Chapter 18

Humans

do not only share the environment with bacteria, for many species we are the environment! One gram of soil may contain as many as 5 billion bacterial cells from 10,000 different types of bacteria

Prokaryotes

(bacteria and archaea) are the most abundant organisms on Earth Prokaryotes live in just about every habitat on Earth including the air we breath Less than 1% of all bacteria cause disease

Monera (split into archaea and bacteria)

Prokaryotes Single celled Eukaryotes Single or multi cellular Eukaryote Usually multicellular (exception yeast) Eukaryote Multi- cellular Eukaryote Multi - cellular

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

 Small
Single

celled (unicellular) Have plasma membrane Contain a cell wall Do not have membrane bound organelles Lack nucleus

 Three

main types

Rod Shaped - Bacillus Spherical Shaped - Coccus Spiral Shape Spirullum

Bacteria

often exist as Colonies groups of 2 or more cells

Bacillus

Coccus

Spirillum

Prokaryote Bacteria Structure

Capsule

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Ribosomes

Flagellum

DNA

Pili

Binary Fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which an

organism replicates its DNA and divides in half

Two cells exactly the same as their parent!

 Bacteria

have three methods of exchanging genetic information

Transduction viruses carry DNA from one bacterial cell to another Transformation bacteria can absorb naked DNA released by dead bacteria from the environment Conjugation - a method that bacteria use to transfer genetic material through hollow bridge

 Transduction

DNA is carried from one bacteria to another by a viruses

Transformation bacteria can absorb naked DNA released by dead bacteria from the environment

 Conjugation

a method that bacteria use to transfer genetic material through hollow bridge

 Examples

Grow and thrive in temperatures above 212F Live in mud without oxygen Bottoms of lakes Digestive tracks

 Endospores

these are specialized cells with a thick protective wall that helps the bacteria survive harsh environments! Endospores can last for centuries some have been found in Egyptian mummies!

 Capsule

Outer layer for protection Cell Wall Keeps the bacteria from bursting Cell Membrane Gel like fluid inside the bacteria DNA Holds the genetic material of bacteria Pilus Help bacteria stick to surface Flagella Help bacteria move