Sherlock Holmes - Elementary Dear Watson

Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson go on a camping trip, set up their tent,
and fall asleep. Some hours later, Holmes wakes his faithful friend. UNDER THE AEGIS OF VEDA.........
‘Watson, look up at the sky and tell me what you see.’
Watson replies, ‘I see millions of stars.’
‘What does that tell you?’
Watson ponders for a minute.’ Astronomically speaking, it tells me
that there are millions of galaxies and potentially billions of planets.
Astrologically, it tells me that Saturn is in Leo. Time wise, it appears
to be approximately a quarter past three. Theologically, it’s evident
the Lord is all-powerful and we are small and insignificant.
Meteorologically, it seems we will have a beautiful day tomorrow.
What does it tell you?
Holmes is silent for a moment, then speaks. ‘Watson, you idiot,
someone has stolen our tent.’

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, THE MONTHLY TECHNICAL NEWS LETTER

SRI VASAVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
PEDDATADEPALLI,TADEPALLIGUDEM
PINCODE:534101
ANY QUIRIES YOU CAN MAIL US AT VOLUME NO. I
svececextronics@gmail.com ISSUE NO. I 16 Pages
TH
15 SEP 2009
16
 41.which is used in radar systems for oscillating at cutoff freq
42.Ascii Adjust after Addition is simply rep by instruction.
43.EIE with out second E
44.The year -320 can be rep as 320____?
45.first two letters in the sensational new sim card.
ROW
1.which is having range 87.9 to 107Mhz
3. To access address or data, pin name in 8051
6. 10^9 is represented as
7. 1lakh car
9. A conditional branching instruction which decrements and jumps if
not zero.
11. A transmitter can also be represented as
12. 10^6 is represented as
14.Instruction used for ascii adusting in 8086 with out A
15.wave lenth is represented by symbol
16. permanent memory
17.O/P of this logic is 1 when any input is 1
19. call setup in present days is done by modulation technique
20. pulse amplitude modulation with out A
21. instruction used to substract in 8086
25. Arithmatic &logic operations are performed by (reverse)
27.A CMOS logic
30. 22pf can also be represented as 0.22_
31.instuction for jump
32.A dvd lost its D
34.An electrical device used to emit light.(starts with L)
37. reverse TELEVISION
38. Who coordinates all sections of company or Organisation
39.units of resistance
40. RELAY with out EA
42. NAAC ______ projects in our college.
44. 16D is rep as 0001 0010 in _________
46. These are used in 100 mts range
47. Insruction used for increment
48.Overflow flag can be rep as
49. 22/7 is represented by symbol
50. One unit for temperature
15
2
 WAVELETS THEORY
The research on this topic has once again reminded us of the
tremendous mathematical complexity behind data compression and
transmission. Developed independently in the fields of mathematics,
quantum physics, electrical engineering, and seismic geology, the
theory of wavelets has already found applications in image
compression, vision analysis, and earthquake prediction.
Understanding how it works in lay terms, however, is quite difficult.
Mathematical Transformation
Mathematical transformation functions, the most famous of which is
the Fourier Transform (FT), translate a function from one domain, to
another domain. The FT, for example, transforms a signal that exists
in the time domain (analyzing what the signal is doing at a point in
COLUMNS
time) to the frequency domain (analyzing what the signal is doing at
1.A voltage limiting device
a specific frequency). The FT accompishes this by breaking down a
2.10^-3 of current can be represented as
complex signal into more basic component sine and cosine
3.reverse load with out ld
waveforms, called basis functions. If the basis functions were summed
4.A light emitting device with out l
together, the result would be the original signal. For complex signals
5.An animal can be created by obtaining its
the calculations for this are extensive. A Fast Fourier Transform
7.A gate which has o/p of 1 when all i/ps are 0 with out O.
reduces the amount of calculation required by using a regular sampling
8.which uses negative substrate
