Calculation of Lightning Outage Rate of High Voltage Transmission Line

Geng Jianghai
Hebei Electric Power Research Institute HEPRI Shijiazhuang, China gengjianghai@163.com
AbstractThe outage rate of high voltage power transmission lines caused by direct lighting has been analyzed and calculated, including straight lightning stroke on tower top (backstroke) and round stroke to conductor (shielding failure). Using the electrical geometry model and exposure distance, the outage rate caused by shielding failure is calculated. Based on the principles of IEEE flash program, the voltage across the insulator string and the outage rate caused by backstroke are calculated. Applying this method, the lightning outage rates of a 220kV double circuit transmission lines in Baoding, Hebei, China have been calculated. According to the calculated results the measures has been proposed which should be taken to improve the line insulation level. Keywords- direct lightning; lightning outage rate; IEEE flash electrical geometry model;

JIA Bo-yan,GAO Shu-guo

Hebei Electric Power Research Institute HEPRI Shijiazhuang, China horace2625@qq.com II.
PARAMETERS OF LIGHTNING

A. Thunderstorm days and Ground lightning density Thunderstorm days are the number of days with thunder and lightning in a year. Thunderstorm lightning hours are the number of hours in a year. Ground lightning density is the number of every thunderstorm lightning strikes per square kilometer on the ground, being the N g . It is with the thunderstorm day, and according to the IEEE standard it is calculated using the following two equations:

N g = 0.04Td 1.25 N g = 0.054Th1.1

(1) (2)

I.

INTRODUCTION

The method to evaluate the lightning shielding performance of transmission line includes order method, guide development model and electrical geometry model and so on. In the calculation of counter-attack lightning, they use travelling wave method, EMTP program and so on. Electrical geometry model link the electrical discharge characteristics of lightning and the structure size of transmission line, and the calculation is simple and convenient, so it is widely used on shielding failure. In this paper, the calculation of directing lightning causing outage is divided into two parts: (1) Using electrical geometric model, based on spatial location between wires and lightning line, calculate the exposure distance, and with distributing rate of lighting current, calculation the lighting outage rate. (2) Based on the basic principles of flash program of IEEE Working Group, calculate the voltage across the insulator strings, and according to the critical breakdown current, calculate back flash overvoltage Applying above method, the lightning outage rates of a 220kV double circuit transmission lines have been calculated. According to the calculated results the measures has been proposed which should be taken to improve the line insulation level.

Td is the average number of thunderstorm days, Th is the average number of Thunderstorm lightning hours
The number of per 100km line being struck by lightning each year has the following three equation
N = Ng (
0.6 28H T +b ) 10

(3) (4)

N = Ng ( N = Ng (

) 10 38h 0.45 +b p 10

4h1.09 +b p

(5)

In the equation, N is the number of lightning on transmission line(100km/year), N g is the ground lightning density( km 2 /year), hp is the vertical height of line, H T is the vertical height of tower, b is the level spacing between ground wires. B.
Amplitude of lightning current

According to a large number of statistical studies, the probability density of first return stroke current I f > I is
f1 ( I ) = ( 1 2 ln I ) exp( (ln I )2 I ) 2 2 ln

(6)

In the formula I < 20kA

I = 61.1kA ln = 1.33

(7)

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(8) I > 20kA I = 33.3kA ln = 0.605 The probability of first returns stroke current amplitude greater than the cumulative needs formula (6) along the current integration, and also can be obtained with the approximate formula
P( I f > I ) = 1+ ( 1 I I first ) 2.6

strike distance is the Smax , Wire is completely shielded, so shielding phenomenon does not occur. The conductor will sag, so the failure rate for the transmission line calculation of shielding required to lead the average height, phase, and the average height of lightning line are: (11)
H p = hp 2 Sap 3

(9)

