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= A
Simpson's rule: (with correction) (be able to develop see Hornbeck):
) ( ) (
180
) (
] ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( ) ( [
3
) ( ) (
0
4
2
even
i
2
1
odd
i
1
0
0
x f x x
x
x f x f x f x f
x
dx x f x I
iv
n
n
i
i
n
i
i n
n
x
x
A
+ + +
A
~ =
}
=
=
where n must be even. Also
n
x x
x
n 0
= A and
2
0
x x
x
n
+
= .
Gaussian quadrature: (weights and abscissas from Abramowitz and Stegun:
Handbook of Mathematical
Functions, Table 25.4, pgs. 916-919):
}
=
~
n
i
i i
n
n
x
x
z f w
x x
dx x f
1
0
0
) (
2
) ( where )
2
( )
2
(
0 0
x x
x
x x
z
n
i
n
i
+
+
Laguerre quadrature: (weights and abscissas from Abramowitz and Stegun:
Handbook of Mathematical
Functions, Table 25.9, pgs. 923):
}
=
=
n
i
i i
x
x f w dx x f e
1
0
) ( ) ( or ) ( ) (
1
0
}
=
=
n
i
i
x
i
x ig e w dx x g
Solution of First and Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations:
First Order Ordinary Differential Equations:
Classify the order of a differential equation (order of the highest derivative).
Verify a given solution of a differential equation via substitution of a given solution into the original
differential equation.
Solve first order ordinary differential equations using the method of separation of variables (or separable
equations).
Derive the method of integrating factors for a first order ordinary differential equation.
Apply the Euler and Runge-Kutta methods to numerically solve first order ordinary differential equations.
Solution of First Order Ordinary Differential Equations:
Be able to derive the method of integrating factors for a first order ordinary differential equation.
Be able to determine the solution of a first order ordinary differential equation using the method of
integrating factors.
Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations:
Develop the homogeneous (or complementary) solution of a 2nd order ordinary differential equation
(ODE) using y=e
mx
as a trial solution.
Develop the particular solution of a 2nd order ordinary differential equation (ODE) using the method of
undetermined coefficients.
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 8 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 1: Advanced Mathematics Relevant to Problems in Engineering (continued)
Application of the Runge-Kutta Method:
Be able to apply the Runge-Kutta methods to numerically solve 1st order ordinary differential equations
given a general 1st order relation of the form:
1. Given ) (
1 0
t r y a
dt
dy
a = + , we must rearrange to yield the following form:
] ) ( [
1
1
0
y a t r
a dt
dy
=
2. We also require the "initial" conditions: t
i
and y
i
=y(t
i
), where t
i
is usually set equal to zero (but does not
have to be set to zero).
Be able to apply the Runge-Kutta methods to numerically solve 2nd order ordinary differential equations
given a general 2nd order relation of the form:
1. Given ) (
2 1
2
2
0
t r y a
dt
dy
a
dt
y d
a = + + , we must rearrange to yield the following form:
] ) ( [
1
2 1
0
2
2
y a
dt
dy
a t r
a
dt
y d
= or ] ) ( [
1
2 1
0
2
2
y a v a t r
a
dt
y d
= , where
dt
dy
v =
2. For 2nd order equations, we again require "initial" conditions, but now we include a first derivative term.
In this case we require: t
i
, y
i
=y(t
i
), and v
i
=v(t
i
) where again, t
i
is usually set equal to zero (but
The Laplace Transform:
Fundamentals of the Laplace Transform:
Be able to state the definition of the Laplace transformation and its inverse.
Definition of the Laplace Transform:
dt t f e t f L s f
st
) ( )) ( ( ) (
0
}
= = or dx
s
x
f e
s
x
) (
1
0
}
(using x=st)
Definition of the Inverse Laplace Transform: (Mellin Inversion Integral)
ds s f e
i
s f L t f
i y
i y
st
) (
2
1
)) ( ( ) (
1
}
+
= =
t
Be able to prove that the Laplace transform is a linear operator.
Be able to derive the Laplace transforms given on page 98 of the Spiegel text.
Be familiar with, and be able to derive, the operational theorems for the Laplace transform as given on
pages 101-102 of the Spiegel text.
Properties of the Laplace Transform:
Be familiar with the "unit step" function shown below
-1
0
1
u
(
t
-
a
)
t
a
The unit step function is given by:
a t a t u
a t a t u
> =
< =
1 ) (
0 ) (
And its Laplace transform is:
as
e
s
u f
=
1
) (
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 9 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 1: Advanced Mathematics Relevant to Problems in Engineering (continued)
Be able to develop and apply the Laplace transform formulas for the discrete data functions shown below.
+ Step Data Function:
=
n
i
i
st
i i
e f f
s
s f
1
1
1
) (
1
) ( where (t
0
=0 and f
0
=0)
+ Piecewise Linear Data Function: (Roumboutsos and Stewart Method)
+ + =
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
) (
1
) 1 (
1
) (
n
i
n
st
n
i
st
i
st
i
st
e m
s
e e m
s
e m
s
u f
where the slope terms (m
i
's) are taken as backward differences given by
1
1
=
i i
i i
i
t t
f f
m
+ Piecewise Log-Linear Data Function: (Blasingame Method)
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) (
1 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
1
st v
s
a
st v
s
a
st v
s
a
s f
v v v
+ =
) , ( ) ( ) , ( ) , ( ...
