lo* !ireboC te1/er ture l r1 to ensure th t the o!!. ses re /ro/erly burnt) 3 steam snuffing inFe(tion /oint into the 4 /our line 1 y be /ro4ided) Oily ( rryo4er 1 y not l* ys be (o1/letely re1o4ed in the o!!. s dis/os l ,no(,9out dru1 nd /ro4ision should be 1 de !or (le nin. o! the !l 1e rrestors in the o!!. s line s o!ten s ne(ess ry) %.!.) Pre,,ureCE7-lo,ion 4elief The blo*in. 4essel should be /ro4ided *ith burstin. dis( or /ressure relie! door in the u//er / rt# su!!i(ient to rele se the (ontents in the e4ent o! a froth" over due to * ter# in.ress or run * y oCid tion re (tion or eC/losion) Sin(e the oCid tion /ro(ess o/er tes t lo* /ressure this /ressure8eC/losion relie! de4i(e 1ust li,e*ise be desi.ned to be e!!e(ti4e t lo* /ressure# 1ust be 4 /our ti.ht durin. nor1 l o/er tion# nd should /re!er bly be sel!9(losin. !ter eC/losion relie!) EC/losion h t(hes ( n be desi.ned to 1eet these (riteri # *ith (lose ttention / id to the deBu (y o! the (ross9se(tion l re # *hi(h *ill be de/endent u/on the hei.ht8di 1eter rel tionshi/ o! the oCidiser 4essel) $esi.ners should be * re th t o/er tion o! the relie4in. syste1 ( n /roFe(t out hot bitumen in the e4ent o! * ter enterin. the 4essel or o! eC/losion# nd ensure th t no essenti l 1 nu lly o/er ted eBui/1ent is lo( ted in the 4i(inity o! the oCidiser) %.!./ O-eration The 1ost (riti( l /eriod *ill be durin. st rt9u/# nd thorou.h (he(, on the bsen(e o! * ter in the 4 rious se(tions o! the /l nt# in(ludin. the ir su//ly syste1# is essenti l) Personnel should not be /er1itted on the oCidisin. (olu1n or bene th it durin. st rt 9u/ or durin. /ro(ess u/set# nd ste dy st te (onditions should be * ited) 3s noted in ?)3)@# (riti( l 4 l4es on ir# to/ ste 1 nd * ter s/r y inFe(tion should be o/er ted re1otely durin. the st rt9u/ or in e1er.en(y) The (he(, !or * ter should in(lude (he(,in. th t * ter nd ste 1 F (,ets on (o1/ressors nd /u1/s re not le ,in. into the /ro(ess syste1# nd th t the bsen(e o! * ter !ro1 dr in 4 l4e is not result o! th t /oint h 4in. be(o1e blo(,ed) %.!.11 Introdu tion of Bitumen Feed Introdu(tion o! the !eed should be ( rried out *ith ( ution 5/ rti(ul rly i! the !luC (o1/onent h s been stored t te1/er ture belo* the boilin. /oint o! * ter7# so th t i! hot bitu1en en(ounters * ter ny*here in the syste1 it *ill be boiled o!! *hile the le4el is still lo* nd there is 1ore 4 /our s/ (e to llo* the bitu1en8ste 1 to disen. .e *ithout serious froth"over blo*in. the /ressure8eC/losion relie!) On(e this h s been ( rried out# !illin. ( n /ro(eed to the nor1 l o/er tin. le4el# usin. either 1e sure1ent by dis/l (e1ent 1eter# or the le4el (ontrol syste1 5?)3)?7 to ensure th t o4er!illin.

h s not o((urred# *hi(h (ould ( use ( rryo4er throu.h the /ressure8eC/losion relie! on introdu(tion o! the oCidisin. ir) Si1il r /re( utions *ill //ly in the !illin. o! b t(h blo*in. 4essel) %.!.11 Introdu tion of To- Steam and O7idi,in$ 2ir -e!ore ir blo*in. is (o11en(ed# the bitu1en in the oCidiser 4essel should be t 1ini1u1 o te1/er ture o! bout 200 ' 5sin(e belo* th t te1/er ture# the oCid tion re (tion *ill be too slo*7) In so1e ( ses !eed *ill lre dy be t su(h te1/er tureI in other ( ses it *ill be brou.ht to th t te1/er ture by the /re9he ter# or by (ir(ul tion throu.h he t eC(h n.e) -e!ore ir is introdu(ed# it is ne(ess ry to inert the 4 /our s/ (e by inFe(tion o! to/ ste 1# s other*ise the /resen(e o! ir nd /ossible !l 11 bles ne r auto"ignition tem$erature may result in n eC/losion) This ste 1 r te should be (ontinued durin. the st rt9u/ /eriod# (ontrollin. the dilution o! oCy.en to 1?L by 4olu1e# nd is //li( ble to both 4erti( l b t(h nd (ontinuous units) This dilu 9 tion n rro*s the !l 11 bility li1its o! ny oCy.en9!l 11 ble 1iCture th t !or1s# nd lso (o1/ens tes !or the lo*er (onsu1/tion o! oCy.en *hen ir is !irst inFe(ted nd until nor1 l o/er tin. te1/er tures re re (hed) 3ir should not be introdu(ed until the bitumen is t le st ?1 bo4e the ir inFe(tion /oint nd# !ter the te1/er ture h s re (hed 220 o' or hi.her nd oCid tion is under * y# to/ ste 1 1 y be redu(ed) "o*e4er# durin. u/sets or loss o! te1/er ture# ste 1 should be in(re sed to brin. the oCy.en le4el b (, do*n to 1?L by 4olu1e or less) %hen ir is (ut o!! t the end o! the run# to/ ste 1 should be //lied su!!i(ient to the 4 /our s/ (e is /ur.ed nd its (ontent dis/l (ed s the unit is /u1/ed out) . in ensure th t

%.!.12 The reBuired blo*in. ti1e in the (ontinuous oCid tion /ro(ess *ill be !un(tion o! oCid tion 4essel siAe# !eed r te nd (o1/osition# nd blo*in. te1/er ture) 3 1 Ci 1u1 o/er tin. te1/er ture is .ener lly re. rded s bein. 2>%'# nd (oolin. syste1s re .ener lly brou.ht into o/er tion t bout 2?0o') 'oolin. ( n be by redu(in. !eed inlet te1/er ture# by intern l (oolin. (oils *ithin the oCidiser 4essel# or by (ir(ul tion throu.h n eCtern l (oolin. syste1) Should it not be /ossible to (ontrol te1/er ture by these 1e ns# the s/r y * ter syste1 1 y be //lied to the sur! (e o! the bitumen, so th t the 4 /oris tion o! the dro/lets (ools the (ontents o! the oCidiserI s n ltern ti4e re(ourse 1 y be h d to redu(tion or shuto!! o! the oCidisin. ir *hile 1 int inin. the other 1e ns o! (oolin.) I! the oCidisin. ir is shut o!!# (oolin. *ith * ter s/r y ( nnot be s !ely used# sin(e the loss o! the ir bitumen turbulen(e 1 y result in lo( lised sur! (e bitumen solidi!i( tion nd the ((u1ul tion o! * ter# *hi(h (ould be d n.erous) In su(h situ tion# the * ter s/r y nd oCidisin. ir should both be shut o!!# *ith to/ ste 1 on until the 4essel (ontent (ools to s !e te1/er ture by nor1 l he t loss) %.!.1! 4edu ed Throu$h-ut I! redu(ed ( / (ity is reBuired# this should not be e!!e(ted by redu(in. oCid tion 4essel liBuid le4el# s this *ill d4ersely redu(e the reBuired (ont (t ti1e !or oCid tion# nd result in n in(re sed oCy.en (ontent in the 4 /our se(tion o! the 4essel# *hi(h 1 y not be deBu tely /ur.ed by the to/ ste 1) I! redu(ed ( / (ity is ne(ess ry# this should be (hie4ed by 1 int inin. the !ull nor1 l liBuid le4el# but usin. redu(ed ir blo*in. r te) This *ill only be su((ess!ul i! the ir distribution ( n be 1 int ined e!!e(ti4ely t the lo*er r te# s /oor ir distribution ( n result in the ir / rti lly by/ ssin. the bitumen by (h nnellin. to the 4 /our s/ (e9resultin. not only in in(o1/lete blo*in. o! the /rodu(t but lso in hi.h oCy.en (ontent in the 4 /our s/ (e nd its ttend nt h A rd) So1e ir distribution desi.ns# e).) o! the intern l #s/ider; ty/e# !!ord little or no !leCibility in this res/e(t) "o*e4er# i! eCtern l inFe(tors re used# it 1 y be /ossible to /ro/ortion tely shut do*n nu1ber o! these to 1 t(h the desired ir !lo* r te redu(tion) In su(h ( se it 1ust be ensured th t 1 ldistribution o! ir does not result nd th t t le st ?0L o! the eCtern l inFe(tors re used# nd th t no t*o dF (ent noAAles re shut o!!) %.!.1# 4undown Tem-erature Control -e!ore rundo*n to stor .e# the /rodu(t should be (ooled to s !e stor .e te1/er ture) For oCidised bitumen, de/endin. u/on the /rodu(t .r de# the te1/er ture (hosen *ill de/end u/on9*hether or not the rundo*n t n, is to be inert gas bl n,eted) See ?)<)3)2 nd ?)<)< belo*) %.# 40N.O5N T2N:2GE

The ter1 ;rundo*n t n,; is used to distin.uish bet*een t n,s (onne(ted dire(tly to re(ei4e ne*ly /rodu(ed /rodu(t !ro1 the 1 nu! (turin. /l nt# nd other t n,s *ith no su(h (onne(tion *hi(h re in4ol4ed in the subseBuent tr ns!er throu.h the distribution (h in to the e4entu l stor .e o! the bul, user) Rundo*n t n, .e h s 1 ny reBuire1ents in desi.n nd o/er tion et( in (o11on *ith other bitumen t n, .e# nd these re (o4ered in 'h /ter =) This se(tion# in ((ord n(e *ith the s(o/e de!ined in ?)1 *ill (onsider the ddition l reBuire1ents th t 1 y be reBuired either !or ll rundo*n t n, .e o/er tions or !or those o! / rti(ul r (l ss su(h s the o&idised grades. Those ! (tors th t re (o11on to ll rundo*n situ tions *ill be (onsidered !irst# t ,in. into ((ount the si.ni!i( n(e o! the b (,.round /ro4ided in 'h /ter 3) %.#.1 2"oidan e of I$nition Sour e, ? General It is not /ossible to 4oid (o1/letely the !or1 tion o! $yro$horic de$osits in 1 nu! (turin. /l nt rundo*n t n,s) In order to 1ini1ise their r te o! !or1 tion# /rodu(t te1/er tures should be ,e/t s lo* s /r (ti( ble# ll other ! (tors bein. (onsidered) Pro(ess rundo*n /i/es there!ore should not / ss throu.h rundo*n t n, 4 /our s/ (es unless s/e(i lly insul ted# both be( use su(h /i/es ( n /ro1ote the ((u1ul tion o! ( rbon (eous de/osits nd be( use they 1i.ht o(( sion lly be(o1e eC(essi4ely hot# ( usin. auto" ignition. %.#.2 2"oidan e of Flamma3le 2tmo,-here, General *lammable atmos$heres should be 4oided in the 4 /our s/ (es o! bitumen rundo*n t n,s t ll st .es o! o/er tion be( use $yro$horic de$osits ( n be /resent nd the (onditions ( n o((ur under *hi(h self" heating 1i.ht t ,e /l (e) %hilst the stor .e te1/er ture 1 Ci1 re(o11ended in 3//endiC - nor1 lly /ro4ide re son ble 1 r.in o! s !ety . inst the /rodu(tion o! flammable atmos$heres in !inished /rodu(t distribution nd user stor .e t n,s# there re ! (tors t *or, in 1 nu! (turin. *hi(h 1 ,e it di!!i(ult l* ys to 4oid the te1/er tures nd /rodu(t (o1/ositions *hi(h 1i.ht /rodu(e flammable (onditions in rundo*n t n,s) 'o11on to ll .r des there re the ris,s th t in 1 nu! (turin.: the bitumen is /rodu(ed *ith 1ore 4ol tile (o1/onents in it th n it should h 4e# e).) due to in su!!i(ient stri//in. ste 1) the bitumen is (ont 1in ted *ith 4ol tile 1 teri ls due to ! ult *ith he t eC(h n.er) the bitumen runs do*n !or ti1e t n eC(essi4e te1/er ture)

Prote(ti4e 1e sures should there!ore be in(or/or ted into desi.n nd o/er tin. /ro(edures to 1ini1ise these ris#s. These should in(lude *here4er /ossible /ositi4e /ressure di!!erenti l bet*een the t*o sides o! he t eC(h n.e ! (ilities su(h th t i! le , o((urs it *ill be !ro1 the bitumen side to the 4ol tile side r ther th n the (on4erse) %.#.! The !ollo*in. !urther /ro4isions *ill de/end u/on *hether the bitumen (on(erned is residu l or oCidised) %.#.!.1 In $istill tion Pl nt -itu1en Rundo*n T n,s Re.ul r (he(,s should be 1 de !or le , .e on the run do*n he t eC(h n.e eBui/1ent 5see bo4e7) %hilst s1 ll 1ounts o! 4ol tile hydro( rbons# /rob bly risin. s des(ribed in 3)2)2)3 !ro1 ther1 l de(o1/osition do*nstre 1 o! the distill tion /l nt# re o!ten dete(t ble in the 4 /our s/ (es o! distill tion /l nt bitumen rundo*n t n,s# these re not nor1 lly su!!i(ient to /rodu(e flammable atmos$heres in the t n, 4 /our s/ (e /ro4ided th t the rundo*n te1/er tures do not eC(eed the 1 Ci1 re(o11ended in 3//endiC -) It is not nor1 lly ne(ess ry there!ore# in the ( se o! distill tion /l nt rundo*n t n,s# to /ro4ide !or (ontinuous dis/l (e1ent o! flammable atmos$heres. 3s s !e.u rd ho*e4er# . inst /rodu(t (ont 1in tion by 4ol tile 1 teri ls or eC(essi4e rundo*n te1/er tures# /ro4isions should be 1 de !or o(( sion l /ur.in. *ith ste 1 or inert gas. 'ontinuous /ur.in. o! 4 /our s/ (es *ith ste 1 or inert gas is undesir ble be( use it ( n /ro1ote the de4elo/1ent o! $yro$horic de$osits nd# unless s/e(i l /ro4isions re 1 de to dis/ose o! the (ontinuously 4ented 4 /ours# these ( n le d to en4iron1ent l nuis n(e)

%.#.!.2 In OCid tion Pl nt -itu1en Rundo*n T n,s *lammable atmos$heres ( n be dete(ted in so1e oCid tion /l nt bitumen rundo*n t n,s t te1/er tures belo* the 1 Ci1 re(o11ended in 3//endiC -) These (ould be due to the .re ter /otenti l o! !reshly blo!n bitumens, (o1/ red to other .r des# to e4ol4e flammable 4 /ours th t h s been des(ribed in 3)3)2)3 5 re (ti4ity th t de(lines *ith ti1e# s !ter tr ns!er to subseBuent t n, .e7 r ther th n to the ( rryo4er o! unstri//ed li.ht 1 teri l !ro1 the blo*in. /ro(ess# or !ro1 he t eC(h n.er le , .e 5?)<)27# thou.h neither ( n be dis(ounted) Re(ent rese r(h in the l bor tory h s lso sho*n th t so1e de/osits t ,en !ro1 the 4 /our s/ (e o! o&idised grade rundo*n t n,s ( n be(o1e in( ndes(ent *hen he ted in ir t te1/er tures belo* 230o'# *hi(h is the re(o11ended li1it !or stor .e o! these .r des) 3 te1/er ture o! 22? o' * s obser4ed in this eC/eri1ent# *here s de/osits !ro1 t n, .e on other .r des nd on do*nstre 1 oCidised .r de t n,s h 4e sho*n no su(h (ti4ity t te1/er tures belo* 2?0 o') %.#.# For this re son# nd to /ro4ide n //ro/ri te ! (tor o! s !ety# it is re(o11ended th t (ontrolled oCy.en de/letion be //lied to the 4 /our s/ (es o! ny oCid tion /l nt bitu1en rundo*n t n,s li,ely to be o/er ted t te1/er tures in eC(ess o! 200 o') For oCid tion /l nt bitumen rundo*n t n,s not li,ely to be o/er ted t te1/er tures bo4e 200 o' /ro4ision should be 1 de !or o(( sion l /ur.in. *ith ste 1 or inert gas. For the det ils o! ho* oCy.en de/letion (ontrol should be //lied# re!eren(e should be 1 de to =)3)@) %.% %here * ter (oolin. is //lied to rundo*n stre 1# the /ressure on the bitumen side should be .re ter th n on the * ter side to 4oid * ter in.ress nd /ossible seri ous froth"over in the rundo*n t n,) See =)3)9) The use o! ir9!in (oolers ( n 4oid this * ter (ont 1in tion /otenti l# but there is ris, o! /lu..in. t lo* throu.h /ut) %.' The un/lu..in. o! he t eC(h n.er or (ooler tubes or /i/in. should be tre ted *ith .re t ( re) See @)11)

' B*EN.ING
'.1 INT4O.0CTION Most .r des o! bitumen re !or (on4enien(e /rodu(ed by the blendin. o! t*o or 1ore ;b se .r de; (o1/onents to (hie4e the reBuired /rodu(t s/e(i!i( tion) Cutbac# bitumens re /rodu(ed s des(ribed in 1)2)< by blendin. $enetration grades *ith lo*er 4is(osity# 4ol tile diluents su(h s ,erosine) The 4 rious blendin. 1ethods used ( n be ( te.orised either s b t(h blendin. or s in9line blendin.) -lendin. ent ils the brin.in. to.ether o! stre 1s *ith di!!erent te1/er tures nd di!!erent /hysi( l /ro/erties) It is there!ore essenti l th t the syste1s# in(ludin. /i/elines# 1 ni!olds nd 4 l4es# be desi.ned so th t s ! r s /r (ti( ble stre 1s ( nnot be ((ident lly 1iCed or routed to *ron. destin tions nd * ter ( nnot be introdu(ed) %here 1isroutin. is /ossible# unused (onne(tions should be bl n,ed o!! nd the line9u/ should be ( re!ully (he(,ed be!ore ny blendin. o/er tion) $urin. the blendin. o/er tion# stri(t (ontrol should be eCer(ised) This //lies / rti(ul rly in cutbac# blendin. *here 4ol tile diluents re in4ol4ed) '.2 B2TCH B*EN.ING '.2.1 General In this 1ethod /redeter1ined b t(hes o! the blendin. (o1/onents re tr ns!erred either se/ r tely or si1ult neously into the blendin.8stor .e t n,# *here they re 1iCed until ho1o.eneous (o1/osition h s been (hie4ed)

-lendin. in the t n, should be by /u1/ed (ir(ul tion throu.h sub1er.ed Fet noAAle or by usin. 1e(h ni( l 1iCers inside the t n,) 3ir inFe(tion should not be used !or 1iCin. bitumens. I! Fet noAAles re //lied inside the t n, they should only be o/er ted *hen su!!i(iently sub1er.ed to 4oid Fet o! liBuid s/l shin. u/* rds !ro1 the sur! (e) Pro/eller ty/e 1iCers in the t n, should only be o/er ted *hen the bl des re (o4ered by t le st ?0011 o! liBuid) $urin. 1iCin.8(ir(ul tion o! blendin. t n, no /ersonnel should .o on to the t n, roo!) I! ((ess is essenti l !or obt inin. s 1/les or !or 1 nu l . u.in.# the 1iCin.8(ir(ul tion should be te1/or rily sto//ed) >)2)2 Cut3a 8 Bitumen, $urin. b t(h blendin. to /rodu(e cutbac# bitumen, the 4ol tile n ture o! the diluent o!ten ( uses the 4 /our s/ (e o! the blendin. t n, to / ss throu.h the flammable range durin. the blendin. /ro(ess) 'onseBuently# flammable 4 /our is o!ten dis(h r.ed !ro1 4ents to the t1os/here round the t n,) It is not nor1 lly re(o11ended to e1/loy /ressure84 (uu1 relie! 4 l4es or !l 1e rrestors in su(h t n, 4ents be( use o! the /roble1s o! !oulin.) It is there!ore / rti(ul rly i1/ort nt to 4oid ll sources of ignition in the 4i(inities o! cutbac# t n, 4ents be( use ny i.nition 1i.ht be tr ns1itted to the t n, 4 /our s/ (e) See area classification in =)2)2 nd 3//endiC $) Cutbac# bitumen blendin. should .ener lly be ( rried out only in t n,s desi.n ted !or th t o/er tion nd s !e.u rded in ((ord n(e *ith the re(o11end tions o! 'h /ter =) ' re 1ust be t ,en to ensure th t no * ter th t 1 y h 4e ((u1ul ted in the diluent h ndlin. syste1 ( n / ss throu.h to the blendin. o/er tion) See =)3)9 nd =)<)?) - t(h blendin. o! cutbac# bitumen should be dis9 (ontinued durin. /eriods o! ele(tri( stor1) Cutbac# bitumen blendin. reBuires (lose (ontrol o! the te1/er ture o! the bitumen (o1/onent) This should be s lo* s /r (ti( ble to 1ini1ise the loss o! 4 /our nd the ris# o! !ire or eC/losion) $urin. blendin.# the diluent should be dded to the bitu1en# /re!er bly by inFe(tion into (ir(ul tion stre 1 enterin. the t n, belo* the liBuid sur! (e) I! the diluent is to be dded dire(tly to the blendin. t n,# it should be inFe(ted *ell belo* the liBuid sur! (e in the t n, nd rr n.e1ents should be 1 de to /ro4ide deBu te initi l 1iCin. t the /oint o! entry in order to 4oid undue 4 /our .ener tion *hi(h (ould o4er*hel1 the 4entin. ( / (ity) '.! IN?*INE B*EN.ING %ith this 1ethod t*o or 1ore (o1/onents re si1ult neously /u1/ed into sin.le /i/eline under r tio (ontrol su(h th t the 1iCed /rodu(t 1eets the reBuired s/e(i!i( tion) In9line blended bitumens nd cutbac#s ( n be dis(h r.ed either to site t n, .e or dire(t to shi/ or ro d t n,er or r il t n, ( r) In9line blendin. ent ils no / rti(ul r hazards other th n those rel ted to the h ndlin. nd stor .e o! bitumen in .ener l# /ro4ided th t reli ble (ontrols o! the (o1/onent te1/er tures# /ro/er9ties# blend r tios nd the subseBuent 1iCin. *ithin the /i/eline re ensured) In the ( se o! blendin. o! cutbac#s, / rti(ul r ( re is reBuired to ensure th t 4ol tile diluent ( nnot / ss# either un1iCed or in the *ron. /ro/ortions# throu.h the syste1) It is re(o11ended th t the instru1ent tion in(ludes (ut 9o!! o! the diluent !lo* in the e4ent th t the !lo* o! the bitumen (o1/onent sto/s !or so1e re son# s# i! not sto//ed# it (ould result in l r.e rele se o! flammable 4 /our !ro1 the re(ei4in. t n,)

( STO42GE
(.1 INT4O.0CTION This (h /ter .i4es re(o11end tions !or s !ety in the (onstru(tion# o/er tion nd 1 inten n(e o! !iCed inst ll tions !or the stor .e o! bitumens, cutbac# bitumens nd cutbac# diluents) Ty/i( lly su(h stor .e t n,s *ill (o1/rise 4erti( l (ylindri( l shell *ith (oni( l roo! th t is sel! dr inin.) 3t st tion ry bitumen user /l nts# hot bitumens re usu lly stored in insul ted horiAont l (ylindri( l or re(t n.ul r t n,s) This .uid n(e is .rou/ed s !ollo*s: =)2 F (tors t ,in. into ((ount the (l ss o! bitumen in order to deter1ine the lo( tion# s/ (in.# bunding nd re (l ssi!i( tion o! t n, .e in ((ord n(e *ith 3)2 nd 3//endi(es 3 nd $)

$esi.n !e tures (o11on to ll bitumen tan#s nd their /i/in. 5but lso in(ludin. =)3)@ det ilin. the re(o11end tions !or inst ll tion o! oCy.en de/letion ! (ilities in o&idised grade rundo!n t n,s7) =)< O/er tion) =)? Ins/e(tion o! t n,s) =)> Entry nd (le nin. /re( utions# nd hot *or, in stor .e re s) O/er tors o! stor .e ! (ilities should re!er lso to 'h /ters 2# 3# <# @# 10 nd# !or (utb (, blendin.# >) (.2 *OC2TION+ SP2CING 2N. 24E2 C*2SSIFIC2TION OF T2N:S The distin(tion 1 de in 'h /ter 3 bet*een $enetration, h rd nd o&idised grade bitumens to be h ndled s Un(l ssi!ied /rodu(ts nd those 5i)e) cutbac# grades) to be h ndled in the 'l ss II527 or III527 ( te.ory# !!e(ts the .rou/in.# s/ (in. nd bunding o! t n,s nd the re (l ssi!i( tion o! t n, .e re s) %here there is ny doubt o4er the /rodu(t (l ss o! the bitumen to be h ndled# ! (ilities should be lo( ted nd rr n.ed s !or 'l ss II527 /rodu(ts) (.2.1 Bitumen, other than Cut3a 8 Grade, D0n la,,ified Produ t,E T n,s !or $enetration, hard nd o&idised grade bitumens, re(o.nised s Un(l ssi!ied /rodu(ts under the (l ssi!i( tion in 3//endi(es 3 nd $ should be tre ted s !ollo*s: 6rou/in. nd S/ (in. No / rti(ul r 1ini1u1 dist n(es re re(o11ended !or the s/ (in. o! t n,s (ont inin. these /rodu(ts) T n,s should be rr n.ed nd s/ (ed to suit (onstru(tion l nd o/er tion l needs nd to /ro4ide deBu te ((ess !or 1obile !ire !i.htin. eBui/1ent) See 'h /ter <) They should nor1 lly be lo( ted t le st >1 !ro1 ny /ubli( bound ry or o((u/ied *or, /l (e but t .re ter dist n(e i! ne(ess ry to 4oid ny ris, o! t n, s/ills or froth" over re (hin. the bound ry or o((u/ied *or, /l (es su(h s o!!i(es) 5See =)2)< !or d4i(e *here 'l ss 0 or 'l ss 1 /rodu(ts re lso /resent in dF (ent ! (ilities)7 -undin. Bunding is not 1 nd tory !or these Un(l ssi!ied /rodu(ts but lo* di4ersion * lls or dit(hes should nor1 lly be /ro4ided to sto/ s/ill .es !ro1 re (hin. o/er tin. re s# /ubli( bound ries nd re s reBuired !or !ire !i.htin. ((ess) 3re 'l ssi!i( tion 3re (l ssi!i( tion is the .r din. o! re s o! /l nt into non 9h A rdous nd h A rdous Aones in ((ord n(e *ith the li,elihood nd !reBuen(y o! o((urren(e o! !l 1 mable atmos$here. It is .uide to the sele(tion o! //ro/ri te /rote(tion !or ele(tri( l eBui/1ent nd to the (ontrol o4er the lo( tion o! nd 4oid n(e o! non9ele(tri( l sources o ignition in su(h re s) See 3//endiC $) -e( use o! the /ossibility indi( ted in 3)2)2)2# th t in the (on!ined s/ (e o! t n,s holdin. he ted Un(l ssi!ied bitumens there (ould be !l 11 ble 4 /ours bein. e4ol4ed s result o! lo( lised o4erhe tin.# it is re(o11ended th t ll t n,s !or $enetration, hard nd o&idised grade bitumens, in the /ro(ess rundo*n# bul, distribution nd user se(tors# should be (l ssi!ied .one 0 *ithin their ull .e s/ (e# *ith .one / re 1)? 1 in di 1eter surroundin. ll 4ents nd other t n, o/enin.s) See !oot note to Fi.ure =)1) Only ele(tri( l eBui/1ent *ith ty/e of $rotection meeting these Aoned reBuire1ents should be used *ithin these re s# nd ll non9ele(tri( l sources of ignition should be 4oided) See 3)2)2)1 !or Un(l ssi!ied bitumens in *ell 4entil ted un(on!ined (onditions in the o/en ir) (.2.2 Cut3a 8 Grade, DCla,, IID2E and Cla,, IIID2E Produ t,E T n,s !or these .r des# identi!ied s 'l ss II527 or 'l ss III527 /rodu(ts 5see 3)2)17# should be tre ted s !ollo*s sin(e the 4 /ours th t they 4ent *ill be !l 11 ble: 6rou/in. nd S/ (in. T n,s s1 ller th n 10 1 in di 1eter (ont inin. these /rodu(ts 1 y be sited to.ether in .rou/s o! (o1bined ( / (ity not eC(eedin. @000 M3) %ithin su(h .rou/s# no / rti(ul r 1ini1u1 dist n(es re re(o11ended !or the s/ (in. o! t n,s) The t n,s should be rr n.ed nd s/ (ed to suit (onstru(tion l# o/er tion l nd !ire !i.htin. needs) Mini1u1 dist n(es bet*een su(h .rou/s nd t n,s .re ter th n 10 1 in di 1eter re re(o11ended in T ble =)1) See =)2)< !or d4i(e *here 'l ss 0 or 'l ss I /rodu(ts re lso /resent) -undin.

