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Appendix 2 Backup System & Tree CIimbing Activity EvaIuation
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24
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.
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
25
Appendix 3 Definitions
Definitions current position as of 6
th
December 2004
PersonaI FaII Protection System: Assembly of components or equipment to protect the
individual whilst working at height ( including gaining access/egress from the working position).
PersonaI faII prevention system: Personal fall protection system not using a body holding
device connected to an anchor, by which a person is prevented from reaching zones where the
risk of a fall exists.
Work Restraint system: Personal fall protection system which uses a body holding device
connected to a reliable anchor to prevent a person from reaching zones where the risk of a fall
exists.
Work positioning system: Personal fall protection system which normally includes a body
holding device connected to a reliable anchor to support the user in tension or suspension in
such a way that a fall is prevented or restricted.
Rope access system: Personal fall protection system, using two lines (or ropes), each
positionally static and separately secured to reliable anchors, one equipped with a body
holding device acting as the primary means of support and the other equipped to act as a
safety back up to arrest and restrict the fall in the event the primary support fails.
FaII arrest system: Personal fall protection system which uses a body holding device
connected to a reliable anchor to arrest and restrict a fall so as to prevent the collision of the
user with the ground or structure whilst limiting the forces on the body.
Rescue system: Personal fall protection system by which a person can carry out a rescue,
rescue himself/herself or be rescued from a height or a depth by pulling, lifting, lowering or
self ascent/descent
ExampIes of FundamentaI principIes :
if the rope moves with the user then it will either be work positioning ( e.g bosun chair or
arboriculture prussiking on single rope ) or fall arrest (e.g. lead climbing).
f the rope remains stationary and user moves along it using his own effort it will either be
work positioning (e.g on a sloping surface using a rope grab on a standing line) or rope
access (moving up and down using two predominently vertical stationary lines)
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
26
Appendix 4 Summary Reports From Update & Standard Setting Events.
Meetings were held around the UK during May September 2004, as follows: -
Myerscough College, Lancashire 28
th
May
Ulffecombe, Devon 5
th
June
Lanark, Scotland 8
th
June
Holmfirth, Yorkshire 11
th
June
Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire 12
th
June
Perth, Scotland 24
th
June
Sparsholt College, Hampshire 29
th
June
Beulah, Mid Wales 2
nd
July
Plumpton College, Sussex 16
th
July
Norwich, Norfolk 16
th
July
Pickering, Yorkshire 3
rd
August
Moulton College, Northamptonshire 9
th
September
Participant numbers varied from five to twenty five. At each meeting, the facilitators were
asked to divide the delegates into manageable groups and to examine the practicability of
using two ropes in a number of different scenarios.
The summary reports are printed verbatim.
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
27
LANTRA/NPTC AeriaI Tree work
assessor/instructor update
Myerscough CoIIege
28
th
May 2004
Feedback on the practical standard setting session on two rope working in line with the draft
Work at Height Regulations
For the standard setting the assessors/instructors were split into 4 groups. Two groups were
asked to look at two rope working during ascent into the crown of a tree and two groups were
asked to look at two rope work during movement around the crown of the tree. The groups were
asked to look at possible systems and what issues or additional hazards that the systems would
create in a working and/or training situation.
Group 1- Two rope working during ascent into the crown of a tree
This group looked at using a double access line. This could be two separate lines or one
line doubled. Both lines were secured to the base of the tree end creating two static lines.
Double mechanical ascenders were attached to both lines and used for footlocking as
normal. This meant that if one line failed or came out of the ascender then the remaining
line would still be anchored.
When set up using one doubled line they are both the same anchor point and there would
be no back-up if the anchor point failed.
When using one doubled line the system also requires a climbing length 4 times the
height of the anchor point.
Both these problems could be overcome where two separate lines are used but the
anchor points would need to be in line with each another so that the double ascenders
could be used this is rarely possible in a working situation.
The system only suited footlocking access and could not be re-set at change-overs.