I is the amplitude of lightning current, 2kA < I < 200kA , I first is the Reference current, I first = 31kA . III. THE TRIP RATE OF LIGHTNING SHIELDING In this paper, we by means of electrical shielding geometry model which is based on the concept of striking distance. Figure 1 describes the lightning strike around the electrical transmission line geometry, according to the theoretical and experimental, it can be used ER Whitehead's formula S = 10 I 0.65 calculated: (10) Figure 1 shows a simplified model used to calculate the lightning shielding failure, which consists of a wire, a grounding wire and reference ground component. is the protection angle between grounding wire to phase, S is the striking distance, hp is the wire height, hg is the line height for the lightning, is the strike distance factor.
A D B

H p is the average height of phase line, H g is average

height of grounding wire, Sap and Sag are the sag of phase line and grounding wire. If having known the strike distance and S > H p , the exposure distance can be calculated X s = S [ cos + sin( s )] (12)
= arcsin S Hp
S

(13) (14) (15)

= arccos

( x p xg ) 2 + ( H p H g ) 2 2S

x xg s = arctan p Hg H p

x p is the horizontal coordinate of phase line, xg is the horizontal coordinate of grounding wire. When S < H p , the
exposure (16) distance is

X s = S [1 + sin( s )]

P
C

S
S S

P E
S

S
R

hg
X

hg

hp

Xs

hp

As noted above, the exposure distance corresponded to the minimum lightning current is X s , and the exposure distance is 0 corresponded to the maxim lightning current
N SF = 0.1N g Xs ( Pmin Pmax ) 2

(17)

Figure 1 (a) shows, the location of lightning pilot with the lightning current intensity I is curve DPER , and DP and PE is based on lightning conductors for the center line and to hit the wire from the radius of the S , parallel to the ground to a height of hit the ground straight away. ER Is shielded DP , located in the lightning will hit the shield wire (Ground Wire). PE Exposure for the transmission line arc, located in the lightning hit the wire around for the phase-ray exposure distance. Located in the straight section of the lightning will hit the ground. With the lightning current increases, the striking distance increases, and the size of the arc corresponding changes, so the exposed wires PE may be hit is smaller and smaller. When the lightning current is increased to certain value X s = 0 , that P and E two points coincided, shown in figure1 (b), P is Critical point. At this point, lightning current DPR can be corresponds to the maximum lightning current shielding I max ,

Fig.1 The electrical geometry model

Pmin is probability when amplitude of lightning current is above critical breakdown current I min , Pmax is the probability
when lightning current is above I max Formula (17) is for a grounding wire and a phase for the actual line calculated, should consider the total number of wire shielding failure conditions, which were calculated by the above method and then sum. In general, the higher the altitude the farther away from the grounding wire of the wire around the most prone to attack, so take this phase is generally exposed to lead as shielding trip rate calculation. IV. COUNTER-ATTACK LIGHTNING RATE

In the high-voltage transmission system, the counter-attack lightning as tripping one of the reasons cannot be ignored. View from the lightning position, counter-attack lightning consists of two parts: one is struck by lightning near the top of the tower and the tower lightning line, lightning into the earth through the tower, resulting in a higher potential top of the tower, so that insulator flashover, the other part is the lightning lightning-line file from the center. As long as the air gap in

order for the requirements of the central span of lightning line flashover does not occur normally, of course, does not cause the trip back. So, that trip back from the first case is mainly determined.
I (t )

K s is attenuation coefficient of span, this article taking 0.85, s is lightning current propagation time on the span. If s > 1s , there is no reflected volt at 2s . When s < 1s , the VT 2 = VT 2 + VT' 2 (26) potential of tower is
At (2 + T )s , the potential of grounding voltage is Z T VR 2 = 1 I 1 I 1 1
1 =

Z s' 2

L
VT (t )

VR (t )

R'

V pn (t )

(27) (28)

Take the tower as a transmission line, the equivalent circuit model is expressed by R-L. Tower on the counter over-voltage points calculation model shown in Figure 2. 2 Z s ZT (18) Z s' =
Z s + 2 ZT RZT R' = ZT R

Fig.2 The cross arm voltage calculation model

1 is the attenuation coefficient of grounding current.