1 2 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
I + + +
n n
n
v
n
n
n
v
n
n n
n
v
n
n n
n
v
n
st v
s
a
v
s
a
st v
s
a
st v
s
a
The slope and intercept terms (o's and v's) are shown graphically in the attached notes. Also, (x) is
the Gamma function and (a,x) is the first incomplete Gamma function.
Applications of the Laplace Transform to Solve Linear Ordinary Differential Equations:
Be able to develop the Laplace transform of a given differential equation and its initial condition(s). This
requires the Laplace transform of each time-derivative, then substitution into the differential form, the
result is an algebraic expression in terms of s and ) (s f .
+ Laplace Transform of a Generic Time Dependent Derivative:
) 0 ( ) 0 ( ... ) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( ) ( )) ( (
1 2 2 1
= = = = =
t f t sf t f s t f s s f s t f
dt
d
L
n n n n n
n
n
where
) 0 ( ), 0 ( )... 0 ( ' ' ), 0 ( ' ), 0 (
1
1
2
2 2 1 0
= = = = = = = = = =
t f c t f c t f c t f c t f c
n
n
n
n
Be able to resolve the algebra resulting from the Laplace transform of a given differential equation and its
initial condition(s) into a closed and hopefully, invertible form.
Be able to invert the closed form Laplace transform solution of a given differential equation using the
fundamental properties of Laplace transforms, Laplace transform tables, partial fractions.
Numerical Laplace Transform and Inversion:
Be able to use the Gauss-Laguerre integration formula for numerical Laplace transformation. The
Laguerre quadrature weights, w
k
, and abscissas, x
k
, can be obtained from Abramowitz and Stegun.
}
=
~ =
n
k
k
k
st
s
x
f w
s
dt t f e s f
1
0
) (
1
) ( ) (
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 10 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 1: Advanced Mathematics Relevant to Problems in Engineering (continued)
Be familiar with the development of the Gaver formula for numerical Laplace transformation, and note its
similarity to the Widder inversion formula given in the Cost (AIAA Journal) paper.
}
=
~ =
n
k
k
k
st
s
x
f w
s
dt t f e s f
1
0
) (
1
) ( ) (
Be able to use the Gaver and Gaver-Stehfest numerical inversion algorithms for the inversion of Laplace
transforms.
+ The Gaver formula for numerical Laplace transform inversion is
]) [
) 2 ln(
(
! )! (
) 1 (
)! 1 (
)! 2 ( ) 2 ln(
) (
0
k n
t
f
k k n n
n
t
t f
n
k
k
Gaver
+
=
=
The Gaver-Stehfest formula for numerical Laplace transform inversion is
)
) 2 ln(
(
) 2 ln(
) (
1
i
t
f V
t
t f
n
i
i Stehfest Gaver
=
=
and the Stehfest extrapolation coefficients are given
+
=
+
=
)
2
, (
]
2
1
[
2
)! 2 ( )! ( )! 1 ( ! )!
2
(
)! 2 (
2
) 1 (
n
i Min
i
k
i
n
i
i k k i k k k
n
k
n
k
V
Introduction to Special Functions:
Special Functions in Petroleum Engineering Applications
Be familiar with and be able to compute the following special functions which have applications in
petroleum engineering:
+ Exponential Integral (Ei (x) and E
1
(x)= -Ei (-x))
+ Gamma and Incomplete Gamma Functions (I(x), and (a,x), I(a,x) and B(z,w))
+ Error and Complimentary Error Functions (erf(x) and erfc(x))
+ Bessel Functions: J
0
(x), J
1
(x), Y
0
(x), and Y
1
(x)
+ Modified Bessel Functions: I
0
(x), I
1
(x), K
0
(x), and K
1
(x), as well as the integrals of I
0
(x) and K
0
(x).
Bessel Functions
Be familiar with the following Bessel functions:
+ Bessel Functions: J
n
(x) and Y
n
(x), where Bessel's differential equation is given as: (Abramowitz and
Stegun; Chapter 9, Eq. 9.1.1)
0 ) (
2 2
2
2
2
= + + y n z
dz
dy
z
dz
y d
z and has the solution ) ( ) (
2 1
z Y c z J c y
n n
+ =
+ Modified Bessel Functions: I
n
(x) and K
n
(x), where Bessel's "modified" differential equation is given
as: (Abramowitz and Stegun; Chapter 9, Eq. 9.6.1)
0 ) (
2 2
2
2
2
= + + y n z
dz
dy
z
dz
y d
z and has the solution ) ( ) (
2 1
z K c z I c y
n n
+ =
Be able to use the Bessel functions in numerical problem solving efforts and theoretical developments;
especially recurrence relations, integral definitions, and Laplace transforms.
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 11 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 2: Petrophysical Properties
Introduction to Porosity and Permeability Concepts:
Be able to recognize and classify rock types as clastics (sandstones) and carbonates (limestones, chalks,
dolstones) and be familiar with the characteristics of porosity that these rocks exhibit.
Be able to distinguish between effective and total porosity and be familiar with the meanings of primary (or
depositional) porosity and secondary (or post-depositional) porosity.