Group 2 - Two rope working during ascent into the crown of a tree
This group looked at using one static line with a self-locking system and one traditional
access line. Both a friction hitch and a mechanical ascender were tried as the self-locking
system on static line.
This line had to be held or weighted from below when using either during the ascent
through the mechanical ascender worked slightly better.
The system created additional confusion to re-set it at change-overs.
t was found that the extra line and attachment karabiners created additional hazards of
confusion and congestion at the harness attachment point and the possibility of
entanglement of the lines.
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
28
Group 3 - Two rope working during movement around the crown of the tree
This group looked at using two separate anchor points and two separate ropes or both
ends of the same rope, each with a friction hitch. When branch walking one hand is
needed for stability so both friction hitches must be adjusted with one hand.
When moving out on a branch it was possible to hold both friction hitches with one hand
but this was only when the anchor points were close together. When the anchor points
were further apart it created more of an angle and was very difficult to adjust both friction
handles with one hand.
t was much more difficult to adjust both friction hitches when moving back towards the
stem. The friction hitches had to be adjusted one at a time which doubled the effort
required and the time taken. This lead to additional hazards of more fatigue, risk of
entanglement and additional confusion.
Other observations were that there was some friction from rope on rope. t was thought
that adjusting both friction hitches at the same time would be easier with a distil,
valdotain, machard etc but these are not generally knots taught in initial training.
Group 4 - Two rope working during movement around the crown of the tree
This group looked at use of a belay when branch walking.
The extra belay line created additional hazards of confusion and congestion at the
harness attachment point and the possibility of entanglement of the lines.
t was thought that these hazards would be greater and affect the practicalities of work
when undertaking more complex operations such as rigging.
The climber invariable holds the climbing line for support when branch walking and in this
instance the climber grabbed the belay line by mistake on more than one occasion.
The climber also thought that he had reduced amount of control by being belayed from
someone on the ground.
The belayer would need to be trained in belay techniques and the belay would need to be
failsafe (i.e. lock if the belayer let go).
There was also concern that the use of a belayer would require another person
throughout the climb and this would be impractical in a working or training situation.
GeneraI concIusions
t was thought that, although possible, all the systems tried were not reasonably
practicable in a working or training situation.
All systems tried created additional hazards of confusion, congestion at the harness
attachment or the attachment point in the tree and entanglement of the lines.
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
29
Lantra/NPTC AeriaI Tree Work Assessor/Instructor Update
UffcuIme, Devon
5
th
June 2004
Feedback on the practical standard setting session on two rope working in line with the draft
Work at Height Regulations.
The working group comprised three NPTC assessors/Tree climbing instructors, one of whom
runs a tree work contracting business. The issues of two rope working were addressed in a
session accessing the tree and then undertaking a branch walk.
The issues relating to Reg 8 were discussed prior to the practical session and several 'two
rope' methods were considered.
Two rope working during ascent into the crown of a tree
The group decided to look at a simple belay system would be the best options. The
belay comprised a single rope attached to the climbers main sub pelvic harness
attachment and belayed directly from the groundsman using a prussic loop attached
again to the sub pelvic main attachment. The climber used the traditional two rope
system.
n several cases the same anchor point had to be used for both ropes increasing the risk
of rope chafing and placing the reliance on a single anchor point.
The system worked fairly simply principally because the tree was open grown and anchor
point selection was relatively easy. Epicormic growth and very open crowns could make
having to place two ropes over anchors more time consuming, and would require greater
physical effort.
Changeovers were made more complex by having to consider the belay route.
Although the single belay rope and karabiner were easily identifiable for the climber the
extra karabiner attached to the main anchor point posed an extra complication.
The climber commented that communication between him and the belayer had to be
good and on noisy sites or higher in the crown this could become difficult and lead to
confusion.
Two rope working during movement around the crown of the tree
This group looked at using two separate anchor points and two separate ropes or both
ends of the same rope, each with a friction hitch. When branch walking one hand is
needed for stability so both friction hitches must be adjusted with one hand.
nitialaccesstothelimbwherea'trapeze'hadbeensetupworkedwellbutreliedona
highandlateralanchorpoint.