V pn 2 = VR 2 +

2R ZT + R

T pn (VT 2 VR 2 ) T

(29)

pn is transmitted time from the tower top to n bars of

lightning current. Nth phase line voltage is the voltage difference between insulator string of bars voltage and phase Vsn 2 = V pn 2 K nVT 2 (30) voltage

(19)
2

Z ' + 2 R ' 2 ZW T L= s ' 2 Zs (1 )

(20)

L is the total Inductance( H ) of tower, T is the propagation time along the tower of Voltage wave( s ), R is the grounding resistance of tower, ZT Shock resistance of tower, Z s is resistance of grounding wire, Attenuation coefficient of tower
2 ZT Z s 2 ZT R (2 ZT + Z s )2 ZT + R 2 Z Z s ZT R = T 2ZT + Z s ZT + R ZW =

K n is the coupling coefficient of phase line

At t = 6s , the peak of lightning current has passed, the tower lost the role of impact resistance, and so the potential of tower top:
Zs R VT 6 = I Z s + 2R

(31)

(21) (22)

For the reflected wave from adjacent tower, because of its strength is relatively small, so consider only the first reflex, and its expression is:
R VT' 6 = 4 K s Z s Zs + 2R
2

This article uses the units of the lightning current waveform and insulators volt-second characteristics of a combination of methods to calculate the critical breakdown voltage insulator. Usually when the lightning current 2s peak withstands voltage insulator string on the maximum; general, 6s after the insulator due to the volt-second characteristic curve has stabilized, the occurrence of flashover probability is very small. For the tower and the analysis of the voltage on the insulator strings only need to calculate the value of two times 2s to 6s When lightning strikes on the tower top, we only need calculated voltage value between two time points, so the calculation is easier. On non-reflective case, 2s the tower top potential is given by: Z (23) V = Z W 1 T I
T2

The voltage of insulator is

2R 1 I Zs + 2R

(32)

' Vsn 6 = VT 6 + VT 6 (1 K n ) The potential of insulator at 2s and 6s is

(33)

(34) (35) W is he length of insulator. Without considering the frequency currents, the critical flashover current at 2s and

VI 2 = 820W VI 6 = 585W

6s is

I cn 2 =

VI 2 Vsn 2

(36) (37)

I cn 6 =

VI 6 Vsn 6

1 1 Z s ZT ZI = Z s + 2 ZT

(24)

V.

PROJECT EXAMPLES AND RESULTS

Reflected voltage of adjacent tower can be expressed as:

VT' 2 = 4 K sVT 2 1 2VT 2 (1 s ) Zs Zs

(25)

According to above theory, we take a 220kV line as an example, calculate and analyze its lightning trip-out rate. The length of line is 82.868km, double-line on one tower, tower type is: GUZ11; GUZ21; GUZ31; GUZ41; SDJ; SJ11; SJ21; SJ31. In which 141 base are lines towers, 50 bases are tension towers. Tower height is between 30m-60m. The line was put

into operation in October 2005. Phase structure is three-phase conductors which are arranged vertically relative to a back order from top to bottom BCA, two back to the phase sequence from top to bottom BAC. Two-phase vertical line splitting LGJ-240/30 ACSR, the use of overhead ground wire strand. Overhanging insulator uses FXB-220/100 composite insulator, Strain insulator uses LXP-10 glass insulator, insulator string length 2440 mm. The number of being struck by lightning each year per 100 km on lines can use (3) - (5) three different formulas to calculate. Three European countries and scholars formula is based on theoretical analysis and a lot of statistical data obtained, but the formula for different regions of china which situations require specific analysis. We use the three formulas to calculate the number of times struck by lightning every 100 km of the line each year, and then use this formula to other theories of the entire 100km route each year caused by cloud-trip times (back and shielding sum), the calculation of the average annual thunderstorm take 25 days, ignoring the topography. The results shown in Figure 3 - Figure 5.
3.5 3 3 2.5

due to the randomness of the frequency of lightning, thunderstorm days in the area were taken within the thunderstorm days 25, 30, 35. According to formula (3) of the line triggered lightning formula calculated whole different line of thunderstorms lightning trip-out rate with the average tower grounding resistance curve shown in Figure 6.
10 9 8