=)3

T n,s (ont inin. these 'l ss II527 or III527 cutbac# /rodu(ts should be surrounded by bund * lls ( / ble o! ret inin. the /rodu(t should 1 For t n, s/ill o((ur# unless s/ill .es or le ,s !ro1 ny t n, *ould !lo* Bui(,ly nd s !ely 4i di4ersion ry * lls to dis/ersion or i1/oundin. b sin) Se/ r te * lls round e (h t n, re not ne(ess ry but the tot l ( / (ity o! the t n,s in ny one bunded area should not eC(eed >0#000 M3) Bund * lls should be o! hei.ht su!!i(ient to !!ord /rote(tion to /ersonnel en. .ed in !ire !i.htin. nd should be lo( ted so th t re son bly (lose //ro (h !or 1obile !ire !i.htin. eBui/1ent ( n be 1 de to ny t n, !ire) The net retention ( / (ity o! the t n, (o1/ound (re ted by e (h bund * ll should nor1 lly be t le st eBui4 lent to the ( / (ity o! the l r.est t n, *ithin the bund but 1 y be s little s =?L o! this ( / (ity *here (onditions re su(h th t there is no ris, to the /ubli( or the en4iron1ent) E!!e(ts on 3re 'l ssi!i( tion T n,s (ont inin. 'l ss II527 or III527 cutbac# .r des should be (onsidered s sour(es of flammable va$our !or the /ur/oses o! re (l ssi!i( tion) 3re s round su(h t n,s should be (l ssi!ied s indi( ted in Fi.ure =) 1) -e( use o! the r /id (oolin. o! the 4 /ours beyond the re sho*n round the 4ents it is not usu l to (l ssi!y the re *ithin the bund !alls s h A rd Aone) Ne4ertheless# sour(es of ignition !ithin the bund should be 4oided durin. o/er tions) %here diluents 1ore 4ol tile th n ,erosine# su(h s n /hth # re e1/loyed it should be (he(,ed *hether under the r n.e o! stor .e te1/er ture the blended (ut bac# !ill still be 'l ss II527# or *ould ! ll into 'l ss I) In the l tter ( se# the re (l ssi!i( tion should be s in Fi.ure =)2) (.2.! Cut3a 8 .iluent, Derosine diluents stored /rior to blendin. t te1/er tures belo* the !l sh /oint *ill be (l ssi!ied 'l ss II5l7# nd re (l ssi!i( tion *ill not be reBuired eC(e/t !or .one 1 !or their ull .e s/ (e nd l1 di 1eter .one / re surroundin. their 4ents nd other roo! o/enin.s) S/ (in. nd bunding reBuire1ents !ollo* those indi( ted in =)2) 1) The !l sh /oint (l ssi!i( tion o! other diluents should be est blished# nd i! they ! ll into 'l ss 1 their re (l ssi!i( tion should be s in Fi.ure =)2# *ith their s/ (in. !ro1 other ! (ilities in ((ord n(e *ith T ble =)1) Bunding of su(h 'l ss I t n, .e *ill be reBuired) Ta3le (.1. Tan8 ,-a in$ for Cla,, IID2E or IIID2E ut3a 8 3itumen, $es(ri/tion 1) -et*een .rou/s o! s1 ll t n,sM 2) -et*een .rou/ o! s1 ll t n,sM nd ny t n, outside the .rou/ 3) -et*een t n,s not bein. / rt o! .rou/ o! s1 ll t n,s Re(o11ended $ist n(es @1 @1 " l! the di 1eter o! the l r.er t n,Ithe di 1eter o! the s1 ller t n,I or 1? in# *hi(he4er is le st# but in no ( se less th n 10 1 1? 1 1? 1 1? 1

<) -et*een t n, nd ?) -et*een t n, nd desi.n ted non9h A >) -et*een t n, nd

M3 s1 ll t n, is ny t n, s1 ller th n 10 1 in di 1eter)

ny !illin. /oint# !illin. shed or buildin. the outer bound ry o! the inst ll tion# ny rdous re # or ny !iCed sour(e o! i.nition ny ! (ility h ndlin. 'l ss I /rodu(t

Fi$ure (.1) 3re 'l ssi!i( tion !or 'l ss II527 or 'l ss III527 'utb (, -itu1ens Stored t Te1/er tures bo4e their Fl sh/oints Note,
1) Re!eren(e 'h /ter =# =)2)2 2) The re inside the bund is not (l ssi!ied re !or these cutbac#s 3) For bitumens other th n (utb (, .r des# i)e) $enetration, hard nd o&idised grades, only the .one 1 inside the he d s/ (e# nd the .one / r dius surroundin. to/ or .round le4el 4ents *ill //ly *ith 1)? 1 r dius) See =)2)1

Fi$ure (.2. 'one Roo! T n, !or 'l ss I $iluents 5t ,en !ro1 Fi.ure 3)1 o! the IP 3re 'l ssi!i( tion 'ode 19907
Note, 1) Re!eren(e 'h /ter =# =)2)3 2) The bo4e re (l ssi!i( tion //lies to ll 'l ss 1 /etroleu1 /rodu(ts in 1bient stor .e

Further d4i(e on the tre t1ent o! t n,s (ont inin. these diluents is .i4en in the IP M r,etin. Re!inin. S !ety 'odes)

nd

(.2.# Pro7imity of Bitumen Tan8a$e to Cla,, 1 and Cla,, I Produ t Fa ilitie, -e( use o! their /otenti l !or auto"ignition round l ..in.# t n,s (ont inin. bitumens o! ll (l sses should not be lo( ted in re s (l ssi!ied s hazardous risin. !ro1 'l ss 0 or 'l ss I /rodu(t h ndlin. ! (ilities) For eC 1/le# su(h t n, should nor1 lly be lo( ted t le st 1? 1 !ro1 ny t n, (ont inin. 'l ss I /rodu(t nd not be /l (ed in the s 1e bunded (o1/ound s 'l ss I or 'l ss 0 /rodu(t t n,) (.! T2N: .ESIGN FE2T04ES CO&&ON TO 2** C*2SSES OF BIT0&EN

T n,s 1ust be desi.ned nd (onstru(ted to (on!or1 to the rele4 nt st tutory reBuire1ents o! the (ountry in *hi(h they re inst lled) In the United Din.do1# 1ild steel (ylindri( l t n,s should (on!or1 to -S 2>?<:;S/e(i!i( tion !or the 1 nu! (ture o! 4erti( l steel *elded stor .e t n,s *ith butt *elded shells !or the /etroleu1 industry;# or -S 2?9<: ;S/e(i!i( tion !or ( rbon steel *elded horiAont l (ylindri( l stor .e t n,s;) 3((ount 1ust be t ,en o! the 1 Ci1u1 o/er tin. te1/er ture nd /ressure li,ely in ser4i(e) The eCterior o! the t n, 1 y be (o4ered *ith insul tion to 1ini1ise he t losses) See =)3) 10) (.!.1 2 e,, T n,s should be /ro4ided *ith roo! .u rd r ils nd toe9/l tes) % l,* ys should be /ro4ided to .i4e ((ess !or ny ne(ess ry o/er tions or 1 inten n(e on the roo!) They should be so rr n.ed s to 4oid the need !or o/er tors to * l, (ross t n, roo!s) T n, to/ * l,* ys should h 4e t*o ((ess routes !ro1 the .round rr n.ed s ne(ess ry to 4oid ny / rt o! the * l,* y be(o1in. isol ted by t n, !ire) (.!.2 Heatin$ Fa ilitie, "ot oil# ste 1 or ele(tri( l he tin. ele1ents 1 y be /ro4ided to i1/ro4e he tin. nd .it tion o! the botto1 l yers or s out!lo* noAAle) Ste 1 or hot oil (oils in t n,s should be o! /ossibility o! le , .e# nd /ressure tests should be ( rried out in the botto1 o! bitumen t n, so s out!lo* he ters 1ounted t the t n, the ll 9*elded ty/e# to 1ini1ise the t re.ul r inter4 ls) See =)?)<)

-ul, Te1/er ture 'ontrol 3((ur te t n, te1/er ture (ontrol is essenti l !or s !e o/er tions nd the t n, should be /ro4ided *ith reli ble 1e ns o! te1/er ture 1e sure1ent 5see =)<)37# /re!er bly in(or/or tin. 1ore th n one dete(tion /oint lo( ted t su!!i(ient /ositions to ! (ilit te (he(,s *hen intern l (ir(ul tion is Poor) It is usu lly ne(ess ry to /ro4ide !or o(( sion l /u1/ed (ir(ul tion or 1e(h ni( l stirrin. o! the /rodu(t# in order to redu(e te1/er ture l yerin. *ithin l r.e t n,s) 5Under /oor 1iCin. (onditions# tests h 4e sho*n lo*er te1/er tures t the botto18side re s belo* the he tin. ele1ent)7 "e tin. Ele1ent Te1/er ture 'ontrol "e tin. ele1ent te1/er ture (ontrols re ne(ess ry to /re4ent lo( l o4erhe tin.# be( use he t tr ns!er ( n be se4erely restri(ted by the hi.h viscosity o! the /rodu(t# *ith the de4elo/1ent o! solid de(o1/osition /rodu(ts round the ele1ents nd n ensuin. rise o! lo( l te1/er tures to the (r (,in. r n.e) Su(h (ontrols re / rti(ul rly i1/ort nt !or ele(tri( l he tin. ele1ents) "e tin. Ele1ent LiBuid 'o4er These /ro4isions lso should in(lude uto1 ti( le4el shut o!! s*it(hes nd l r1s (ontrolled !ro1 bitumen liBuid le4el sensors to shut o!! the he tin. ele1ents *hen there is less th n 1?011 o! liBuid (o4er) 3ltern ti4ely# the nor1 l o!!t ,e le4el noAAle should be rr n.ed to be (orres/ondin. hei.ht bo4e the to/ o! the he tin. ele1ents) Uninsul ted !eeder /i/es to hot oil or ste 1 he tin. ele1ents should not / ss throu.h t n, 4 /our s/ (es) Rehe tin. -itu1en !ro1 Solid 3 sin.le 4erti( l h ir/in he tin. ele1ent 1 y be /ro4ided in bitumen t n, bo4e the botto1 he tin. ele1ents to /ro4ide /ressure relie! (h nnel u/ throu.h the sto(, o! bitumen i! it be(o1es ne(ess ry to s !ely re91elt the sto(, !ro1 solid) This *ill 4oid the o4er stressin. nd /ossible ! ilure o! the botto1 shell (ourses s re91eltin. ( uses eC/ nsion) %here this is done# the 4erti( l ele1ent should be inde/endent o! the botto1 ele1ents nd to 4oid o4erhe tin. in the 4 /our s/ (e ( re should be t ,en th t it is shut o!! be!ore the bul, o! the sto(, be(o1es hot) (.!.! Produ t Pi-e, in Tan8 <a-our S-a e, For the re sons st ted in ?)<)1# 1 nu! (turin. /l nt run do*n /i/es should not / ss throu.h t n, 4 /our s/ (es unless s/e(i lly insul ted) Fillin. rr n.e1ents should be desi.ned to 1ini1ise s/l shin. nd to /ro4ide !ree entry t ny le4el *hen the t n, (ontents re (old) For /rodu(t tr ns!ers# other th n rundo*n stre 1s !ro1 1 nu! (turin. /l nts# nd *here to/ entry into t n, is ne(ess ry to ,ee/ the deli4ery /i/e (le r in ll (ir(u1st n(es# slotted do*n/i/e to 1ini1ise s/l shin. should be /ro4ided eCtendin. throu.hout the t n, 4 /our s/ (e) (.!.# *e"el Control Fa ilitie,

3uto1 ti( le4el indi( tors nd l r1s re to be /re!erred to 1 nu l di//in. !or routine le4el (ontrol) See=)<)<) To/ 1ounted# non9intrusi4e re1ote sensin. instru1ents usin. r d r or ultr soni( de4i(es 1 y be (onsidered !or (ontinuous le4el 1e sure1ent *here !oulin. o! le4el !lo ts is /roble1) "i.h le4el l r1s should be inde/endent o! other le4el sensors) Inert gas bubblers h 4e been used !or this duty) M nu l di//in. !ro1 the t n, to/ should be 1ini1ised but di/ h t(h *ill nor1 lly be reBuired !or (he(,in. uto1 ti( ! (ilities) This should be (o1bined *ith the s 1/lin. h t(h 5=)3)117 nd desi.ned to 1ini1ise the in!lo* o! ir nd the out!lo* o! 4 /our *hen it is used) 3 * l,* y should be /ro4ided to .i4e ((ess to the di/ h t(h to 4oid d 1 .e to the t n, roo! insu l tion) 3 dri/ tr y should be /ro4ided to 4oid (ont 1in tion o! roo! insul tion in the 4i(inity o! the h t(h) %ith t n,s su(h s o&idised grade rundo*n t n,s th t in ((ord n(e *ith the re(o11end tion in ?)<)< nd =)3)@ re o/er ted under oCy.en de/leted 4 /our s/ (es e).) by inert gas or ste 1# the 4oid n(e o! 1 nu l di//in. !ro1 the t n, to/ is / rti(ul rly i1/ort nt !or re sons o! both s !ety nd o/er tion l (on4enien(e) In su(h ( ses the /ro4ision o! re1ote re din. . u.es is stron.ly re(o11ended) (.!.% Breather <ent, Pressure84 (uu1 bre ther 4 l4es re not re(o11ended !or use in bitumen stor .e t n, ser4i(e be( use o! the ris# o! sti(,in. in the (losed /osition) For bitumen t n, *hi(h is to be 4ented to the ir# sin.le# /er1 nently o/en bre ther 4ent should be /ro4ided) Multi/le 4ents should be 4oided be( use they llo* (ross !lo* o! ir in the t n, roo! s/ (e nd this ( n /ro1ote self" heating o! ny $yro$horic de$osits /resent) The 4ent should be desi.ned to ,ee/ the t n, /ressure *ithin the llo* ble r n.e under ll /ossible /rodu(t in!lo* nd out!lo* (onditions usin. 3PI Std 2000: ;Eentin. 3t1os/heri( nd Lo* Pressure Stor .e T n,s; or eBui4 lent) It should lso be desi.ned to: 9 9 9 9 9 dis(h r.e *ell * y !ro1 ny /oint *here /ersonnel 1i.ht be h r1ed by dis(h r.e o! hot 1 teri l !ro1 o4er!lo* or froth" over2. /re4ent in.ress o! r in * ter) See =)3)9) 4oid (ont 1in tion o! t n, insul tion by ny oily (ondens te dis(h r.ed !ro1 the 1outh o! the 4ent# in order to redu(e the ris#s !ro1 auto"ignition ne r the 4ent) See 3)3)< nd =)3) 10) 1ini1ise the ris# o! blo(, .e by !oulin.) For this re son# it is re(o11ended not to /ro4ide 4ents *ith 1esh (o4ers or !l 1e rrestors) ! (ilit te ((ess !or re.ul r ins/e(tion nd 4ent (le nin.) See =)<)9)

3 ?0L o4erdesi.n on 4ent re is re(o11ended !or bitumen t n, 4ents be( use so1e !oulin. is ine4it ble) It is essenti l th t 4ent ( l(ul tions should be (he(,ed nd re4ie*ed *hen t n,s re llo( ted to duties !or *hi(h they *ere not desi.ned e).) (h n.e o! /u1/in. r tes into or out o! the t n,# or o! /i/e inlet siAe# or *here it is /ro/osed 5in (onseBuen(e o! the bo4e re(o11end tion th t (ross !lo* should be 4oided7 th t redu(tion in the nu1ber o! the 4ents is to be 1 de) F ilure to do this ( n result in serious d 1 .e to the t n, roo!# e).) *here o4er!illin. !or(es bitumen to be eC/elled throu.h the bre ther 4ent line# *ith (onseBuent / rti l blo(, .e !ro1 (on.e led 1 teri l)
M3 4ent brou.ht do*n to dis(h r.e (lose to .round le4el is /re!er ble)

(.!.' Pre,,ure 4elief Panel, It is nor1 lly i1/r (ti( ble to desi.n bre ther 4ents *ith su!!i(ient ( / (ity to relie4e the /ressures *hi(h ( n be (re ted by froth"over situations ) "in.ed nd *ei.hted relie! / nels or s/e(i!i( lly desi.ned 1 nhole (o4ers re so1eti1es /ro4ided to /rote(t the t n, in the e4ent o! froth" over or 1inor eC/losion) %here these re /ro4ided# ny ((ess * ys belo* should be /rote(ted !ro1 the bitu1en *hi(h 1i.ht be dis(h r.ed) 3ltern ti4ely# the (oni( l roo!s o! 4erti( l (ylindri( l t n,s ( n be desi.ned *ith ;*e ,; !r n.ible shell9to9roo! se 1s) Su(h desi.ns ( n be dis/ro/ortion tely eC/ensi4e !or s1 ll t n,s 5e).) less th n bout 1? 1 di 1eter7) (.!.( <a-our Colle tion Sy,tem, 3t 1 nu! (turin. sites# 4 /our eCtr (tion syste1s 1 y be inst lled !or the (olle(tion o! 4 /ours !ro1 bitumen t n, 4ents) The 4 /ours (olle(ted re either in(iner ted# / rti lly (ondensed into ,no(,9out 4essels# or s(rubbed *ith suit ble * shin. 1ediu1# be!ore dis(h r.e to the t1os/here) %here 4 /ours re (olle(ted !ro1 t n, 4ents# ( re !ully desi.ned# /ressure b l n(ed syste1 is ne(ess ry to ensure th t t n,s re not subFe(t to o4er/ressure or 4 (uu1 (onditions beyond their desi.n r n.e) The syste1 should 4oid /rodu(in. (ross dr u.hts in bitumen t n, 4 /our s/ (es) See =)3)?# se(ond / r .r /h)

(.!.) Controlled O7y$en .e-letion Fa ilitie, %here# s in the re(o11end tion in ?)<)< in res/e(t o! o&idised grade bitumen rundo*n t n,s# oCy.en de/letion is (onsidered ne(ess ry to 4oid flammable atmos$heres in t n, 4 /our s/ (es# the ! (ilities should be desi.ned to ensure th t there re1 ins su!!i(ient oCy.en in the 4 /our s/ (e to 4oid build u/ o! $yro$horic de$osits. There is e4iden(e th t 1ini1u1 o! <L by 4olu1e o! oCy.en is su!!i(ient to /re4ent the de/osits !ro1 be(o1in. /otenti lly hazardous. $e/endin. on the ty/e nd sour(e o! the inert gas it 1 y lre dy (ont in su(h le4el o! oCy.enI other*ise ir 1 y h 4e to be dded under r tio (ontrol to the inertin. . s !lo*) Monitorin. the oCy.en (on(entr tion# /re!er bly by usin. (ontinuous oCy.en 1e sure1ent instru1ents# is stron.ly re(o11ended in order to 1 int in the (o1/osition o! the 4 /our s/ (e nor1 lly t bet*een <L nd >L oCy.en by 4olu1e) There 1ust be /ro4isions to ensure th t# in the e4ent o! ny ! ilure *hi(h 1i.ht ( use the oCy.en (on(entr tion in the t n, 4 /our s/ (e to eC(eed @L by 4olu1e# ny *ithdr * l o! bitumen !ro1 the t n, should be dis(ontinued to /re4ent !urther ir !ro1 bein. dr *n in) OCy.en 1e surin. instru1ents# *hen inst lled dire(tly *ithin the 4 /our s/ (e o! the bitumen t n,# re li ble to !oulin.) There!ore su(h instru1ents 1 y be /ositioned in the inert . s8ste 1 su//ly line s (lose s /ossible to the t n,5s7) It should be understood th t# due to the on.oin. slo* oCid tion /ro(ess th t ( n o((ur in the t n,# the oCy.en (ontent in the t n, *ill not l* ys be the s 1e s 1e sured in the inert . s su//ly line) There!ore the inert . s su//ly should 1 int in 1ini1u1 !lo* to the t n, e4en *hen the t n, le4el is st ti() This *ill lso hel/ 4oid ny !oulin. o! the instru1ents th t 1i.ht other*ise still o((ur) 3/ rt !ro1 reli ble oCy.en 1onitorin.# the use o! inert . s bl n,etin. o! t n,s reBuires ( re!ully de si.ned nd o/er ted syste1# e).) on the /oint o! /ressure (ontrol o! the t n,5s7 (on(erned) It is there!ore stron.ly re(o11ended th t s/e(i list d4i(e is obt ined *here4er su(h eC/ertise is not 4 il ble t site) -e( use the st nd rd desi.n /ressure84 (uu1 s !ety 4 l4es re not re(o11ended !or use in bitumen stor .e t n, ser4i(e# be( use o! the ris# o! sti(,in. in the (losed /osition 5see =)?)37 s/e(i lly desi.ned o4er/ressure nd 4 (uu1 /rote(tion syste1 should be inst lled# *hene4er inert . s bl n,etin. is //lied) $urin. o/er tion o! the syste1 it should be re.ul rly ins/e(ted nd 1 int ined# es/e(i lly the instru1ent tion) Note: The 1e sures in =)3)@ re not nor1 lly reBuired in t n, .e other th n o&idised grade rundo!n t n,s) For rundo*n t n,s !or distill tion /l nt bitumens see ?)<)3) 1) For 1e sures to 1ini1ise de/osits th t 1 y be(o1e /yro/hori( in bul, distribution nd user t n, .e see =)<)=) (.!./ Pro"i,ion, 2$ain,t 5ater In$re,, 3ll ! (ilities (onne(ted to bitumen t n,s should be de si.ned to 1ini1ise the ris# o! * ter in.ress to the t n,s) See lso =)<)?) 'losures to t n, roo! o/enin.s should be *e ther ti.ht nd the roo!s should be !ree dr inin.) %here ste 1 he tin. o! /i/elines is ne(ess ry# eCtern l ste 1 tr (in. o! lines is /re!erred to F (,etin. nd to intern l ste 1 tr (in.) F (ilities !or su//lyin. cutbac# diluents !or blendin. *ith bitumen 5see 'h /ter >7 should in(or/or te e!!e(ti4e * ter se/ r tion rr n.e1ents) (.!.11 Thermal In,ulation 3ll ther1 l insul tion on hot t n,s nd /i/es should be s( led . inst in.ress o! * ter nd oily /rodu(ts# in(ludin. bitumen s$ills, bitumen t n, 4ent (ondens te dri/s nd le , .e !ro1 !l n.es or side entry 1iCer .l nds) $ 1 .e to insul tion (o4ers should be 4oided by /ro4ision o! /l t!or1in. *here4er ((ess o4er insul tion is ne(ess ry) (.!.11 Sam-lin$ 2rran$ement, S 1/lin. /re!er bly should be ( rried out !ro1 /i/eline used in sso(i tion *ith the t n, or# *hen .ood 1iCin. h s been ssured# !ro1 (onne(tion on the t n, shell) S 1/le 4 l4es !or these /ur/oses should be s/e(i lly desi.ned 5see 'h /ter 107) M nu l s 1/lin. !ro1 the t n, to/ should be dis(our .ed but# *here it is ne(ess ry# s 1/le h t(h should be /ro4ided) This should be (o1bined *ith the di/ h t(h) %hen s 1/lin. is reBuired !ro1 oCy.en de/leted t n, .e# !iCed s 1/lin. /oints should be used in /l (e o! di//in.) See =)3)<# !in l / r .r /h) (.!.12 Tan8 *i$htin$ T n, li.htin. should be deBu te !or ll ((ess reBuire1ents !ter d r,)

(.!.1! Pi-ewor8 Sy,tem, Pi/e*or, syste1s *hi(h 1i.ht be le!t !ull o! bitumen bet*een o/er tions should h 4e deBu te ther1 l insul tion nd tr (e he tin. ! (ilities to /re4ent blo(, .e due to solidi!i( tion o! the /rodu(t) %here tr (e he tin. is /ro4ided# ho*e4er# s/e(i l ( re is ne(ess ry to 4oid be tin. liBuid 9!ull se(tions tr //ed bet*een (losed blo(, 4 l4es or /lu.s o! solid /rodu(t) Pressure relie! 4 l4es ( nnot nor1 lly be relied u/on to /rote(t se(tions o! he ted liBuid9!ull bitumen /i/e*or, . inst the hydr uli( /ressures *hi(h ( n be /rodu(ed by ther1 l eC/ nsion) See lso =)<)@) Pi/e*or, syste1s !or o(( sion l use should be desi.ned !or e se o! dr inin. to lo* /oints !ro1 *hi(h the /rodu(t ( n (on4eniently be re1o4ed bet*een o/er tions) 3n in(line o! not less th n @L is re(o11ended !or ny bitumen /i/eline to be sel!9dr inin.) Pi/e*or, syste1s# *hether !or o(( sion l or (ontinuous use# should be ther1 lly insul ted s ne(ess ry to /rote(t /ersons !ro1 (ont (t bu1s) Fl n.ed /i/e (onne(tions re /re!erred to s(re*ed (onne(tions in bitumen ser4i(e# to ! (ilit te dis1 ntlin. *hen ne(ess ry !or the (le r n(e o! blo(, .es) Ele(tri( l he tin. ele1ents !or /i/e*or, should in(or/or te uto1 ti( te1/er ture li1it tion (ontrols) %hen ste 1 tr (in. is used see =)3)9) (.# OPE42TIONS (.#.1 *a3ellin$ of E=ui-ment T n,s nd their //ro/ri te !ill 4 l4es should be 1 r,ed !or identi!i( tion *ith nu1ber nd# i! /r (ti( ble# the /rodu(t .r de in ((ord n(e *ith the IP Produ(t Identi !i( tion Syste1 !or M r,etin. O/er tions nd $istributions# obt in ble *ith its ((o1/ nyin. 'ode o! Pr (ti(e dire(t !ro1 the Institute o! Petroleu1) 3ddition lly# cutbac# t n,s should be 1 r,ed F.2NGE4 FLAMMABLE' . T n,s *hi(h ( n be o/er ted under ny !or1 o! oCy.en de/letion syste1 should h 4e * rnin.s dis/l yed t di/ h t(hes nd si1il r roo! /ertures to 4oid in d4ertent o/enin.) Produ(t nd ser4i(e hose (onne(tion /oints nd 4 l4es should be l belled to indi( te their duties nd .r des) =)<)2 Safe$uard, a$ain,t Hydro$en Sul-hide Leth l (on(entr tions o! hydro.en sul/hide ( n ((u1ul te in the 4 /our s/ (es o! bitumen t n,s s result o! ther1 l re (ti4ity) For this re son o/er tors 1ust 4oid bre thin. 4 /ours !ro1 these t n,s nd !ollo* the re(o11end tions in 2)< nd 2)<) 1) (.#.! Tan8 Tem-erature Control 3 1 Ci1u1 *or,in. te1/er ture should be s/e(i!ied !or e (h t n, t ,in. ((ount o! the re(o11end tions in 3//endiC - nd# in the ( se o! bitumens other th n cutbac# grades, the need to 4oid the o((urren(e o! !l 11 ble atmos$heres in the t n, 4 /our s/ (es) 3((ur te te1/er ture (ontrol is / rti(ul rly ne(ess ry *here 1 teri l is to be stored (lose to the 1 Ci1u1 re(o11ended in 3//endiC -) Re.ul r (he(,s re ne(ess ry to ensure th t uto1 ti( instru1ents re *or,in. (orre(tly) See =)3)2) %here uto1 ti( (ontrol instru1ents re not /ro4ided# stri(t /ro(edures re ne(ess ry to ensure th t bul, te1/er ture li1its re not eC(eeded in ny / rt o! the t n, nd th t (ti4e he tin. ele1ents re not un(o4ered) Re din.s ( n be unreli ble i! t ,en only ne r the he tin. ele1ents# shell or t n, botto1) (.#.# Tan8 *e"el Control %hether or not hi.h le4el l r1 is !itted# 1 Ci1u1 s !e *or,in. le4el !or the t n, should be /redeter1ined) See =)3)<) This should llo* 1 r.in !or ther1 l eC/ nsion o! the /rodu(t in the t n, nd !or the eru/tion nd !o 1in. *hi(h 1i.ht result !ro1 s1 ll ((ident l in.ress o! * ter) -e!ore the st rt o! ny tr ns!er into the t n,# (he(,s should be 1 de to (on!ir1 th t there is su!!i(ient ullage !or the /ro/osed tr ns!er *ithout eC(eedin. the 1 Ci1u1 s !e *or,in. le4el) M nu l di//in. o! t n,s# other th n those *ith oCy.en de/letion# *ill be ne(ess ry !or o(( sion l (he(,in. o! uto1 ti( ! (ilities nd !or (ontrol o! tr ns!ers *here there re no uto1 ti( le4el 1e surin. instru1ents) 3((ess to bitumen tan# roo!s !or this or ny other /ur/ose should be re.ul ted s indi( ted in =)<)>) (.#.% 2"oidan e of Froth?o"er In order to 4oid the ris,s o! froth"over in bitumen t n,s# / rti(ul r ( re is ne(ess ry to: 9 re1o4e * ter !ro1 /i/e*or, lre dy (ont inin. bitumen, nd other ! (ilities be!ore / ssin. /rodu(t throu.h the1 to t n,