Branch walking and having to adjust two friction knots was very difficult and resulted in
greater 'pull back' forces due to two ropes on the climber.
Balance and movement in the crown during branch walking was impeded by the extra
lines and their weight.
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
30
t was much more difficult to adjust both friction hitches when moving back towards the
stem. The friction hitches had to be adjusted one at a time which doubled the effort
required and the time taken. This lead to additional hazards of more fatigue, risk of
entanglement and additional confusion.
Finding a 'loading bearing' second anchor that would assist the climber in achieving a
workpositionintheoutcrownwasthoughtobe aproblemandsothesecondlinewould
serve'littlepracticalpurposeoraclimber'.
GeneraI concIusions
Two rope working was though to be possible in certain treework situations particularly in
open crown trees however the group felt strongly that it so impeded and complicated
access to the crown that industry would not adopt it.
Both systems used complicated tree climbing adding to the risk of confusion, line
entanglement and loss of good ergonomic techniques.
The two rope method during some branch walking operations would pose a greater
danger to the climber due to line entanglement, extra rope weight and loss of climber
balance.
Self rescue situations would be made more awkward where two lines were present.
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
31
Assessor/Instructor Update
Lanark
8
th
June 2004
New Work at Height ReguIations
FootIocking Access
Use of two separately anchored lines and a twin cam ascender proved successful for this,
giving the required back up. (The climber's attachment to the ascender was NOT duplicated).
nstalling two lines was time consuming and it was an ideal tree. Getting suitable anchor
points close together would rarely be possible.
The climber was dependent on the groundsman to disconnect the correct line during the initial
change over from foot locking to friction hitch.
t was felt a normal foot locking system with a full arrester (e.g. Troll Rocker) on a second backup
line would be a preferred option but this was not tried the second line may get in the way.
Body Thrusting Access
Two ropes and a single strap plus both ends of rope and a strop were tried. The use of a micro
pulley on the second line with the groundsman pulling the friction knot up the rope reduced the
time and made the ascent easier. t was possible but slow.
Major concern was expressed about the number of ropes (4ends) attached to a harness. t was
felt that this would lead to a great deal of confusion and errors, especially in training and among
less experienced climbers. The problem was most acute on harnesses with a single front
attachment point. Using both ends of the roe had 3 disadvantages. Both ropes were the same
colour so there was more risk of confusion. The climber ran out of rope on the way down and had
to re-anchor during the descent. There is the risk of a U loop of rope into which falling timber
could land, pulling the climber out of position and damaging equipment.
Branch waIking / working
With a distel hitch some participants found it possible to work both hitches with one hand when
branch walking. To achieve two load bearing anchor points, twin line working from the main
anchor point would often be required on lightly branched trees. They did slow the operator down
and made re-directs and re-positioning more complex.
The overall view of the group was as follows:
a) Twin line ascent was too complex and was more likely to lead to operator error rather than
reduce it.
b) Two load bearing anchor points when cutting was a sensible approach and one that would be
acceptable. On some trees the two lines would be running in close proximity and in the same
direction so the risk of cutting both main and backup lines must be considered.
c) The use of a main line and a shorter backup rope of a different colour were preferable to
using both ends of the main line.
d) Harnesses with dual or multiple front anchor points would be preferable in situations where
the supplementary anchor points was a long way away from the working position.
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
32
LANTRA/NPTC AnnuaI Update & Standard
Setting 2004
HoIme Styes Wood HoImfirth
11
th
June 2004
Feedback from the practical standard setting session on two rope working in line with the
draft Work at Height Regulations.
For the purpose of the standard setting the assessor/instructors were split into three groups,
two groups to look at two rope working for ascent into the tree and one group to look at
movement within the crown of the tree.
All trees were medium sized open grown Sycamores with good stems and full crowns.
Group 1 - Two rope working during ascent into the crown of a tree
This group installed a belay line from the ground with the use of a throw line. Due to the
number of limbs it proved difficult to obtain a belay line that would not have to be adjusted
during ascent. The groundsman belayed the rope however he became redundant once the
climber was in the crown of the tree and had to start changeovers. The system became
confusing to both the climber and grounds man. t was felt that the system brought confusion
into the tree climbing operation.
