Lecture 1: Tree of Life 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What are the 3 domains of life? What is the difference between biogenesis and heterogenesis?

What is a phylogeny? How can one be built? Homology vs. analogy? Homoplasies result from _______. What is the molecular clock hypothesis? What gene was used in the Woese paper? Why? In Phylogenetic trees, branch length is proportional to evolutionary distance. T/F 9. Define sister taxa, branch point, polytomy. 10. What is the difference between maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood? 11. What is the difference between orthologous and paralogous genes? 12. What is the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis? 13. What are the nutritional modes discussed in this lecture? 14. What are anaerobes? Lecture 2: Prokaryotes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What are microbes? What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Give some examples of symbiosis. Give examples of pathogenic bacteria. What is the general size of a bacterium? What are the possible shapes of a bacterium? Which appendages are optional? 6. What are plasmids? 7. Describe the bacterial phospholipid bilayer. 8. Describe bacterial cell walls. 9. What is sporulation and when do certain bacterial cells resort to it? 10. Know examples of multicellularity in bacteria. 11. Describe the Archaea. How are they distinct from bacteria? Lecture 3: Viruses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Whats the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic? How is water treatment important for public health? What is the host pathogen balance? What is the general structure of a virus? How big are viruses compared to bacteria? What is a capsid? What are the characteristics of a membranous envelope? One of your slides says that viruses dont maintain bodily integrity. What does this mean?

9. Describe the viral reproductive cycle. 10. Why are viruses described as hijackers? 11. What are retroviruses and how did their discovery affect the central dogma? 12. What is a provirus? 13. How does AZT work? 14. How do vaccines work? What kinds are generally produced? 15. Describe the vaccines for smallpox and rabies. 16. What are viroids? What type of nucleic acid are they made of? 17. What are prions? Do they have a nucleic acid component? 18. Describe the structure of a bacteriophage. 19. Whats the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle? 20. What are the modes of horizontal gene transfer? Lecture 4: Protists 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What are protists? What is an endosymbiont? What is enodymbiosis? What is primary endosymbiosis? What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella? What is secondary endosymbiosis, and how does it differ from primary? What are kinetoplastids? How are they related to Euglenids? What are the characteristics of sleeping sickness? How is it transmitted? What is its life cycle? Why is there a periodicity of symptoms? 8. What are the apicomplexa? What disease did we study in class that results from infection by one? 9. What are diatoms? 10. Are brown algae multicellular? 11. What are amoebazoans? 12. Why is dictyostelium a model organism for the evolution of multicellularity? Lecture 5: Immune System 1. 2. 3. 4. What are pathogens? What are the two types of immune responses? What are the qualities of innate immunity? Describe barrier defenses, cellular defenses and the inflammatory response. 5. What are cytokines? 6. What is phagocytosis? Types of phagocytotic cells? 7. Describe the lymphatic system. 8. Describe the complement system. 9. What are the MACs? 10. How do pathogens evade the immune system? 11. What are the stages of TB? Symptoms?

12. Describe acquired immunity. 13. What are memory cells? 14. What is MHC? 15. Name 4 characteristics of adaptive immunity. 16. What is the difference between the humoral and cell-mediated branches of adaptive immunity? 17. What do helper T cells do? 18. How do antibodies work? 19. What is opsonization? 20. What is immune rejection? 21. What are allergies? 22. What is an autoimmune disease? 23. What about an immunodeficiency disease? Lecture 6: Fungi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Fungi are closest to what kingdom? What do they do? What are they used for? What are the types of Fungi? Do they ingest food? What is the general body structure of a fungus? Describe fungal sexual and asexual reproduction. What is syngamy? Plasmogamy? Karyogamy? Know charcteristics of Chytrids, Zygomycetes, Glomeromycetes, Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. 9. What are mycorrhizae? 10. Where does Penicillin come from? 11. How does Penicillin work? 12. What are imperfect fungi? 13. What are lichens? Animal Diversity 1. What are metazoans? 2. Why is Cnidaria eumetazoan while Porifera are not? 3. What are choanoflagellates? 4. Are all animals multicellular? 5. What is a choanocyte? 6. What are the specialized cells of the sponge? 7. What are true tissues? 8. What is the blastula? 9. Describe gastrulation. 10. Describe the Cnidarians. How many germ layers do they have? Give an example of a sessile and motile cnidarian. 11. What does diploblastic mean?

Lecture 7: Invertebrates 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What are the 2 types of body plans? What is bilateral symmetry? What does triploblastic mean? What are the 3 layers in a triploblast? The 2 in a diploblast? What is a coelom? Describe the lophotrochozoa? Are they very diverse? What do they have in common? 7. Describe the body of flatworms. One opening or 2? 8. Describe annelids. Are they coelomates? Why can they regenerate when cut? 9. Describe the basic body plan of a mollusk. 10. Do most mollusks have an open or closed circulatory system? 11. What are cephalopods? Do they have an open or closed circulatory system? 12. Name some gastropods. How about some bivalves? 13. What are the Ecdysozoans we studied? What are their shared characteristics? 14. What type of organism is C. elegans? Why is it used as a model organism? 15. List the main characteristics of the arthropod. 16. What are hox genes? 17. What are the 3 parts of an insect? Arachnid parts? 18. Do arthropods have open or closed circulatory systems? 19. What are chelicerates? 20. Describe metamorphosis. 21. What are deuterstomes? How are they distinct from protostomes? Give some examples of the former. Lecture 8: Animal Diversity III 1. What characteristics define the vertebrates? 2. What are chordates? Major characteristics? 3. What are cephalochordates? Example? 4. Tunicates? Examples? 5. Craniates? Examples? 6. What is the neural crest? Why is it important? 7. Why are lampreys important (to study of evolution). 8. Gnathostomes? 9. Chondrichthyans? 10. Ray finned fishes? What is the swim bladder? 11. What are the modes of embryo development? 12. What are lobe fins and lung fish, and why are they important? 13. Tetrapod characteristics? 14. Describe the amniotic egg. It is adapted for _______ life. 15. What are some of these adaptations?

16. Reptile characterstics. 17. Bird characteristics. Endo or exothermic? 18. Structure of bird wing and bones. 19. 2 key characteristics that define mammals. 20. What are synapsids? Diapsids? 21. Describe the structure of mammalian ears. 22. What are monotremes? Marsupials? 23. Primate characteristics. Are we primates? 24. Describe unique human characteristics.