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Notes Chemical Reactions

Signs of chemical reactions When a chemical reaction occurs, the reactants are used up and new substances called the products are made. These four signs generally indicate that a new substance has been formed as a result of a chemical reaction (chemical change). 1. a change of color . a change of energy (The reaction is called !endothermic" if the system absorbs energy and !exothermic" if the system releases energy.) #. a new gas is e$ol$ed (This is not %ust a physical change such as boiling or e$aporation.) &. a new solid (precipitate ) is made Chemical reactions are often classified by type. 'ne method of classification follows.

Types of chemical reactions (. )ynthesis (also called combination or composition) *. means ! +. reactants, two or more elements or C. product, one D. representati$e e-uation, * . / */ 0. e1amples 1. 2223 . 222' 2223 ' 222NaCl 222CaC'# "

. 222Na . 222Cl

#. 222Ca' . 222C' &. 2224 . 222+r 5. 2226e . 222'

222 222

((. Decomposition *. means ! +. is the C. reactant, D. products, of a synthesis reaction "

0. representati$e e-uation, */ * . / 6. e1amples 1. 2223g' 2223g . 222' . 2224Cl'# 2224Cl . 222' #. 222Ca('3) 222Ca' . 2223 '

&. 2223 )'& 2223 ' . 222)'# 5. 2223 ' 222 . 222

(Notice that each of the products in the decomposition reactions above is a neutral molecule or atom. Another type of change is called dissociation. Although its equations look similar, no new substance is produced. Dissociation is therefore a physical, not a chemical, change. Compare the following equations to decomposition equations and e plain how they are different.! a. """NaCl(s! """Na#$(aq! # """Cl%$(aq! b. """Ca(N&'!( (s! """Ca#((aq! # """N&'%$(aq!

(((. )ingle replacement (single displacement) *. one element replaces a similar element in a +. reactants, an C. products, a different and a and a new compound

D. representati$e e-uations, (* is a metal) * . +/ + . */ (7 is a nonmetal, usually a halogen) 7 . +/ / . +7 0. * metal element will try to replace the element will try to replace the on p. 9. e1amples 1. 2224 . 222NaCl 2224Cl . 222Na . 222:i . 2223 ' (or 2223'3) 222:i'3 . 2223 #. 2223g . 2223 ' N; &. 222Cl . 222Cu+r 222CuCl . 222+r of the compound8 a nonmetal of the compound. it.

6. Whether a single replacement reaction will occur can be predicted by the . *n element can replace elements

5. 222*gN'# . 222Cu 222*g . 222Cu(N'#)

<. 222(

. 222Na+r . 2223

=. 222Ca . 2223Cl 222

(>. Double replacement (double displacement) *. cations and anions in two compounds +. reactants, two compounds, usually ionic compounds in a-ueous solutions C. products, 6or these reactions to ta?e place, one of the following must be a product@ 1. a precipitate (a new compound is made that is not soluble) )olubility table on p. . water #. a gas (such as , or ) D. representati$e e-uation, */ . +7 *7 . +/ (Why wouldnAt the products *+ or /7 formB) 0. e1amples 1. 222*gN'# . 222NaCl 222*gCl . 222NaN'# . 222Cu) . 2223N'# 2223 ) . 222Cu(N'#) #. 2224'3 . 2223 )'& 2223 ' . 2224 )'& &. 222+aCl . 222:i )'&

5. 222Cg(N'#)

. 222NaCl

>. Combustion *. also called ! " to support combustion and is also produced. Combustion . C' . 3' +. reactants, a carbonDcontaining fuel and C. products, (if combustion is complete) ((f combustion is incomplete, dangerous D. Combustion reactions are

in e$eryday uses, such as car engines, fireplaces and grills, is incomplete.) 0. representati$e e-uation for complete combustion, C 13y'E . ' 6. e1amples 1. 222C3& . 222' 222C' . 2223 '

. 222C 35'3 (ethanol) . 222' #. 222C#3F (propane) . 222 ' &. 222C<31 '< (glucose) . 222 5. 222C&31G (butane) . 222