TakiyaKhan,AngelicaDeLaCruz,SemraGutic,EkramBouzgarrou

GlobalStudiesZander Period5

FellowmembersoftheU.N, A.D Currently,theconditionofGreecehasbecomeverydegradableduetothemajorissuesthat havedevelopedintheeconomyandsociety.Despitethemanyideasofcitizensthatresideinthearea, thatmayresolvetheissuesjustslightly,therearealsoafewcircumstancesthatarecontainedinthese ideas.Circumstancesthatareextremelynecessarytonotbeoverseenandtakenfornoticeasa limit/restriction.TheByzantiumareoneoftheempiresthathavecreatedthosecircumstancesthrough theirexperiencesinthepast,affectingnotonlytheirpopulationandcitizens,butalsotheireconomyand socialsystem.Whereinotherwords,notonlyincreasedtheirachievementstowardsagoldenage,but alsohaddevelopedtheirdownfalltowardsadarkagethathadcollapsedtheirwholeempire.Looking backtothecausesthathadresultedwiththeByzantineempiretocrumblewouldbetakenasagreat advantagetowardsavoidingGreecetoconcludewiththesamefate.Insteadofbeingincredibly dependantontheausterityoftheEuropeanUnion,Greecemayaswelljustreviewthepasthappenings oftheByzantineempireanditscausesandeffectsofthecollapse.Itmayaswellbereferredashelpful advicefromthepastforGreece,wheretheycouldusethisadvicetocontaintheireconomyandsociety inastablecondition.

E.RiseofByzantineEmpire

EasternRomanEmpireorByzantiumrosetoexistencebythefoundationofthecity Constantinoplein324AD,andthefinaldivisiontoEasternandWesternRomanEmpiredidnt happenuntil395AD.BelisariusLedalargearmyofOstrogothstoattackOdoacer'sKingdomof Italy.Forinstance,Belisariusandhisforcesquicklysucceeded.Twoyearslater,Belisarius attackedRomeandsizeditfromagroupknownastheOstrogoths,butthecityfacedrepeated attacksbyothergermanictribes,(HumanandPhysicalgeographydocument).Thiswasavery bigforcebecauseitforcedthathowdidtheempireriseasweknowfromthedocumentthat BelisariushasattackedtheRomtorissandgetmorefreedom.AndaswenowJustinianwas partoftheempireasweseeinthisquote,Afternumerouscampaigns,Justiniansarmieswon nearlyallofItalyandpartsofSpain.JustiniannowruledalmostalltheterritorythatRomehad everruled.Hecouldhonestlycallhimselfanewcaesar.ThisquoteshowsthatJustinianhad mostofthepowerthathelpedtheByzantineEmpirerise.ForexamplehehadsomepartinItaly andSpain.Soheruledalmostalltheterritoryandhewasalsopartoftheempire.

T.K

TheGoldenAgeofByzantine In527,Justinian,ahighclassnobleman,becametheemperorofByzantine.Heachieved

manygreatthingsduringhisreign,includingthereconqueringofthecityofRome.His achievementscontributedtotheGoldenAgeoftheByzantineEmpire.Accordingtothearticle, TheByzantineEmpireandEarlyRussia,hesetupapaneloflegalexperts,whoafterreading over400yearsofRomanlaws,createdasingle,uniformcodeknownastheJustinianCode. Whilethecodewasbeingcreated,Justinianlaunchedthemostambitiouspublicbuilding programeverseenintheRomanworld.Hewasalwaysatwork,rebuildingthewallsof Constantinople.Theemperorsgreatestpassionwaschurchbuilding.Hisgreatestbuilding achievementwastheHagiaSophia.Inthearticle,itstatesthat,Achurchofthesamenamehad

beendestroyedinriotsthatsweptConstantinoplein532.WhenJustinianrebuiltHagia Sophia,manyvisitorswerepleased.Justinianalsobuiltbaths,aqueducts,lawcourts,schools,and hospitals.Thesewereapartofhisbuildingprogramwhichwereapartofplantoenlargehis palaceintoavastcomplex.Also,productsfrommanyplacesaroundtheworldwereimported intoConstantinople.Themainstreet,theMese,werefilledwithproductsandfood.Thecitizens couldpurchasefromthefoodandproductstandswhileenjoyingfreeentertainmentatthe Hippodrome,whichofferedwildchariotracesandperformanceacts.Allofthesewerecapable ofhappeningduetothepowerandstrengthofJustinian.Lastly,underneathallthehappinessof citizensandvisitors,JustinianshardworkhelpedpreserveGrecoRomanculture.Justinian continuedcontributingtoConstantinopleuntilhisdeath.Hisgreatachievementsadvancedthe GoldenAgeoftheByzantineEmpire.