Be familiar with factors which affect porosity. In particular, the shapes, arrangements, and distributions of
grain particles and the effect of cementation, vugs, and fractures on porosity.
Be familiar with the concept of permeability for porous rocks and be aware of the correlative relations for
porosity and permeability.
Be familiar with "friction factor"-"Reynolds Number" plotting concept put forth by Cornell and Katz for flow
through porous media. Be aware that this plotting concept validates Darcy's law empirically (the unit slope
line on the left portion of the plot, laminar flow).
Development of a Semi-Empirical Concept of Permeability: Darcy's Law:
Be able to develop a velocity/pressure gradient relation for modeling the flow of fluids in pipes (i.e., the
Poiseuille equation).
x
p
k
A
q
v
p
x
avg
A
A
= =
1
where
8
2
r
k
p
= is considered to be a "geometry" factor.
Be familiar with the general assumptions and limitations of the Poiseuille equation.
Be able to derive the "units" of a Darcy (1 Darcy = 9.86923x10
-9
cm
2
).
Be able to derive the field units form of Darcy's law.
Be familiar with "friction factor"-"Reynolds Number" plotting concept put forth by Cornell and Katz for flow
through porous media. Be aware that this plotting concept validates Darcy's law empirically (the unit slope
line on the left portion of the plot, laminar flow).
Be able to recognize, develop, and apply the Taylor series (finite-difference) formulas for numerical
differentiation of an analytic function.
Introduction to Capillary Pressure and Relative Permeability:
Be familiar with the concept of "capillary pressure" for tubes as well as for porous media--and be able to
derive the capillary pressure relation for fluid rise in a tube:
r
p
ow c
1
) cos( 2 u =
Be familiar with and be able to derive the permeability and relative permeability relations for porous media
using the "bundle of capillary tubes" model as provided by Nakornthap and Evans. The permeability result is
given by:
*
1
2
*
1
0
2
2
3
dSw
p
n
k
c
ow
}
=
|
|
Be familiar with the concept of "relative permeability" and the factors which should and should not affect this
function. Also, be familiar with the laboratory techniques for measuring relative permeability.
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 12 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 2: Petrophysical Properties (continued)
Development of the Brooks-Corey-Burdine Equation for Permeability and the Development of a Type
Curve Analysis Approach for Capillary Pressure Data:
Be able to derive the "field units" form of the Purcell-Burdine permeability equation (k in md,
ow
in dyne/cm
and, p
c
in psia). The Purcell-Burdine permeability equation as provided by Nakornthap and Evans is given in
terms of absolute (i.e., metric) units. The "field units" result is given by:
*
1
2
* 66 . 10
1
0
2
2
3
dSw
p
n
k
c
ow
}
=
|
| where ) 1 ( *
wi
S = | |
Be familiar with and be able to derive the Brooks-Corey-Burdine equation for permeability based on the
Purcell-Burdine permeability equation (as given above). This result is given by:
]
2
[
1
*
2
2 3
+
=
|
|
d
ow
p
n
k or ]
2
[
1
* 66 . 10
2
2 3
+
=
|
|
d
ow
p
n
k (field units)
Be able to discuss the possible applications for the Brooks-Corey-Burdine permeability equation.
Be familiar with and be able to derive a type curve matching approach for capillary pressure data based on
the Brooks-Corey model for capillary pressure and saturation given below.
1
) 1 (
=
wD D
S p where
d
c
D
p
p
p = and
*
1
1
1
Sw
S
Sw
S
wi
wD
=
=
Electrical Properties of Reservoir Rocks:
Be familiar with the definition of the formation resistivity factor, F, as well as the effects of reservoir and
fluid properties on this parameter.
Be familiar with and be able to use the Archie and Humble equations to estimate porosity given the formation
resistivity factor, F.
Be familiar with the definition of the resistivity index, I, as well as the effects of reservoir and fluid properties
on this parameter and also be familiar with the Archie result for water saturation, S
w
.
Be familiar with the "shaly sand" models given by Waxman and Smits for relating the resistivity index with
saturation and for relating formation factor with porosity.
Development of a Type Curve Analysis Approach for Relative Permeability Data
Be familiar with and be able to derive the Burdine relative permeability equations (this derivation is provided
in detail by Nakornthap and Evans). These relations are
*
1
*
1
*) (
1
0
2
*
0
2
2
w
c
w
S
w
c
w rw
dS
p
dS
p
S k
}
}
= and
*
1
*
1
*) 1 (
1
0
2
1
*
2
2
w
c
w
S
w
c
w rn
dS
p
dS
p
S k
}
}
=
Be familiar with and be able to derive the Brooks-Corey-Burdine equations for relative permeability based on
the combination of the Burdine relative permeability equations (shown above) and the Brooks and Corey
capillary pressure model. These results are given by:
) / 2 3 (
*
+
=
w
o
rw rw
S k k and ] * 1 [ *) 1 (
) / 2 1 ( 2 +
=
w w
o
rn rn
S S k k
where the Brooks and Corey capillary pressure model is given by
1
*
=
w d c
S p p
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 13 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 2: Petrophysical Properties (continued)
and
o
rw
k and
o
rn
k are the "endpoint" relative permeability values.
Be familiar with and be able to derive a type curve matching approach for relative permeability data based on
the Brooks-Corey-Burdine relative permeability models. The "dimensionless" variables for this development
are given below.