9 9 9

4oid in.ress o! * ter throu.h o/en h t(hes nd 1 nholes on the roo! o! t n,# / rti(ul rly *hen !ire !i.htin. or e1er.en(y t n, (oolin.# ensure th t ll * ter h s been e!!e(ti4ely re1o4ed !ro1 ny cutbac# diluent syste1 be!ore the diluent is / ssed to bitu1en t n,# 4oid nd 1 ,e re.ul r (he(,s !or le ,s in ste 1 (oils) See =)?)<) %hen (oil is shut do*n n t1os/heri( bleed should be o/ened on the (oil ne r the t n, nd (he(,ed !or (ondens te or si.ns o! /rodu(t le , .e)

T n,s should not be o/er ted in r n.e o! te1/er ture *hi(h !lu(tu tes bo4e nd belo* the boilin. /oint o! * ter# s these !lu(tu tions re (ondu(i4e to the ((u1ul tion nd then r /id 4 /oris tion o! * ter# *hi(h o!ten results in froth"over. A t n, o/er ted (ontinuously bo4e 100;' h s less o//ortunity !or * ter ((u1ul tion by (ondens tion) I!# des/ite dr inin.# the /resen(e o! * ter is sus/e(ted in t n, (ont inin. bitumen at te1/er ture belo* 100 o' nd it is ne(ess ry to he t the /rodu(t# .re t ( re should be t ,en to r ise the te1/er ture slo*ly throu.h the r n.e 9? to 120 o'# in order to 4oid !roth9o4er) In these (ir(u1st n(es the use o! anti"foaming agents ( n be bene!i(i l# but ((ess ne r to or on the t n, should be /rohibited durin. this /eriod) (.#.' 2 e,, to Bitumen Tan8 4oof, 3((ess by /ersonnel to hot bitu1en t n, roo!s should be stri(tly re.ul ted t ll ti1es) It should be 4oided s ! r s is re son bly /r (ti( ble# durin. /rodu(t 1o4e1ents into or out o! the t n, (on(erned# or *hen 1iCin. or (ir(ul tin. is in /ro(ess) It should be /rohibited: 9 9 9 9 9 9 durin. the blendin. o! cutbac# 5see 'h /ter >7# durin. r isin. o! the t n, te1/er ture# i! the t n, 1i.ht (ont in !l 11 ble t1os/here# durin. ny outbre , o! !ire in the 4i(inity# durin. /eriods o! hi.h *ind# durin. ele(tri( stor1s)

(.#.( Control of Pyro-hori .e-o,it, in Bitumen Tan8a$e Dother than &anufa turin$ 4undown Tan8,E for O7idi,ed Grade, (.#.(.1 The (ir(u1st n(es under *hi(h solid ( rbon (eous de/osits on the * lls or the roo! re s o! bitumen tan#s ( n be(o1e self"heating are still not l* ys !ully understood) 3s indi( ted in 3)3)? the oCid tion /ro(ess th t o((urs *ith su(h de/osits ( n be slo* re (tion th t nor1 lly /rodu(es no si.ni!i( nt lo( l te1/er ture rise) This is the nor1 l eC/erien(e *ith o&idised grade non rundo*n t n,s# nd *ith rundo*n nd non9rundo*n t n,s !or the other bitumen grades. "o*e4er# *here de/osits re /resent there is l* ys so1e ris# th t self"heating 1i.ht o((ur) This 1i.ht or 1i.ht not be i1/ort nt in ny / rti(ul r ( se# sin(e this is de/endent u/on the li,elihood o! the /resen(e o! !l 11 ble le4el in the 4 /our s/ (e) These ! (tors h 4e been re4ie*ed in 3)2)2)2# 3)3)># ?)<)2# ?)<)3 nd ?)<)< *ith the result nt di4ision o! t n, .e ( te.ories s !ollo*s: 5i7 1 nu! (turin. rundo*n t n,s !ro1 oCid tion /l nts# *hi(h should be eBui//ed *ith (ontrolled oCy.en de/letion ! (ilities in ((ord n(e *ith =)3)@) 5ii7 other rundo*n t n,s !ro1 distill tion /l nt# *hi(h *ill not reBuire oCy.en de/letion# but should be .i4en /eriodi( ventilation in ((ord n(e *ith ?)<)3) other t n, .e in the bul, distribution nd user se(tors) (.#.(.2 For t n, .e in ( te.ory 5iii7 bo4e it is /rudent still to be * re th t the !or1 tion o! de/osits ( n o((ur nd should be 1ini1ised) The use o! the lo*est /r (ti( ble bitumen storage te1/er tures t ll ti1es *ill hel/# nd should ensure th t the /rob bility o! .ener tin. !l 11 ble (ondition in the t n, s/ (e is 1ini1 l) The .uid n(e .i4en in =)<)3 nd 3//endiC - should there!ore be !ollo*ed) (.#.(.!

The ste dy st te slo* oCid tion /ro(ess th t o((urs *ith ty/i( l de/osits in the bo4e ( te.ory 5iii7 t n, .e h s been 1entioned in 3)3)? nd =)<)=)1 s nor1 lly o((ur rin.) This ste dy st te situ tion is o! ob4ious i1/ort n(e nd ( rbon (eous de/osits# on(e !or1ed# should be ,e/t in ste dy st te *ith their surroundin.s until su(h ti1e s they ( n be re1o4ed by thorou.h t n, (le nin.) This ste dy st te is /ro1oted by: 4oidin. throu.h 9dr u.hts o! !resh ir in t n, 4 /our s/ (es 5=)3)?7) These ( n suddenly in 9 (re se the r tes o! the oCid tion /ro(esses *hi(h re nor1 lly (ontinuously o((urrin. t the sur! (es o! de/osits) 4oidin. si.ni!i( nt ste/ (h n.es in the te1/er ture re.i1e surroundin. the t n,) The ddition o! ne* he t insul tion (ross the roo!# !or eC 1/le# (ould result in eCistin. roo! de/osits o4erhe tin.)

I! t n, .e o/er tin. (onditions ( nnot be sele(ted to /re4ent the build u/ o! de/osits# (onsider tion 1 y be .i4en to re1o4 l o! the de/osits by (le nin. be!ore they be.in to bre , * y# eC/osin. ne* sur! (es t *hi(h self" heating might st rt) Note: In the e4ent th t s/e(i!i( user reBuire1ents reBuire hi.her te1/er ture th n is /ro4ided !or in 3//endiC -# this should be (hie4ed not by in(re sin. the bul, t n, te1/er ture o! the bitu1en but by rehe tin. the /rodu(t se/ r tely !ro1 the t n,# e).) by su(tion or line he ters) 53 1 Ci1u1 te1/er ture o! 230 o' should still //ly !or lo din. into t n, 4ehi(les)7 (.#.) Safe Clearan e of Pi-eline Blo 8a$e The desi.n .uid n(e .i4en in =)3)9 nd =)3)13 should be noted) Uns !e 1ethods o! tte1/tin. to (le r /i/eline blo(, .es ( n .i4e rise to serious ((idents due to the he ted n ture o! the /rodu(t nd should not be /er1itted) The .uid n(e .i4en in @)11 should be obser4ed) (.#./ Clearan e of Breather <ent, 3 re.ul r routine o! (he(,in. th t bre ther 4ents re un obstru(ted is essenti l) See =)?)2) (.% INSPECTION (.%.1 O"erall ECtern l ins/e(tion o! the eC/osed / rts o! t n, * lls nd !ittin.s to dete(t le ,s nd other /ossible de!e(ts should be ( rried out on routine b sis by o/er tors) The inter4 ls bet*een !ull intern l ins/e(tions o! t n, * lls# !loors# roo!s nd intern l !ittin.s# ent ilin. tot l e1/tyin. nd (le nin.# should be s/e(i!ied in (o1/ ny /ro(edures) (.%.2 Breather <ent, and Pre,,ure 4elief Panel, Bitumen tan# 4ents nd /ressure relie! / nels 5see =)3)? nd =)3)>7 re / rti(ul rly sus(e/tible to !oulin.) 3 re.ul r s(hedule !or ins/e(tion o! e (h 4ent nd /ressure relie! / nel should be est blished in the li.ht o! lo( l eC/erien(e) Ins/e(tion nd (le nin. o! 4ents should nor1 lly be /ossible *ithout e1/tyin. the /rodu(t !ro1 the t n, but ( re!ully de!ined $ermit to !or# /ro(edure is ne(ess ry in e (h ( se to 4oid ris#s o! i.nition t the 4ent nd to 1ini1ise eC/osure o! /ersonnel to fumes, $articularly *hen hydro.en sul/hide is /resent) (.%.! Thermal In,ulation 3re s o! ther1 l insul tion# li,ely to be (ont 1in ted by oil or bitumen s$ills, should be o! non9 bsorbent ty/e# se led# ins/e(ted !reBuently nd# to 4oid s/ont neous i.nition 53)3)<7# re/l (ed *hene4er there re si.ns o! i1/re.n tion or d 1 .e to the (l ddin.) (.%.# Heatin$ Coil, 3 re.ul r s(hedule !or inte.rity (hee,s on ste 1 nd hot oil he tin. (oils# should be est blished in the li.ht o! lo( l eC/erien(e) This should in(lude (oil dr inin. (he(,s *ith the t n, in ser4i(e nd /ressure testin. o! the (oil *hen the t n, is out o! ser4i(e) (.%.% 4e ord, of In,-e tion, Re(ord should be ,e/t o! ll ins/e(tions) (.' &2INTEN2NCE 2N. T2N: C*E2NING (.'.1 Pre-aration, for Entry

Fro1 ti1e to ti1e bitu1en t n,s h 4e to be t ,en out o! ser4i(e !or /ur/oses su(h s /rodu(t (h n.e# ins/e(tion nd 1 inten n(e) $e(o11issionin. /ro(edures nd their /re( utions *ill di!!er ((ordin.ly) In ll ( ses *here /ersonnel *ill h 4e to enter the t n, !or ins/e(tion nd8or (le nin. /ur/oses eCtensi4e /re( utions !or de(o11issionin. nd gas"freeing //ly be!ore nyone 1 y enter) This subFe(t is (o1/rehensi4ely de lt *ith in the IP T n, 'le nin. S !ety 'ode to *hi(h re!eren(e should be 1 de) In the ( se o! bitumen t n,s *hi(h h 4e been o/er ted under oCy.en de/leted t1os/heres su(h s inert gas or ste 1 5see =)3)@7# there 1 y be n in(re sed ris# o! the /resen(e o! $yro$horic ( rbon (eous nd8or iron sul/hide de$osits. These 1i.ht be(o1e re (ti4e nd /otenti l source of ignition !or ny flammable 4 /ours in the t n,# s *ell s !or the de/osits the1sel4es# *hen the inert . s8 ir t1os/here is bein. re/l (ed by !resh ir *ith nor1 l 1bient oCy.en (ontent) It is there!ore re(o11ended *here su(h ris# eCists th t# !ter e1/tyin. out nd (ool do*n o! the t n,# the inerted t n, t1os/here is not dire(tly dis/l (ed by ir) Methods to dis/l (e hydro( rbon 4 /ours ( n in(lude (ontinued /ur.in. by inert . s or ste 1# or * ter dis/l (e1ent) In the l tter ( se# ( re is reBuired to ensure th t the t n, is not !illed to bo4e the 1 Ci1u1 le4el llo*ed !or by the t n, nd !ound tion desi.n) Only !ter this dis/l (e1ent /ro(ess h s been (o1/leted should the t n, be isol ted !ro1 the inert . s su//ly nd o/ened to the t1os/here to llo* ir to enter *hen the * ter is subseBuently slo*ly dr ined !ro1 the t n,) %hene4er * ter is introdu(ed into t n,s eCtre1e ( re is reBuired to ensure th t no * ter is re1 inin. in the t n, or sso(i ted /i/e*or, /rior to re!illin. *ith hot bitumen. 5See =)>)>7 (.'.2 Entry into Bitumen Tan8, T n,s *hi(h h 4e (ont ined bitumen 1 y# e4en *hen (old# (ont in /etroleu1 4 /ours nd8or hydro.en sul/hide nd 1 y lso be de!i(ient in oCy.en) There should there!ore be no entry o! /ersonnel either !ull body or si1/ly he d nd shoulders# *ithout $ermit to !or# /ro(edure to ensure th t ll the ne(ess ry /re( utions re t ,en) These /re( utions should in(lude /ro4ision to ensure th t the t n, is: 9 dr ined (le r o! bitumen s ! r s /r (ti( ble# 9 isol ted !ro1 ll sour(es o! !luid other th n !resh ir# by s/ din. or bl n,in. o! ll /i/es nd du(ts nd by 4oidin. ll dis(h r.es o! flammable and toCi( 4 /ours in the 4i(inities o! t n, o/enin.sI (losed 4 l4es# e4en *hen lo(,ed o!! nd 1 de ino/er ble# re not ((e/t ble s s !e 1e ns o! isol tion) 9 isol ted !ro1 ll sour(es o! he t nd /o*er) 9 (ooled throu.hout s ne rly s re son bly /r (ti( ble to 1bient te1/er ture) 9 4entil ted thorou.hly *ith !resh ir# by o/enin. u//er nd lo*er 1 nholes) 9 tested throu.hout by (o1/etent /erson# *e rin. //ro/ri te /rote(ti4e eBui/1ent# !or the /resen(e o! flammable 4 /ours nd hydro.en sul/hide nd !or the deBu (y o! the oCy.en (on(entr tion !or bre thin.) I! there re ny si.ns o! s1oulderin. *ithin the t n,# /ossibly due to /yro/hori( de/osits# the re (on(erned should be d 1/ed do*n *ith * ter nd ,e/t d 1/ until the de/osits ( n be re1o4ed) P rti(ul r ( re is ne(ess ry# *hen enterin. un9(le ned bitumen t n,s# to 4oid the ris#s to /ersonnel !ro1 ! ilin. lu1/s o! bitumen or ( rbon (eous de/osit *hi(h 1 y h 4e be(o1e det (hed !ro1 the * ll or roo! durin. (oolin.) The $ermit to !or# should s/e(i!y ny (onstr ints on the ty/es o! tools nd li.htin. *hi(h 1 y be used inside the t n,) (.'.2.1 Entry %ithout -re thin. 3// r tus For entry *ithout breathing a$$aratus it should be en9 sured th t: 9 !l 11 ble 4 /ours re no*here in the t n, t (on(entr tions in eC(ess o! <L o! the lo!er flammable limit. 9 hydro.en sul/hide is no*here in the t n, /resent t (on(entr tions eC(eedin. 109 //1) 9 the (on(entr tion o! oCy.en in the ir *ithin the t n, is no*here less th n 20L by 4olu1e# nd th t deBu te !resh ir ventilation is 1 int ined) 9 there re s !e.u rds by !reBuent 1onitorin. s //ro/ri te . inst the ris#s o! flammable or toCi( 4 /ours bein. /rodu(ed s t n, de/osits re disturbed) 3 t n, ( nnot be re. rded s gas"free nd s !e !or hot !or# in the /resen(e o! su(h de/osits) See =)>)?) 9 n ttend nt is /osted t n entry 1 n* y *hene4er /ersonnel re inside the t n,# nd is eBui//ed *ith the 1e ns to r ise n l r1) (.'.2.2 Entry %ith -re thin. 3// r tus

%hen entry into t n, reBuires the use o! breathing a$$aratus !or re sons o! toCi(ity or oCy.en de!i(ien(y o! the t1os/here it should be ensured th t: 9 !l 11 ble 4 /ours re no*here in the t n, t (on(entr tions in eC(ess o! 2?L o! the lo!er flam" mable limit, 9 n ttend nt is /osted t the t n, entry 1 n* y to,ee/ obser4 tion on the /eo/le *ithin the t n,) "e should be eBui//ed *ith sel! (ont ined breathing a$$aratus nd the 1e ns to r ise n l r1) Use o! li!e line should be (onsidered) 9 se(ond /erson is res/onsible !or ensurin. s tis! (tory ir su//ly !ro1 the (o1/ressor unit to the /ersonnel in the t n,# 9 ny ir (o1/ressor su//lyin. ir to /ersonnel in the t n,# is lo( ted so th t its ir int ,e is in s !e /osition nd re1ote !ro1 en.ine eCh ust or other (ont 1in tion# 9 no *or, other th n ins/e(tion is undert ,en in the t n,) (.'.2.! The Monitorin. o! the 3t1os/here %ithin the T n, Throu.hout ny /eriod o! entry# *ith or *ithout breathing a$$aratus, the t1os/here *ithin the t n, should be 1onitored by . s tests# s ne(ess ry# to ensure th t it does not deterior te beyond the li1its indi( ted) Re(he(,s re ne(ess ry !ter e4ery /eriod *hen the t n, h s been le!t un ttended) (.'.! Tan8 Cleanin$ The build u/ o! ( rbon (eous de/osits round he tin. (oils nd in (ert in * ll nd roo! re s o((urs *ith 1ost .r des o! bitumen. It usu lly be(o1es // rent !ro1 (h n.es in the l n, *or,in. ( / (ity# !ro1 di!!i(ulties in 1 int inin. t n, te1/er tures# or !ro1 di!!i(ulties in (hie4in. the reBuired !lo* o! /rodu(t !ro1 the t n,) It ( n be (on!ir1ed by 4isu l ins/e(tion but this usu lly ne(essit tes e1/tyin. nd (oolin. the t n,) 3s .ener l rule ( rbon (eous de/osits re 1ost e sily re1o4ed by dr inin. the t n, s ! r s /ossible# (oolin. the re1 inin. (ontents to 1bient te1/er ture nd then (hi//in. out# usin. either 1e(h ni( l (uttin. tools or hi.h /ressure * ter Fets) It ( n hel/ to s*it(h the t n, to hi.h softening $oint .r de i11edi tely be!ore e1/tyin. so s to 1 Ci1ise the brittleness o! the 1 teri l to be re1o4ed 1e(h ni( lly) I! /ersonnel entry is reBuired# the t n, should be /re/ red s indi( ted in =)>)2 bo4e) Prote(ti4e (lothin. in(ludin. dust 1 s,s nd eye $rotectors should l* ys be *orn *hen (hi//in. bitumen. %hen usin. 1e(h ni( l tools !or (hi//in. out there is ine4it bly so1e ris# o! d 1 .e to t n, (oils nd !ittin.s) ' re!ul ins/e(tion is there!ore ne(ess ry !ter (le nin. nd be!ore !urther use) The use o! hi.h /ressure * ter Fets is s/e(i lised o/er tion *hi(h should only be ( rried out by /ersonnel eC/erien(ed in the te(hniBue nd //lyin. ll the s/e(i l ised s !e.u rds ne(ess ry) ' rbon (eous nd other de/osits re1o4ed !ro1 bitumen t n,s# / rti(ul rly those *hi(h h 4e (ont ined hydro.en sul/hide# should be ,e/t *et until they ( n be dis/osed o! to n re *here they ( n be llo*ed to oCidise !reely *ithout ris#s !ro1 ny lo( l self" heating *hi(h 1i.ht o((ur) They ( n usu lly be dis/osed o! ulti1 tely to li(ensed l nd!ill sites) For .ener l in!or1 tion on t n, (le nin. re!er to the IP T n, 'le nin. S !ety 'ode) (.'.# Hot 5or8 in Tan8a$e 2rea, Bitumen t n, .e re s should be desi.n ted s ignition source (ontrol re s nd ny use o! o/en !l 1es or s/ r, /rodu(in. eBui/1ent should be .o4erned by $ermit to !or#. -e!ore ny su(h *or, is llo*ed# *hi(h should be ( rried out only by tr ined nd (o1/etent /ersons# the !ollo*in. /re( utions should be t ,en: 9 to ensure th t the re o! *or, re1 ins !ree !ro1 ny flammable va$ours su(h s 1i.ht be dis9 (h r.ed !ro1 t n, 4ents or s/ills in the 4i(inity# 9 to 4oid ny (h n(e th t !l 1es or s/ r,s 1 y be tr ns1itted !ro1 the re o! the *or, into n re not s !e.u rded . inst the in.ress o! flammable va$ours, 9 to 4oid the (re tion o! flammable atmos$heres in (on!ined s/ (es resultin. !ro1 the o4erhe tin. o! ( rbon (eous 1 teri ls# 9 to 1onitor the t1os/here in the re . inst the /resen(e of flammable gases nd 4 /ours throu.h out the /eriod o! the *or,) 3ddition l !ire !i.htin. eBui/1ent# o! the *or, *hile it is in /ro.ress) //ro/ri te to the ris#s, should l* ys be /ro4ided in the 4i(inity

(.'.% Hot 5or8 on Bitumen Tan8,

-e!ore ny hot !or# is st rted inside bitumen t n,# the t n, 1ust be /re/ red s !or entry *ithout breathing a$$aratus 5see =)>)27) 3ddition lly in this ( se it should be ensured th t: 9 9 9 9 !l 11 ble va$ours re no*here in the t n, t (on(entr tions in eC(ess o! 1L o! the lo!er flam" mable limit, bitumen nd ( rbon (eous de/osits re (le ned * y s ! r s /r (ti( ble !ro1 the 4i(inity o! the hot !or# so s to 1ini1ise the ris#s o! 4 /our /rodu(tion nd bitumen i.nition# ventilation *ith !resh ir is .ood enou.h to (le r r /idly ny 4 /ours /rodu(ed# /ro4isions re 1 de to /rote(t . inst the i.nition o! ny re1 inin. bitumen or ( rbon (eous de9 /osits not (le ned * y)

Si1il r /re( utions re ne(ess ry be!ore ny hot !or# is st rted on the outside o! bitumen t n, or ne r ny 4 /our 4ent !ro1 the t n,# unless ltern ti4e rr n.e1ents re 1 de to avoid flammable atmos$heres in the t n, 4 /our s/ (e !or the dur tion o! the *or,) 5Note th t in the United Din.do1# under Se(tion 31 o! the 19>1 F (tories 3(t# s/e(i l dis/ens tion is reBuired !ro1 the "e lth nd S !ety ECe(uti4e !or hot !or# on the outside o! t n, (ont inin. bitumen.) (.'.' 4eturn of Tan8, to Ser"i e -e!ore return o! t n, to hot bitumen ser4i(e / rti(ul r ( re is ne(ess ry to ensure th t ll !ree * ter h s been re1o4ed !ro1 the t n, botto1 nd (onne(tin. /i/e *or,) 3!ter dryin. out s ! r s /r (ti( ble# by dr inin. nd 1o//in. u/# nd be!ore returnin. the t n, to !ull ser4i(e# dryness tri l is re(o11ended) This should be done by /uttin. enou.h bitumen t te1/er ture not .re ter th n 90 o' into the t n, to (o4er the (oils to de/th o! 1 1 1 Ci1u1 nd then he tin. to bout 120 o' under te1/er ture (ontrol !or bout 2< hours)

) *O2.ING+ T42NSPO4T 2N. .ISCH24GE

).1 INT4O.0CTION This (h /ter de ls 1 inly *ith the bul, tr ns!er o! bitu1en by ro d# r il nd shi/) 'onsider tion is lso .i4en to the h ndlin. o! / (, .ed bitumen. O/er tors o! bitumen tr ns/ort ! (ilities should re!er lso to 'h /ters 2# 3# < nd 10) ).2 B0*: T42NSPO4T CONT2INE4S ).2.1 4oad <ehi le Tan8, 3 ro d 4ehi(le t n, intended !or dis(h r.e by ir or inert gas t /ressures in eC(ess o! ?00 1illib r . u.e# should be desi.ned# (onstru(ted nd tested to -S ??00: ;S/e(i!i( tion !or un!ired# !usion *elded /ressure 4essels; or eBui4 lent) It should be (le rly 1 r,ed *ith the 1 Ci1u1 *or,in. /ressure nd !itted *ith relie! 4 l4es deBu te !or relie! o! ny /ossible /neu1 ti( or hy dr uli( o4er9/ressure) It should lso be ensured th t ny reBuire1ents under the re(ent UD St tutory Instru1ent No) 21>9 ;The Pressure Syste1s nd Tr ns/ort ble 6 s 'ont iners Re.ul tions 19@9; re obser4ed) 3 ro d 4ehi(le t n, intended !or dis(h r.e only by /u1/ nd not reBuired to o/er te t /ressures in eC(ess o! ?00 1illib r . u.e# should be desi.ned to .ood industry st nd rds) It should be !itted *ith relie! 4 l4e to /rote(t . inst ny /ossible hydr uli( o4er9/ressure) St tutory re.ul tions ;The $ n.erous Subst n(es 5'on4ey n(e by Ro d in Ro d T n,ers nd T n, 'ont iners7 Re.ul tions 19@1; //ly *ithin the United Din.do1 (on(ernin. the eC 1in tion# testin. nd (erti!i( tion o! t n,s nd !ittin.s !or the tr ns/ort o! bitumen by ro d t te1/er tures in eC(ess o! 100o') 3n eC 1/le o! the (urrent (azard % rnin. P nel *hi(h# under these Re.ul tions# 1ust be dis/l yed in the UD on ny 4ehi(le ( rryin. bitumen t te1/er ture bo4e 100 o' to * rn th t it is ( rryin. hot liBuid# is .i4en in Fi.ure @)1) 3n eC 1/le o! the Tr ns/ort E1er.en(y ' rd *hi(h ddition lly the dri4er 1ust ( rry in the ( b o! the 4ehi(le is .i4en in Fi.ure @)2) EBui4 lent n tion l or 3$R reBuire1ents should be !ollo*ed in other (ountries)

NotesI 1 The 'ode !i.ures nd sy1bol in the boCes nd the di1ensions o! the / nel re s s/e(i!ied by the /resent UD $ n.erous Subst n(es 5'on4ey n(e by Ro d in Ro d T n,ers nd T n, 'ont iners7 Re.ul tions 19@1) The 'ode 2% nd the sy1bol in the di 1ond / nel indi( te th t the lo d ( rried is hot liBuid# *ith the nu1ber =033 bein. llo( ted in the UD !or bitumen. 2 Under !orth(o1in. re4ision o! the 19@1 Re.ul tions# eC/e(ted to (o1e out in l te 19908e rly 1991# ne* di 1ond sy1bol *ill be introdu(ed) 3lthou.h 1ost bitumens no* (o1e under the UD identi!i( tion nu1ber =033# i! bitumen h s flash $oint belo* ??;' 5i)e) cutbac#s), it *ill be (o4ered by the identi!i( tion nu1ber 1999 nd the hazard * rnin. sy1bol *ill be the one //ro/ri te to flammable liBuids) 3 There is no eBui4 lent to =033 in 3$R# nd the nu1ber sho*n in (ountries usin. this syste1 is 1999# *ith the hazard * rnin. nu1ber 30# nd the 3$R di 1ond hazard * rnin. si.n) Fi$ure ).1 Ty/i( l 'urrent " A rd % rnin. P nel !or -itu1en Ro d nd R il T n,ers in the UD //ro/ri te

).2.2 4ail ar Tan8, The desi.n# (onstru(tion# 1 inten n(e# testin. nd eC 1in tion o! r il( r t n,s !or use *ithin the UD re .o4erned by -ritish R il re.ul tions) For bitumen tr ns/orted t te1/er tures in eC(ess o! 100 o'# the -ritish R il re.ul tions reBuire th t r il( rs dis/l y (azard % rnin. P nels# nd th t the tr in dri4er ( rries Tr ns/ort E1er.en(y ' rd# si1il r to the / nel nd ( rd 5Fi.ures @) 1 nd @)27 used !or ro d 4ehi(les)

Tran,-ort Emer$en y Card D4oadE

Su3,tan e Identifi ation No (1!! Emer$en y 2 tion Code 2 5

Car$o

-ITUMEN 5"OT7 "ot bl (, liBuid *ith /er(e/tible odour) $oes not 1iC *ith * ter)

Nature of HaBard

"i.h te1/er tures o! /rodu(t *ill ( use se4ere burns i! in (ont (t *ith the s,in) 3ny introdu(tion o! * ter# be( use o! the hi.h /rodu(t te1/er ture# ( n ( use the t n, to boil o4er nd the hot liBuid to be eC/elled 4iolently) 3ll .r des *ill i.nite t hi.h te1/er tures) Prote ti"e .e"i e, "e 4y duty .lo4es) S !ety hel1et *ith !ull ! (e 4isor) Ne(, /rote(tion) Emer$en y 2 tion NOTIF+ EMER6EN'+ SEREI'ES IMME$I3TEL+ 4oad 2 ident or M Sto/ 4ehi(le en.ine) S-illa$e M No n ,ed li.hts) No s1o,in.) M Shut o!! le ,s i! this ( n be done *ithout ris,) M Dee/ /ubli( * y !ro1 /ossible d n.er re ) M 'ont in le ,in. liBuid *ith s nd or e rth) M Pre4ent liBuid enterin. dr ins# b se1ents# et() M I! subst n(e h s entered * ter (ourse or dr in or h s (ont 1in ted soil or 4e.et tion) in!or1 the /oli(e) Fire M I! eC/osed to !ire ,ee/ 4ehi(le t n, (ool usin. !ine * ter s/r y 5!o.7) M ECtin.uish !ire by dry (he1i( l# !o 1 or !ine * ter s/r y 5!o.7) M $o not use * ter Fet)

Fir,t 2id

M I! the subst n(e h s s/l shed into the eyes# (ool i11edi tely *ith (old runnin. * ter !or t le st ? 1inutes) M S,in burns should i11edi tely be /lun.ed under (old runnin. * ter nd held there !or t le st 10 1inutes or until thorou.hly (old) M No tte1/t should be 1 de to re1o4e (old bitu1en *hi(h h s dhered to the s,in) M Send ( su lty to hos/it l) 2dditional information will he -ro"ided 3y the manufa turer. Tele-hone GGGGGGG..