Group 2 - Two rope working during ascent into the crown of a tree
This group installed a static line with self tending prussic loop and climbed the tree in the
traditional was utilising a short adjustable strop when negotiating limbs.
This method was straight forward to use however with the additional rope, prussic and
karabiner brought into the system it became confusing and the climber had to stop and take
stock of what he had in front of him before moving on!
Group 3 - Two rope working during movement around the crown of a tree
This group utilised the belay line for branch walking however when they attempted to achieve
work positions invariably the lines became crossed and it was difficult to achieve
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
33
LANTRA/NPTC Assessor/Instructor update
Forest of Dean Training Centre
12
th
June 2004
Two Rope Working Feedback: Group one
Normal climbing system and a static line installed with a throw line.
Martin was attached using a clog to the static line. This worked well but was tricky to keep
taut at times.
This system was used throughout the CS39 Assessment to test it fully
Two rope working Feedback: Group Two
The two candidates used both rope ends and an adjustable strop which took time and used
all the rope.
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
34
Report from CS instructor / assessor arb update
DunkeId , Perth
24
th
June 2004
The delegates separated into two groups, each group was asked to develop the idea of
being permanently attached by two anchor points at all times while accessing, working in and
descending from the tree.
Group One
Accessed the tree using two conventional climbing ropes systems for simplicity, also to work
using the minimum type of equipment universally available. t was found to be more time
consuming than climbing in compliance with current best practice. The group then moved on
to look at belay options and systems to allow a safety device to 'follow' the climber on
another safety line in addition to his primary, conventional climbing system.
Group Two
Accessed the tree using a throw bag and line to install two ropes from ground level. They
considered that anchor points could be achieved independently or, in the case of a
sufficiently large branch, that two lines could be installed on that same branch using
cambium savers. Thereafter the tree would be climbed using either two conventional
climbing systems or utilising the option for belaying or a 'follower' device.
The approach to working within the crown was felt to be quite straightforward and just an
extension of what many operators already practise; perhaps two independent rope systems
will replace the technique of using two ends of a single rope. Descent was felt to be quite
straightforward and easily achievable.
The general feeling was that in much the same way that other improvements in safety have
been introduced into the arboricultural industry (e.g. chainsaw protection and supplementary
anchor points), the new regulation would result in many operator complaints but would
eventually become accepted in the way the current best practice is accepted (i.e. some
operators will adopt best practice and others, as usual, will do just what they want).
The final analysis was that the day had been very beneficial and useful in clarifying
standards and disseminating information regarding the current legislative changes looming
for the industry.
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
35
LANTRA/NPTC Assessor/Instructor update
SparshoIt CoIIege
29
th
June 2004
AeriaI Based Units
4 groups
The majority of the groups came up with the same problems in the feedback. split the groups up
into 2 studying movement around the tree and two accessing the tree.
1. First group (moving around the tree) found that they had to remove the safety rope to re-route
the rope around branches and this presented an immediate safety issue. You would need an
extra person to B lay and who would they be? Should they be the instructor or a student?
Should they be qualified in belaying? You would need an extra person on site and this would
have a direct effect as well on costing. f this is seen as best practice in training then surely it
should be practised in the commercial world, where there would be all the problems have
mentioned before plus the additional cost to the job. They also found limitation on movement
around crown. Too many ropes and too complex.
2. Second group accessing the tree. They didn't really participate in the workshop and were
looking at different accessing methods into the tree.
3. Third group accessing the tree. Single line down to ground, problems with communication.
Constant communication needed which was found very tiring even after such a short time.
Visibility was a problem seeing the climber clearly. Branches possibly sliding down the rope
onto belayer and causing injury. Often the belay anchor has to be lower than the climber's is,
as he will take the best anchor.