Dimensionless wetting phase relative permeability:
) / 2 3 (
) 1 (
+
=
wD rwD
S k
Dimensionless non-wetting phase relative permeability:
] ) 1 ( 1 [
) / 2 1 ( 2 +
=
wD wD rnD
S S k
Dimensionless relative permeability ratio function:
] 1 ) 1 [(
) 1 (
) / 2 1 (
2
2
=
+
wD
wD
wD
rwD
rnD
S
S
S
k
k
Dimensionless saturation functions:
*
1
1
1
w
wi
w
wD
S
S
S
S =
= and
wD
wi
wi w
w
S
S
S S
S =
= 1
1
*
Module 3: Fundamentals of Flow in Porous Media
Steady-State Flow Concepts: Laminar Flow
Derive the concept of permeability (Darcy's Law) using the analogy of the Poiseuille equation for the flow of
fluids in capillaries. Be able to derive the "units" of a "Darcy" (1 Darcy = 9.86923x10
-9
cm
2
), and be able to
derive Darcy's Law in "field" and "SI" units.
Derive the single-phase, steady-state flow relations for the laminar flow of gases and compressible liquids
using Darcy's Law in terms of pressure, pressure-squared, and pseudopressure, as appropriate.
Derive the steady-state "skin factor" relations for radial flow.
Steady-State Flow Concepts: Non-Laminar Flow
Demonstrate familiarity with the concept of "gas slippage" as defined by Klinkenberg.
Derive the single-phase, steady-state flow relations for the non-laminar flow of gases and compressible
liquids using the Forchheimer equation (quadratic in velocity) in terms of pressure, pressure-squared, and
pseudopressure, as appropriate.
Material Balance Concepts:
Be able to identify/apply material balance relations for gas and compressible liquid systems.
Be familiar with and be able to apply the "Havlena-Odeh" formulations of the oil and gas material balance
equations.
Pseudosteady-State Flow Concepts:
Demonstrate familiarity with and be able to derive the single-phase, pseudosteady-state flow relations for the
laminar flow of compressible liquids in a radial flow system (given the radial diffusivity equation as a
starting point).
Sketch the pressure distributions during steady-state and pseudosteady-state flow conditions in a radial
system.
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 14 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 3: Fundamentals of Flow in Porous Media (continued)
Development of Diffusivity Equation: Pressure and Pseudopressure Forms, General and Radial Flow
Geometries:
Be able to describe in words and in terms of mathematical expressions the mass continuity relation for flow
through porous media.
Be able to develop the "diffusivity" equations for the flow of a slightly compressible liquid in porous media--
"pressure" form, general flow geometry.
"Gradient-Squared" Case: General form for a slightly compressible liquid.
t
p
k
c
p p c
t
c
c
= V + V
) (
2 2
|
"Small and Constant Compressibility" Case: Base relation for all developments in reservoir engineering
and well testing.
t
p
k
c
p
t
c
c
= V
2
|
Be able to derive the pseudopressure/pseudotime forms of the diffusivity equation for cases where fluid
density and viscosity are functions of pressure for a general flow geometry.
"Pseudopressure-Time" Form "Pseudopressure-Pseudotime" Form
t
p
t
p
p
k
c
p
c
c
= V
2
|
a
p
n t p
t
p
c
k
p
c
c
= V ) (
2
|
where the "pseudopressure" function, p
p
, is given by:
dp
B
k
k
B
p
p
base
p
n p
) (
}
=
or dp
B
B p
p
base
p
n p
1
) (
}
=
and the "pseudotime" function, t
a
, is given by:
dt
p c p
c t
t
t
n t a
}
=
0
) ( ) (
1
) (
Development of Diffusivity Equations for the Flow of a Real Gas: Pressure and Pressure-Squared and
Pseudopressure Forms:
Be familiar with and be able to derive the single-phase diffusivity equations in terms of formation volume
factors (B
o
or B
g
) for both the oil and gas cases. These results are given as:
Single-Phase Oil Equation: Single-Phase Gas Equation:
) ( ] [
o
p
o o
o
B t B
k |
c
c
= V - V ) ( ] [
g
p
g g
g
B t B
k
|
c
c
= V - V
Be able to develop the general form of the diffusivity equation for single-phase gas flow in terms of pressure
(and p/z) starting from the density formulation. These relations are given by:
Density Formulation: General Form: Single-Phase Gas Equation:
t
p
k
c
c
= V - V
) (
] [
|
t z
p
k
c
p
z
t
c
c
= V - V
|
] [
Be able to develop the diffusivity equation for single-phase gas flow in terms of the following:
pseudopressure, pressure-squared, and pressure.
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 15 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 3: Fundamentals of Flow in Porous Media (continued)
"Pseudopressure" Formulation:
t
p
k
c
p
pg
t
pg
c
c
= V
|
2
where dp
z
p
p
z
p
p
base
p
n pg
}
=
) (
"Pressure-Squared" Formulation:
) ( ) ( )] [ln( ) (
2 2 2
2
2 2
p
t k
c
p z
p
p
t
c
c
= V
c
c
V
|
if constant ~ z then ) ( ) (
2 2 2
p
t k
c
p
t
c
c
= V
|
"Pressure" Formulation:
t
p
k
c
p
p
z
p
p
t
c
c
= V
c
c
V
|
2 2
) )]( [ln( if constant ~
z
p
then
t
p
k
c
p
t
c
c
= V
|
2
Development of Diffusivity Equations for the Multiphase Flow:
Be able to develop the continuity relations for the oil, gas, and water phases in terms of the fluid densities.