This ( rd h s been /re/ red by the Institute o! Petroleu1 !ro1 the best in!or1 tion 4 il ble to 1eet the reBuire1ents o! Re.ul tion 10 o! S)I) 19@1 No) 10?9 but no res/onsibility is ((e/ted o! *h tsoe4er ,ind# !or d 1 .e or lle.ed d 1 .e risin. or other*ise o((urrin. in or bout /re1ises# re s or 4ehi(les to *hi(h this ( rd h s been //lied)

Fi$ure ).2. TeCt o! Tr ns/ort E1er.en(y 5Tre17 ' rd !or -itu1en) Ibis h s been issued by the Institute o! Petroleu1 to 1eet the reBuire1ent !or e1er.en(y .uid n(e to be ,e/t 4 il ble in the dri4er;s ( b o! ro d t n,er# nd by the dri4er o! r il tr in Ne* r il( r t n,s intended !or dis(h r.e by ir or inert . s /ressure# should be desi.ned nd (onstru(ted to the -ritish St nd rd /ressure 4essel (ode 5See @)2) 17 or eBui4 lent) R il( r t n,s (onstru(ted to !or1er st nd rds 1 y be used in the UD subFe(t to *ritten //ro4 l by the "e lth nd S !ety ECe(uti4e) 3ll r il( rs should be !itted *ith relie! 4 l4es deBu te !or the relie! o! ny /ossible /neu1 ti( or hyd9 r uli( o4er9/ressure) R il( rs should be eC 1ined intern lly t re.ul r inter4 ls) Ty/i( lly !or su(h ( rs# (le nin. to re1o4e de/osits is li,ely to be reBuired e4ery t*o to !i4e ye rs nd it is nor1 lly su!!i(ient to ( rry out intern l eC 1in tion t the s 1e !reBuen(y) Re1o4 l o! l ..in. !or eCtern l eC 1in tion should be ( rried out on re.ul r r ndo1 s 1/le b sis) ).2.! Shi- and Bar$e Tan8, The t n,s o! shi/s nd b r.es !or the tr ns/ort o! hot bitumens, 1ust be s/e(i!i( lly desi.ned !or the te1/er tures nd (h r (teristi(s o! the /rodu(ts in4ol4ed) Further .uid n(e on the desi.n nd (onstru(tion o! su(h t n,s is outside the s(o/e o! this (ode) See lso @)9) ).2.# Internal Heatin$ Tu3e, Ro d nd r il 4ehi(les !or the tr ns/ort o! bitu1en 1 y be !itted *ith ste 1 (oils or !l 1e tube heaters. %here !l 1e tube heaters are !itted# their 4erti( l eCh ust risers 1 y be 1ounted on the outside o! the t n, or 1 y / ss throu.h the t n, 4 /our s/ (e) %here n intern l eCh ust riser is !itted# hi.h# sur! (e te1/er tures in the t n, 4 /our s/ (e should be 4oided by 1e ns o! suit bly insul ted (onstru(tion) Fl 1e he tin. tubes nd eCh ust risers should l* ys be 1 int ined in (le n (ondition s soot nd rust ( n .i4e rise to o4erhe tin. ( usin. lo( l hot s/ots) They should be eC 1ined !reBuently !or si.ns o! thinnin. nd they should be re/l (ed s ne(ess ry) ).2.% Gau$e, and Fittin$, Pressure . u.es# /ressure relie! 4 l4es nd ther1o*ells !or ther1o1eters should be !itted to ll ro d nd r il 4ehi(le t n,s) They should be desi.ned nd lo( ted !or /rote(tion . inst i1/ (t) They should be (le ned nd (he(,ed re.ul rly) It is re(o11ended th t 1 ster ther1o1eter be ,e/t !or the (he(,in. o! ll ser4i(e ther1o1eters) The 1 ster ther1o1eter should be /ro4ed t re.ul r inter4 ls) 3((ess !or o/enin. h t(hes on the to/ o! e (h ro d t n,er nd r il( r t n, should be /ro4ided by 1e ns o! !iCed l dder nd non9sli/ * l,* y o! deBu te *idth) Eehi(le 1ounted t n,s re usu lly /ro4ided *ith sin.le botto1 outlet h 4in. t*o 4 l4es in series to redu(e the ris# o! s/ill .e in the e4ent o! 4 l4e ! ilure) The inner 4 l4e should be desi.ned so th t *hen the t n, is in use the 4 l4e re1 ins t te1/er ture su!!i(ient to /re4ent /lu..in.) I!# due to le , .e o! the inner 4 l4e# /lu. o! solid bitumen !or1s bet*een the t*o 4 l4es# dis(h r.e /i/e *or, should be /ro/erly (onne(ted be!ore ny tte1/t is 1 de to (le r the /lu. by o/enin. the t*o 4 l4es si1ult neously) See @)11)

Eents should be sited *ell * y !ro1 he ter eCh ust outlets) Relie! 4 l4es should be shielded . inst be(o1in. !ouled by bitumen s/l shes inside the t n,) ).! 4O2. 2N. 42I* T2N: 2CCESS G2NT4IES Bitumen and cutbac# t n, 4ehi(les re nor1 lly lo ded throu.h to/ (onne(tions on the 4ehi(le t n,) It is there!ore ne(ess ry to /ro4ide s !e 1e ns o! ((ess to the 4ehi(le t n, to/ !or lo din. o/er tions) Su(h 1e ns o! ((ess should be /ro4ided by * y o! gantry *ith *or,in. /l t!or1 lon. or (ross the 4ehi(le Fust bo4e t n, to/ le4el) 3antries should lso be /ro4ided *here4er s 1/les re to be t ,en !ro1 the to/s o! 4ehi(le t n,s) See 'h /ter 10) ).!.1 *ayout of 4oad Gantrie, Tr !!i( l ne nd gantry l youts in ro d lo din. re s should be desi.ned to ((o11od te# *ithout (on.estion# the lon.est 4ehi(les# ri.id or other*ise# li,ely to be used) They should be l id out !or one * y lo* o! 4ehi(les nd should 4oid# *here /r (ti( ble# the (rossin. o! 4ehi(le stre 1s) Sli/ ro ds should be /ro4ided to llo* 4ehi(les to le 4e the inst ll tion in ( se o! e1er.en(y *ithout / ssin. throu.h the gantries. 3uCili ry ! (ilities su(h s * shin. b ys# d1inistr ti4e sto/s nd !uellin. st nds should not obstru(t nor1 l tr !!i( !lo*) ).!.2 Con,tru tion 3antries should be (onstru(ted in steel nd8or (on(rete) 3ny (l ddin. sheets used should be o! 1 teri l th t does not su//ort (o1bustion) The gantry nd its eBui/1ent should be /rote(ted . inst ((ident l d 1 .e !ro1 4ehi(les by the use o! boll rds# hi.h ro d (urbs or other e!!e(ti4e 1e ns) Pl t!or1s nd st irs should be /ro4ided *ith non9sli/ sur! (es) O/en .rid /l t!or1s nd st ir tre ds should be 4oided *here there is eBui/1ent or ((ess !or /ersonnel bene th# unless suit ble 1e ns re /ro4ided !or /rote(tion . inst bitumen rele ses) ).!.! Control of <ehi le &o"ement S/e(i l ( re is ne(ess ry to 4oid ny ((ident l 1o4e1ent o! r il or ro d 4ehi(le *hile ny lo din. or dis(h r.e o/er tion is in /ro.ress or ny /erson is /resent on the 4ehi(le t n, to/) %ritten /ro(edures# * rnin. si.n ls nd /hysi( l sto/s should be e1/loyed s //ro/ri te to e (h situ tion) ).!.# 2 e,, and E, a-e For /ersonnel ((ess# gantry /l t!or1s should llo* !ree / ss .e t le st 0)=?1 *ide o4er the entire len.th) EBui/1ent on the /l t!or1s should be /ositioned to 1ini1ise hindr n(e to o/er tors nd should not eC/ose o/er tors to the ris#s of ,no(,s nd bu1s) 3antries should h 4e s !e 1e ns o! es( /e t both ends) ' .ed l dders re not re(o11ended !or this /ur/ose) %or,in. /l t!or1s# st ir* ys nd r 1/s should be !itted *ith .u rd r ils# nor1 lly t l1 bo4e /l t!or1 le4el# lon. ll o/en sides) 3 hin.ed nd b l n(ed ((ess r 1/ should be /ro4ided t e (h 4ehi(le lo din. /osition to en ble /ersonnel to * l, e sily nd s !ely bet*een the gantry nd the 4ehi(le to/) The r 1/ should be e sily dFust ble to ( ter !or 4ehi(les o! di!!erent hei.hts) 3ny st ir tre ds !itted should be of the sel!9le4ellin. non9sli/ ty/e) Sus/ended h ndr ils should be /ro4ided o//osite the r 1/ t e (h 4ehi(le lo din. /osition to /ro4ide /rote(tion !or /ersonnel st ndin. te1/or rily on the 4ehi(le t n, * l,* ys) Ro d( r t n, lo din. gantries should be desi.ned to llo* unobstru(ted ((ess to the dri4er;s ( b *hen the 4ehi(le is in /osition !or lo din.) ).!.% Control Station, The desi.n of the lo din. syste1 should be su(h th t lo din. ( n be (ontrolled !ro1 the gantry *ithout the lo der h 4in. to st nd on to/ of the 4ehi(le) See @)@)3) E (h gantry should h 4e e1er.en(y 4 l4es *hi(h ( n be o/er ted both lo( lly nd re1otely !ro1 s !e lo( tion to sto/ Bui(,ly ll /rodu(t !lo* to the gantry. The e1er.en(y sto/ rr n.e1ent should be su(h th t no uneC/e(ted /rodu(t !lo* ( n o((ur on reset) ).!.' Produ t Se$re$ation and Identifi ation

3antries !or bitumen should /re!er bly be dedi( ted to bitumen nd si1il r /rodu(ts) 'o1bin tion *ith 'l ss I /etroleu1 /rodu(t lo din. should not be llo*ed) On gantries *hi(h dis/ense 1ore th n one .r de or /rodu(t# e (h lo din. syste1 should be (le rly 1 r,ed to indi( te the /rodu(t it ser4es) The IP Produ(t Identi!i( tion Syste1 nd (olour (odin. 1 y be used) See =)<)1) Positi4e se/ r tion should be /ro4ided bet*een the /i/in. of $enetration nd si1il r grades nd the /i/in. !or cutbac#s. ).!.( <entilation I! gantry roo!s or other *e ther /rote(tion en(losures re used these should be deBu tely 4entil ted to 4oid eC(essi4e (on(entr tions o! fumes or hydro.en sul/hide 4 /ours durin. lo din.) ).!.) *i$htin$ 3antries should be /ro4ided *ith su!!i(ient rti!i(i l illu1in tion !or ni.ht ti1e o/er tion) This should nor1 lly .i4e 1ini1u1 of ?0 luC illu1in tion t the 4ehi(le t n, to/) The ele(tri( l eBui/1ent *ithin the . ntry stru(ture should be to (l ssi!ied s .one 4. ).# PNE0&2TIC .ISCH24GE S6STE&S 3ny ir or inert gas su//ly syste1 !or the dis(h r.e o! ro d or r il tr ns/ort t n, should in(or/or te relie! 4 l4es s ne(ess ry to 4oid the 4ehi(le t n, relie! 4 l4es bein. o4erlo ded by the ir or . s su//ly ! (ilities) It should lso in(or/or te e!!e(ti4e ,no(,9out ! (ilities su!!i(ient to ensure th t ny * ter *hi(h 1i.ht (olle(t in the . s or ir su//ly syste1 nd its /i/in. is re1o4ed be!ore the ir enters 4ehi(le t n,) EC(essi4e ir or . s should not be //lied nd restri(tion ori!i(e 1 y be desir ble to li1it !lo*) See lso @)@)># se(ond / r .r /h) ).% PIPE5O4: Pi/e*or, syste1s should be desi.ned nd l id out *ith ( re in o! blo(, .es *hen not in use s //ro/ri te by# 9 9 9 9 (ontinuous hot bitumen (ir(ul tion# tr (e he tin.# dr inin. e1/ty# !illin. *ith less 4is(ous /rodu(t) ((ord n(e *ith =)3)13 nd ,e/t (le r st nd rd suit ble !or re s

%here blo(, .e ne4ertheless h s o((urred see @)11) "ot /i/e*or, should be insul ted or .u rded s ne(ess ry to /rote(t /ersonnel !ro1 (ont (t bu1s# nd *here ste 1 tr (in. is used 5see =)3)97) Ele(tri( l he tin. ele1ents !or /i/e*or, should in(or/or te uto1 ti( te1/er ture li1it tion (ontrols) ).' HOSES ).'.1 Ty-e, and S-e ifi ation "oses !or bitumen nd cutbac# bitumen duties re usu lly either 9 o! rein!or(ed rubber (onstru(tion or 9 o! !leCible 1et lli( (onstru(tion) "oses nd hose sse1blies should (on!or1 to the -ritish St nd rd -S >130: ;S/e(i!i( tion o! hose nd hose sse1blies !or as$halt nd bitumen' or eBui4 lent n tion l st nd rds) ).'.2 Cou-lin$, "oses should be (onne(ted by !l n.ed (ou/lin.s t both ends eC(e/t *here it is ne(ess ry to deli4er bitumen by $otting hose throu.h 1 nhole) In this ( se the un !l n.ed end o! the hose should be /ro/erly se(ured to the 1 nhole by 1e ns o! (h in or hose (l 1/ so th t it ( nnot /ull out o! the 4essel due to sur.e o! /rodu(tI ! ilure to 1 ,e it se(ure ( n .i4e rise to serious /ersonnel inFuries) %here hose !l n.es re desi.ned to t ,e / rti(ul r bolt or * sher !ittin.s# only the (orre(tly 1 t(hin. !ittin.s should be used) %here it is ne(ess ry to use . s,ets# these should be o! the (orre(t 1 teri l nd in .ood (ondition) %here !l n.es re bolted# ll the bolt holes should be used) The use o! !l n.e (l 1/s should not be /er1itted unless the !l n.es re s/e(i!i( lly desi.ned to ((e/t the (l 1/s)

).'.! Thermal In,ulation Met lli( hoses 1 y be ther1 lly insul ted !or /ersonnel /rote(tion) "o*e4er# it should be noted th t insul tion restri(ts the !leCibility o! the hose nd 1 ,es h ndlin. 1ore di!!i(ult) It lso subst nti lly hinders ins/e(tion nd 1 y (on(e l (orrosion) ).'.# Handlin$ and Su--ort in 0,e "oses nd hose sse1blies should l* ys be h ndled *ith ( re) They should not be dr ..ed or rolled in 1 nner *hi(h br des or t*ists the body o! the hose) Rubber hoses should not be llo*ed to (o1e into (ont (t *ith hot sur! (es su(h s ste 1 /i/es) 3 hose# *hen in use# should be deBu tely su//orted lon. its !ull len.th# either by restin. on the .round or by sus/ension usin. slin.s *ith s ddles# to s/re d the lo d nd /re4ent bendin. to r dii less th n the 1 nu! (turer;s re(o11end tion) ).'.% &ar8in$ and In,-e tion "oses nd hose sse1blies should be /er1 nently nd le.ibly 1 r,ed in ((ord n(e *ith -S >130 or eBui4 lent) On e (h o(( sion be!ore use# hose sse1blies should be (he(,ed by the user !or si.ns o! br sion# s/littin.# ,in,in.# s*ellin. or !l ttenin. o! the hose nd !or ny d 1 .e to the (ou/lin.s nd their tt (h1ents) They should be 4isu lly ins/e(ted t le st e4ery three 1onths by (o1/etent nd res/onsible /erson# other th n the nor1 l user) They should be re1o4ed !ro1 ser4i(e t le st nnu lly !or eC 1in tion nd testin. by com$etent ins$ector in ((ord n(e *ith the 1 nu! (turer;s re(o11end tions) This *ill nor1 lly ent il re1o4 l o! insul tion to ! (ilit te the eC 1in tion) Re(ords o! ll ins/e(tions# eC 1in tions nd tests should be ,e/t in re.ister) There should be /ro(edure !or de(idin. *hen hose sse1bly is no lon.er !it !or ser4i(e) "oses nd sse1blies dis( rded s *orn or de!e(ti4e should be destroyed or /l inly 1 r,ed to 4oid re9use) ).'.' Pre,,ure Te,tin$ "oses o! rein!or(ed rubber (onstru(tion *ill# in ddition to the re.ul r 4isu l ins/e(tion# nor1 lly reBuire /ressure testin. to the s/e(i!i( re(o11end tions o! the 1 nu! (turer or to -S 1<3?: ;S/e(i!i( tion !or rubber hose sse1blies !or oil su(tion nd dis(h r.e ser4i(es;) "oses o! !leCible 1et lli( (onstru(tion 1 y reBuire /ressure testin. but only *ithin the s/e(i!i( .uidelines re(o11ended by the 1 nu! (turer) Pressure testin. o! !leCible 1et lli( hose# not ( rried out *ithin the 1 nu! (turer;s re(o11end tions# ( n seriously *e ,en the hose nd 1i.ht render it unsuit ble !or !urther ser4i(e) ).( .42INING OF *O2.ING 24&S+ CH0TES 2N. HOSES -u(,ets or other si1il r (ont iners# o! deBu te ( / (ity nd *ith 1e ns !or the dis/os l o! their (ontents s !ely# should be /ro4ided !or the dr inin. o! lo din. r1s nd (hutes nd !or dis(onne(ted hoses !ter 4ehi(le lo din. nd (losure o! the !illin. 4 l4es) ).) 4O2. T2N:E4 2N. 42I*C24 OPE42TIONS ).).1 Pre-aration for *oadin$ 3 (he(, should be 1 de to ensure th t the dis(h r.e nd dr in 4 l4es on the 4ehi(le t n, re (losed be!ore lo din. is (o11en(ed) ' re should be t ,en to ensure th t these 4 l4es re not o/en but /lu..ed *ith solidi!ied bitumen, thereby .i4in. the i1/ression o! bein. (losed) %here blo(, .e h s o((urred# see @)11) "ose (ou/lin. nd h ndlin. should be ( rried out in ((ord n(e *ith @)>)2 nd @)>)< *ith# in the ( se *here /ottin. hose is used# ( re t ,en th t the un!l n.ed end ( nnot /ull out o! the 4essel) 3ltern ti4ely lo din. r1s or (hutes 1 y be used) The /resen(e o! * ter or ny other 1 teri l ( / ble o! bein. 4 /orised in (ont (t *ith hot bitumen should be 1eti(ulously 4oided in ny / rt o! the lo din. syste1# or in the ro d or r il( r th t is to be lo ded# so th t !roth9o4er *ill not o((ur# *ith (onseBuent h A rd) 'ontinuously he ted /i/elines *ill nor1 lly be !ree o! 1oisture# nd there should be no inter(onne(tions *hereby * ter (ould be introdu(ed into the lo din. syste1) %here the /resen(e o! * ter in /i/eline is sus/e(ted !or ny re son it should be eli1in ted be!ore lo din. or unlo din. o/er tions re (o11en(ed# by ( utious blo*in. *ith dry ir or inert gas) This o/er tion should only be ( rried out under stri(t su/er4ision# nd t te1 /er ture th t does not eC(eed the li1it in 3//endiC -) %hen 4ehi(le t n, h s been used !or bitumen emulsion or i!# e4en !ter dr inin.# the /resen(e o! * ter is sus/e(ted# the t n, should initi lly be slo*ly nd only / rti lly !illed) U/ to one hour should then be llo*ed !or ny * ter to be se r(hed out nd !or !rothin. to sub side# be!ore (ontinuin. *ith

lo din.) Anti"foam agents re bene!i(i l in (ontrollin. !rothin.) They re 1ore e!!e(ti4e *hen dded be!ore lo din. (o11en(es th n *hen dded durin. the o/er tion) "o*e4er their ddi tion should be (le red *ith the ulti1 te user) ).).2 *oadin$ Tem-erature, The te1/er tures (hosen !or des/ t(h o! bitumens or cutbac#s in bul, 4ehi(les should be s lo* s /r (ti( ble# (onsistent *ith e!!i(ient on* rd h ndlin.) The lo din. te1/er ture should ne4er be in eC(ess o! the 1 Ci1u1 !or the .r de .i4en in 3//endiC -) ).).! Condition, .urin$ *oadin$ 5o source of ignition should be /er1itted *ithin 3 1 o! the t n, 4ehi(le *hile lo din.) 5o /erson should be on to/ o! or on the .round in the 4i(inity o! the t n, 4ehi(le re(ei4in. the hot bitumen, in ( se o! s/ill or froth"over. See @)3)?) The /erson res/onsible !or lo din. should 1 int in (onst nt * t(h !ro1 the lo din. (ontrol st tion 5see @)3)?7 durin. the o/er tion) I! he le 4es the /l t!or1# !illin. should (e se nd ll 4 l4es should be (losed) 3 de d1 n;s h ndle 1 y be /ro4ided on the lo din. 4 l4e to ensure this) In order to 1ini1ise the eC/osure o! the lo der to fumes, lo din. should not t ,e /l (e in (on!ined s/ (e) %here ventilation around the lo din. /oint is un 4oid bly restri(ted# (onsider tion should be .i4en to the /ro4ision o! a fume e&traction syste1) Su!!i(ient ullage should be le!t in the 4ehi(le t n, !ter lo din. to llo* !or the eC/ nsion *hi(h *ill result !ro1 ny subseBuent rehe tin.) ).).# Condition, .urin$ Tran,it 3ll t n, to/ /ertures# other th n relie! 4 l4e dis(h r.e /orts) should be se(urely (losed be!ore 4ehi(les re 1o4ed) Eehi(le t n,s should not be he ted *hilst bein. 1o4ed) nd ! stened

).).% Pre-aration for .i, har$e Rehe tin. o! ro d or r il t n, 1 y be reBuired be!ore the /rodu(t ( n be dis(h r.ed e!!i(iently) No tte1/t should be 1 de to rehe t bitumen in tr ns/ort t n, by the use o! ste 1 or !l 1e tube he ter *hen the bitumen level is less th n 19?0 11 bo4e the he tin. tubes) %hen rehe tin. is reBuired in su(h ( ses# the le4el o! the (ontents should !irst be (he(,ed nd su!!i(ient hot bitumen o! the s 1e .r de should be dded to brin. it t le st to this le4el bo4e the tubes be!ore //lyin. the he t) -e!ore he tin.# the 4ehi(le should be lo( ted in le4el /osition *ith the br ,e !ull on) Fire eCtin.uishers should be re dily ((essible) 5See 'h /ter <7) $urin. he tin.# the t n, should be 4ented to t1os/here nd no source of i.nition should be /er9 1itted *ithin the 4i(inity o! the 4ent) There should be n o/er tor (ontinuously in ttend n(e but ((ess to the to/ o! the 4ehi(le t n, should be /rohibited *hile he tin. is in /ro.ress) %here flame tube heaters h 4e been in use# 1ini1u1 o! 1? 1inutes should be llo*ed !ter s*it(hin. o!!# be!ore tte1/tin. to dis(h r.e the 4ehi(le t n,) The bul, te1/er ture o! the bitumen durin. rehe tin. should be ,e/t s lo* s /ossible (onsistent *ith e!!i(ient dis(h r.e nd should no*here eC(eed the te1/er ture li1its re(o11ended in 3//endiC -) -e!ore dis(h r.e it should l* ys be (he(,ed th t there is su!!i(ient ullage s/ (e in the re(e/tion t n, or 4essel to (ont in the lo d) ).).' Condition, .urin$ .i, har$e Eehi(le t n,s should not be he ted *hilst they re bein. dis(h r.ed) $urin. dis(h r.in. o/er tions# the res/onsible /erson should be in ttend n(e t ll ti1es t the 4 l4es (ontrollin. the o/er tion) The /erson should be in s !e /osition# not i11edi tely dF (ent to the hose or dis(h r.e /i/e*or,) %hen 4ehi(le t n, is bein. dis(h r.ed by the use o! ir or inert . s /ressure# the t n, 4 l4es should be (losed s soon s the t n,# hose nd dis(h r.e /i/e re e1/ty# in order to 1ini1ise the Bu ntity o! ir or . s blo*n into the dis(h r.e syste1 nd the re(ei4in. t n,) Eent ( / (ity on the re(ei4in. t n, 1ust be deBu te to h ndle the eC/e(ted !lo* into the t n,I other*ise roo! ! ilure 1i.ht o((ur) %hen dis(h r.in. t n, by 1e ns o! /u1/# ( re should be t ,en th t the t n, is deBu tely 4ented in order to 4oid (re tin. 4 (uu1 *ithin the t n,) For (le r n(e o! hoses et( !ter dis(h r.e is (o1/leted) See @)=) ).).( Pre-aration for the 4eturn of Em-ty <ehi le, I! ir or inert . s /ressure h s been used to ! (ilit te dis(h r.e# the 4ehi(le t n, should be 4ented s !ely do*n to t1os/heri( /ressure# usin. the t n, 4ent# be!ore the 4ehi(le is des/ t(hed)

3 (he(, should be 1 de be!ore de/ rture th t (losed nd se(ured in the (losed /osition)

ll h t(hes# (o4ers

nd 4 l4es on the 4ehi(le t n,

re

)./ SHIP 2N. B24GE OPE42TIONS FO4 B0*: BIT0&EN C24GOES )./.1 5har"e, and ;ettie, The /rin(i/ l (on(erns !or the lo din. nd unlo din. o! bitumen ( r.oes re th t there should be: deBu te 1e ns o! ((ess nd es( /e in the e4ent o! !ire t the lo din. or unlo din. 1 ni!old# deBu te shi/9shore (o11uni( tion# *ritten e1er.en(y /ro(edures# deBu te rr n.e1ents !or !ire !i.htin.# in(ludin. /ro4ision o! !irst tt (, eBui/1ent nd ((ess !or !ire !i.htin. //li n(es) See 'h /ter <) For det iled d4i(e re!eren(e should be 1 de to the Intern tion l S !ety 6uide !or Oil T n,ers nd Ter1in ls 5IS6OTT7) )./.2 Shi-,F Tan8, 3s !or ny other oil ( r.o# the .ener l /ro(edures re(o11ended by IS6OTT should be !ollo*ed) 3ddition l /re( utions re ne(ess ry *hen h ndlin. bitumen in shi/s; t n,s) 3s !or shore t n,s 5see 'h /ter =7 these in(lude: 9 ( re to re1o4e * ter nd other 4ol tile 1 teri ls !ro1 the tr ns!er /i/e*or, s in @)@) 1# 9 ( re to re1o4e * ter nd other 4ol tile 1 teri ls !ro1 the t n,s be!ore ddin. hot bitumen nd ( utious initi l !illin. to llo* ny !rothin. to dis/erse) 5See !ollo*in. / r .r /h)7 9 ( re to 4oid o4erhe tin. o! the bitumen /rodu(t# nd8or ( rbon (eous de/osits t the sur! (es o! t n, he tin. (oils# nd the un(o4erin. o! he tin. (oils# 9 re.ul tion o! /ersonnel ((ess to t n, to/s *hen bitumen he tin. o/er tions or /rodu(t 1o4e1ents into or out o! t n,s re t ,in. /l (e# 9 /re( utions to (he(, nd /rote(t . inst the /resen(e o! hydro.en sul/hide in t n, he d s/ (es nd !ro1 4ents nd other t n, o/enin.s) % ter or other 4ol tile liBuid 1i.ht be /resent !ro1 /re4ious ( r.o# n unbl n,ed 4 l4ed (onne(tion# bil.e (le rin. o/er tion# de(, le , or r in* ter in.ress throu.h 1 nhole) This ( n so1eti1es be re1o4ed by ddin. !uel oil to the t n,# su!!i(ient to (o4er the he tin. (oils# nd then ;boilin. out;) 3 su!!i(ient le4el o! oil to (o4er the (oils should be 1 int ined throu.hout the o/er tion *hi(h should be ( rried out only under ( re !ully (ontrolled (onditions) In order to li1it the /rodu(tion o! flammable 4 /ours nd 4oid the ris#s of auto"ignition of ( rbon (eous de/osits durin. this /ro(ess# oil te1/er tures in eC(ess o! 1<0 o' nd he tin. ti1es in eC(ess o! 12 hours should be 4oided) ).11 P2C:2GING ).11.1 Container, P (, .es should be (he(,ed be!ore !illin. to ensure th t they re 1e(h ni( lly sound) The interiors of the / (, .es should be dry) 3ll / (, .es 5e).) ( rdbo rd ,e.s7 should be of ty/es ,no*n to be suit ble !or !illin. *ith hot liBuid bitumen. ).11.2 Condition, .urin$ and 2fter Pa 8a$in$ No source of ignition should be /er1itted in the 4i(inity o! the o/er tion) 3deBu te /erson l /rote(tion in(ludin. suit ble /rote(ti4e (lothin. nd /erson l hy.iene /rote(tion s re(o11ended in 'h /ter 2 should be used) M nu l h ndlin. o! hot / (, .es should be ,e/t to 1ini1u1# nd no tte1/t should be 1 de to 1o4e indi4idu l / (, .es until the (ontents h 4e (ooled) Fillin. te1/er tures should be belo* the u//er li1it /er1issible !or the ty/e o! / (, .e nd s lo* s /r (ti( ble (onsistent *ith n deBu te !illin. r te) %here bitumen is ( st into b ys# it should be (o1/letely solid be!ore re1o4 l is tte1/ted) ).11 C*E242NCE OF PIPE5O4: B*OC:2GES Not*ithst ndin. rr n.e1ents nd /ro(edures desi.ned either to ,ee/ bitumen /i/e*or, hot or to dr in it *hen not in use 5see @)?7# /i/e*or, blo(, .es o((ur o(( sion lly due to (oolin. nd solidi!i( tion o! the /rodu(t) The 1ethods used to (le r su(h blo(, .es *ill de/end u/on the (ir(u1st n(es)

'ontrolled !l 1e he tin.# usin. n LP6 tor(h or eBui4 lent on the outside o! /i/e or 4 l4e to (le r blo(, .e *ithin# should be llo*ed only *here there is no re son bly /r (ti( ble ltern ti4e) -urnin. oil so ,ed r .s 1ust not be used !or this /ur/ose) %here !l 1e he tin. is /er1itted lo( lly# s/e(i!i( /ro(edure should be est blished !or e (h / rti(ul r set o! (ir(u1st n(es nd should be ( rried out under $ermit to !or# by /erson eC/erien(ed in the //li( tion o! !l 1e be tin. !or this /ur/ose) Fl 1e he tin. should ne4er be //lied: in lo( tion (l ssi!ied s hazardous5see Area Classification under =)2)1#=)2)2 nd 3//endiC $7# *hen the /i/e*or, syste1 is under /ressure# or (ont ins cutbac#, in (onFun(tion *ith blo*in. by ir or inert gas, *here the /i/e*or, syste1 is blo(,ed9in by 4 l4es or 1i.ht be blo(,ed9in by solid /lu.s o! bitumen.

