Kilito, Judith D.

CBA- 12:30-2:00 TTH Lymphatic System Structure and Function: Lymph- fluid Lymphatic Vessel- Transports lymph Lymphatic Tissue- specialized form of reticular connective tissue Lymphatic Capillaries- located in spaces between cells and are closed; has greater permeability than blood capillaries *red bone marrow *lymphocytes-granular white blood cells Functions of lymphatic System: a. Drains excess interstitial fluid b. Transports dietary lipids c. Carries out immune response *anchoring filaments- attached to lymphatic capillaries which contain elastic fibers Lymph trunks a. b. c. d. e. Lumbar trunk- drains lymph from lower limbs wall and viscera pelvis, kidneys. Intestinal Trunk- drains lymph from stomach, intestine, pancreas, spleen, liver Bronchomediastinal trunk- drains lymph from thoracic wall, lung and heart Subclavian trunk- drains lymph from upper limbs Jugular trunk- drains lymph from head and neck

Thoracic Duct/ Left lymphatic duct- 38-35 cm(15-18 in.) Formation and flow of lymph BC-> IS-> LC-> LV->LD-SV Blood Capillaries-> Interstitial Spaces-. Lymphatic Capillaries-> Lymphatic Vessels-> Lymphatic Ducts-> Subclavian Veins Two pumps that aid in return of venous blood to the heart: 1.) Skeletal muscle pump

2.) Respiratory pump

Lymphatic Organs and Tissues Primary Lymphatic Organ- sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent Red bone marrow in flat bones And epiphyses in long bones

Secondary Lymphatic Organs & tissues- site where most immune response occurs. Lymph nodes Spleen Lymphatic nodules

Organ: a. Thymus- bilobel; located in mediastinum between sternum and aorta Trabeculae- extensions of capsules b. Lymph nodes- bean shaped; located along lymphatic vessels; 1-25mm (0.4-1 in.) c. Spleen- largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body 12 cm/ 5 in; located in left hypochondriac region between stomach and diaphragm White pulp- lymphatic tissues consisting of lymphocytes Red pulp- consists of blood filled venous sinuses and splenic/ Bill Roths cords

Lymphatic Nodules/ Follicles Egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue MALT- Mucous- Associated Lymphatic Tissue Single pharyngeal- Tonsil/Adenoid- posterior wall of nasal pharynx Two palatine tonsils- Lie at posterior region of oral cavity Lingual Tonsils- Located on base of tongue, may require removal in tonsillectomy Development of lymphatic tissue Lymphatic tissue begin to develop by end of 5th week; lymphatic vessel develop from lymph sacs Innate Immunity- external and chemical barriers

First line of defense- skin and mucous membrane Epidermis- provides physical barrier to entrance of microbes Mucous Membrane- secretes mucus that lubricates and moisten cavity surface Other Fluids: Oils: Sebum Perspiration Lacrimal apparatus Saliva Flow of urine Vaginal secretion Vomiting

Second line of Defense: 1.) Internal antimicrobial substances Interferons- released by virus infected cells: Alpha, beta, gamma Complement- when activated, enhances certain immune reactions Iron-binding-inhibit the growth of certain bacteria Antimicrobial- produced by sweat glands 2.) Natural killers *phagocytes-specialized cells that perform phagocytosis *phagocytosis-ingestion of microbes or other particles which occurs in 5 stages: 1.) Chemo taxis 2.) Adherence 3.) Ingestion 4.) Digestion 5.) Killing Inflammation- a nonspecific defensive response of the body to tissue damage Stages: 1. Vasodilation 2. Phagocyte immigration ,

3. Tissue repair Fever- abnormally high body temperature that occurs because the hypothalamic thermostat is reset. Adaptive immunity- the ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents. Types of adaptive Immunity: Cell-mediated Immunity- cytotoxic t cells directly attack invading antigens Antibody-mediated immunity- B cells transform into plasma cells which synthesize and secrete protein called antibodies or immunoglobulins.

Clonal section- process by which a lymphocyte divides and forms highly specialized cells in response specific antigen. Self-Recognition and self-tolerance Self-recognition- to function properly t cells must be able to recognize own major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein. Self-tolerance- t cells must be able lack reactivity to peptide fragments from own proteins. Stress and Immunity Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) - field that deals with communication pathways that link nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Aging and Immune System With advancing age people become more susceptible to all types of infections and malignancies.