Assume that the gas phase includes gas liberated from the oil and water phases.
Oil Continuity Equation: Water Continuity Equation:
) ( ) (
o o o
t
v |
c
c
= - V ) ( ) (
w w w
t
v |
c
c
= - V
Gas Continuity Equation:
] ) [( ] [ ) (
tot g gsc sw
w
w
gsc so
o
o
g g tot g g
t
R
B
v
R
B
v
v p v |
c
c
= + + - V = - V
Be able to write Darcy's law velocity relations for each phase. The general form is given by:
i
i
i
i
p
k
v V =
w
w w
w
wsc w w
p
B
k
v V =
Gas Flux Equation:
] [ ) (
w
w w
w
sw o
o o
o
so g
g g
g
gsc tot g g
p
B
k
R p
B
k
R p
B
k
v V + V + V =
Be able to develop the mass relations for the oil, gas, and water phases in terms of the fluid formation volume
factors. As before, assume that the gas phase includes gas liberated from the oil and water phases.
Oil Mass Equation: Water Mass Equation:
o
o
osc o o o
B
S
S | | | = = ) (
w
w
wsc w w w
B
S
S | | | = = ) (
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 16 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 3: Fundamentals of Flow in Porous Media (continued)
Gas Mass Equation:
] [ ) (
w
w
sw
o
o
so
g
g
gsc gsc
w
sw
w gsc
o
so
o g g tot g
B
S
R
B
S
R
B
S
B
R
S
B
R
S S + + = + + = | | | | |
Assuming no capillary pressure forces ) (
w g o
p p p p V = V = V = V , be able to develop the generalized
diffusivity relations for each phase. (Martin Eqs. 1-3)
"Oil" Equation: "Water" Equation:
) ( ] [
o
o
o o
o
B
S
t
p
B
k
|
c
c
= V - V ) ( ] [
w
w
w w
w
B
S
t
p
B
k
|
c
c
= V - V
"Gas" Equation:
)] ( [ ] ) [(
w
w
sw
o
o
so
g
g
w w
w
sw
o o
o
so
g g
g
B
S
R
B
S
R
B
S
t
p
B
k
R
B
k
R
B
k
+ +
c
c
= V + + - V |
NEGLECTING the , , p S p S
w o
V V V V and
2
p p p V = V V terms be able to develop the diffusivity relations
for each phase as shown by Martin (Eqs. 7-9)
"Oil" Equation: "Water" Equation:
) (
2
o
o
o o
o
B
S
t
p
B
k
|
c
c
= V ) (
2
w
w
w w
w
B
S
t
p
B
k
|
c
c
= V
"Gas" Equation:
)] ( [ ) (
2
w
w
sw
o
o
so
g
g
w w
w
sw
o o
o
so
g g
g
B
S
R
B
S
R
B
S
t
p
B
k
R
B
k
R
B
k
+ +
c
c
= V + + |
Development of Diffusivity Equations for the Multiphase Flow Martin's Saturation Equations and the
Concept of Total Compressibility:
Be familiar with and be able to derive the Martin relations for total compressibility and the associated
saturation-pressure relations (Eqs. 10 and 11).
Oil Saturation Equation: Water Saturation Equation:
t
t
o o
o
o o
c
dp
dB
B
S
dp
dS
+ =
t
t
w w
w
w w
c
dp
dB
B
S
dp
dS
+ =
Total Compressibility:
dp
dB
B
S
dp
dR
B
B S
dp
dB
B
S
dp
dR
B
B S
dp
dB
B
S
c
g
g
g
sw
w
g w
w
w
w so
o
g o
o
o
o
t
+ + =
or,
g
g
g
w
sw
w
g
w
w
o
so
o
g
o
o
t
S
dp
dB
B
S
dp
dR
B
B
dp
dB
B
S
dp
dR
B
B
dp
dB
B
c ]
1
[ ]
1
[ ]
1
[ + + + + =
or finally,
g g w w o o t
S c S c S c c + + =
where,
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 17 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 4: Reservoir Flow Solutions
,
1
,
1
dp
dR
B
B
dp
dB
B
c
dp
dR
B
B
dp
dB
B
c
sw
w
g
w
w
w
so
o
g
o
o
o
+ = + = and
dp
dB
B
c
g
g
g
1
=
Total Pressure Equation:
t
c
p
t
t
c
c
= V
|
2
where
w
w
g
g
o
o
t
k
k
k
+ + =
Dimensionless Variables and the Dimensionless Radial Flow Diffusivity Equation:
Be able to develop the dimensionless form of the single-phase radial flow diffusivity equation as well as the
appropriate dimensionless forms of the initial and boundary conditions, including the developments of
dimensionless radius, pressure, and time.