3 !ire eCtin.uisher should be t h nd *hen !l 1e he tin. is //lied) The use o! ir /ressure to (le r bitumen /i/e*or, blo(, .es is not re(o11ended be( use its dis(h r.e is di!!i(ult to (ontrol# nd bre , * y ( n be hazardous. %here they re 4 il ble# ste 1 l n(es ( n be tried# but ste 1 should not be used intern lly !or tte1/ted dis/l (e1ent /ur/oses) The use o! oil under hydr uli( /ressure 1 y be (onsidered *here it is sus/e(ted th t only 4ery li1ited blo(, .e is /resent in so1e /oorly he ted / rt o! lon. line) %hen this is //lied# it is i1/ort nt th t the oil (hosen should h 4e flash $oint in eC(ess o! the sto(, te1/er ture so s not to (re te a flammable atmos$here in ny t n, to *hi(h the oil 1i.ht e4entu lly be dis(h r.ed) ;Me /ro(edure should be ( rried out under the (ontrol o! (o1/etent en.ineer to ensure th t the syste1 is not o4er /ressured) %here /i/e*or, blo(, .es /ersist# the only re(ourse 1i.ht be to dis1 ntle the syste1 !or /ie(e1e l (le r n(e by burnin. out in n re desi.n ted !or th t /ur/ose) ).12 OPE42TO4 P4OTECTION 3ll lo din.# dis(h r.e nd / (, .in. st tions should be rr n.ed so s to /rote(t the o/er tor !ro1 s/l shin.# !rothin.) fumes nd s/ill .e# nd bu1s !ro1 hot un insul ted sur! (es) 3 (old * ter su//ly nd n e1er.en(y sho*er should be re dily ((essible lo( lly !or s,in bu1 tre t1ent) See lso Fi.ure 9)2) O/er tors should *e r suit ble /rote(ti4e (lothin. nd obser4e the /erson l hy.iene /re( ution ry 1e sures s sti/ul ted in 'h /ter 2)

/ P4O.0CT 0SE4 G0I.2NCE

/.1 INT4O.0CTION This (h /ter .i4es .uid n(e on s !ety in user inst ll tions in(ludin.: 9 9 9 9 ro d 1 inten n(e de/ots# bitu1en8 ..re. te 1iCin. /l nts# 1obile ro d9l yin. nd s/r yin. ! (ilities# 1obile ! (ilities ser4in. roo!in. nd !loorin. o/er tions)

In ddition to the .uid n(e (ont ined in this (h /ter# users o! bitumen should re!er to nd //ly the re(o11end tions o! 'h /ter 2 *hi(h .i4e //ro/ri te .uid n(e on the reBuire1ents !or /rote(ti4e (lothin.# /erson l hy.iene /re( utions nd !irst id81edi( l tre t1ent !or bu1s nd other eC/osuresI 'h /ter 3 in res/e(t o! !ire ris#s0 'h /ter < !or the !i.htin. o! !ires in4ol4in. bitumen, in(ludin. the ty/e nd re(o11ended 1ini1u1 /ro4ision o! /ort ble eBui/1entI 'h /ter = !or desi.n# l yout nd

o/er tion o! bul, t n, .eI bul,)

nd 'h /ter @ !or the lo din.# (on4ey n(e

nd dis(h r.e o! bitumen in

Note: The re!eren(e test 1ethod (ited in 2)3 !or the deter1in tion o! total -arti ulate 1 tter 5TPM7 nd benAene soluble 1 teri l 5-SM7 in bitumen fume is (o1/leC -ro edure not ,uita3le for e4eryd y use) "o* e4er d t /ro4ided in IP te(hni( l / /er IP @<900> h 4e been in(or/or ted in the res/e(ti4e se(tions !ollo*in. to ser4e s n indi( tor o! ty/i( l eC/osure le4els in the di!!erent ty/es o! user //li( tion) It should be noted th t the .uid n(e note E"<0890# / r .r /h 33 st tes th t in the bsen(e o! s/e(i!i( eC/osure li1it !or / rti(ul r dust# nd *here there is no indi( tion o! the need !or lo*er 4 lue# /erson l eC/osure should be ,e/t belo* 10 M.8M 3 @9hour T%3 tot l inh l ble dust or ? 1.l81 3 @9hour T%3 res/ir ble dust) It !ollo*s !ro1 this th t the ;TPM; d t deter1ined in the bo4e 1ethod# nd *here Buoted in the se(tions o! this (h /ter# re indi( ti4e o! the (o1bined eC/osure to both 1iner l 5 irborne7 dust nd /etroleu1 !u1e) /.2 B0*: S0PP*IES -ul, su//lies 1 y be deli4ered by ro d# r il or b r.e) Inst ll tions re(ei4in. bitumen in bul, /ro4ide dis(h r.e /oints# sto(, t n,s nd /i/e*or, syste1s s ne(ess ry !or re(ei4in. nd tr ns!er o! the /rodu(t to the /oints o! use) 3llo*in. !or the di!!eren(e in s( le their desi.n nd o/er tion should !ollo* the .uid n(e .i4en in 'h /ters = nd @) /1.1 .i, har$e Point, 3ll ((ess o! /ersonnel to the 4i(inities o! dis(h r.e /oints t user stor .es should be stri(tly re.ul ted) $is(h r.e /oints should be (le rly 1 r,ed nd l belled so th t 4 l4in.# /i/in.# t n, nu1ber nd /ro 9 du(t .r de ( n be (le rly identi!ied) First id d4i(e nd set o! ,ey instru(tions !or s !e o/er tion should be /osted in (le r 4ie* (lose by the dis(h r.e /oint) For eC 1/les o! su(h noti(es see Fi.ures 9)1 nd 9)2) % ter dren(h ! (ilities !or /ersonnel should be 4 il ble in the re o! the dis(h r.e /oint) $is(h r.e should not be (o11en(ed until the /erson 1 ,in. the deli4ery h s re(ei4ed (on!ir1 tion# /re!er bly *ritten by the /erson res/onsible !or re(ei/t# th t the dis(h r.e syste1 is re dy nd the re(ei4in. t n, h s su!!i(ient ullage to re(ei4e the s/e(i!ied lo d) See @)3)3 nd @)@)?) %here re(ei4in. inst ll tion h s been shut do*n !or /eriod or is in inter1ittent use# the /re9 dis(h r.e ins/e(tion should in(lude the (he(, th t * ter is bsent !ro1 the re(ei4in. /i/in.# nd# in the ( se th t the re(ei4in. t n, is t te1/er ture less th n 100M'# th t there h s been no in d4ertent entry or ((u1ul tion th t (ould .i4e rise to froth" over u/on entry o! the hot bitumen. See @)@) 1) $urin. 4ehi(le dis(h r.e ll sour(es o! ignition 1ust be eC(luded both !ro1 the 4i(inity o! the dis(h r.e /oint nd !ro1 the 4i(inity o! the re(ei4in. t n, 4ent) See lso @)@)>) For hoses nd (ou/lin.s# see @)=) I! s 1/lin. !ro1 the to/ o! the deli4ery 4ehi(le is li,ely to be reBuired !iCed ((ess gantry should be /ro4ided) See @)3)

S2FE 4ECEIPT OF B0*: BIT0&EN

-EFORE T"E T3NDER 3RRIEES 'he(, th t there is (le r nd unobstru(ted route !or the t n,er to nd !ro1 the bitu1en deli4ery /oint) Ensure th t the deli4ery !l n.e o! e (h bitu1en t n, is le.ibly nu1bered nd 1 r,ed *ith the bitumen .r de) Ensure th t the t n, (ontents . u.es re *or,in. /ro/erty nd th t there is su!!i(ient s/ re ( / (ity in e (h t n, to re(ei4e the 1ount o! /rodu(t ordered) In ny e4ent# t n,s should not be !illed to 1ore th n 90 L o! tot l ( / (ity) %here //li( ble# (he(, th t ny t n, /i/e*or, 4 l4es re# (orre(tly set to re(ei4e the deli4ery) For (utb (, .r des# ensure th t there re no sour(es o! i.nition ne r the dis(h r.e /oints nd th t suit ble !ire eCtin.uisher is /l (ed (lose by)

%"EN T"E T3NDER 3RRIEES

'he(, the $eli4ery Note nd 1 ,e sure th t the .r de nd Bu ntity o! /rodu(t re s ordered) Fully (o1/lete the $eli4ery Note nd h nd to/ (o/y to dri4er be!ore deli4ery (o11en(es) Ret in (o/y !or your re(ords) 'he(, the (ontents o! the stor .e t n,s on(e 1ore# nd ensure th t there is su!!i(ient s/ (e therein to re(ei4e the (tu l lo ded Bu ntity o! bitu1en s st ted on the $eli4ery Note# *ith 10L o! t n, ( / (ity s/ re) I! the bitumen t n,s re (ont ined *ithin t n, house# 1 ,e sure th t there is no one *ithin the stru(ture durin. the /eriod o! the bitu1en dis(h r.e) Sho* the dri4er the (orre(t t n, !illin. /oints) %here //li( ble# (he(, . in th t ll t n, nd /i/e*or, 4 l4es re set (orre(tly) %here4er /ossible# re1 in in ttend n(e throu.hout the deli4ery)

-EFORE T"E T3NDER LE3EES %here //li( ble reset ny 4 l4es o/er ted durin. the deli4ery) Si.n the $eli4ery Note to (on!ir1 th t the deli4ery h s been re(ei4ed) Ensure th t the (o/y is ret ined)

IF +OU "3EE 3N+ PRO-LEMS OR OUER+ 3-OUT T"E $ELIEER+# +OU S"OUL$ INFORM T"E $RIEER 3T ON'E) "E S"OUL$ T"EN TELEP"ONE "IS $EPOT 3N$ RE'EIEE INSTRU'TIONS) T"E $RIEER IS INSTRU'TE$ TO TELEP"ONE "IS $EPOT IF# IN "IS OPINION# T"E $ELIEER+ 'ON$ITIONS OR PRO'E$URES 3RE UNS3FE
Fi$ure /.1. E7am-le of a Guide for the Safe 4e ei-t of Bul8 Bitumen

T4E2T&ENT OF BIT0&EN B04NS ? FI4ST 2I.

SDIN 1 2 The !!e(ted / rt should i11edi tely be /lun.ed into (le r (old runnin. * ter until thorou.hly (old) No tte1/t should be 1 de to re1o4e dherin. bitu1en !ro1 the s,in unless the site o! (ont (t or n ture o! the /rodu(t 1 ,es this essenti l) -itu1en *ill /ro4ide sterile (o4erin. until he lin. o((urs nd it *ill then det (h itsel!) %here it is bsolutely ne(ess ry to re1o4e dherin. bitu1en !ro1 the s,in use liber l 1ounts o! * r1 1edi(in l / r !!in or 1edi(in lly //ro4ed 4e.et ble oil or *ith ( re 1edi(in l / r !!in nd ,erosine) Derosine ( n ( use s,in irrit tion) Follo* this by .entle * shin. *ith so / nd (le n * r1 * ter) 3//ly /ro/riet ry re! ttin. .ent or s,in (le nsin. (re 1) -itu1en en(ir(lin. li1b or !in.er 1 y ( use tourniBuet e!!e(t s it (ools nd su(h ( ses should re(ei4e i11edi te 1edi( l ttention to relie4e this *ithout del y)

<

E+ES 1 3 s/l sh o! hot bitu1en in the eye should be i11edi tely (ooled by irri. tin. *ith (le n (old runnin. * ter !or t le st FIEE 1inutes) The ( su lty should then be /ro1/tly sent to hos/it l !or ssess1ent nd !urther tre t1ent)

3LL -ITUMEN -URNS S"OUL$ RE'EIEE PROMPT ME$I'3L 3TTENTION

Fi$ure /.2. Su$$e,ted Te7t for a Fir,t 2id Po,ter Dto 3e Po,ted in Clear <iew at 2ll Bitumen Plant,E and for Po 8et,iBe Card, Dfor .i,tri3ution to 5or8er, Handlin$ Hot BitumenE

/.2.2 Sto 8 Tan8, The d4i(e .i4en in 'h /ter = is //li( ble to bul, re(ei/t stor .e t n,s t users; /re1ises# nd / rti(ul r ttention should be .i4en both in desi.n /ro4ision nd in o/er tion to the 1e sures ne(ess ry to ,ee/ t n, te1/er tures *ithin the 1 Ci1 set by 3//endiC - nd !or the 4oid n(e o! lo( l o4erhe tin. s in =)3)2 nd un(o4erin. o! the he tin. ele1ents) I! these (onditions re (orre(tly obser4ed durin. the stor .e o! $enetration, hard nd o&idised grade bitumens it is unli,ely th t 4 /our e4ol4ed into the (on!ined ullage s/ (e *ill re (h the flammable range. Ne4ertheless ((ur te te1/er ture (ontrol s in =)<)3 nd =)<)=)3# to 1ini1ise the /ossibility o! ( rbon (eous de/osits be(o1in. self" heating, is essenti l .ood /r (ti(e in the 4oid n(e o! !ire nd eC/losion) Sin(e the 4 /our /rodu(ed durin. the stor .e nd deli4ery o! cutbac# grades is li,ely to be in the flammable range, si1il r (ontrol is ne(ess ry in order to 1ini1ise the issue o! flammable 4 /our !ro1 the 4ent nd other t n, o/enin.s) In ddition# cutbac# t n,s should be (le rly 1 r,ed ;$3N6ER *6AMMAB6+' on their shells nd in 4isible /roCi1ity to 4ents nd other t n, o/enin.s) /.2.! Pi-ewor8 Sy,tem, Pi/e*or, syste1s !or o(( sion l use should# s noted in 'h /ter =# be desi.ned !or e se o! dr inin. to lo* /oints !ro1 *hi(h the /rodu(t ( n (on4eniently be re1o4ed bet*een o/er tions) 3n in(line o! not less th n @L is re(o11ended !or ny bitumen /i/eline to be sel!9dr inin.) Pi/e*or, syste1s *hi(h 1i.ht be le!t !ull o! bitumen bet*een o/er tions should h 4e deBu te ther1 l insul tion nd tr (e he tin. ! (ilities to /re4ent blo(, .e due to solidi!i( tion o! the /rodu(t) %here tr (e he tin. is /ro4ided# ( re is ne(ess ry to 4oid he tin. liBuid 9!ull se(tions tr //ed bet*een (losed blo(, 4 l4es or /lu.s o! solid /rodu(t) Pressure relie! 4 l4es ( nnot nor1 lly be relied u/on to /rote(t se(tions o! he ted liBuid9!ull bitumen /i/e*or, . inst the hydr uli( /ressures *hi(h ( n be /rodu(ed by ther1 l eC/ nsion) %here ele(tri( l tr (in. is used it should be !itted *ith uto1 ti( te1/er ture li1it (ontrols) Pi/e*or, syste1s# *hether !or o(( sion l or (ontinuous use# should be ther1 lly insul ted s ne(ess ry to /rote(t /ersons !ro1 (ont (t bu1s) Fl n.ed /i/e (onne(tions re /re!erred to s(re*ed (onne(tions in bitumen ser4i(e# to ! (ilit te dis1 ntlin. *hen ne(ess ry !or the (le r n(e o! blo(, .es) /.2.# Safe Clearan e of Pi-eline Blo 8a$e Uns !e 1ethods o! tte1/tin. to (le r /i/eline blo(, .es ( n .i4e rise to serious ((idents due to the he ted n ture o! the /rodu(t nd should not be /er1itted) The /re( utions listed in @)11 should be dr *n to the ttention o! ll /ersonnel in4ol4ed) /.! P2C:2GE. S0PP*IES Those bitumens *hi(h re solid t 1bient te1/er tures ( n be su//lied in li.ht *ei.ht steel dru1s# ( rdbo rd ,e.s# / /er s (,s or /l sti( *r //in.s) Cutbac# bitumens ( n be su//lied in he 4y . u.e steel dru1s) /.!.1 4emo"al of Solid Bitumen from .rum, Solid bitumen ( n be re1o4ed !ro1 li.ht *ei.ht steel dru1 either by 1eltin. !ro1 the dru1 or by (uttin. * y the dru1 usin. (old (hisel) ' re is ne(ess ry *hen 1eltin. !ro1 the dru1 to 4oid lo( lised initi l he tin.) Nor1 lly both ends o! the dru1 should be re1o4ed be!ore ny he t is //lied) "e tin. should then be //lied .ener lly to the !ull len.th o! the dru1) This ( n best be done by /l (in. the dru1 on s/e(i lly desi.ned .rid o4er the 1outh o! the bitumen he tin. unit or ,ettle into *hi(h the /rodu(t is to dr in) %hen usin. (old (hisel# ( re is ne(ess ry to /rote(t ll /ersonnel in the 4i(inity !ro1 !l ,es o! bitumen nd 1et l *hi(h 1i.ht !ly) /.!.2 &eltin$ Solid Blo 8, of Bitumen Bitumen blo(,s# !ter re1o4 l s ne(ess ry o! the ( rd bo rd or /l sti( (o4erin.s# should# *here /r (ti( ble# be redu(ed in siAe usin. h 11ers or (hisels be!ore bein. dded to the ,ettle) %hen (h r.in. lu1/s o! bitumen into ,ettle# s/e(i l ( re is ne(ess ry to /rote(t /ersonnel !ro1 s/l shes o! the 1olten /rodu(t) This ent ils both *ell desi.ned !eed in. rr n.e1ents nd suit ble /rote(ti4e (lothin.) 5See lso 'h /ter 2)7 /.!.! 4emo"al of Cut3a 8 Bitumen from .rum, $ru1s (ont inin. cutbac# bitumen re nor1 lly /ro4ided *ith t*o ?0 11 di 1eter bun. holes in one end to en ble the /rodu(t to be /oured out)

Produ(ts / (, .ed in this * y nor1 lly !lo* su!!i(iently *ell !or the1 to be /oured !ro1 the dru1 t 1bient te1/er ture) I! he tin. is reBuired# s/e(i l ( re is ne(ess ry be( use the /rodu(ts (ont in 4ol tile flammable dilu9 ents) The dru1s 1ust not be he ted bo4e 30 o' *ithout re1o4in. one o! the bun.s) On(e bun. h s been re1o4ed# the dru1 1ust be ,e/t *ell * y !ro1 ll sources of ignition. E1/ty dru1s (ont inin. re1n nts o! cutbac# bitumens re / rti(ul rly t ris# o! eC/losion# i! subFe(ted to !l 1e be tin.) They should be stored *ith both bun. holes o/en# in /l (e !ree !ro1 !ire ris#, /endin. dis/os l) /.# &OBI*E BIT0&EN HE2TING :ETT*ES FO4 BIT0&ENS 2N. &2STICS

Dettles re eCtensi4ely used durin. roo!in. nd !loorin.# (onstru(tion nd 1 inten n(e) They re usu lly !itted *ith lid su!!i(ient to sto/ r in* ter enterin. nd re he ted !ro1 bene th by bottled . s burner) Thi, ty-e of 8ettle ,hould ne"er 3e u,ed for heatin$ cutback bitumens $ru1s should not be used !or the 1eltin. or holdin. o! 1olten bitumen sto(,s unless s/e(i!i( lly desi.ned !or the /ur/ose) %hen bottled . s is e1/loyed !or he tin. bitumen ,ettle# those (ylinders (tu lly in use should be lo( ted not less th n 7 1 !ro1 the ,ettleI nd ny (ylinders not in use should be lo( ted t le st > 1 !ro1 the ,ettle) The rr n.e1ent should be su(h s to /re4ent ny s/ill .e !ro1 the ,ettle re (hin. the (ylinders) Eehi(le 1ounted ,ettles should not be he ted durin. tr nsit) 6 s su//ly lines should be /rote(ted . inst d 1 .e) For other /re( utions in the use o! LP6 !uel nd its eBui/1ent the re!eren(es .i4en in 7.8.7 should be (onsulted) /.#.1 :ettle, in Tran,it Eehi(le91ounted ,ettles should not be he ted durin. tr nsit) 3ll tr ns/ort ble ,ettles should be set on !ir1# le4el !ound tions be!ore bein. he ted) 3!ter use their (ontents should be llo*ed to solidi!y be!ore they re 1o4ed) /.#.2 Heatin$ Dettles should not be le!t un ttended *hile they re bein. he ted) %hen he tin. !ro1 (old# he tin. r tes should be ,e/t lo* until the /rodu(t is (le rly !luid nd ny * ter /resent h s been dri4en o!!# nd the he tin. ,ettle should ne4er be !illed bo4e the ( / (ity le4el s/e(i!ied by the 1 nu! (turer) O4erhe tin. o! the /rodu(t should be 4oided by te1/er ture (ontrol b sed u/on reli ble ther1o1eter re din.s) Te1/er tures should be ,e/t s lo* s /r (ti( ble# (onsistent *ith e!!i(ient //li( tion o! the /rodu(t) Unne(ess ry o4erhe tin. 1 y result in deterior tion in the li!e o! the bitumen, nd !or 1ost .r des it should not be ne(ess ry to eC(eed the te1/er ture li1its .i4en in 3//endiC -) "o*e4er# there is n eC(e/tion in the ( se o! (ert in o&idised grade bitumens *hi(h !or so1e //li( tions reBuire the use o! te1/er tures th t eC(eed the re(o11ended li1it o! 230 o' in T ble -) 1) In su(h ( ses the te1/er ture .uid n(e .i4en in //ro/ri te user st nd rds su(h s those /ro4ided by the Fl t Roo!in. 'ontr (tors 3d4isory -o rd 5FR'3-7# -S 'P1<< et() should be !ollo*ed) Note: In res/e(t o! these eC(e/tions# it should be noted th t# unli,e the ( se *here the build 9u/ o! a flammable 4 /our (on(entr tion 1 y de4elo/ *ithin the (on!ined s/ (e o! he ted bul, stor .e t n,# the o/en lidded (onstru(tion o! he tin. ,ettle should /er1it dis/ersion o! 4 /our .i4en o!! 5see 3)2)2)17) Ne4ertheless sources of ignition should be ,e/t * y !ro1 the /roCi1ity o! the lidded re o! the ,ettle) Molten /rodu(t 1 y be re1o4ed !ro1 the ,ettle usin. either side br n(h or l dle) It should be (on4eyed to the /oint o! use in s/ill resist nt (ont iners by /ersons !ully /rote(ted by (lothin. . inst s/ills nd s/l shes s in 2)2) 1) O/er tors should 1ini1ise bre thin. fumes !ro1 hot bitumen ,ettles *hi(h should# *here4er /ossible# be sited do*n*ind o! the Fob) See lso d t under 9)? belo*) /.% 4OOFING %&idised grade bitumens re used s ;1o//in. dhesi4es; !or the !iCin. o! roo!in. !elts) The dhesi4e is /re/ red by he tin. the bitumen in ,ettle to te1/er ture nor1 lly in the r n.e 200o' to 230 o' 5or su(h ne(ess ry //li( tion te1/er ture s s/e(i!ied in //ro/ri te user st nd rds re!erred to in 9)<)27# tr ns/ortin. the /rodu(t to the *or, re in bu(,et nd s/re din. it o4er the re to be (o4ered usin. 1o/) The !elt is rolled on to the bitumen *hile it is still hot) The ris#s o! s/ills ( usin. bu1s to the bu(,et ( rrier should be 1ini1ised by ( re in /ro4idin. s !e route !ro1

the ,ettle to the *or, re nd by the *e rin. o! //ro/ri te /rote(ti4e (lothin. in ((ord n(e *ith 2)2) 1) *ume eC/osure 5see 2)37 should be 1ini1ised by *or,in. s ! r s re son bly /r (ti( ble on the u/*ind side o! the *or,) S 1/lin. d t durin. re9roo!in. *ith o&idised grade 9?82? on t*o se/ r te d ys . 4e TPM @ hour T%3 eC/osures !or ,ettle1en h nd9( rryin. the bitumen to the roo!# o! <)1 nd >)< M.8M3# *ith benAene soluble 4 lues o! the bitumen fume o! 3)? nd ?)< M.8M 3 -SM res/e(ti4ely) These d t su..est th t the use o! orin s l 1 s,s 1i.ht be ne(ess ry in still ir (onditions) Fi.ures !or the other *or,ers in4ol4ed r n.ed !ro1 0)? to 1)= M.8M 3 5 4er .e 1)37 TPM# *ith @9hour T%3 eC/osures to -SM o! bet*een 0)2 nd 1)1 1.8rn 3) In nother study 5Finl nd7 ei.ht /erson l s 1/les durin. roo!in. . 4e TPM eC/osures !ro1 0)2 to 3)< M.813 durin. s/re din. 51e n 1)>7 nd benAene soluble le4el !ro1 0)2 to 2)9 rn.81 3 51e n 1)<7) /.' F*OO4ING -itu1inous 1 sti(s 5blends o! $enetration grade bitumen *ith !inely .round 1iner l !illers7 re used !or !loorin.) The 1 sti( is /re/ red by be tin. in ,ettle to te1/er ture not eC(eedin. the le4el //ro/ri te to the user st nd rd# tr ns/ortin. the /rodu(t to the *or, re in bu(,et nd tro*ellin. it s ne(ess ry to /rodu(e n e4en sur! (e) The h A rds re si1il r to those o! roo!in. but be( use o! the indoor (onditions# the tro*eller ( n be / rti(ul rly eC/osed to !u1e le4els *hi(h (ould eC(eed the eC/osure st nd rd) For ny indoor o/er tions *ith hot 1 sti( it is essenti l to ensure deBu te ventilation. Thus eC/osures 1e sured durin. l yin. o! 1 sti( (ont inin. 11 L by *ei.ht o! 10820 /en bitumen t te1/er ture o! 2>?92@0;'# inside buildin. 4entil ted only throu.h o/en doors nd *indo*s# *ere re/orted s @9hour T%3 eC/osures !or indoor *or,ers o! 10)? to 1@)? M.8M 3# *ith benAene soluble bitumen fume o! > to 13)> M.8M3) For the outside ,ettle1 n# eC/osures o! 2)9 to =)= M.8M 3 TPM# nd 1)@ to ?)0 M.8M 3 -SM *ere si.ni!i( ntly lo*er) In nother indoor 1 sti( l yin. o/er tion# @9hour benAene soluble T%3 eC/osures *ere =)= M.8M 3 !or the /ourer# @)= !or the ( rrier nd 11 !or the tro*eller# (o1/ red to 2)@ 1.81 3 !or the ,ettle1 n) EC/osure should be 1ini1ised by t ,in. !ull d4 nt .e o! ll /ossible n tur l ventilation nd su/9 /le1ented i! ne(ess ry by the /ro4ision o! e!!e(ti4e lo( l rti!i(i l ventilation in the 4i(inity o! the *or, or the use o! n orin s l ! (e 1 s,) See 2)3) 1) /.( 2SPH2*T &2N0F2CT04E 2N. 0SE As$halts re 1iCtures o! bitumen *ith 1iner l the l r.est use o! bitumen. ..re. tes nd their use !or ro d / yin. re/resents