/ /

25 30 35

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 5 10 15

Fig.6 The average outage rate based on equation (3)

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0

1.5

0.5

50

100

150

200

50

100

150

200

Fig.3 The outage rate based on equation (3)

2.5 2

Fig.4 The outage rate based on equation (4)

It can be seen from Figure 6, with tower grounding resistance increases, the line of the lightning trip-out rate rise. The increase in thunderstorm day, the line trip rate also increases. With the line struck by lightning trip-out rate in 2006 3.62 times / 100km / visible in contrast, if taken for 35 thunderstorm days, tower grounding resistance of 10, the application of this method to calculate the average rate of lightning trip line and close to the actual results . According to soil conditions, tower grounding resistance of 10 should be more close to the actual situation. In addition, the tower height is around 50m entire line, larger height more easily triggered lightning. In response to this situation, you can take to reduce tower grounding resistance, optimize or reduce the tower height hanging wire lines resistant to measures to improve the level of mine. VI. CONCLUSIONS Based on the geometric electrical model and the flash program recommended by IEEE working group, we calculate a 220kV transmission line lightning stroke rate, which includes counter-attack lightning rate and lightning shielding Analysis the impact of thunderstorm days and tower grounding resistance on the line tripping rate caused by direct lightning stroke, and the actual statistical results and line lightning tripout rate in 2006 is closer. We propose in the design of lightning protection using this calculation method to estimate the rate of lightning trip line. REFERENCES
[1] F. A. M. Rizk. Modeling of Transmission Line Exposure to Direct Lightning Strokes [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1990, 5(4): 1983-1997. G. W. Brown, E. R. Whitehead. Field and Analytical Studies of Transmission Lines Part [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1969, 88(5): 617-626. F. S. Young, J. M. Clayton, A. R. Hileman. Shielding of Transmission Lines [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1963, (82)132-154. Yu Wang, Xishan Wen, Lei Lan. etc. Effects of Impulse Voltage Waveforms on Lightning Shielding Simulation Test of Transmission Lines [J]. Power and Engineering Conference, 2009:1-4. Fan Chun-lei. Wu Guang-ning, Li Rui-fang. Study on Shielding Failure Flashover Rate for EHV Transmission Line[C]. International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application, Chongqing, China, November 9-13, 2008: 172-175.

/ /

/ /

1.5

0.5

0 0

50

/ /

100

150

200

The line lightning trip in 2006 was 3.62 times / 100km / year. From the previous three figures, can be seen from equation (3) calculated by the back of the line throughout the year and failure caused by lightning trip-wire shielded highest value reached 3.2 times / 100km / year, the other two formulas to calculate the lightning trip rates were 2.9 times / 100km / year and 2.35 times / 100km / year. As the paper did not consider the terrain and ground inclination issues, the results slightly lower than the actual situation, but based on the formula (3) results than the other two formulas based on the results closer to the actual situation, the case for higher line tower trip rate calculations. Figure 3 - Figure 5 can also be seen as the trend line, there are the peak area of the tower grounding resistance is relatively large. Tower grounding resistance shows a great impact on trip rates. The majority of line tower grounding resistance is 0.5-1 , there are some 10 . As the actual tower grounding resistance is less than a low probability, the power sector of data may be biased, this article take a different tower grounding resistance values (1, 5, 10 and 15) were calculated. On the other hand,

Fig.5 The outage rate of transmission line based on equation (5)

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]