The Dimensionless Diffusivity Equation:
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
t
p
r
p
r
r
p
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c 1
2
2
Dimensionless Initial and Boundary Conditions:
+ Dimensionless Initial Condition
0 ) 0 , ( = s
D D D
t r p (uniform pressure in reservoir)
+ Dimensionless Inner Boundary Condition
1 ] [
1
=
c
c
=
D
r
D
D
D
r
p
r (constant rate at the well)
+ Dimensionless Outer Boundary Conditions
a. "Infinite-Acting" Reservoir
0 ) , ( =
D D D
t r p
b. "No-Flow" Boundary
0 ] [ =
c
c
=
eD
r
D
r
D
D
D
r
p
r (No flux across the reservoir boundary)
c. Constant Pressure Boundary
0 ) , ( =
D eD D
t r p (Constant pressure at the reservoir boundary)
Be able to derive the conversion factors for dimensionless pressure and time, for both SI and "field" units.
Solutions of the Radial Flow Diffusivity Equation Using the Laplace Transform:
Be able to recognize that the Laplace transform of the dimensionless form of the single-phase radial flow
diffusivity equation is the modified Bessel differential equation. Also, be able to write the general solution
for this transformed differential equation.
Dimensionless Diffusivity Equation: Laplace Transform of Diffusivity Equation:
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D D
t
p
r
p
r
r
p
r
p
r
r r c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
c
c 1
] [
1
2
2
D
D
D
D
D D
p u
dr
p d
r
dr
d
r
= ] [
1
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 18 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 4: Reservoir Flow Solutions (continued)
General Solution:
) ( ) ( ) , (
0 0 D D D D
r u BK r u Al u r p + =
Derivative of the General Solution:
) ( ) (
1 1 D D
D
D
r u K u B r u l u A
dr
p d
=
Be able to develop the particular solution (in Laplace domain) for the constant rate and constant pressure
inner boundary conditions and the infinite-acting reservoir outer boundary condition. Also, be able to use the
van Everdingen and Hurst result to convert the constant rate case to the constant wellbore pressure case.
Constant Rate Solution: (infinite-acting reservoir)
) (
1
) (
) ( 1
) , (
0
1
0
D
D
D D
r u K
u
u K u
r u K
u
u r p ~ =
Constant Rate-Constant Pressure Relation: (from van Everdingen and Hurst)
) (
1 1
) (
2
u p
u
u q
D
D
=
Be able to develop the real domain (time) solution for the constant rate inner boundary condition and the
infinite-acting reservoir outer boundary condition using both the Laplace transform and the Boltzmann
transform approaches. Also be able to develop the "log-approximation" for this solution.
Boltzmann Transform of the Diffusivity Equation:
0 ]
1
1 [
2
2
=
c
c
+ +
D
D
D
D
p
D
d
p d
c c
c
(infinite-acting reservoir case only)
"Log Approximation" Solution for the Diffusivity Equation:
]
1 1 4
ln[
2
1
) (
1
) , (
2
0
u
r e
u
r u K
u
u r p
D
D D D
~ ~ (=0.577216Euler's constant)
Laplace Transform Solutions of the Radial Flow Diffusivity Equation for a Bounded Circular Reservoir:
Be able to derive the particular solutions (in Laplace domain) for a well produced at a constant flow rate in a
homogeneous reservoir for the following initial condition, subject to the following initial and outer boundary
conditions:
Dimensionless Initial and Boundary Conditions:
+ Dimensionless Initial Condition
0 ) 0 , ( = s
D D D
t r p (uniform pressure in reservoir)
+ Dimensionless Inner Boundary Condition
1 ] [
1
=
c
c
=
D
r
D
D
D
r
p
r (constant rate at the well)
+ Dimensionless Outer Boundary Conditions
a. Prescribed Flux at the Boundary
) ( ] [
D Dext
eD
r
D
r
D
D
D
t q
r
p
r =
c
c
=
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 19 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 4: Reservoir Flow Solutions (continued)
b. Constant Pressure at the Boundary
0 ) , ( = =
D eD D D
t r r p (No flux across the reservoir boundary)
Particular Solutions in the Laplace Domain:
+ "Infinite-acting" reservoir behavior
) (
) ( 1
) , (
1
0
u K u
r u K
u
u r p
D
D D
=
Or the line source approximation
) (
1
) , (
0 D D D
r u K
u
u r p = (where 1 ) (
1
u K u , for 0 u )
+ Bounded circular reservoir "no-flow" at the outer boundary (i.e., 0 ) ( =
D Dext
t q )
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1
) , (
1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0
eD eD
D eD eD D
D D
r u K u l u r u l u K u
r u l r u K r u l r u K
u
u r p
+
= (constant rate at the well)
+ Bounded circular reservoir "constant-pressure" at the outer boundary
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1
) , (
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0
eD eD
D eD eD D
D D
r u K u l u r u l u K u
r u l r u K r u l r u K
u
u r p
+
+
=
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
] )[ (
1
1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
eD eD
D D
eD
Dext
