Causative verbs express an action which is caused to happen.

In other words, when I have something done for me I cause it to happen. In other words, I do not actually do anything, but ask someone else to do it for me. This is the sense of causative verbs. Intermediate to advanced level English learners should study the causative verb as an alternative to the passive voice. Causative Verbs Jack had his house painted. This sentence is similar in meaning to: Someone painted Jack's house. O Jack's house was painted by someone. Causative verbs express the idea of someone causing something to take place. Causative verbs can be similar in meaning to passive verbs. Examples: !y hair was cut. "passive# I had my hair cut. "causative# $oth %make% and %have% can be used as causative verbs. Make %!ake% as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person re&uires another person to do something. Construction Chart 'ub(ect ) !ake ) *erson ) $ase +orm of ,erb Examples: *eter made her do her homework. The teacher made the students stay after class. Have %-ave% as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person wants something to be done for them. This causative verb is often used when speaking about various services. There are two forms of the causative verb %have%. Construction Chart: Use 1

'ub(ect ) -ave ) *erson ) $ase +orm of ,erb Examples: They had .ohn arrive early. 'he had her children cook dinner for her. Construction Chart: Use 2 'ub(ect ) -ave ) Ob(ect ) *ast *articiple Examples: I had my hair cut last 'aturday. 'he had the car washed at the weekend. Note: This form is similar in meaning to the passive. Get %/et% is used as a causative verb in a similar way as %have% is used with the participle. This expresses the idea that the person wants something to be done for them. The causative verb is often used in a more idiomatic manner than %have%. Construction Chart 'ub(ect ) /et ) *erson ) *ast *articiple Examples: They got their house painted last week. Tom got his car washed yesterday.

Signal Words In order to be able to lead your reader in the direction you want to go, you will have to use strong transitions in your writing. 0ou can do that in several ways: by using entire sentences to connect one thought to another, entire paragraphs to give more background information, or simply a word or two to indicate your intentions. This list of signals is from The New Reading Teacher's ook o! "ists, 1234 *rentice5-all, Inc., 6nglewood Cliffs, 7. 89:;<. $y 6. +ry, =. +ountoukidis, and .. *olk.
1. Continuation Signals Warning!there are "ore ideas to co"e#: and first of all moreover one reason with 2. Change$o%$direction signals Watch out!&e're doubling back#: although even though nevertheless rather but however otherwise still conversely in contrast the opposite yet despite instead of on the contrary while different from in spite of on the other hand though also likewise other another more secondly again in addition moreover similarly and finally last of all next too

> final reason furthermore

(. Se)uence signals *here is an order to these ideas#: first, second, third next into "far into the night# always >, $, C before until O?clock in the first place now last on time for one thing after during later then while since earlier

+. ,llustration signals Here's &hat that -rinci-le "eans in realit.#: for example much like specifically in the same way as for instance similar to to illustrate such as

/. 0"-hasis signals *his is i"-ortant#: a ma(or development most noteworthy a vital force the most substantial issue especially relevant the principal item 1. Cause2 condition2 or result signals Condition or "odi%ication co"ing u-#: because so until so that due to if while since therefore of then as unless for but whether yet from that in order that thus it all boils down a significant to factor key feature more than anything else most of all a ma(or event should be noted especially important the chief outcome a primary concern pay particular attention to a distinctive &uality the basic concept important to note

remember that a central issue above all the main value

the crux of the especially matter valuable

resulting from conse&uently

3. S-atial signals 4ns&ers the 5&here6 )uestion#: between left this east on right side about by these middle north here close to west south there near beside around

over into below outside far

under behind opposite inside in

away toward upon alongside ad(acent

in front of beyond outside over near

across above upon out next to

7. Co"-arison$contrast signals We &ill no& co"-are idea 4 &ith idea 8#: and most same much as still rather or either better like yet while also less even analogous to however though too less than then but although best more than half different from opposite

9. Conclusion signals *his ends the discussion and "a. have s-ecial i"-ortance#: as a result in summary conse&uently hence finally last of all from this we see therefore in conclusion

1:. ;u<< signals ,dea not e=act2 or author to -ositive and &ishes to )uali%. a state"ent#: almost some might sort of 11. exclamation point "@# indention of paragraph if except reputed probably Non$&ord e"-hasis signals underline graphic illustrations italics bold t.-e subheads, like The Conclusion A&uotation marksB looks like should seems like maybe alleged was reported could nearly purported

numbered very short points "1,<,;# sentence:

'top Car.

The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition and burn the fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture. The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any standard internal or external combustion engine due to its very highcompression ratio. ow-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds !"#. $%&$'& (iesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. )ince the %*%"s they have been used in submarines and ships. +se in locomotives, trucks, heavy e,uipment and electric generating plants followed later. -n the %*."s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. )ince the %*/"s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the +)0 increased. 0ccording to the 1ritish )ociety of 2otor 2anufacturing and Traders, the 3+ average for diesel cars account for !"# of the total sold, including /"# in 4rance and .5# in the +6.$.&

0 steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressuri7ed steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. -ts modern manifestation was invented by )ir 8harles 9arsons in %55:.$%& 1ecause the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator ; about *"# of all electricity generation in the +nited )tates (%**<) is by use of steam turbines.
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The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic

efficiency from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible expansion process.

0 gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. -t has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. The basic operation of the gas turbine is similar to that of the steam power plant except that air is used instead of water. 4resh atmospheric air flows through a compressor that brings it to higher pressure. 3nergy is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so the combustion generates a high-temperature flow. This high-temperature high-pressure gas enters a turbine, where it expands down to the exhaust pressure, producing a shaft work output in the process. The turbine shaft work is used to drive the compressor and other devices such as an electric generator that may be coupled to the shaft. The energy that is not used for shaft work comes out in the exhaust gases, so these have either a high temperature or a high velocity. The purpose of the gas turbine determines the design so that the most desirable energy form is maximi7ed. =as turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships,electrical generators, or even tanks.$%&