/.(.1 Hot &i7 2,-halt, Hot &i7 Produ tion "ot 1iC as$halts re /rodu(ed either (ontinuously or b t(h*ise by ddin. ty/i( lly < to @L 1 ss o! $enetration grade bitumen to hot ..re. te# nd 1iCin. t te1/er ture in the r n.e 13? to 1@0 o') Usu lly# the hot as$halt 1iC is dis(h r.ed dire(tly into * itin. tru(,s !or tr ns/ort to the / 4in. site but# in(re sin.ly# soni( o! the /rodu(tion is stored in silos * itin. de1 nd) Person l s 1/lin. * s ( rried out on t*o 1odern 1iC /l nts in(or/or tin. r n.e o! bitumens !ro1 >0 to =00 /en into the s/h lt 1iC# nd (o4erin. both the o/er tor in the (ontrol ( bin nd the o/er tor lo( ted t the hot 1iC stor .e lines) The @9hour T%3 eC/osures r n.ed !ro1 0 to 1)= M.8M 3 TPM *ith n 4er .e 4 lue o! 0)= 1.81 3) "ot P yin. 3s/h lt 3//li( tion "ot / 4in. 1iCes re //lied usin. / 4in. 1 (hines# the ho//ers o! *hi(h re(ei4e the hot 1iC dire(tly !ro1 the deli4ery tru(,s) These 1 (hines s/re d nd / rti lly (o1/ (t the //lied 1iC to desired thi(,ness nd *idth o! / 4e1ent# *hi(h is then !in lly (o1/ (ted by rollers) The l yin. te 1 (o1/rises the / yin. 1 (hine dri4er 5the / yer7# r ,er1 n i11edi tely behind the 1 (hine) (orre(tin. i1/er!e(tions in the ne*ly l id as$halt l yer# nd s(reed1 n lso t the re r# to dFust the s(reed to .i4e the desired ro d /ro!ile) Se1i9 uto1 tion nd o/en ir //li( tion redu(e eC/osures to 1ini1u1# but the use o! eC(essi4ely hi.h as$halt te1/er tures under still ir (onditions *ill in(re se the eC/osure o! the / yer dri4er nd other o/er ti4es to bitumen fumes unne(ess rily) The !ollo*in. eC/osure studies h 4e been re/orted: In one sur4ey o4er 1< d ys# *ith *ind 4 ri tion !ro1 nil to 1ediu1# o! the l yin. o! hot 1iC (ont inin. < to >L by *ei.ht o! =0 /en bitumen nd 1iC te1/er tures o! 132 to 1>@ o'# tot l / rti(ul te T%3 e1ission le4els 4 ryin. !ro1 0)1? to ?)> M.8M 3 TPM 51< results *ith 1e n o! 1)2>7 *ere !ound !or the / yer dri4er# *ho is lo( ted (losest to the hot !eed ho//er) For the other o/er tors le4els o! 0)2? to 3)<> 1.8rn 3 TPM 51e n 0)937 *ere deter1ined !or the r ,er nd 0)33 to 1)<= 51e n

0)@37 M.8M3 !or the s(reed1 n) For these TPM d t # eCtr (tion o! the benAene soluble /ortion 'bitumen fume) * s not ( rried out# but the sur4ey (o11ented th t the /etroleu1 as$halt fume @9hour T%3 4 lue o! ? M.8M3 * s eC(eeded by only one o! the 1e sured tot l / rti(ul te eC/osures *hi(h *ould h 4e in(luded ro d dust) In nother study 5$en1 r,7 o! hot 1iC ro d l yin. /ersonnel eC/osures# the !ollo*in. 4er .e @9hour T%3 eC/osures# . in on TPM tot l / rti(ul te b sis *ere deter1ined) The study st tes th t 4ery !e* results bo4e ?M.8M 3 TPM *ere !ound# ll !ro1 the / yer o/er tor# *ith the hi.hest >)< M.8M3# 1ost results bein. 4ery 1u(h lo*er th n ? M.8M 3) In !urther study o! hot 1iC / 4in. usin. s/h lts t 132 to 13?;'# /erson l s 1/lin. 1e sure1ents o4er /eriods !ro1 22? to 2>? 1inutes . 4e benAene soluble 5-SM7 !i.ures o! 0)1 to 0)2 M.8M 3) These !i.ures 1ounted to 0)? to ?1 L o! the tot l / rti(ul te 1 tter) Pre( utions s outlined in 'h /ter 2)should be t ,en to /re4ent s,in nd eye (ont (t) /.(.2 Cold &i7 2,-halt, 'old 1iC as$halts re /rodu(ed# on s1 ller s( le th n hot 1iC as$halts, by 1iCin. t 1bient te1/er tures# s/e(i l cutbac# or flu&ed bitumens *ith dry ..re. tes# nor1 lly b t(h*ise) These 1iCes re used !or s1 ll re/ ir *or, on / 4ed sur! (es# usu lly *ith //li( tion by 1 nu l tools nd si1/le 1e(h ni( l ids) "e lth nd s !ety /re( utions sso(i ted *ith the /rodu(ts de/end l r.ely on the ty/e nd Bu ntity o! sol4ent e1/loyed in their 1 nu! (ture) 3s the /rodu(ts re .ener lly used in the o/en ir t 1bient te1/er ture# eC/osure to hydro( rbon 4 /our is 1ini1 l# lthou.h the 1e sures in 2)3)1 should be (onsidered nd do/ted i! //ro/ri te) "o*e4er# !ro1 the 4ie*/oint o! /rolon.ed nd re/e ted s,in (ont (t# should /rote(ti4e 1e sures not be t ,en# the 1ore the b se bitumen is diluted *ith sol4ent# the .re ter the /otenti l hazard be(o1es) This is / rti(ul rly the ( se *hen sol4ents other th n ,erosine re used) I1/er1e ble .lo4es should l* ys be *orn# to.ether *ith barrier creams to ssist (le nsin.# nd other /rote(ti4e (lothin. 1 y be ne(ess ry to /re4ent s,in (ont 1in tion o! other / rts o! the body) 5See 2)? to 2)?)27 These /re( utions re / rti(ul rly rele4 nt *hen ro1 ti( eCtr (ts o! /etroleu1 distill tes or (o l t r /rodu(ts 5e).) creosotes) re used s cutbac# diluents) 3ny doubts bout the ty/e o! sol4ent e1/loyed should be resol4ed by the su//lier# *ho should /ro4ide S !ety $ t Sheet) /.) S04F2CE .4ESSING OF 4O2.S The ro d 1 inten n(e te(hniBue o! sur! (e dressin. ent ils s/r yin. the ro d *ith thin !il1 o! binder, *hi(h 1 y be cutbac# bitumen, $enetration grade bitumen or bitumen emulsion. This is !ollo*ed by the //li( tion o! l yer o! stone (hi//in.s 5(rushed ..re. te# sl . or .r 4el7) The ro d is then rolled to e1bed the (hi//in.s into the sur! (e) The binder is stored hot in !iCed sto(, t n,s !ro1 *hi(h it is /u1/ed# or .r 4ity !ed# into 1obile s/r y 4ehi(le t n,s s reBuired) These re then dri4en to the //li( tion site) S/r y 4ehi(le t n,s re !itted *ith !l 1e tube heaters in order to be ble to boost the bul, liBuid te1/er tures) This is ne(ess ry !or eC 1/le *hen /eriods o! in(le1ent *e ther h 4e del yed the st rt o! sur! (e dressin. o/er tion) Sto(, t n,s 1 y lso be !itted *ith !l 1e tube heaters. /.).1 O-eration, u,in$ Cut3a 8 Bitumen, a, Binder, /.).1.1 Use o! Fl 1e Tube "e ters The te1/er tures ne(ess ry !or s/r y //li( tion o! cutbac# bitumens re .i4en in 3//endiC -) These te1/er tures o! 1?0 to 1=0 o' reBuire /rote(tion . inst s,in nd eye bu1) See belo*) 5o flame tube heater should be o/er ted *hilst /rodu(t tr ns!er o/er tions or s/r yin. re t ,in. /l (e in the 4i(inity) %here eCtern l !lue he ters re not !itted the he ter should h 4e been eCtin.uished nd le!t to (ool !or t le st 1? 1inutes be!ore the st rt o! ny su(h o/er tion) The s/r y 4ehi(le should be lo( ted on le4el or ne r le4el .round *ith the h nd br ,e !ully on be!ore bein. he ted) The flame tube heater should not be used unless there is e4ery*here *ithin the t n, (o4erin. o! t le st 1?011 o! bitumen o4er the he tin. tubes) The t n, should be deBu tely 4ented# re1otely !ro1 the dri4er nd the !l 1e tube !lue dis(h r.e# nd its (ontents (ir(ul ted throu.hout the he tin. /ro(ess)

-e!ore the he ter is i.nited# t*o !ire eCtin.uishers should be /l (ed in s !e lo( tion *ithin e sy ((ess !or the o/er tor t the burner !ront) %hen i.nitin. the flame tube heater, the o/er tor should not st nd dire(tly in line *ith the !l 1e tube in ( se there is !l sh b (,) $urin. he tin. nd !or 1ini1u1 o! 1? 1inutes there !ter# the o/er tor should re1 in in ttend n(e to ensure th t the bitumen is not o4erhe ted 5beyond the 1 Ci1u1 te1/er ture re(o11ended !or the .r de by 3//endiC -7 nd th t there re no o/er tions in the 4i(inity *hi(h 1i.ht rele se cutbac# 4 /ours be!ore the !l 1e tube is (ool) /.).1.2 Tr ns!er o! 'utb (, to the S/r y Eehi(le T n, -e!ore tr ns!er o! cutbac# !ro1 the su//ly t n, to the s/r y 4ehi(le t n, ll flame tube heaters 1ust be eCtin.uished nd su!!i(ient ti1e .i4en !or the1 to (ool do*n) This should be t le st 1? 1inutes) The s/r y 4ehi(le itsel! should st nd on le4el or ne r le4el .round *ith the h nd br ,e !ully on) 3t no ti1e durin. the tr ns!er o! binder should the 4ehi(le be le!t un ttended) -e!ore ny tr ns!er o! hot cutbac# bitumen to s/r y 4ehi(le t ,es /l (e# it is i1/ort nt to ensure th t there is no * ter or bitumen emulsion in the t n, or its !ittin.s) I! the /resen(e o! * ter is sus/e(ted# (tion should be t ,en to dis/el it be!ore !illin. *ith cutbac#. -his 1 y be (hie4ed by tr ns!errin. s1 ll Bu ntity o! hot cutbac#, su!!i(ient only to en ble (ir(ul tion throu.h the s/r y b r# nd to (ir(ul te this until !rothin. nd e4olution o! ste 1 h 4e subsided) The hose !or tr ns!errin. the cutbac# !ro1 the su//ly t n, to the s/r y 4ehi(le should be o! the (orre(t Bu lity 5see @)>7 nd in .ood (ondition) It should be (orre(tly tt (hed to the 4ehi(le t n, !illin. !l n.e nd not /l (ed loosely throu.h the t n, 1 nhole) $urin. the tr ns!er o! cutbac#, it is ne(ess ry to ensure th t there re no n ,ed li.hts or other sources of ignition in the 4i(inity o! the t n,s) O4er!illin. should be 4oided nd su!!i(ient ullage s/ (e should be le!t to llo* !or eC/ nsion o! the (on tents *hen !urther he ted) 3!ter !illin. but be!ore 1o4in. o!!# ll hoses nd 1 n hole (o4ers should be se(ured nd the //ro/ri te (azard % rnin. P nels (le rly dis/l yed) /.).1.! S/r yin. 'utb (, -itu1ens In order to 1ini1ise !ire ris#s nd 4oid eC(essi4e !u1in.# the te1/er ture o! the cutbac# in the s/r y 4ehi(le t n, should be ,e/t s ne r s /ossible to the o/ti1u1 !or the .r de nd should ne4er eC(eed the 1 Ci1u1 re(o11ended !or the .r de in 3//endiC -) $urin. s/r yin.# (le r * rnin. si.ns . inst s1o,in. nd n ,ed li.hts should be dis/l yed t //ro/ri te /oints on site# 4isible to the .ener l /ubli( *here this is //ro/ri te) %here /r (ti( ble# (onin. or other 1e ns should be e1/loyed to ,ee/ /ossible sources of ignition t le st 1 1 !ro1 the eCtre1ities o! the s/r y b r) 'onin. lso .i4es o/er tors roo1 to *or, round 1o4in. 1 (hinery *ithout !e r o! ste//in. into the line o! / ssin. tr !!i() %here this le 4es insu!!i(ient roo1 !or / ssin. tr !!i(# ro ds should be (losed *hile s/r yin. o/er tions re in /ro.ress) 3ll o/er tors nd / rti(ul rly s/r y b r o/er tors# should 1ini1ise their bre thin. o! cutbac# fumes. $ t !or ty/i( l sur! (e dressin. o/er tions h 4e sho*n the !ollo*in.: In one study o! uto1 ted s/r yin. o! sol4ent cutbac# bitumen t 120 to 1<0 o' (ontrolled by n o/er tor !ro1 the 4ehi(le ( bin# o/er tor eC/osures *eb *ell belo* 0)2 M.8M 3 o! benAene soluble 1 teri l oh n @ hour T%3 b sis) In nother study durin. h nd l yin. /erson l eC/osures o! b rro*1en8r ,ers o4er 1@? 1inute /eriods *ere 0)< nd 0)@ M.8M 3 s tot l / rti(ul te 1 teri l 5TPM7) -enAene solubles on the !irst o! these s 1/les 50)3 M.8M37 *ere @1 L o! the TPM !i.ure) In $ nish study o! the s/r yin. o! cutbac# (ont inin. @=L $enetration bitumen '/11 to 200 /en7# 12L by *ei.ht o! ?08?0 1iCture o! ,erosine8*hite s/irit nd 1L o! n adhesion agent, t 13?;' !ro1 t n, tru(, *ith s/r y b r# the 4er .e @9hour T%3 !or 9 s 1/les * s 0)@ M.8M 3# *ith 3 1 Ci1u1 o! 1)3 M.8M ) In Finl nd# sur! (e dressin. *ith sol4ent cutbac# (ont inin. 10L *hite s/irit t 1iCture te1/er ture o! 1?0 o' . 4e !i.ures !or !our s 1/lin. /eriods o! 0)@ to 2)? M.8M 3 51e n 1)=7 !or TPM# nd 0)1 to 0)< M.8M 3 51e n 0)27 !or benAene solubles) S/r yin. o/er tors should *here /ossible t ,e d4 nt .e o! *ind dire(tion to 1ini1ise eC/osure to fumes. /.).1.# Prote(ti4e 'lothin. nd Person l "y.iene !or 'utb (, S/r y O/er tions 3ll o/er tors should be dressed //ro/ri tely to 4oid s,in nd eye (ont (t *ith the /rodu(t s re(o11ended in 2)?)1 nd they should !ollo* the /erson l hy.iene re(o11end tions .i4en in 2)?)2) S/r y b r o/er tors *hen *or,in. in the o/en ne r the s/r y b r should *e r orin s l fume mas#s. For *or, lon.side o/en hi.h* ys o/er tors should *e r hi.h 4isibility F (,ets nd re!le(ti4e / t(hes) /.).2 O-eration, 0,in$ Penetration Grade Bitumen, a, Binder, O/er tions usin. $enetration grade bitumens s binder re less (o11on th n those usin. cutbac# bitumens.

Si1il r /re( utions hot 1 teri l)

re ne(ess ry throu.hout# in(ludin. /rote(tion o! s,in

nd eyes !ro1 (ont (t *ith

/.).! O-eration, 0,in$ Bitumen Emul,ion, a, Binder, /.).!.1 Use o! Fl 1e Tube "e ters %hen usin. bitumen emulsions s binders, the s/r y te1/er ture reBuired is nor1 lly in the r n.e >0 to @? o') Pre( utions to be t ,en in the h ndlin. of bitumen emulsions should be the s 1e s !or cutbac# bitumens 5see 9)@) 17) 3ddition lly o4erhe tin. of the binder should be 4oided) 3 1 Ci1u1 o! 9%' is re(o11ended be ( use o4erhe tin. to te1/er tures //ro (hin. 100 o' ( n /rodu(e boil" over due to the * ter /resent) *lammable atmos$heres re not .ener ted by bitumen emulsions t nor1 l *or,in. te1/er tures) It is there !ore less i1/ort nt th n *ith cutbac# grades to ensure th t flame tube heaters re thorou.hly (ooled be!ore /rodu(t tr ns!ers or s/r yin. o/er tions (o11en(e) /.).!.2 Tr ns!er o! -itu1en E1ulsions to S/r y Eehi(le T n,s The s 1e /re( utions to 4oid s/ills re ne(ess ry s *hen usin. cutbac# bitumens. /.).!.! S/r yin. -itu1en E1ulsions There re no (on(erns re. rdin. flammable atmos$heres in the 4i(inity o! s/r yin. o/er tions) Ne4ertheless# *here /r (ti( ble# (onin. or other 1e ns should be e1/loyed to .i4e o/er tors /rote(tion !ro1 / ssin. tr !!i() /.).!.# Prote(ti4e 'lothin. nd Person l "y.iene in Usin. -itu1en E1ulsions S,in (ont (t *ith the /rodu(t nd bre thin. o! the !u1es *hi(h rise !ro1 the s/r y should be 4oided) Prote(ti4e (lothin. in(ludin. eye shields should be *orn nd hy.iene /re( utions should be !ollo*ed s !or o/er tions usin. cutbac# bitumens. See 9)@)1 nd 2)?)3) /./ S0&&246 OF HE2*TH P4EC20TIONS IN THE 0SE OF PET4O*E0& BIT0&ENS /./.1 The !ore.oin. he lth /re( utions .i4en in this (h /ter# in sso(i tion *ith the 1ore det iled .uid n(e in 'h /ter 2# should en ble bitumen to be used s !ely) "o*e4er the re(o11end tion .i4en in 2)># o! sel! eC 1in tion on re.ul r b sis !or ny bnor1 lities o! the s,in# is /rudent 1e sure nd should be (on4eyed to ll e1/loyees h ndlin. bitumens, in(ludin. those *ho re (h n.in. Fobs or retirin.) This is / rti(ul rly rele4 nt in res/e(t of older e1/loyees# sin(e in the / st 1 ny bitu1inous 1 teri ls *ere in use *ith little or insu!!i(ient distin(tion s to *hether these *ere of /etroleu1 or (o l t r ori.in or 1iCtures o! both) /./.2 ;Me ty/i( l eC/osure d t re4ie*ed under the he din.s o! the 4 rious 1odes o! bitumen //li( tion should en ble sensible 1e ns o! 1ini1isin. this eC/osure) Thus the studies Buoted h 4e in their ssess1ents re (hed the .ener l (on(lusions th t: /./.2.1 Bitumen fume e&$osures re usu lly belo* ? M.8M3 in o/er tions in the o/en ir in4ol4in.: 'i) 5ii7 5iii7 5i47 bitumen re!inin. nd distribution# in(ludin. ro d nd r il t n,er lo din.# ro d sur! (in. usin. ..re. te 1iCes (ont inin. bout ?L bitumen, rootin. usin. o&idised grade bitumens, sur! (e dressin. o! ro ds by s/r yin. o! cutbac# bitumen.

It is noted ho*e4er th t eC/osures in 5ii7 nd 5iii7 1 y o(( sion lly eC(eed ? 1.8M 3 in so1e situ tions in4ol4in. d4erse 5e).) still ir7 (onditions) /./.2.2 Bitumen fume eC/osures ( n e sily eC(eed ? M.8M 3 in indoor //li( tion unless .ood ventilation is /ro4ided !or# nd su//le1entin. o! n tur l ventilation by lo( l rti!i(i l ventilation should be (onsidered)

11 S2&P*ING
11.1 INT4O.0CTION. S 1/le needs r n.e in siAe !ro1 !e* 1illilitres !or l bor tory testin. to the se4er l hundred litres *hi(h 1i.ht be reBuired !or eBui/1ent tri ls) S 1/lin. o! hot bitumen is / rti(ul rly hazardous be( use o! the ris#s o! bu1s !ro1 s/ills nd s/l shes o! the 1 teri l) %h te4er the siAe o! the s 1/le or the 1ethods 5 s des(ribed in 10)2 or 10)37 th t re to be used# //ro/ri te /rote(ti4e (lothin. should l* ys be *orn) See 'h /ter 2) The re should be *ell lit *hene4er s 1/lin. is reBuired durin. the hours o! d r,ness) S 1/lin. o! bitumens nd cutbac# bitumens throu.h t n, 4 /our s/ (es ( n lso be hazardous be( use o! eC/osure o! the o/er tor to the t n, 4 /ours nd the ris#s o! i.nition *hen t n, t1os/heres re in the flammable range. See 10)2) In res/e(t o! this s/e(t o! di/ s 1/lin.# the .uid n(e .i4en in >)2)1 nd =)<)> in res/e(t to ((ess to cutbac# or hot bitumen t n,s should be !ollo*edI n 1ely th t ((ess by /ersonnel to hot bitumen t n, roo!s should be 4oided# *here4er /r (ti( ble# durin. /rodu(t 1o4e1ents into or out o! the t n,s (on(erned# nd th t no /ersonnel should .o onto the t n, roo! durin. the 1iCin. or (ir(ul tion o! cutbac# blendin. t n,) %here su(h s 1/lin. is essenti l the 1iCin.8(ir(ul tion should be te1/or rily sto//ed) Si1il r restri(tions should be /l (ed on the s 1/lin. durin. !illin. or dis(h r.e o! ro d or r il t n, ( rs# nd o! shi/s or b r.e t n,s) The /otenti l !or the /resen(e o! hydro.en sul/hide should be re(o.nised *hen di/ s 1/lin. he ted bitumen t n, 5see =)<)27# nd s 1/lers should be lert to the /ossible /resen(e o! hydro.en sul/hide in the 4 /our s/ (e# nd t ,e ll ne(ess ry /re( utions in ((ord n(e *ith the .uid n(e in 2)<) 11.2 .IP S2&P*ING This is s 1/lin. by di//in. *ei.hted ( n or ;thie!; on the end o! ro/e or rod into the sur! (e o! the liBuid in t n,) ;Me 1ethod is si1/le nd ( n /rodu(e# *ith little * ste o! /rodu(t# s 1/les *hi(h re *ell re/resent ti4e o! the t n, (ontents) It is nor1 lly not s tis! (tory# ho* e4er# !or t ,in. s 1/les l r.er th n one or t*o litres in siAe) S 1/le ;thie!s; *hi(h ( n be o/ened by re1ote (ontrol to t ,e s 1/les t le4els belo* the liBuid sur! (e re not nor1 lly ne(ess ry !or bitumen s 1/lin.) $i/ s 1/lin. .i4es rise to so1e ris# o! introdu(in. ir nd (re tin. source of ignition t the s 1/le /oint) It should there!ore be 4oided in (ir(u1st n(es *here the t n, 4 /our s/ (e 1 y (ont in flammable atmos$here. Se(tions 3)2)2)2 to 3)2)2)< sho* th t this is /ossible in the ( se o! rundo*n t n,s th t re (onne(ted to re(ei4e /rodu(t !ro1 the 1 nu! (turin. /ro(esses# nd in / rti(ul r in the ( se o! the ir blo*n o&idised grades 5see ?)<)3)27) It should lso be 4oided *hen t n,s re bein. held under n oCy.en de/leted t1os/here) See =)3)@ nd =)3)<) $i/ s 1/lin. !ro1 cutbac# t n,s in / rti(ul r should be 4oided# or ( rried out *ith ( ution be( use o! the ris,s o! the /resen(e o! flammable atmos$heres in t n, 4 /our s/ (es) See 10) 1 nd >)2) 1) %here the ris#s o! flammable atmos$heres in hot bitumen t n, 4 /our s/ (es re ssessed s bein. ne.li.ible# di/ s 1/lin. 1i.ht be /re!erred# !or (le nliness nd si1/li(ity# to other 1ethods o! t ,in. s1 ll s 1/les) See ho*e4er =)<)>) Pro4isions should be 1 de to /rote(t the re round the s 1/le /oint to 4oid (ont 1in tion o! ther1 l insul tion 1 teri ls *hi(h 1i.ht le d to auto" ignition. See =)3)10) & ((ess to the s 1/le /oint# /rote(ted by h nd r ils) 1ould be /ro4ided) See =)3)1) 3antry ((ess should be /ro4ided *here di/ s 1/les re reBuired !ro1 4ehi(le t n,s) See @)3)<) The re o! the t n, roo! or 4ehi(le gantry should be *ell lit *hene4er s 1/lin. is reBuired durin. the hours o! d r,ness) 11.! S2&P*E <2*<ES S 1/le 4 l4es 1 y be /ro4ided !or s 1/lin. !ro1 /i/e lines or !ro1 t n,s) They should be desi.ned to be ,e/t su!!i(iently * r1 by the /rodu(t in the /i/eline or the t n,# to 4oid blo(, .e *hen in the (losed /osition)

The 4 l4e 1 y be o! the s(re* dri4en# /lun.er ty/e *ith the /lun.er# *hen (losed# eCtendin. into the !resh /rodu(t) %ith this ty/e o! 4 l4e# re/resent ti4e s 1/le o! the !resh /rodu(t ( n be obt ined *ithout !ore runnin.s) I! the s 1/le 4 l4e is not o! the /lun.er ty/e it should /re!er bly be b ll or /lu. ty/e 4 l4e *ith its ;(losed; /osition (le rly 1 r,ed on the ste1) %ith these ty/es o! 4 l4e# /ro4ision 1ust be 1 de to dis/ose s !ely nd (le nly o! the !ore9runnin.s# (olle(ted be!ore the re/resent ti4e s 1/le is /rodu(ed) The 4 l4e dis(h r.e noAAle should be !ir1ly !itted but re dily det (h ble !or (le nin.) The s 1/le (olle(tor should be (l 1/ed in /l (e belo* the noAAle *hile the s 1/le is bein. t ,en nd the s 1/le 4 l4e o/er tor should be /rote(ted . inst ((ident l s/l sh or s/ill by //ro/ri te s/l sh de!le(tors nd o4ers/ill (olle(tors# nd lso by *e rin. /rote(ti4e (lothin. in ((ord n(e *ith 2)2) 1) I! the s 1/le does not !lo* i11edi tely *hen the 4 l4e is (r (,ed o/en# the 4 l4e should be !ully (losed . in nd /re9est blished /ro(edure !or (le r n(e o! the blo(, .e should be initi ted) $e/endin. u/on the / rti(ul r (ir(u1st n(es nd subFe(t to //ro/ri te s !ety /re( utions# blo(,ed s 1/le 4 l4es ( n so1eti1es be (le red by eCtern l he tin. usin. ste 1 or by oil /ur.in. !ro1 the outlet end usin. hi.h !l sh $oint oil) See @)11) %hi(he4er 1ethod is used the s 1/le 4 l4e 1ust not be le!t un ttended in the o/en /osition in ( se the blo(, .e suddenly (le rs) $esi.ns !or bitumen s 1/lin. 4 l4es re .i4en in: 9 3s/h lt Institute M nu l Series No) 1@: ;S 1/lin. 3s/h lt Produ(ts !or S/e(i!i( tion 'o1/li n(e; 9 RILEM Re(o11end tions -M2 3/ril 19@=:;Methods !or S 1/lin. "ydro( rbon -inders;)