r u K u l u r u l u K u
u K u r u l u l u r u K
r u
u
u q
u
+
+
Real Domain Solutions of the Radial Flow Diffusivity Equation for a Bounded Circular Reservoir:
Be able to derive the following particular solutions in the real domain from the appropriate Laplace transform
solutions for an unfractured well produced at a constant flow rate in a homogeneous reservoir for the
following outer boundary conditions:
"Infinite-acting" reservoir behavior (line source solution)
)
4
(
2
1
) , (
2
1
D
D
D D D
t
r
E r t p =
or the so-called "log approximation"
)
4
ln(
2
1
) , (
2
D
D
D D D
r
t
e
r t p
=
Bounded circular reservoir "no-flow" at the outer boundary
)
4
exp( )
4
1
2
( )
4
exp(
2
)
4
(
2
1
)
4
(
2
1
) , (
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
D
eD
eD
D
D
eD
eD
D
D
eD
D
D
D D D
t
r
r
r
t
r
r
t
t
r
E
t
r
E r t p
+
+ =
and its "well testing" derivative function, p
D
'=d/dt
D
[p
D
(r
D
,t
D
)] is given by
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 20 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 4: Reservoir Flow Solutions (continued)
)
4
exp( )
8 4
(
2
1
)
4
exp(
2
)
4
exp(
2
1
) , ( '
2 2 2 2
2
2
D
eD eD D
D D
eD
eD
D
D
D
D D D
t
r r r
t t
r
r
t
t
r
r t p
+
=
Bounded circular reservoir "constant pressure" at the outer boundary
)
4
exp( ) (
8
1
)
4
(
2
1
)
4
(
2
1
) , (
2
2 2
2
1
2
1
D
eD
D eD
D D
eD
D
D
D D D
t
r
r r
t t
r
E
t
r
E r t p
+ =
and its "well testing" derivative function, p
D
'=d/dt
D
[p
D
(r
D
,t
D
)] is given by
)
4
exp( ) 1
4
)( (
8
1
)
4
exp(
2
1
)
4
exp(
2
1
) , ( '
2 2
2 2
2 2
D
eD
D
eD
D eD
D D
eD
D
D
D D D
t
r
t
r
r r
t t
r
t
r
r t p
+
=
Solutions for the Behavior of a Fractured Well in a Bounded Circular Reservoir: Infinite and Finite-
Acting Reservoir Cases:
Be familiar with the concept of a well with a uniform flux or infinite conductivity vertical fracture in a
homogeneous reservoir. Note that the uniform flux condition implies that the rate of fluid entering the
fracture is constant at any point along the fracture. On the other hand, for the infinite conductivity case, we
assume that there is no pressure drop in the fracture as fluid flows from the fracture tip to the well.
Be able to derive the following real and Laplace domain (line source) solutions for a well with a uniform flux
or infinite conductivity vertical fracture in a homogeneous reservoir.
General Result: (cfracs subscript means Continuous Fracture Source)
wD wD D cls D D D cfracs D
dx u x x p u y x p ' ] ), ' [(
2
1
) , 0 , 1 | (|
1
1
, ,
= = s
}
+
where the cls subscript means Continuous Line Source
"Infinite-acting" reservoir behavior (line source solution)
] ) ( ) ( [
1
2
1
) , 0 , 1 | (|
) 1 (
0
0
) 1 (
0
0 inf , ,
dz z K dz z K
u
u
u y x p
D
x u
D
x u
D D cfracs D
} }
+
+ = = s
Bounded circular reservoir "no-flow" at the outer boundary
) , 0 , 1 | (| ) , 0 , 1 | (|
inf , , , ,
u y x p u y x p
D D cfracs D D D nfb cfracs D
= s = = s
] ) ( ) ( [
) (
) ( 1
2
1
) 1 (
0
0
) 1 (
0
0
1
1
dz z I dz z I
r u I
r u K
u
u
D
x u
D
x u
eD
eD
} }
+
+ +
Bounded circular reservoir "constant pressure" at the outer boundary
) , 0 , 1 | (| ) , 0 , 1 | (|
inf , , , ,
u y x p u y x p
D D cfracs D D D cpb cfracs D
= s = = s
] ) ( ) ( [
) (
) ( 1
2
1
) 1 (
0
0
) 1 (
0
0
0
0
dz z I dz z I
r u I
r u K
u
u
D
x u
D
x u
eD
eD
} }
+
+
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 21 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 4: Reservoir Flow Solutions (continued)
Dual Porosity Reservoirs Warren and Root Approach Pseudosteady-State Matrix Behavior:
Be familiar with the "fracture" and "matrix" models developed by Warren and Root.
Be able to develop the Laplace and real domain results given by Warren and Root for pseudosteady-state
matrix flow. These relations are
Laplace domain results:
+ Warren and Root "Interporosity Flow Function":
u
u
u f
) 1 (
) 1 (
) (
e
e e
+
+
=
Solutions in the Laplace domain:
)
) (
1 1 4
ln(
2
1
) ) ( (
1
) ) ( ( ) (
) ) ( ( 1
) , (
2 2
0
1
0
u uf
r e
u
r u uf K
u
u uf K u uf
r u uf K
u
u r p
D
D
D
D D
~ ~ =
Line source solution in the real domain:
S t E t E
r
t
e
r t p
D D
D
D
D D D
+
= )
) 1 (
(
2
1
)
) 1 (
(
2
1
)
4
ln(
2
1
) , (
1 1
2
e
e e
Be able to develop the Laplace and real domain results given by Warren and Root for pseudosteady-state
matrix flow. These relations are
)
) 1 (
exp(
2
1
)
) 1 (
exp(
2
1
2
1
) , ( '
D D D D D
t t r t p
e
e e
+ =
Direct Solution of the Gas Diffusivity Equation Using Laplace Transform Methods:
Be familiar with the convolution form of a non-linear partial differential equation (with a non-linear right-
hand-side term), as shown below.
t t
t
| d t g
y
t
y
y y
t
) ( ) (
0
2
c
c
=
c
c
= V
}
Where we assume that the (y) function can be re-cast as
a unique function of time (i.e., (y) can be written as (t)).