E.
EconomyofByzantine TheeconomicsaffectedthecultureoftheempirebytheusagesoftheThematasystem.The systemwasdividedtheempireintofourthemes(militarydistricts)anditwasgovernedby strategos(militarygovernor)Accordingtothearticle,HeracliusinstitutedtheThematasystem, whichenduredforhundredsofyearsbeyondhisrule:TheByzantineempirewasdividedinto fourthemes(militarydistricts),eachwithitisownarmy.Theyweregovernedlocallyby strategos(militarygovernor),whoalsohadcivildutiesaswell,suchastaxcollection.The revenuescamefromfarmlands,grantedtosoldiersaspartofthetheThematastrategy.( Byzantineempire,HaldonJohnF,Worldhistory).ThisarticlemeansthattheThematasystem affectedthecultureoftheempire,thesystemdividedtheempiretomilitarydistrictsandmilitary governor..andwealsoknowlikehowtheybuilttheelaboratesystemforthelandthatalso

affectedtheempireforexampleinthisquoteitsaidConstantinoplehadanexcellentharborand wasguardedontheirsidesbywater.Lateremperorsbuiltanelaboratesystemofthelandand seawallstobolsteritsdefenses.(ThegrowthofByzantinepower,WorldHistorytextbook). Thisquotemeanthatemperorsbuiltwallsfromeverywaythatwatercangettotheland becauseifthewatergottothelanditwoulddestroyeverythingandthatisbad.Thereisalso otherreasonsliketoprotecttheempirefromRomeandothercountriesthatarenexttotheland fromdestroyingtheempire.

A.D

UnforeseenConsequences TherearenumerousforcesthathaverapidlydevelopedtheDarkAgeoftheera.Forces

suchasthecentrifugal,internal,andexternal,whichhavereceivedseveralissuestowardstheByzantine Empire.Oneofthemaincentrifugalforcesthatexistedinthesocietywerethecrusades.Thesecrusades wereoneofthefirstforcesthathaveleadtheByzantineempiretoprogressdownhill.Forinstance, NumeroussmallCrusadestookplacethroughoutthetwelfthandintothethirteenthcenturies.Quickly afterthefirstcrusade(109599)asmalleronewasbegunin1101tobringmoretroopstotheCrusader statesestablishedinPalestine,onthenarrowseacoastoftheeasternMediterraneanSea.Thiseffort failed,asdidseveralotherattemptstosendmen.Butthecrusadesweresuccessfulinitiallybecauseof theinternalrivalriesamongtheMuslims.TheworldofIslamintheMiddleEast,madeupofArabs, Turks,Egyptians,Kurds,andseveralotherethnicgroups,didnotpresentaunitedfrontagainstthe Christianinvadersbecausetheywereconsumedinbattlingwithoneanother,(Geoffreyde Villehardouin,1908).Thisquoterevealsitsimportancebystatinghowthecrusadeshavetakenover mostoftheempirebytheirlongcrusadethatappearedtobesuccessfulinamajorwaytowardsethnic

groups.ThesegroupsdidnotpresentaunitedfrontagainsttheChristiansthatattemptedtointrudethe empirebecausetheywerebusyfightingwithoneanother.Onlybeingsupportivetowardsthegroupthat hadbefallentheempire,theyvethenbecomeoneofthemaincentrifugalforcesthatresidedinthearea, thusalsobecomingoneoftherationaleswhytheByzantineempirefelltowardsthedarkage.

S.