procedure of the signal, to produce a close approximation. The reverse
10. used to store water
calculation, to tranform a signal back to the time domain, is called an
12.used to find the fractures in bones
inverse FT.
17.Metal Oxide Semiconductor with out S
There are currently many applications for transformation functions.
18.A UJT with out J(rev)
Two examples are:
21.used in preperation of glass
Frequency Filtering
22.barium is represented as
Because an FT allows a signal to be analyzed in the frequency domain,
23.reverse infrared rays
it is possible to block certain frequencies within a signal, while leaving
24.A pulse modulation technique simply rep as
others. As a signal comes in, it is transformed via an FT, certain
26. BC 547 is a(start with B)
component frequencies are removed, and then it is inverse FT’d back
27.A television production company starting with B
to the time domain. Industry applications include filtering data in
28.An electronic device used for Arithmatic and Logical operations
geologic seismic analysis, and filtering known frequencies of noise
29.A computer can not work with out
from wireless signals. However, due to a phenomenon known as
32.reverse television
aliasing, the sample rate of this procedure is limited, limiting its
33. instruction to add with out carry
precision.
35.analog signals are converted to digital using
38.refractive index of air is ___compared to glass
14 3
Image Compression ed via N/C contacts of relay is switched on. If, by chance, the intruder
Current JPEG image compression is based on a transformation known finds out about the wireless alarm and disconnects the transmitter from
as a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). In the JPEG algorithm, the battery, still remote alarm remains activated because in the absence of signal,
image is sampled in 8 by 8 pixel blocks, and each sample is the receiver continues to produce hissing noise at its output. So the burglar
transformed via DCT into component basis cosine functions. By alarm is fool-proof and highly reliable.
comparing the coefficients of these functions to a set coefficient, the
algorithm identifies frequencies in the samples that are undetectable COMPONENTS USED
to the human eye—frequencies that will not affect the image quality
R1,R2------ 10kohm
if missing. By setting these values to zero, the amount of data that
needs to be stored to recreate the image is greatly reduced. The base R3---------- 1Kohm
coefficients (there are varying levels of compression) were determined
by experimentation—trying numbers and checking to see if the result C1,C5------ 0.01micro farad
is acceptable to a set of human eyes. The near-universal use of JPEG
C2----------22PF(trimmer)
for image compression is a testament to its success.
C3----------10PF
Wavelets
C4----------15PF
Wavelet theory is also a form of mathematical transformation, similar
to the FT in that it takes a signal in time domain, and represents it in C6----------10micro farad
frequency domain. Wavelet functions are distinguished from other
transformations in that they not only dissect signals into their C7----------100PF
component frequencies, they also vary the scale at which the
L1------- 4 TURNS , 20 SWG, SPACE WOUND OVER 1CM
component frequencies are analyzed. Therefore wavelets, as
component pieces used to analyze a signal, are limited in space. In T1--------- C2570
other words, they have definite stopping points along the axis of a
graph—they do not repeat to infinity like a sine or cosine wave does. ON/OFF SWITCH
As a result, working with wavelets produces functions and operators
that are “sparse” (small), which makes wavelets excellently suited SHORT WIRE AS AERIAL
for applications such as data compression and noise reduction in 12V CAR BATTERY .....T.PRIYANKA
signals. The ability to vary the scale of the function as it addresses
different frequencies also makes wavelets better suited to signals with 4/4 ECEB
spikes or discontinuities than traditional transformations such as the
FT. 06A81A0493
Applications of wavelet theory are just beginning to show up in the
marketplace:

4 13
 Car anti theft wireless alarm
JPEG2000

The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) has approved the next
standard for image compression, known as JPEG2000, based on
wavelet compression algorithms. By setting the “mother wave” for
image compression and decompression ahead of time as a part of the
standard, JPEG2000 will be able to provide resolution at a
compression of 200 to 1, equivalent to current JPEG at 5 to 1.

Rainmaker Technologies
Wavelets are allowing network communications provider Rainmaker to
develop more efficient signal filtering and noise reduction algorithms. They
claim they will be able to equal fiber bandwidth on existing last mile cable
infrastructure with the technology, and greatly increase bandwidth on other
mediums such as phone or power lines.

CIRCUIT OPERATION .........A.LAKSHMAN

This FM radio-controlled anti- theft alarm can be used with any vehicle 4/4 ECE B
having 6- to 12-volt DC supply system. The mini VHF, FM transmitt 06A81A0477
er is fitted in the vehicle at night when it is parked in the car porch or FUNTRONICS
car park. The receiver unit with CXA1019, a single IC-based FM radio
module, which is freely available in the market at reasonable rate,iskept
inside. Receiver is tuned to the transmitter’s frequency.
When the transmitter is on and the signals are being received by FM ra
dio receiver, no hissing noise is available at the output of receiver. Thus
transistor T2 (BC548) does not conduct.
This results in the relay driver transistor T3 getting its forward base bias
via 10k resistor R5 and the relay gets energised. When an intruder tries
to drive the car and takes it a few metres away from the car porch, the
radio link between the car (transmitter) and alarm (receiver) is broken. As
a result FM radio module gene-rates hissing noise. Hissing AC signals are
coupled to relay switching circ- uit via audio transformer. These ACsig
nals are rectified and filtered by diode D1 and capacitor C8, and the res
ulting positive DC voltage provides a forward bias to transistor T2. Thus
transistor T2 conducts, and it pulls the base of relay driver transistor T3
to ground level. The relay thus gets de-activated and the alarm connect
12 5
Robert Adler with RCS Inc., of New York, whose Selector music scheduling system is
b. 1913, Vienna, Austria a similar product for Internet (and most other digital platforms) under the
Dr. Robert Adler is best known as the RCS RadioShow brand.
“Father of the TV Remote Control”. The interactive visual channel is produced by the radio station. Interactivity
He developed the first television remote control options include quizzes, messaging, content download, commerce, etc.
Stations
which was introduced in 1956 by Zenith Radio
Kiss FM (Finland) (now defunct) was the first radio station that started
Corporation.
using Visual Radio [4]. Other Stations supporting Visual Radio include
Robert Adler was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1913. After receiving his
the UK’s GWR Bristol, GWR Bath, Virgin Radio, The Voice in Helsinki,
doctorate in physics at age 24 from the University of Vienna (1937), he
Mediacorp stations in Singapore, and Los 40 Principales in Spain.
became engaged in patent work there, and later went to England. After
the war broke out, he emigrated to the US, and in 1941 he found work in The Faraday Cage
the Research division of Zenith Electronics Corporation (then Zenith Radio Michael Faraday, an English scientist in the nineteenth century, discovered
Corporation), Chicago. that when an electrostatic charge is applied to a container, the charge
Adler developed the gated-beam tube which represented a new concept remains on the outside. The Faraday’s Cage experiment is illustrated
in receiving tubes. His noise-gated synch clipper and automatic gain control below. This shows how Faraday sat in a metallic room while an electrostatic
secured stability of television reception in the fringe areas. Low-noise charge was applied to the outside. The electrometer used by Faraday
devices have claimed his attention ever since. His contribution to low- inside the room sensed no potential on the inside walls. This important
noise traveling-wave tubes was important in military communications. Later principle of electrostatic charge is used in one of the chief methods of
he applied the new principle of parametric amplification to electron beams. controlling ESD in the workplace and is called Shielding. Typically, a
Electromechanical devices have also interested Adler for a long time. During static sensitive component is stored and shipped in a metallic bag that
World War II, Adler specialized in military communications equipment, offers this sort of shielding protection.
including high-frequency oscillators and electromechanical filters for aircraft
radios. Remote control of television receivers by an ultrasonic gong grew
out of this work.
After the war, Adler turned his attention specifically to television technology.
One early invention of Adler’s was the “gated-beam” vacuum tube, which
eliminated a great deal of sound interference in television receivers at one
stroke, thus reducing costs as well. Adler also led the team that invented
a special synchronizing circuit that improved reception at the fringes of a
television station’s broadcast area.
1950 Zenith Remote Ad. Notice the wire that runs on the floor between
the TV set and the people watching it.But Adler’s greatest triumph was
the wireless remote control. The first machines to be operated by remote
control were used mainly for military purposes. Radio-controlled
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How RDS systems work and how can they support drivers?
Radio Data System, RDS, is intended for application to VHF/FM sound
broadcasts in the range 87.5 MHz to 108.0 MHz which may carry either
stereophonic (pilot-tone system) or
monophonic programmes. The main objectives of RDS are to enable
improved funtionality for FM receivers and to make them more user-
friendly by using features such as Programme Identification, Programme
Service name display and where applicable, automatic tuning for portable
and car radios, in particular.
Conventional FM radios in cars display only station names and no info
on the track. Using RDS, we can broadcast these text onto car radios
with FM RDS capability eg: Artist name, group, CD title, etc.
Also, FM RDS is useful for constantly displaying traffic messages on ur
radio from the closest radio station
VISUAL RADIO???
Visual radio is a generic term for adding visuals to normal audio radio
broadcasts. Visual Radio is also a trademark for a Nokia solution for
interactive radio with FM radio over a data connection.
Visual Radio is a technology developed by Nokia to make it easier for
audiences to interact with radio programs. Visual Radio is built-in
functionality available in an increasing number of phones that are already