4. Fourth group moving around the tree. Terrible rope drag on branches, branch walking was a
major problem and freedom of movement due to restriction from safety rope and visibility
seeing the person again to allow slack in rope. Constant communication for slack otherwise
the safety rope soon became useless. When the lanyard or supplementary was put in then
more ropes in the tree with more confusion and rope abrasion on other ropes.
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
36
LANTRA/NPTC Assessor/Instructor update
Mid WaIes
2 JULY 2004
Working at Height ReguIations
The guys were split into two groups to undertake the practical application of the currently
proposed regulations.
Group one
Tried a system of belaying by a groundsman. They found that communication with the
groundsman to be a problem once a working height was achieved. The use of saws and
chippers would only serve to compound this problem.
There was a great deal of crossing of ropes whilst moving around even though the tree
had a fairly open canopy.
The climber was constantly having to fight against the belay, losing valuable energy,
where the groundsman was unable to observe clearly.
t was agreed that this system could not be applied safely and this would be compounded
by working in a close canopied tree.
n addition an additional person would be kept on the belay system.
There was also some real concern about the positioning of the belayer from a safety
issue (falling branches and debris) and for visibility of the climber.
Group two
Tried two similar systems utilising body thrusting on one rope whilst using a Lock Jack
and Rocker on the additional line.
Again there were difficulties with the crossing of ropes.
There were also great difficulties moving around the crown and trying to change anchor
points.
t was agreed that it would be more dangerous to try to teach this system than the current
system.
GeneraI Feedback
There was real concern for the safety of any one climbing with the additional rope since it
introduces more confusion in the system. Confusion inevitably leads to accidents not only
with novice climbers but also with tired experienced climbers. t was agreed that the simplest
system is always the best to use. The use of different colours in the ropes and two separate
anchor points on the harness would significantly reduce the chance of confusion and
accidents with novice climbers.
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
37
LANTRA/NPTC Assessor/Instructor update
AeriaI Based Units 22 peopIe
Plumpton College
16
th
JuIy 2004
Group One
There was a large degree of resistance to splitting up into 4 groups so one group was agreed
in the end.
t was commented to the group by a number of individuals that the has closed so it was
really an academic exercise to discuss the different ways moving around a tree and
ascending a tree. So it turned more into a discussion than a workshop. There was a
resistance on this as have mentioned before so was not going to force the point.
The same points were mentioned as at Sparsholt of communication problems difficulty in
moving around the crown, moving over branches with a different route to the belay rope.
A separate belay was rigged up to the climber onto a figure of 8 with lock next to it in the
form of a prussic.
t was felt to new climbers it would be much more confusing and dangerous to have
additional lines in a tree that they were not used to.
There were no more points raised.
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
38
Lantra/NPTC AnnuaI Update & Standard Setting 2004
Norwich
16
th
JuIy 2004
Feedback from the practical standard setting session on two rope working in line with the
draft Work at Height Regulations.
For the purpose of the standard setting the assessor/instructors were split into three groups,
one to look at two rope working for ascent into the tree, one group to look at movement with
the crown of the tree and one to examine systems at the point of work.
The trees were medium sized open grown Sycamores with good stems and full crowns.
Group one - Two ropes working during ascent into the crown of a tree
This group decided to use throw bags for initial access. The first line was set easily, but it
took a long time to achieve a satisfactory, second anchor. While the first throw line allows
some flexibility in the choice of anchor (i.e. if you miss the intended target, you can accept a
lower fork, provided it is strong, etc) to get a second anchor that will work as a dual point is
much more difficult.
Once the two lines were installed, a system using a rescue pulley to 'fair lead' the second
friction hitch was tried, but did not work unless a ground person kept the second line taut.
Group two - Two rope working for movement within the crown of a tree
This group did not use two lines during ascent, although the climber used an additional
adjustable stop for changeovers. Once installing final anchor, however, a two-rope system
was used throughout the rest of the operation. The tree gave itself well to this system, being
quite open with two distinct main leaders. A main anchor was installed in each, and although
this was time consuming initially, it worked well while the climber moved out to various work
positions. During movement over branches and through brushwood etc, the climber kept just
one rope taut as the main anchor and the other was allowed to go slack (e.g. up to a metre of
slack). Consequently at these times the 'back-up' line was not providing 'work positioning'
support, and strictly speaking would have required fall-arrest harness and energy absorber.