2--endi7 2 C*2SSIFIC2TION OF PET4O*E0& 2N. ITS P4O.0CTS B6 THE INSTIT0TE OF PET4O*E0&

The !ollo*in. (l ssi!i( tion# b sed 5eC(e/t !or liBue!ied /etroleu1 . ses7 on the 'losed 'u/ *lash Point Test is used by the Institute o! Petroleu1 to /ro4ide //ro/ri te .uid n(e on the lo( tion nd s/ (in. o! ! (ilities s in 'h /ter =# nd !or the sele(tion o! /re( ution ry 1e sures . inst !ire: 'l ss 0: 'l ss I: LiBue!ied Petroleu1 6 s 5LP67 LiBuids *hi(h h 4e !l sh /oints belo* 21 o'

'l ss II517: LiBuids *hi(h h 4e !l sh /oints !ro1 21 o' u/ to nd in(ludin. ?? o'# h ndled belo* !l sh Point 'l ss II527: LiBuids *hi(h h 4e !l sh /oints !ro1 21 o' u/ to nd in(ludin. ?? o'# h ndled t or bo4e !l sh /oint 'l ss III517: LiBuids *hi(h h 4e !l sh /oints bo4e ?? o' u/ to nd in(ludin. 100 o'# h ndled belo* !l sh /oint 'l ss III527: LiBuids *hi(h h 4e !l sh /oints bo4e ?? o' u/ to nd in(ludin. 100 o'# h ndled t or 3bo4e !l sh /oint ) Un(l ssi!ied: LiBuids *hi(h h 4e !l sh /oints bo4e 100 o' NOTES> 1 The de!inition o! !l sh /oint is .i4en in the 6loss ry# nd !or /etroleu1 /rodu(ts in 'l sses I# II nd III the !l sh /oint ( n be t ,en s n indi( tion o! the lo*est te1/er ture t *hi(h the /rodu(t is li,ely to /rodu(e (on(entr tion o! 4 /our th t is flammable !hen in (ont (t *ith the ir) %hile 'l sses 0 5LP67 nd I 5e).) /etrol7 *ill l* ys .i4e rise to a flammable va$our *hen

h ndled in ir# it *ill be noted th t 'l sses II nd III# into *hi(h cutbac# bitumens fall, re subdi4ided into 'l sses II517 nd III517 nd 'l sses II527 nd III527 in ((ord n(e *ith the te1/er ture t *hi(h they re h ndled# de/endent u/on *hether this is belo* or bo4e the !l sh /oint) Thus under di!!erent h ndlin. (onditions they 1 y so1eti1es (orres/ond to subdi4ision 517 *hile in others t hi.her te1/er tures they be(o1e (l ssi!i ble s subdi4ision 527) This subdi4ision o! 'l sses II nd III en bles n i1/ort nt distin(tion to be 1 de in the desi.n# lo( tion nd o/er tion o! their h ndlin. ! (ilities# sin(e 1 teri ls in 'l sses II517 nd III517 reBuire less onerous (onditions th n those in 'l sses II527 nd III527 *hi(h re stored nd h ndled t te1/er tures bo4e the !l sh /oint) See 'h /ter =) This distin(tion *ill lso !!e(t the reBuire1ents !or re (l ssi!i( tion o! the ! (ilities in deter1inin. the ty/e nd lo( tion o! ele(tri( l eBui/1ent nd /re( utions . inst non9ele(tri( l sources of i.nition) See 3//endiC $ nd =)1 nd =)2) 5It 1ust ne4ertheless be borne in 1ind th t ll /etroleu1 liBuids# e4en t te1/er tures belo* th t t *hi(h flammable va$our *ill be !or1ed# *hen dis/ersed in st te o! 4ery !ine subdi4ision s in 1ist# s/r y or !o 1# ( n be i.nited t te1/er tures *e I I belo* the !l sh $oint. Thus e4en !or 'l ss II517 nd III517 /rodu(ts# *hen 1ist# s/r y or !o 1 !or1 tion is /ossible# /re( utions should be t ,en to 4oid sour(es o! ignition in the 4i(inity)7 3 The testin. o! (utb (, bitumens blended *ith ,erosine diluent by the IP (losed (u/ !l sh /oint 1ethod IP 3<8@@ or its eBui4 lent# sho*s th t# t the nor1 l r n.e o! te1/er ture t *hi(h they re stored nd used) they *ill ! ll into 'l ss III5279 nd th t the 4 /our /rodu(ed is li,ely to be *ithin the !l 11 ble range 'see 3)2)17# ( llin. !or the 1e sures /res(ribed in =)2)2 nd 9)@)1 in order to 4oid the ris# of i.nition) Un(l ssi!ied Petroleu1s# in(ludin. -itu1ens nd Fuel Oils -lended *ith "e 4y Residu l Fr (tions Penetration, h rd nd o&idised grades o! bitumens no1in lly ! ll into this ( te.ory o! R 100o' !l sh $oint. "o*e4er be( use o! the slo* nd 4 ri ble !ter9re (tions *hi(h# s outlined in 3)2)2)3# ( n o((ur durin. stor .e in he ted t n, .e# 5.i4in. rise to the e4olution o! 4ery light flammable va$ours *hi(h ( nnot be dete(ted by the !l sh $oint test on the liBuid7# the !l sh $oint so deter1ined is not reli ble indi( tor o! the te1/er ture t *hi(h the /rodu(t in (on!ined s/ (e is li,ely to /rodu(e a flammable atmos$here0 nor *hether the (on!ined ullage s/ (e *ithin t n, so s 1/led nd tested !or the liBuid !l sh $oint is in the !l 11 ble range. The 1e sures to be t ,en to s !e.u rd . inst su(h (ir(u1st n(es re des(ribed in 'h /ters 3# ? nd =) These in(lude the 4oid n(e o! ll sour(es o! ignition, ele(tri( l nd non9ele(tri( l# in su(h t n,s or in the 4i(inity o! 4ents or other o/enin.s) Si1il r 1e sures should be !ollo*ed in the ( se o! t n, .e !or he 4y residu l he ted !uels 5see 3)<)29third / r .r /h7 sin(e there ( n lso be build u/ of flammable va$our in the ullage s/ (e)

<

2--endi7 B 4ECO&&EN.E. BIT0&EN H2N.*ING TE&PE42T04ES

B.1 INT4O.0CTION Bitumen nor1 lly h s to be //lied hot in order to ,ee/ it !luid enou.h !or *or,in.) Tryin. to *or, t too lo* te1/er ture ( n in(re se o4er ll ris#s by ddin. .ener l h ndlin. nd o/er tion l di!!i(ulties) The /rin(i/le to be !ollo*ed is th t# in order to 1ini1ise the ris#s !ro1 burns# fumes, flammable atmos$heres nd !ire# e4ery o/er tion should be ( rried out t s lo* te1/er ture s /r (ti( ble# (o1/ tible *ith e!!i(ient *or,in.# nd l* ys belo* the 1 Ci1 re(o11ended here)

B.2 &2AI&0& STO42GE 2N. H2N.*ING TE&PE42T04ES The 1 Ci1u1 stor .e nd h ndlin. te1/er tures re(o11ended in T ble -)1 h 4e be(o1e est blished s s !ety li1its throu.h .ener lly s tis! (tory eC/erien(e o4er 1 ny ye rs) They ( n be (onsidered s !e# subFe(t to //ro/ri te /re( utions s !ollo*s: The re(o11ended 1 Ci1u1 h ndlin. te1/er tures !or cutbac# grades re *ell in eC(ess of /rodu(t flash $oints. For this re son they ( n be (onsidered s !e only so lon. s ll sources of ignition re 4oided in the 4i(inity o! t n, 4ents nd *here o/en ir o/er tions re ( rried out su(h s s/r yin.) See =)2)2 nd 9)@) 1) For bitumens other th n cutbac# grades the re(o11ended 1 Ci1u1 h ndlin. te1/er tures re belo* their notion l flash $oints but t these te1/er tures there re ris#s th t $yro$horic de$osits or other sources of ignition 1i.ht be /resent in so1e t n, 4 /our s/ (es in *hi(h e4olution of flammable 4 /our 1 y ((u1ul te) See 3)2)2) For this re son the .uid n(e .i4en in =)<)= nd 9)2)2 should be !ollo*ed to.ether *ith the desi.n nd o/er tion l re(o11end tions !or ensurin. ((ur te te1/er ture (ontrol nd deBu te (o4er o! he tin. ele1ents in 'h /ter =) The Area Classification .uid n(e in =)2)1 should lso be dhered to# in res/e(t both of ele(tri( l eBui/1ent# nd the 4oid n(e of non9ele(tri( l sources of ignition in the /roCi1ity o! t n, 4ents nd other o/enin.s) B.! P0&PING TE&PE42T04ES T ble -)1 indi( tes the 1ini1u1 te1/er tures reBuired !or /u1/in. liBuid bitumens. For nor1 l /u1/in. o/er tions# te1/er tures 10 to ?0 o' in eC(ess o! these 1 y be 1ore //ro/ri te) B.# B0*: *O2.ING TE&PE42T04ES To (hie4e re listi( lo din. r tes# te1/er tures <0 to ?0 o' bo4e the 1ini1u1 /u1/in. te1/er ture 1 y be ne(ess ry) The 1 Ci1u1 stor .e nd h ndlin. te1/er tures sho*n in T ble -)1 should not be eC(eeded) B.% &IAING TE&PE42T04ES The te1/er tures ty/i( lly reBuired !or 1iCin. bitumens *ith ..re. tes or !illers re indi( ted in T ble -)1) These illustr te th t in so1e ( ses *or,in. te1/er tures h 4e to //ro (h 4ery (lose to the 1 Ci1 re(o11ended) In su(h ( ses .ood te1/er ture (ontrol is essenti l !or s !ety) B.' SP426ING TE&PE42T04ES The viscosity reBuired !or s/r yin. de/ends u/on the ty/e o! s/r y he d used) 9iscosities o! 309?0 (St re reBuired !or s*irlin. Fets nd >0990 (St !or slotted Fets) See 9)@)1) B.( :ETT*E 5O4:ING TE&PE42T04ES Te1/er tures should be ,e/t s lo* s re son bly /r (ti( ble nd should not nor1 lly be llo*ed to eC(eed the 1 Ci1 re(o11ended by T ble -) 1) See ho*e4er the s/e(i l (ir(u1st n(es in 9)<)2 *here //li( tion reBuire1ents !or (ert in o&idised grades !ill reBuire hi.her te1/er tures s s/e(i!ied by //ro/ri te user st nd rds bodies) %hen *or,in. t or ne r these te1/er tures .ood ventilation is essenti l to avoid fume and !ire h A rds) There 1ust be ( re!ul te1/er ture (ontrol nd s/e(i l ttention is ne(ess ry to !ire !i.htin. /re( utions) -)@ RO3$ T3NDER 3N$ R3IL'3R T3ND TEMPER3TURES %hen he tin. ro d t n,ers nd r il( r t n,s# .ood te1/er ture (ontrol is essenti l to ensure th t te1/er tures do not eC(eed the 1 Ci1 re(o11ended in T ble -)1 nd ( re is ne(ess ry to (ontrol sour(es of ignition in the 4i(inity) See @)@)?) Ta3le B.1. Re(o11ended bitu1en h ndlin. nd stor .e te1/er tures 5 o'7 5To be re d in (onFun(tion *ith -)1 to -)@ in(lusi4e7

6r de 5-S 3>907 Penetr tion 6r des <?0 /en 300 /en 200 /en 100 /en =0 /en ?0 /en <0 /en "$ 3? /en 2? /en 1? /en " rd 6r des "@0890 "1008120 OCidised 6r desM =?830 @?82? @?8<0 9?82? 10?83? 11?11? 'utb (, 6r des ?0 sees 100 se(s 200 sees

Mini1u1 Pu1/in. Te1/er ture Note 517 90 9? 100 10? 110 11? 12? 12? 13? 1<0 1>0 190 1?0 1>? 1>? 1=? 190 20? >? =0 @0

Ty/i( l Bitumen Te1/er ture t Ti1e o! 3//li( tion MiCin. Note 527 130 13? 1<0 1?? 1>0 1>? 1=? 1=? 1@? 190 200 230 19? 210 210 220 230 230 10? 110 120

M Ci1u1 " ndlin. nd Stor .e S/r yin. Te1/er ture Note 537 Note 5?7 1>0 1>? 1=? 190 200 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Note 5<7 1?0 1>0 1=0 190 190 190 200 200 200 200 220 220 220 230 230 Note 5=7 230 230 230 230 230 230 Note 5>7 1>0 1=0 1@0

M See !ollo*in. note 5=7 in res/e(t of o&idised grade rundo*n t n,s# nd -)= bo4e in res/e(t of ,ettle8 //li( tion te1/er tures !or these .r des) Notes: 517 - sed on viscosity of 2000 (St 5 ll .r des7) 527 - sed on viscosity of 200 (St 5 ll .r des7) 537 - sed on viscosity of :1 (St '$enetration grades). 5<7 - sed on viscosity of 30 (St 'cutbac# grades). In (on!or1ity *ith the 1 Ci1u1 s/r yin. te1/er tures re(o11ended !or ro d sur! (e dressin. by the UD $e/ rt1ent of Tr ns/ort) See TRRIL Ro d Note No) 39) 5?7 - sed on .ener lly s tis! (tory eC/erien(e of the stor .e nd h ndlin. of $enetration, hard nd o&idised grades in (ont (t *ith ir) SubFe(t to 4oid n(e of flammable atmos$heres in the 4 /our s/i(es of stor .e t n,s s outlined in -)2) 5>7 - sed on .ener lly s tis! (tory eC/erien(e of stor .e nd h ndlin. cutbac# grades in (ont (t *ith ir) SubFe(t to 4oid n(e of sources of ignition in the 4i(inity of t n, 4ents nd o/en ir o/er tions) 5=7 In o&idised bitumen rundo!n t n,s# i)e) those th t re# or ( n be) dire(tly (onne(ted to the /ro(ess /l nt) nd eC(e/t *here oCy.en de/letion is //lied te1/er tures should not eC(eed 200;') %here this li1it tion (on!li(ts *ith the reBuired deli4ery te1/er tures !or (ert in oCidised he 4y .r des# *here these re lo ded dire(t !ro1 their rundo*n t n, .e# three ltern ti4e o/tions ( n be !ollo*ed: 9 9 9 to h 4e the bul, te1/er ture hi.her th n 20%' nd# s in =)3)@# hold the t n, under (ontrolled oCy.en de/leted t1os/here# to rehe t the deli4ered bitumen to the reBuired te1/er ture by the inst ll tion of n out!lo* he ter or he t eC(h n.er in the line to the lo din. /oint# to /ro4ide !or se/ r te deli4ery t n,# *ithout (onne(tion to the /ro(ess /l nt# in *hi(h the bitumen 1 y be rehe ted to the reBuired le4el# but not hi.her th n 230;')

2--endi7 C G*OSS246 OF TE4&S

For the /ur/ose o! this 'ode the !ollo*in. inter/ret tions //ly# irres/e(ti4e o! ny 1e nin. the *ords 1 y h 4e in other (onne(tions) %here used in the 'ode# de!ined ter1s re /rinted in it li(s)

2dditi"e> 3ny subst n(e ; *hi(h is dded in s1 ll /ro/ortions to bitumen to i1/ rt so1e / rti(ul r /ro/erty e).) i1/ro4ed dhesion# e1ulsi!i( tion et() 2dhe,ion a$ent: 3n dditi4e *hi(h !or1s * ter resist nt (he1i( l brid.e bet*een binder nd (hi//in.s) 2nti?foam a$ent> 3 subst n(e# e).) sili(one oil# *hi(h *hen dded to bitumen !ill redu(e the sur! (e tension nd hen(e the frothing tenden(y o! hot bitumen in the /resen(e o! * ter) 2--ro"ed eye -rote tion : 6o..les# 4isors# s/e(t (les or !iCed shields *hi(h 1eet the reBuire1ents o! The -ritish St nd rd -S 2092: S/e(i!i( tion !or Industri l Eye Prote(tors or eBui4 lent) 2rea la,,ifi ation: The notion l di4ision o! ! (ility into hazardous areas nd non" hazardous areas, and the sub9di4ision o! hazardous areas into zones .r ded in ((ord n(e *ith the /rob bility o! the /resen(e o! flammable atmos$here *ithin the1) See de!inition o! ;Pones; nd 3//endiC $) 2,-halt: 3 n tur l or 1e(h ni( l 1iCture in *hi(h bitumen is sso(i ted *ith subst nti l /ro/ortion o! inert 1iner l 1 tter) The ter1 is nor1 lly Bu li!ied by n indi( tion o! the ori.in or ty/e# e).) Trinid d l ,e as$halt, rolled as$halt, 1 sti( as$halt. 2uto?i$nition: I.nition *hi(h results !ro1 be tin. o! subst n(e in the bsen(e o! source of ignition !hen eC/osed to n t1os/here (ont inin. oCy.en) 2uto?i$nition tem-erature> 5Synony1ous *ith ignition tem$erature nd self ignition tem$erature) The te1/er ture bo4e *hi(h subst n(e# *hen eC/osed to ir# 1i.ht i.nite in the bsen(e o! source of ignition s result o! (ont (t *ith hot sur! (e or by self" heating lone) Auto"ignition tem$erature is not n intrinsi( /ro/erty o! the subst n(e) It de/ends u/on the surroundin. /hysi( l (ir(u1st n(es in(ludin. the siAe nd sh /e o! the subst n(e nd the de.ree o! ventilation round it) There!ore# the auto"ignition tem$erature !or ny subst n(e ( n only be indi( ted //roCi1 tely) See 3)33# 3)3)< nd 3)3)?) Barrier ream> 3 non9der1 titi( (re 1 or oint1ent *hi(h# *hen //lied to the s,in# .i4es so1e /rote(tion . inst (ont 1in tion nd ! (ilit tes subseBuent (le nsin. *ith so / nd * ter) See 2)?)2) BCF: -ro1o S (hloro S di!luoro 9 1eth neI 4 /orisin. liBuid used s !ire eCtin.uishin. .ent) See 'h /ter <) Binder> The 1iCture o! bitumen, flu&es, et( used !or ro d se lin. or the 1 nu! (ture o! as$halt 1iCes) Bitumen> 3 4is(ous /etroleu19deri4ed liBuid or solid# (onsistin. essenti lly o! hydro( rbons nd their deri4 ti4es# *hi(h is soluble in tri(hloroethylene) It is subst nti lly non94ol tile nd so!tens .r du lly *hen he ted) It is bl (, or bro*n in (olour nd /ossesses * ter/roo!in. nd dhesi4e /ro/erties) Bitumen is obt ined by re!inery /ro(esses !ro1 /etroleu1 nd is lso !ound s n tur l de/osit in so1e / rts o! the *orld s (o1/onent o! n tur lly o((urrin. as$halt. See 'h /ter 1) Bitumen emul,ion> 3 dis/ersion o! bitumen in * ter (hie4ed by the use o! suit ble (he1i( l e1ulsi!yin. .ents) See 1)3) Blowin$ flu7> 3 he 4y /etroleu1 liBuid *hi(h is dded to bitu1en to ! (ilit te the /rodu(tion o! o&idised grades. See ?)3) 1) Blown 3itumen> See o&idised grade bitumen. Boil?o"er: The r /id in(re se in 4olu1e ( used by the /resen(e o! * ter in hot bitumen nd the subseBuent o4er!lo* !ro1 t n,) Breathin$ a--aratu,> Res/ir tory /rote(ti4e eBui/1ent *hi(h su//lies the *e rer *ith bre th ble ir# not t ,en !ro1 the i11edi te en4iron1ent) Bund> 3 (o1/ound round t n,# ( / ble o! ret inin. s/ill .e !ro1 the t n, or sso(i ted /i/e*or,) Car ino$eni : ' / ble o! ( usin. ( n(er) Com3u,ti3le> 3 subst n(e not ! ilin. into the flammable (l ssi!i( tion s su(h# but ( / ble o! sel! sust ined burnin. in ir# on(e i.nited) See *lammable. Com-etent in,-e tor: 3 /erson h 4in. the ne(ess ry ,no*led.e# eC/erien(e nd uthority to ( rry out nd *itness the reBuired ins/e(tion nd testin. o! /l nt or eBui/1ent nd to ssess nd (erti!y the results o! su(h ins/e(tion nd testin.) Creo,ote: 3 (o l t r !r (tion boilin. 1 inly bet*een 200;' nd 3?0;') It h s been used s diluent in (ert in s/e(i l cutbac#s. See 3ddendu1 in 2)@) Cut3a 8 3itumen: Bitumen, the viscosity of *hi(h h s been redu(ed by the ddition of suit ble diluent su(h s ,erosine# to render it 1ore !luid !or e se of //li( tion) See 1)2)<) .iffu,er noBBle: 3n dFust ble !ire !i.htin. noAAle *hi(h is ( / ble of (on4ertin. stre 1 of * ter into !ine s/r y) Flame tu3e heater : Me ns of he tin. bitumen, nor1 lly //li( ble to s1 ller siAed 4essels or t n,s) It (onsists of n oil or . s !ired burner sso(i ted *ith !lue /i/e i11ersed in the /rodu(t to be he ted) Flamma3le> 3 combustible subst n(e# solid# liBuid# . s or 4 /our# *hi(h is e sily i.nited in ir) It is synony1ous *ith ;in!l 11 ble; but the ter1 flammable is 1u(h /re!erred) The ter1 non" flammable

re!ers to subst n(es *hi(h re not e sily i.nited but does not ne(ess rily indi( te th t they re non" combustible. See Combustible. Flamma3le atmo,-here : 3 1iCture of flammable . s or 4 /our *ith ir in su(h /ro/ortion th t# *ithout ny !urther ddition of . s or ir# it *ill burn *hen i.nited) See 3//endiC 3) Flamma3le limit,> The u//er nd lo*er li1its o! (on(entr tion o! flammable . s or 4 /our in ir %ithin *hi(h the 1iCture *ill burn *hen i.nited) These re re!erred to s the u$$er flammable limit ';*6) nd the lo!er !l 11 ble limit '6*6) res/e(ti4ely) They re so1eti1es re!erred to s ;eC/losi4e li1its; i)e) ;UEL; nd ;LEL; res/e(ti4ely) See 3//endiC 3) Flamma3le ran$e. The r n.e o! . s or 4 /our (on(entr tions bet*een the !l 11 ble limits. Fla,h -oint> The lo*est te1/er ture t *hi(h the //li( tion of s1 ll !l 1e in /res(ribed 1 nner ( uses the 4 /our bo4e a flammable $roduct to i.nite *hen the /rodu(t is he ted under /res(ribed (onditions) The flash $oint 1 y be 1e sured ((ordin. to IP Method 3<1@@ or eBui4 lent in 'losed 'u/ or by IP 3>8@< in n O/en 'u/) See 3//endiC 3 !or IP 'l ssi!i( tion by flash $oint. Flu7: See Blo!ing *lu&. Foam> 3 (olle(tion o! bubbles o! ir or . s !or1ed in liBuid) *oam !or !ire !i.htin. is /rodu(ed !ro1 % ter nd (he1i( ls# usu lly *ith 1e(h ni( l s/ir tion# nd is //lied to the burnin. Aone to eC(lude oCy.en by bl n,etin. o! the sur! (e) See 'h /ter <) Froth?o"er: S/illin. o4er t n, ri1 ( used by the e4 /or tion of * ter dro/lets *ithin hot bitumen 1 ss /rodu(in. n eru/tion o! !roth) Fume> E /our ( rryin. sus/ended solid / rti(les or liBuid dro/lets) See 2)3) Fume ma,8: 3 ! (e 1 s, *hi(h re1o4es# by !iltr tion# solids nd liBuids !ro1 ir dr *n by the *e rer !ro1 the i11edi te en4iron1ent) See %rinasal cartridge res$irator. Gantry> 3 !iCed stru(ture /ro4idin. ((ess to the to/ o! tr ns/ort 4ehi(le !or lo din. or dis(h r.in. o/er tions) Ga, dete tor: 3n instru1ent# !iCed or /ort ble# desi.ned to dete(t nd 1e sure the /resen(e nd 'on(entr tion of flammable . s in n re or en(losed s/ (e) Ga,?free> 3n en(losed s/ (e or re is (onsidered to be gas"free *hen the (on(entr tions of flammable nd toCi( . ses in it re *ithin /res(ribed s !e li1its# nd the oCy.en (ontent is su!!i(ient to sust in the res/ir tion of /ersonnel) ;Me re or en(losed s/ (e 1ust lso h 4e been /rote(ted . inst in.ress of h r1!ul . s or 4 /our) For t n,s see =)>) Hard $rade 3itumen,> These re 1 nu! (tured in si1il r * y to $enetration grade bitumens. See 1)2)2 nd ?)2) 1) They h 4e lo*er $enetration values nd hi.her softening $oints th n $enetration grade bitumens. -ritish St nd rd .r des re nor1 lly desi.n ted by the /re!iC ;"; !ollo*ed by t*o nu1bers re/resentin. the li1its of the so!tenin. Mint) See T ble 1)2) HaBard: 3 /hysi( l situ tion *ith si.ni!i( nt /otenti l !or hu1 n inFury# d 1 .e to /ro/erty or d 1 .e to the en4iron1ent) See lso ,is#. HaBardou, area> 3 s/ (e or Aone in *hi(h a flammable atmos$here is eC/e(ted to be /resent t su(h !reBuen(y s to reBuire s/e(i l /re( utions !or the (onstru(tion nd use of ny ele(tri( l // r tus inst lled *ithin it) See 3//endiC $) HaBardou, atmo,-here> 5Synony1ous *ith flammable atmos$here.) Hot wor8> %or, in4ol4in. !l 1es or eBui/1ent *hi(h 1i.ht ( use i.nition o! ny flammable 4 /ours /resent) It in(ludes *eldin.# or the use o! ny !l 1e or ele(tri( s/ r, or ny eBui/1ent li,ely to ( use be t# !l 1e or s/ r,# su(h s drillin.# ri4etin. nd ny other su(h he t9/rodu(in. o/er tion unless it is ( rried out in su(h * y s to ,ee/ the te1/er ture belo* the le4el t *hi(h i.nition o! flammable atmos$here (ould o((ur) I$nition ,our e> 3((essible sour(e o! be t or ener.y# ele(tri( l or non9ele(tri( l# ( / ble o! i.nitin. flammable atmos$heres. See 'h /ter 3) I$nition tem-erature> See Auto" ignition tem$erature. Inert $a,> 3 . s or 1iCture o! . ses *hi(h *ill not su//ort (o1bustion) *o,, on heatin$> ;Me /er(ent .e loss o! 1 ss nd the /er(ent .e dro/ in $enetration value, s 1e sured !ter he tin. bitumen !or ? hours t 1>3;' by IP Method <?8?@ or eBui4 lent) *ower flamma3le limit D*F*E : See *lammable limit. O u-ational e7-o,ure ,tandard, DOESE> The (ont 1in nt (on(entr tions in the *or,in. t1os/here nnu lly set# in the UD by the "e lth nd S !ety ECe(uti4e# either s li1its *hi(h should not nor1 lly be eC(eeded or s li1its o! .ood /r (ti(e) These li1its re nor1 lly set s Lon. Ter1 EC/osure St nd rds 5@9hour ti1e *ei.hted 4er .e 4 lues7 nd8or s Short Ter1 EC/osure Li1its 51091inute ti1e *ei.hted 4er .e 1 Ci1u1 eC/osure li1its 5MEO7) See 2)3)1) Other (ountries h 4e si1il r st nd rds) Orina,al artrid$e re,-irator : 3 ( rtrid.e ty/e h l! ! (e res/ir tor) See 2)3) 1) O7idi,ed $rade 3itumen: 6r des /rodu(ed by / ssin. ir throu.h so!t bitumen<flu& 1iCtures under (ontrolled te1/er ture (onditions) See 1)2)3 nd ?)3)1) -ritish St nd rd .r des re nor1 lly desi.n ted by t*o nu1bers re/resentin. the 1id9/oints o! their softening $oint nd $enetration r n.es) See T ble 1)3) Penetration $rade 3itumen, : These re usu lly /rodu(ed by 4 (uu1 distill tion o! /etroleu1#