Using (t) requires assumptions as to flow regimes--we
will demonstrate this assuming pseudosteady-state flow.
Taking the Laplace transform of this relation gives
) ( )] 0 ( ) ( [ ) (
2
u g t y u y u u y = = V
Be able to develop the generalized Laplace domain formulation of the non-linear radial gas diffusivity
equation using the (t) approach.
The real gas diffusivity equation (in radial coordinates) is given in dimensionless form by:
D
pD
D
D
pD
ti i
t
D
pD
D
D
pD
t
p
t
t
p
c
c
r
p
r
r
p
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
) (
1
2
2
|
] ) ( [
ti i
t
D
c
c
t
| =
where
) (
2 . 141
1
p pi pD
p p
qB
kh
p =
t
r c
k
t
w ti i
D
2
0002637 . 0
|
=
w
D
r
r
r =
and the pseudopressure function is given by
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 22 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 4: Reservoir Flow Solutions (continued)
dp
z
p
p
z
dp
B
B p
p
base
p
i
i i
p
base
p
g
gi i p
} }
= =
1
Substituting the convolution formulation into the right-hand-side of the real gas diffusivity equation gives
t t
t
d t g
p
r
p
r
r
p
r
p
r
r r
D
D
t
pD
D
pD
D
D
pD
D
pD
D
D D
) (
1
] [
1
0
2
2
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
}
) ( ) (
) (
1
) (
]
) (
[
1
2
2
u p u ug
dr
u p d
r
dr
u p d
dr
u p d
r
dr
d
r
pD
D
pD
D
D
pD
D
pD
D
D D
= + = (Laplace domain relation)
Be familiar with and be able to develop the g(u) term. The g(t
D
) term is defined by:
t t
t
| d t g
p
t
p
t
D
D
t
pD
D
pD
D
) ( ) (
0
c
c
=
c
c
}
Convolution:
Be familiar with and be able to derive the convolution sums and integrals for the variable-rate and variable
pressure drop cases.
Variable-Rate Case:
) ( ) ( ) (
1 ,
1
1
=
=
Dj D cr sD
n
j
Dj Dj D wD
t t p q q t p (discrete rate changes)
t t t d t p q t p
D
D
t
cr sD D D wD
) ( ) ( ' ) (
0
,
=
}
(continuous rate changes)
Variable-Pressure Drop Case:
) (
) (
) (
) (
1
1
,
=
Dj D Dcp
n
j
r i
j wf i
D tD
t t q
p p
p p
t q (discrete rate changes)
Be able to derive the general convolution identity in the Laplace domain from the integral form of the
variable-rate convolution identity.
) ( ) ( ) (
,
u p u q u p
cr sD qD wD
=
Be able to derive the real and Laplace domain identities for relating the constant pressure and constant rate
cases: (from van Everdingen and Hurst)
Laplace domain result:
) (
1 1
) (
,
2
,
u p
u
u q
cr sD
cp D
=
Real domain result:
D D cr sD
D
t
cp D
t d t p q =
}
t t t ) ( ) (
,
0
,
or
D D cp D
D
t
cr sD
t d t q p =
}
t t t ) ( ) (
,
0
,
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013
(Page 23 of 23)
Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 4: Reservoir Flow Solutions (continued)
Concepts and Applications in Wellbore Storage Distortion:
Be familiar with and, based on physical principles, be able to derive the relations to model the phenomena of
"wellbore storage." In particular, you should be able to derive the following:
General Rate Relation:
] [ 24 ) (
dt
dp
dt
dp
C B q
tf wf
s q sf
=
Pressure Relations (for small times/wellbore storage domination):
t
C
qB
p p
s
i wf
24
= (for small times, i.e., wellbore storage domination)
or
D
D
wD
C
t
p = (for small times, i.e., wellbore storage domination)
Laplace Domain Identity:
D
sD
wD
C u
u p
u p
2
) (
1
1
) (
+
= (valid for all times)
Module 4: Reservoir Flow Solutions Under Consideration
Multilayered Reservoir Solutions
Dual Permeability Reservoir Solutions
Horizontal Well Solutions
Radial Composite Reservoir Solutions
Various Models for Flow Impediment (Skin Factor)
Module 5: Applications/Extensions of Reservoir Flow Solutions Under Consideration
Oil and Gas Well Flow Solutions for Analysis, Interpretation, and Prediction of Well Performance.
Low Permeability/Heterogeneous Reservoir Behavior.
Macro-Level Thermodynamics (coupling PVT behavior with Reservoir Flow Solutions).
External Drive Mechanisms (Water Influx/Water Drive, Well Interference, etc.).
Hydraulic Fracturing/Solutions for Fractured Well Behavior.
Analytical/Numerical Solutions of Various Reservoir Flow Problems.
Applied Reservoir Engineering Solutions Material Balance, Flow Solutions, etc.