Group three - Two rope working during activity at work position
This group used conventional techniques to achieve the initial anchor and then installed a
second anchor very close to the same point. A somewhat awkward process ensured with
ropes entangled as the climber worked out over a couple of limbs, to get to a chosen work
position.
Once at the position, a supplementary anchor was installed, as normal (= three load bearing
anchors). The climber then removed one of the main anchors and moved to a second work
position. Again, a supplementary anchor was installed, but this was used to prevent a
pendulum swing, and was not fully load bearing (in fact, it would have prevented the climber
from falling, but would not have been assessed as load bearing). At this point we looked to
see what alternative points could be used, and all agreed that while an extra point could be
established further back into the crown of the tree, there was nothing available in the vicinity
that would have adequately supported the climber (should all else fail).
This group concluded that such twin rope systems would inevitably be limited once the
climber was working in the tips of the upper crown.
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
39
LANTRA/NPTC AnnuaI Update & Standard
Setting 2004
Pickering
3
rd
August 2004
Feedback from the practical standard setting session on two rope working in line with the
draft Work at Height Regulations.
For the purpose of the standard setting the assessor/instructors were split into four groups,
three to look at two rope working for ascent into the tree and one group to look at movement
within the crown of the tree.
All trees were medium sized open grown Beech with good stems and full crowns.
Group 1 - Two rope working during ascent into the crown of a tree
This group installed a belay line from the ground with the use of a throw line. The belay line
was secured to the base on the tree and a self-belay system set up with a micro-pulley and
Grigri. A second system was set up with a standard prussic loop. The climber used an
additional adjustable strop for changeovers.
The climber was able to maintain a two-line system at all times but stated that it was
physically twice as much work and therefore introduced an element of danger due to fatigue.
Group 2 - Two rope working during ascent into the crown of a tree
This group installed two lines onto different anchor points at a similar height using a throw
bag. The safety line had a distel friction knot with a marlinespike underneath for it to self-
belay; a grounds man then also belayed the rope. The second system was set up with a
standard prussic loop. The climber used an additional adjustable strop for changeovers.
The system was time consuming and extremely confusing, although the system was
intended to self belay in actual fact it did not work and the climber had to keep taking up the
slack in the safety line.
Group 3 - Two rope working during ascent into the crown of a tree
This group installed both lines with a throw bag, one climbing system had a standard prussic
loop attached the second had a distel knot with a pulley. The pulley was then attached to the
static end of the prussic climbing system so that one system would belay the other.
Once again confusion was brought into the system as the ropes became crossed. The
groundsman had to keep pressure on the safety line to take up the slack.
Group 4 - Two rope working during movement around the crown of a tree
This group installed both lines with a throw bag one system was anchored to a grounds man
using a figure of eight the second system was a standard climbing system using a distel.
Once the final anchor point had been achieved the climber attempted to branch walk with
both lines attached.
Difficulties were encountered with communication between groundsman and climber.
One man was permanently tied up belaying the climber
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
40
The climber had difficulty in achieving good work positions whilst having two lines attached.
Determination of rope access and
work positioning techniques in arboriculture.
41
LANTRA/NPTC AnnuaI Update & Standard
Setting 2004
MouIton CoIIege
9
th
September 2004
PracticaI AeriaI Tree Work
Groups were split into 2.
Group 1
Belayed a climber from anchor put in tree by throw line, throughout the ascent, work
climb and descent. Belay device was a munter hitch, backed up with a friction hitch.
Group 2
Tried working from 2 anchors throughout a work climb.
ConcIusions
Both can be implemented but belaying ties up a groundsman, groundsman sometimes under the
climber not LOLER compliant.
Both very restrictive - climber loses control and feel, unable to use hands effectively to aid climb,
ropes getting in way on dense branched tree. f on single stem no other separate anchor
available. Higher risk of more stress especially in warm weather.
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