!ollo*ed in so1e ( ses by n oCid tion /ro(ess) See 1)2)1 nd ?)2)1) -ritish St nd rd 6r des re nor1 lly desi.n ted by nu1ber re/resentin. the 1id9/oint o! the $enetration r n.e nd the su!!iC ;/en;) See T ble 1) 1) Penetration "alue: 3 1e sure o! the (onsisten(y o! bitumen, deter1ined s the de/th to *hi(h st nd rd needle /enetr tes the s 1/le under the (onditions /res(ribed by IP Method <98@> or eBui4 lent) Permit to wor8: 3 do(u1ent issued by n uthorised /erson or /ersons /er1ittin. s/e(i!i( *or, to be ( rried out in de!ined re durin. st ted /eriod o! ti1e# /ro4ided th t s/e(i!ied s !ety /re( utions re t ,en) Petroleum la,,: 3 (l ss o! /etroleu1 /rodu(ts s de!ined by the Institute o! Petroleu1 syste1 o! (l ssi!i( tion) See 3//endiC 3) Poly y li aromati hydro ar3on, DP2HE> 3lso synony1ously ,no*n s ;Poly(y(li( 3ro1 ti(s 5P'37; or ;Polynu(le r 3ro1 ti(s 5PN37;) "i.h boilin. 1e1bers o! the ! 1ily o! rin. ty/e ro1 ti( hydro ( rbons /resent in the lo* /er(ent .e r n.e in bitumens, some o! *hi(h# *ith < to > !used rin.s nd /resent in 1inute tr (es in bitumen, h 4e been sho*n by ni1 l testin. to h 4e carcinogenic /otenti l) See 'h /ter 2) Pottin$ ho,e> 3 hose ter1in tin. in short /ie(e o! 1et l /i/e# used !or deli4ery o! bitumen throu.h the 1 nhole o! t n, or 4essel) Pyro-hori de-o,it> 3 de/osit# nor1 lly !or1ed in n oCy.en de/leted en4iron1ent# *hi(h ( n /rodu(e self heating *hen its te1/er ture or the surroundin. oCy.en (on(entr tion is in(re sed) See 3)3)?) 4e,u, itation e=ui-ment> EBui/1ent *hi(h either in(re ses the ventilation o! the lun.s by 1e(h ni( l 1e ns or su//lies oCy.en in (ontrolled 1 nner to id re(o4ery !ter /eriod o! in deBu te res/ir tion) See 'h /ter 2) 4i,8: The li,elihood o! hu1 n inFury# d 1 .e to /ro/erty or d 1 .e to the en4iron1ent !ro1 s/e(i!ied hazard. Self?heatin$> Te1/er ture rise o! subst n(e ( used by oCid tion o! the subst n(e *hen eC/osed to n t1os/here (ont inin. oCy.en) See 3)3)?) Self?i$nition tem-erature: See Auto" ignition tem$erature. S8in ,en,iti,ation: 3 (ondition *hi(h ( n le d to s,in disorder# e).) der1 titis) Slo- o"er: $is/l (e1ent o! hot /rodu(t !ro1 t n, durin. !ire !i.htin.# due to 4iolent e4 /or tion o! * ter bene th the sur! (e) See Boil"over. Snuffin$C3lan8etin$ ,team: Ste 1 *hi(h is used to eCtin.uish !ire or to /re4ent the build u/ o! flammable atmos$here. It 1i.ht be inFe(ted into 4essel or t n, 4 /our s/ (e or used throu.h ste 1 l n(e in the o/en ir) Softenin$ -oint> The te1/er ture in de.rees ' t *hi(h bitumen tt ins / rti(ul r de.ree o! so!tness *ith re!eren(e to test (onditions /res(ribed by IP Method ?@8@> or eBui4 lent) Sour e of i$nition> See Ignition source. Ty-e of -rote tion> The ter1s used to de!ine the 1e sures //lied in the (onstru(tion o! ele(tri( l // r tus to /re4ent i.nition o! surroundin. eC/lo sive<flammable atmos$here by su(h // r tus) See 3//endiC $) 0lla$e: The s/ (e bo4e the liBuid le4el in t n,) 0--er flamma3le limit> See *lammable limit. <entilation> 3ir 1o4e1ent nd re/l (e1ent by !resh ir) N tur l ventilation re!ers to ventilation ( used by *ind or (on4e(tion nd rti!i(i l ventilation re!ers to ventilation ( used by ir /ur.e or 1e(h ni( l 1e ns su(h s ! ns) <i, o,ity: 3 1e sure o! the resist n(e o! !luid to !lo*) E rious s( les o! 1e sure1ent re used) The St nd rd T r Eis(o1eter 5STE7 is used in the IP Method =28@> to (h r (terise cutbac# bitumens in ;se(onds;) Dine1 ti( viscosity is deri4ed (h r (teristi( *hi(h ( n be used to re/resent the !luid in te(hni( l ( l(ul tions) 9one 1> Th t / rt o! hazardous area in *hi(h flammable atmos$here is (ontinuously /resent or /resent !or lon. /eriods) See 3//endiC $) 9one 1> Th t / rt o! hazardous area in *hi(h flammable atmos$here is li,ely to o((ur in nor1 l o/er tion) See 3//endiC $) 9one 2: Th t / rt o! hazardous area in *hi(h flammable atmos$here is not li,ely to o((ur in nor1 l o/er tion nd# i! it o((urs# *ill eCist only !or short /eriod) See 3//endiC $)

2--endi7 .

THE 2PP*IC2TION OF 24E2 C*2SSIFIC2TION

..1 INT4O.0CTION -e( use o! the r(s# s/ r,s nd hot sur! (es th t they ( n /rodu(e# ordin ry ty/e industri l eBui/1ent nd !ittin.s in(ludin. li.htin.# s*it(hes# 1otors# he tin. nd 1e surin. instru1ents re ( / ble o! i.nitin. !l 11 ble atmos$here. This is true !or the bitumen 4 /ours th t 1 y ((u1ul te under the (on!ined (onditions o! the he d s/ (e o! he ted bitumen storage t n,) Fires nd eC/losions ( n lso o((ur due to non9ele(tri( l sources of ignition su(h s n ,ed !l 1es or hot !or# *hi(h is ( rried out in the /roCi1ity o! 4ents nd other t n, o/enin.s) Ide lly# ele(tri( l eBui/1ent should only be inst lled in ;s !e; re s re1ote !ro1 lo( tion in *hi(h !l 11 ble atmos$here ( n rise# but o!ten this is not re son bly /r (ti( ble nd ltern ti4e 1e sures re reBuired# *hi(h !ill lso (ontrol the use nd lo( tion o! non9ele(tri( l sources of ignition. For these re sons# under the he din. in 'h /ter 3 o! the ;'ontrol o! Sour(es o! I.nition; the need is st ted 5see 3)3) 17 !or re classification nd its .r din. o! re s in nd round /l nt !ro1 *hi(h flammable atmos$heres can rise) The re(o11end tions .i4en in =)2)1 nd =)2)2# (o4erin. the 4 rious (l sses o! bul, bitumen stor .e re b sed u/on the IP Area Classification 'ode: 1990) ..2 In th t 'ode# *hi(h (on!or1s to the intern tion lly re(o.nised (on(e/ts eC/ressed by the Intern tion l Ele(trote(hni( l 'o11ission 5IE' =9810I 'ENELE' EN ?001<7 nd# !or the UD# -S ?3<? P rts 1 nd 2# the re s round /l nt nd 4essels re subdi4ided ((ordin. to the de.ree o! /rob bility th t flammable concentrations o! 4 /our ( n rise# these subdi4isions bein. de!ined s !ollo*s: .one 1 lon. .one / .one 4 3n re in *hi(h !l 11 ble 4 /our8 ir 1iCture is (ontinuously# /resent or /resent !or

/eriods 5this is ter1ed ;(ontinuous .r de rele se;7) 3n re in *hi(h a flammable va$our<air 1iCture is li,ely to o((ur /eriodi( lly or o(( sion lly in nor1 l o/er tion 5ter1ed ;/ri1 ry .r de rele se;7) 3n re in *hi(h a flammable va$our<air 1iCture ( n only o((ur in bnor1 l o/er tion# nd i! it does o((ur is li,ely to do so only in!reBuently nd !or short /eriods 5ter1ed ;se(ond ry .r de rele se;7)

It should be noted th t the Aone nu1ber 5.r de o! rele se7 o! su(h re s is !un(tion solely o! the ssessed !reBuen(y nd dur tion o! flammable /resen(e or rele se) 3ll other re s o! the ! (ility re dee1ed# !or the /ur/ose o! area classification, non9h A rdous re s9!or *hi(h the /rob bility o! flammable atmos$here being /resent is so lo* th t s/e(i l /rote(tion 4is9 94is ele(tri( l nd non9ele(tri( l sour(es of ignition need not be /ro4ided 5 lthou.h other /re( utions# s !or the ( rryin. out o! hot !or# et( 1 y be needed# s under 3)3)2 nd its Note7) D! %hile Aone nu1ber is !un(tion o! !reBuen(y nd dur tion only o! the /otenti l flammable rele se# the eCtent 5i)e) di1ensions7 o! the Aone is !un(tion o! the 4ol tility (h r (teristi(s o! the /etroleu1 1 teri l s deter1ined in 3//endiC 3 nd the o/er tin. (onditions o! te1/er ture) ventilation et() See 7.4./ nd 7.4.4./ to 7.4.4.8. These ssess1ents h 4e been in(or/or ted in the .uid n(e .i4en in =.4./ nd =.4.4, nd nothin. !urther need be ( rried out in this res/e(t /rior to /ro(eedin. to the sele(tion o! n //ro/ri te ty$e of $rotection !or ele(tri( l eBui/1ent suit ble !or o/er tion in the s/e(i!i( Aones in ((ord n(e *ith >.8 belo*) ..# SE*ECTION OF 2PP4OP4I2TE T6PE OF P4OTECTION FO4 E*ECT4IC2* E@0IP&ENT IN 2CCO4.2NCE 5ITH THE H2924. 9ONE N0&BE4

" 4in. identi!ied the res/e(ti4e Aone nu1ber !or e (h o! the hazard Aones s/e(i!ied in =.4./ or =.4.4. it is then the !un(tion o! n //ro/ri te ele(tri( l s/e(i list to sele(t the ty$e of $rotection to *hi(h

ele(tri( l eBui/1ent# in(ludin. instru1ents# should be (erti!ied s suit ble !or inst ll tion !ro1 1on. the nine intern tion lly re(o.nised ty$es of $rotection listed in the !ollo*in. t bul tion: Pone Ty/e o! Prote(tion -S ?3<? 'ode P rt Re!eren(e 0 Intrinsi( s !ety Ty/e ;i ; P rt < Ty/e ;s; s/e(i l /rote(tion P rt @ 5s/e(i!i( lly (erti!ied !or use in .one 1) 1 3ny eC/losion /rote(tion suit ble !or .one 1 nd: Ty/e E !l 1e/roo! P rt 3 Intrinsi( s !ety Ty/e ;ib; P rt < Ty/e ;/; /ressuris tion P rt ? Ty/e ;e; in(re sed s !ety P rt > Ty/e ;s; s/e(i l /rote(tion P rt @ 2 3ny eC/losion /rote(tion suit ble !or .one 1 or 1 nd: Ty/e TNU or ;n; P rt = Ty/e ToU oil !illed P rt 9 Ty/e ;B; /o*der !illed P rt 9 Notes 1 The det ils h 4e been (ondensed !ro1 T ble =)1 o! the IP Area Classification 'ode 1990# -S ?3<? P rt 1I 19@9 nd -S ?3<? P rt 2# to.ether *ith the listed indi4idu l / rt nu1bers o! -S ?3<? .i4en in the l st (olu1n) 2) Intrinsi( S !ety /rote(tion is t t*o le4els ;i ; nd ;ib;# only ty/e ;i ; bein. (erti!i ble !or .one 1 inst ll tion) So1e but not ll ty/es o! s/e(i l /rote(tion ;s; ( n be (erti!ied !or .one 1. See -S ?3<? P rt @) 3) The bo4e ty/es of $rotection re desi.n ted s ;6rou/ %# bein. suit ble !or bo4e .round us .e in flammable atmos$heres. 56rou/ 1 // r tus is s/e(i!i( lly !or 1inin. //li( tion)7 So1e 6rou/ 11 ty/es re !urther subdi4ided in order o! in(re sin. se4erity into 3// r tus Sub.rou/s 3# - nd ' ((ordin. to the di1ensions bet*een their Foint sur! (es nd the /ro/erties o! the flammable 4 /ours in4ol4ed) <) 3ll ty/es o! /rote(ted eBui/1ent lso h 4e to !ul!il the !ollo*in. !urther reBuire1ents: ?) 3ll eBui/1ent should be ssi.ned n //ro/ri te ;Te1/er ture 'l ss; !ro1 one o! siC re(o.nised Te1/er ture 'l sses TI to T># listed in s(endin. order o! se4erity) nd (hosen to ensure th t the sur! (e te1/er tures tt ined by the // r tus# both intern l nd eCtern l 5i)e) ( sin.7# *ill t its !ull r tin. not eC(eed the ignition tem$erature o! the . s or 4 /our th t *ill be en(ountered) >) The reBuired de.rees o! en4iron1ent l /rote(tion# . inst ((ess into the eBui/1ent o! 7 !orei.n obFe(ts su(h s dust# tools et(# or / rts o! the bodyI b7 the in.ress o! !luids in(ludin. r in) * ter Fets et() For both o! these s/e(ts there re siC ( te.ories o! /rote(tion th t ( n be sele(ted# denoted by double di.it nu1ber /re(eded by the initi ls ;IP; in ((ord n(e *ith n intern tion l s( le /res(ribed in IE' /ubli( tion 1<<# 'TNELE' EN >0 03<9? nd 3//endiC ' o! -S ?3<? P rt 1 519@97 5Note the desi.n tion ;IP; does not rel te to the Institute o! Petroleu1# but to ;in.ress /rote(tion;7) For 1ore det ils o! the sele(tion o! the bo4e !our ! (tors# i)e): 9 sele(tion o! the //ro/ri te ty$e of $rotection in ((ord n(e *ith the Aone nu1ber) 9 sele(tion o! the //ro/ri te // r tus sub .rou/in. in ((ord n(e *ith die (h r (teristi(s o! the 4 /our or . ses) 9 sele(tion o! the //ro/ri te ;Te1/er ture 'l ss; in ((ord n(e *ith the ignition tem$erature o! the 4 /our or . ses in4ol4ed) 9 the de.ree o! en4iron1ent l 51e(h ni( l7 /rote(tion) 'h /ter = o! the IP Area Classification 'ode 1990 nd the re4ised IP Ele(tri( l S !ety 'ode 1990 should be (onsulted) These .i4e !ull re!eren(es to the rele4 nt st nd rds# in(ludin. (erti!i( tion nd 1 r,in. o! su(h // r tus) inst ll tion# 1 inten n(e# ins/e(tion et() Re!eren(e 1 y lso be 1 de to the .uid n(e .i4en s to the (hoi(e o! suit ble ele(tri( l eBui/1ent in "SE "e lth nd S !ety -oo,let "S56722) For the 4 /ours rele sed !ro1 he ted bitumens n // r tus sub9.rou/ II93 nd T5Te1/er ture7 'l ss T2 51 Ci1u1 sur! (e te1/er ture 300 o' re ty/i( l# *hile !or cutbac# grades *ith ,erosine diluent II93 // r tus sub.rou/ *ith T 'l ss T3 51 Ci1u1 sur! (e te1/er ture 200 o'7 should be (onsidered) Con lu,ion

The bo4e notes !o(us on the //li( tion o! area classification to ele(tri( l eBui/1ent) "o*e4er its Aonin. o! /l nt re s is lso rele4 nt to the need to 4oid non 9ele(tri( l sour(es o! ignition in su(h hazard Aones)

2--endi7 E EAPOS04E TO BIT0&EN B6 S:IN CONT2CT 2N. INH2*2TION

3s noted in 'h /ter 2# the Intern tion l 3.en(y !or Rese r(h on ' n(er 5I3R'7# Lyon# Fr n(e# n .en(y o! the %orld "e lth Or. nis tion# h s (on(luded# in /ublished 1ono.r /h on /olynu(le r ro1 ti( (o1/ounds P rt < 519@?7: ;-itu1ens# 'o l T rs nd deri4ed /rodu(ts# Sh le Oils nd Soots;# th t /etroleu1 bitumens do (ont in s1 ll Bu ntities o! <9> rin. hi.h boilin. /oly(y(li( ro1 ti( (o1/ounds so1e o! *hi(h h 4e been sho*n in ni1 l testin. to; h 4e carcinogenic /ro/erties) The /resen(e o! these (onstituents in /etroleu1 bitumens h s been sho*n to be 1 ny ti1es less th n the Bu ntities /resent in (o l t r nd /it(hes 5see 2)17# *hi(h re re(o.nised ( r(ino.ens) Sin(e the si.ni!i( n(e o! carcinogenic /otenti l is 4ery 1u(h !un(tion o! the le4el nd dur tion nd the ;bio 4 il bility; 5i)e) ((ess to the body or. ns7# inter/ret tion ( n be 4ery di!!i(ult *hen //lied to the (onditions o! hu1 n eC/osure durin. o((u/ tion) 'ert in studies in res/e(t o! /etroleu1 bitumen h 4e been sso(i ted *ith si1il r in4ol4e1ent *ith (o l t r 1 teri ls or (o l t r bitumen 1iCes) Inh l tion studies on r ts nd .uine /i.s 5"ue/ r %' nd P yne %% 19>07 nd on 1i(e 5Si11ers M"# 19><7 did not !ind ny carcinogenic e!!e(t o! bitumen fumes. "o*e4er "ue/ r nd P yne !ound th t neither * s there ny su(h e!!e(t on (ontrol .rou/ eC/osed to fumes from (o l t r) 3ni1 l testin. in 19@3 5Th yer PS# MenAies DT nd Thun P'7 h s sho*n th t the //li( tion o! the (ondens te !ro1 bitumen fumes on the s,in o! 1i(e h d l1ost s stron. n e!!e(t s the (ondens te !ro1 (o l t r fumes, but in neither o! these is there dire(t (orres/onden(e *ith hu1 n o((u/ tion l eC/osure) 3 re(ent *or,er in this !ield 5" nsen ES 19@97 h s /ointed to studies in the US in 19=> in *hi(h eC(ess 1ort lity * s re/orted in as$halt *or,ers !ro1 lun. ( n(er nd ( n(er o! bu(( l ( 4ity# /h rynC# di.esti4e or. ns# bl dder nd s,in# (o1/ red to the /o/ul tion t l r.e# but h s (o11ented th t ; lthou.h the studied .rou/s o! roo!ers h d been eC/osed to bitumen fumes # no (le r (on(lusions (ould be dr *n re. rdin. the carcinogenicity o! these fumes be( use the roo!ers h d been (on(o1it ntly eC/osed to the ,no*n ( r(ino.en (o l t r;) " nsen;s o*n study9* s on >=9 ;he 4ily eC/osed; lon. ter1 1 sti( as$halt *or,ers in $en1 r, !ollo*ed u/ !ro1 19?9 to 19@<# o! *ho1 only the older# it * s s id# *ould h 4e h ndled both bitumen nd (o l t r) O! these >=9# *hose *or, * s to h nd9tro*el in the ,neelin. /osition he ted 1 sti( t 2?0M' !ro1 o/en bu(,ets# nd *ho *ere eC/osed to hi.h fume (on(entr tions 5see belo*7# so1e 19< *ere born bet*een 1@93 nd 1919I 129 bet*een 1920 nd 1929 nd the re1 inin. 3?> bet*een 1930 nd 19>0) Obser4ed ( n(er in(iden(e * s !ound to be l1ost t*i(e th t o! the tot l /o/ul tion# 1 inly o! the res/ir tory nd di.esti4e syste1s) "y.iene 1e sure1ents *ere st ted to h 4e (onsider bly eC(eeded the ? M.8M 3 $ nish st nd rd# *ith r n.e !ro1 0)? to 2>0 M.8M 3 51e n <1)<7 o! fume durin. !loorin. *ith 1 sti( as$halt, (o1/ red to t*o s 1/les durin. 1 nu l ro d / 4in. o! <)3 nd 3)< rn.8M 3) " nsen noted th t only the t*o older sub9(ohorts re!erred to bo4e h d the /ossibility o! *or,in. *ith (o l t r# due its use durin. the %orld % r II /eriod) " nsen st tes th t it is not /ossible to restri(t the in(re sed lun. ( n(er ris, to the 1 sti( *or,ers *ho h d /ossibly been eC/osed to (o l t r /it(h durin. %orld % r II) Ne4ertheless# !ro1 the t bul tion o! the 2= lun. ( n(er ( ses# only three *ith birth d tes o! 1930# 1931# nd 193< *ere !ro1 the youn.er sub9(ohort nd " nsen does not sho* bre ,do*n !or other di .noses ;be( use l1ost ll the ( ses o((urred 1on. *or,ers .ed >? ye rs or o4er# nd there *ere no 1en o! these .es in sub9(ohorts II nd III;) Fro1 the bo4e# it is e4ident th t !urther study should be ( rried out# but th t ( re should be t ,en to ,ee/ eC/osure to ll bitumen fumes s lo* s /ossible# *ith stri(t (ontrol o4er te1/er ture to 4oid o4erhe tin.) S8in Conta t S,in (ont (t is 4oid ble by .ood /erson l hy.iene nd dheren(e to the use o! /rote(ti4e (lothin.# nd there re no d t to sho* th t the1 is /roble1 *ith o((u/ tion l eC/osure) Ne4ertheless# the

I3R' nd other studies sho* th t in ni1 l s,in / intin. tests# the bio9 4 il ble (ont (t le4el *hen bitumens re dissol4ed in sol4ents nd //lied to the s,in is su(h th t tu1ours re /rodu(ed) This should be 4ie*ed s h 4in. rele4 n(e *here bitumens in solution !or1# e).) cutbac# blends# re h ndled) See 2)?) 1)

2--endi7 F 4EFE4ENCES
The !ollo*in. /ubli( tions re re!erred to in this (ode) F.1 2meri an Petroleum In,titute Std 2000: Eentin. 3t1os/heri( nd Lo* Pressure Stor .e T n,s F.2 2meri an So iety for Te,tin$ and &aterial, 3STM $?9@>: St nd rd Test Method !or Penetr tion o! -itu1inous M teri ls F.! 2,-halt In,titute M nu l Series9No 1@: S 1/lin. 3s/h lt Produ(ts !or S/e(i!i( tion 'o1/li n(e F.# Briti,h Standard, In,titution -S 'P 1<< Roo! 'o4erin.s -S <3< -itu1en Ro d E1ulsions 53nioni( nd ' tioni(7 -S 1<3? Rubber "ose 3sse1blies !or Oil Su(tion nd $is(h r.e Ser4i(es -S 1>=> "e ters !or T r nd -itu1en 51obile nd tr ns/ort ble7 -S 1=0= "ot -inder $istributors !or Ro d Sur! (e $ressin. -S 2092 Eye Prote(tors !or Industri l nd Non9industri l Uses -S 2?9< ' rbon Steel %elded "oriAont l 'ylindri( l Stor .e T n,s -S 2>?< M nu! (ture o! Eerti( l Steel %elded Non9re!ri.er ted Stor .e T n,s *ith -utt %elded Shells !or the Petroleu1 Industry -S 3>90 -itu1ens !or -uildin. nd 'i4il En.ineerin. P rt 1 S/e(i!i( tion !or -itu1ens !or Ro d Pur/oses P rt 2 S/e(i!i( tion !or -itu1ens !or Industri l Pur/oses P rt 3 S/e(i!i( tion !or -itu1en MiCtures -S ?3<? Sele(tion# Inst ll tion nd M inten n(e o! Ele(tri( l 3// r tus !or Use in Potenti lly EC/losi4e 3t1os/heres -S ??00 Un!ired Fusion %elded Pressure Eessels -S >130 "ose nd "ose 3sse1blies !or 3s/h lt nd -itu1en F.% CONC25E 5The oil (o1/ nies; Euro/e n or. niA tion !or en4iron1ent l nd he lth /rote(tion7 Re/ort >8@< Re4ie* o! -itu1en Fu1e EC/osure nd 6uid n(e on Me sure1ent F.' In,titute of Petroleum 5 7 Methods !or 3n lysis nd Testin. o! Petroleu1 nd its Produ(ts IP 2=8=< $istill tion o! 'utb (, 3s/h lti( 5-itu1inous7 Produ(ts 5te(hni( lly identi( l to -S 2000 P rt 2=7 IP 3<8@@ Fl sh Point by Pens,y9M rtens 'losed Tester 5te(hni( lly identi( l to -S 2000 P rt 3<7 IP 3>8@< Fl sh nd Fire Points by 'le4el nd O/en 'u/ 5te(hni( lly identi( l to -S <>@97 IP <?8?@ Loss on "e tin. -itu1en 5te(hni( lly identi( l to -S 2000 P rt <?7 IP <98@> Penetr tion o! -itu1inous M teri ls 5te(hni( lly identi( l to -S <>917 VP ?@8@> So!tenin. Point o! -itu1en) Rin. nd - ll 5te(hni( lly identi( l to -S 2000 P rt ?@7 IP =28@> Eis(osity o! 'utb (, -itu1en nd Ro d Oil 5te(hni( lly identi( l to -S 2000 P rt =27 5b7 Model 'ode P rt 1 P rt 2 P rt 3 P rt 1? P rt 1> o! S !e Pr (ti(e in the Petroleu1 Industry Ele(tri( l 1990 M r,etin. 5under re4ision 19907 Re!inin. 19@1 3re 'l ssi!i( tion 1990 T n, 'le nin. 19@9

5(7 Other 'odes o! Pr (ti(e Produ(t Identi!i( tion Syste1 !or M r,etin. O/er tions nd $istribution 19@@ 5d7 Te(hni( l P /er IP @<900> I3R' Re4ie* on -itu1en ' r(ino.eni(ity) -itu1en Produ(tion# Pro/erties nd Uses in Rel tion to O((u/ tion l EC/osures F.( International 2$en y for 4e,ear h on Can er DI24CE Mono.r /h 3? 5bein. / rt < o! the series on the E4 lu tion o! the ' r(ino.eni( Ris,s o! 'he1i( ls to "u1 ns: 19@?7: -itu1ens# 'o l T rs nd deri4ed /rodu(ts# Sh le Oils nd Soots F.) International Cham3er o! Shi--in$COil Com-anie, International &arine Forum C International 2,,o iation of Port, and Har3our, Intern tion l S !ety 6uide !or Oil T n,ers nd Ter1in ls F./ International Ele trote hni al Commi,,ion IE' =9810 'l ssi!i( tion o! " A rdous 3re s F.11 *i=uefied Petroleum Ga, Te hni al 2,,o iation 'OP 1) Inst ll tion nd 1 inten n(e o! bul, LP6 stor .e t (onsu1ers; /re1ises) P rts I# II nd III 'OP = Stor .e o! !ull nd e1/ty LP6 (ylinders nd ( rtrid.es 'OP 22 LP6 /i/in. syste1 desi.n nd inst ll tion F.11 4e,u, itation Coun il D0:E 6uid n(e le !let: The 3-' o! resus(it tion 5 4 il ble !ro1 the -ritish "e rt Found tion7 F.12 4I*E& 5Reunion inte1 tion le des l bor toires dUess is et de re(her(hes sur les 1 teri uC et les (onstru(tions7 Re(o11end tion -M 2: 3/ril 19@=: Methods !or S 1/lin. "ydro( rbon -inders F.1! 0: .e-artment of Tran,-ort Tr ns/ort nd Ro d Rese r(h L bor tory Ro d Note No 39: Re(o11end tions !or Ro d Sur! (e $ressin. F.1# 0: Health and Safety E7e uti"e 6uid n(e Note 'S< The ,ee/in. o! LP6 in (ylinders nd si1il r (ont iners 6uid n(e Note E"<0 O((u/ tion l eC/osure li1its 5u/d ted nnu lly7 -oo,let "S56722 Ele(tri( l // r tus !or use in /otenti lly eC/losi4e t1os/heres -oo,let "S5673< The stor .e o! LP6 t !iCed inst ll tions -oo,let MS5I17< S,in ( n(er ( used by /it(h nd t r F.1% 0: Statute, 19@1 SI 10?9 $ n.erous Subst n(es 5'on4ey n(e by ro d in ro d t n,ers nd t n, (ont iners7 Re.ul tions 19@1 19@9 SI 21>9 Pressure Syste1s nd Tr ns/ort ble 6 s 'ont iners Re.ul tions 19@9 19@< SI 12<< 'l ssi!i( tion# P (, .in. nd L bellin. o! $ n.erous Subst n(es Re.ul tions 19@< 19@@ SI 1>?= 'ontrol o! Subst n(es " A rdous to "e lth Re.ul tions 19@@