equipped with analog FM radio.
Platform components
The platform is composed of three parts:
* A Visual Radio Tool that can be integrated with the radio station’s own
legacy playout system, so the interactive visual channel created by the
radio station’s content producers is synchronized with the audio used by
used by thousands of radio stations around the world. RCS produces the
second-generation version of the Visual Radio platform and also markets
programVisualRadio server that handles the two-way traffic between
audience and radio stations;
* A Visual Radio client application on the mobile phone, that displays the
interactive visual channel and takes care of user interaction.
The Visual Radio concept was created by Nokia and the platform was
originally offered to radio stations and operators globally by HP.
However, since October 2007, Nokia has been collaborating instead
10
motorboats, developed by the German navy, were used to ram enemy
ships in WWI. Radio controlled bombs and other remote control weapons
were used in WWII. Once the wars were over, United States scientists
experimented to find nonmilitary uses for the remote control. In the late
1940’s automatic garage door openers were invented, and in the 1950’s
the first TV remote controls were used. The first TV remote control,
called “Lazy Bones,” was developed in 1950 by Zenith Radio
Corporation. Lazy Bones used a cable that ran from the TV set to the
viewer. A motor in the TV set operated the tuner through the remote
control.
Although customers liked having remote control of their television,
they complained that people tripped over the unsightly cable that
meandered across the living room floor. Zenith engineer Eugene Polley
invented the “Flashmatic,” which represented the industry’s first wireless
TV remote. Introduced in 1955, Flashmatic operated by means of four
photo cells, one in each corner of the TV cabinet around the screen.
While it pioneered the concept of wireless TV remote control, the
Flashmatic had some limitations. It was a simple device that had no
protection circuits and, if the TV sat in an area in which the sun shone
directly on it, the tuner might start rotating. Zenith management loved the
concepts proven by Polley’s Flashmatic and directed his engineers to
develop a better remote control. First thoughts pointed to radio. But,
because they travel through walls, radio waves could inadvertently control
a TV set in an adjacent apartment or room. Using distinctive sound signals
was discussed, but Zenith engineers believed people might not like hearing
a certain sound that would become characteristic of operating the TV set
through a remote control. It also would be difficult to find a sound that
wouldn’t accidentally be duplicated by either household noises or by the
sound coming from TV programming.
Dr. Adler with his TV remote control Robert Adler’s solution was
for the remote to “communicate” with the TV by sound, not light —
specifically, by ultrasound, that is, at frequencies higher than the human
ear can hear. Adler’s remote control unit itself was very simple: it did not
even require batteries. The buttons struck one of four lightweight aluminum
rods inside the unit, like a piano’s keys strike its strings. The receiver in
7
the TV interpreted these high-frequency tones as signaling channel-up, Association for the Advancement of Science and a member of the National
channel-down, sound on/off, or power on/off. The necessary 30% increase Academy of Engineering.
in cost was imposing to consumers at first, but there was no doubt about His hobbies attest to the man. Whenever he can, Adler makes a pilgrimage,
the popularity of the system. The creator of the first practical wireless TV with his wife Mary, to the Rockies for mountain hiking in the summer and
remote control, Dr. Robert Adler, paved the way for TV viewers to become skiing in the winter. He obtained his pilot license twenty-five years ago
couch potatoes more than 40 years ago. and is an enthusiastic flier. One incident is characteristic. When sent to
In the 1960s, Adler modified his system to generate the ultrasonic signals Moscow as a member of the IEEE delegation to the Popov Society
electronically. Over the next twenty years, the ultrasound TV remote control Meeting in 1969, he learned Russian so that, as a goodwill gesture to his
was slowly becoming a standard adjunct to the television. By the time hosts, he could present his paper in their language.
remote technology moved on to infrared light technology in the early 1980s, By 1963, Adler had risen to Vice and President and Director of Research
more than nine million TVs had been sold, by Zenith and others, with at Zenith. Adler officially “retired” as Zenith’s vice president of research in
Adler’s remote control system. 1982, but he was a technical advisor to the company until 1997.
In addition to his own research, in the thirty-five years after he joined the ........D.RAVI KANTH
research group at Zenith, he played an increasingly important role in forging 3/4 ECE B
one of the great industrial research teams in the U.S., at times numbering 07A81A04B0
more than three hundred people. When economic exigencies compelled Q: What do chemists call a benzene ring with iron atoms repla cing
a drastic retrenching of this activity, rather than preside over it, Adler
the carbon atoms?
resigned his post in 1978. He continues, however, as consultant to Zenith.
A: A ferrous wheel:
He is also research director of the Extel Corporation in Northbrook, Illinois.
Always committed to the continuing education of engineers, Adler is also Fe — Fe
adjunct professor of electrical engineering at the University of Illinois at
/ \
Urbana.
Robert Adler, inventor of the TV remote control, receives his medal Fe Fe
from past IEEE president, K. Laker Robert Adler has been
granted 180 U.S. patents for electronics devices, whose applications run \ /
from the esoteric to the everyday; he is best known as the a pioneer in the
development of the remote control. He also published over 45 technical Fe-- Fe
papers and articles. He was elected fellow of the IEEE in 1951 “for his Q: If H-two-O is the formula for water, what is the formula for ice?
development of transmission and detection devices for frequency A: H-two-O-CUBED
modulated signals and of electro-mechanical filter systems.” He received
An electron sitting in a prison asked a second electron cellmate, “What
the Outstanding Technical Achievement Award in 1958, the Inventor of
are you in for?” To which the latter replied, “For attempting a forbidden
the Year award from George Washington University in 1967, the IEEE transition.”
Outstanding Achievement Award in Consumer Electronics in 1970, the ........... Y.S.N.MURTHY
Outstanding Technical Paper Award from the Chicago Section of the IEEE
in 1974, and the Edison Medal in 1980. He is a fellow of the American 4/4 BTECH ECE A.
8 9