ByzantineFallsHarder

DuringthetimeoftheByzantineEmpiretherewasthetimeoftheCrusades.Thecrusades tookactionandtheRomanCatholicCathedralbecometheByzantineEmpireagain.Forexample,"The crusadersofthe13thcenturyweresooffendedbythecathedral'salienEasternChristianitythatthey lootedit'streasures.AfterfunctioningasaRomanCatholiccathedralforashorttime,itagainbecausea Byzantinechurch,"(doc.SacredandinaByzantineempire,author'snameWorldHistoryInContext). ThisquotestatesthatthecrusadestookchargeoftheByzantineempire,theytookcontroloverthe empireastheRomanempire.ThecrusadescausedaverybigforcebecauseitcontrolledtheEmpireto changefromtheByzantineEmpiretotheRomanCatholicChurchtotheByzantineEmpireagain.Thisall becameahugechainbecauseafterthisSultanMehmedIIturneditintoamosque."Evennow, enormouscalligraphicroundelsinArabicimposethemselvesonitscavernousspace,affirmingthatifthis isahouseofGodatall,thecommandingspiritisIslam."Thiswasahugeforcethatturnedthechurch intoamosque.ThismadeeveryonethinkthatIslamisthecommandingspirit.Soonthemosquebecame amuseum.OveralltheforcesoftheByzantineEmpirehadcausedittochargeintomanyformats.

T.K

OutsideEnemies Justinian,theemperorofByzantinereignedfrom527to565.Duringhisreignhe

accomplishedmanygoals,butafterhisdeaththeByzantineEmpirestartedtofall.Therewere manyfactorsthatleadtothecollapseoftheempire,includingexternalforces.Accordingtothe article,TheByzantineEmpireandEarlyRussia,Byzantinealsofacedconstantchallenges fromforeignenemies...Avars,Slavs,andBulgarsmadefrequentraidsonthenorthern borders.ThisshowshowByzantineconstantlyhadtodealwithinvasionsfromtheoutsideofthe empire.Also,itstatesthat,ThepowerfulSassanidPersiansattackedrelentlesslyintheeast. ThePersiansandtheAvarsstruckagainstconstantinopleitselfin626.WiththeriseofIslam,the Arabarmiesattackedthecityin674andonceagainin717.Theempirebecameweakerand weakerduetotheattacksthattheyfaced.TheRussiansinvadedthecitythreemoretimes between860and1043.TheTurksslowlymadetheirwayintotheByzantineterritoryinthe11th century.TheByzantineempireshrankundertheimpactofforeignattacks.TheByzantinesdid alltheycouldtokeeptheirenemiesatbay,butthecityfinallyfelltotheOttomanTurksin1453.

S. BubonicPlagueintheByzantineEmpire

ThebubonicplaguewasaverybigfactorthatwasgoingoninsideoftheEmpire.This diseasewasthestartofthefalloftheEmpire.ShipsthatcamebackfromtheirtriptoIndiabrangrats thatwereinfestedwiththedisease.Thisdiseasespreadreallyquicklyandsoonmorethanhalfofthe populationwasinfested.Thiswasconsidertheworstyearforpeoplebecause10,000peopledied almosteveryday."Historiansestimatethatin542,theworstyearoftheplague,10,000peoplewere dyingeveryday."BythetimethediseasefadedofftheEmpirelostalargepercentageofit'spopulation. ThissoonmadetheEmpirefalldrastically.TheEmpirelostmanyofit'speopleandwithoutthepeople therewasnothingreallyleftfortheByzantineEmpire.

A.D

Conclusion Overall,allthehorrideventsthathavetakenplaceintheByzantineempirehas

affecteditsfuturegreatly.Knowingtheseoccurrencesandhowithadleadtowardsthose resultscouldhelppreventGreecefromfallingtowardsitsendinitseconomyandsociety.Even thoughitmaynotcompletelysupportitfromcrumblingdown,itstillmayraiseitschancesfrom creatinganyfurtherchaosinitseconomyandsociety.Bylookingoverthehistoryofthe Byzantium,theeffectsthatwereplacedarethemajorrationalesthathaveformedmanycauses wereoriginallyunseenissues.Therefore,Greecemightaswellobserveitseconomicprogress closelytoconfirmthatthereisntanyminorissuesthatmayaswelldevelopintosomethingeven moreproblematic.ByreviewingtheeventsthattookplaceintheByzantineempire,Greecemay improveitsgovernmentalsystemandincreaseitschancesofpreventingthecollapseofits economyandsociety.