1 PERSONALITY PATTERNS OF CLERGY IN JAMAICA & THE CAYMAN ISLANDS: AN APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY TYPE SADEKIE LYTTLE-FORBES DR.

MAKESHA EVANS (SUPERVISOR) INTRODUCTION Learning about personality type enables an understanding of how one is able to function well in some areas and struggle in others. Personality typing has been applied in contexts such as education where the theory has been used to inform the teaching methods to effectively educate different types of people. Interpersonal relationships may also be enhanced through understanding of type reactions to situations and how to best communicate with them. In the United Kingdom, many churches have applied the theory of personality type to the initial and continuing education of clergy and lay leaders !rancis, Pension " #ones, $%%%&. 'ecogni(ing that each individual personality has its strengths and wea)nesses, it may be that some persons struggle with aspects of their pastoral wor) because those duties run counter to their personality type. *ssentially, each individual possesses a uni+ue personality type that is intertwined with natural strengths, wea)nesses and attitudes that drive their goals and priorities. ,he purpose of this paper is to provide further discussion into the patterns of psychological type of clergy across a number of denominations and to explore ways in which this )nowledge can serve to enhance self-understanding and personal growth of clergy REVIEW OF LITERATURE Personality traits are characteristic behaviours and feelings that are consistent and long lasting. ,he ,ype test assesses personality traits and distinguishes between four polar types which produce 1. psychological types. ,he four polar types are sensing and intuition, /udging and perceiving, thin)ing and feeling and extraversion and introversion 0aplinger, $%%%1 #ung 1231&. 4ensing and Intuition refer to how an individual ta)es in information and are denoted as perceiving functions 0aplinger, $%%%1 #ung 1231&. 5 perceiving type would appreciate prayer and worship that is spontaneous, while the /udging type tends to prefer prayer and worship to be structured. ,hin)ing and !eeling refer to how persons ma)e decisions and are denoted as /udging functions. !eelers value harmony, use feelings to serve their logic, use personal feelings in ma)ing decisions, notice when people need support, live by their passionate heart, will hide the truth so the other person won6t be hurt, are gentle with people, believe in mercy, ta)e things personally, and are sub/ective and empathetic. 4pecifically, *xtraverts are expressive, outgoing, energi(ed by action, people and things. *xtroverts li)e meeting new people. Introverts prefer a small group of people they already )now. *xtensive wor) has been done on the influence of personality type on /ob satisfaction !rancis " 'obbins, 1222&, preference for specific locations for ministry !rancis " 'utledge, $%%71 !rancis, 4mith, " 'obbins, $%%7& emotional well-being in ministry 'andall " !rancis, $%%$&, styles of ministry !rancis and Payne, $%%$&, communication !rancis, $%%1& and interpretation of the gospel !rancis, 1227&. 4ome focus has also been placed on identifying gender differences !rancis, 0raig, 8orsfall and 'oss, $%%91 !rancis and 'obbins, $%%$&. 4tudies have also sought to create a personality type profile of 5nglicans !rancis, Payne "

$ #ones, $%%1&, 0atholics Louden " !rancis, $%%1& *vangelicals !rancis, $%%$& and *vangelical :issionaries 0raig, 8orsfall " !rancis, $%%9&, who are lay leaders, members, church goers or clergy. ,hese studies have demonstrated the practical applications of personality types as they relate to career guidance and the matching of types to their appropriate context. ,he data from a study by 0raig, !rancis, ;ailey and 'obbins $%%<& of the psychological type of 1%1 churchgoers in =ales demonstrated that the churchgoers had a clear preference for introversion .1>& over extraversion <2>&, sensing ?9>& over intuition 19>&, feeling .9>& over thin)ing <9>& and for /udging 2$>& over perceiving ?>&. ,his data is consistent with the psychological type preference among clergy in =elsh 0hurches !rancis et al, $%%1&. ,here appears to be some relationship between the psychological type of congregations and that of their pastors. @enerally spea)ing the distribution of personality type and the individual functions reveal commonalities across most denominations. 5mong Protestants, the preference is for introversion 31>& over extraversion $2>&, sensing ??>& over intuition 1$>&, thin)ing .$>& over feeling <?>& and /udging .$>& over perceiving <?>& Aelis-;ulhoes, 122%1 'oss, 1229&. !rancis " 'obbins $%%$&, in assessing the psychological type of male evangelical church leaders identified that $?> of these leaders displayed a preference for *4!# extraversion, sensing, feeling and /udging& or I4!# introversion, sensing, feeling and /udging&. !emale church leaders have been found to demonstrate a preference for *4!# extraversion, sensing, feeling and /udging& while male leaders demonstrated a preference for I4,# introversion, sensing, thin)ing and /udging&, thus indicating the preferences for females to extraverts rather than introverts and to be feelers rather than thin)ers, when compared with male church leaders 0raig, !rancis " 'obbins, $%%7&. 5mong 5nglican 0ongregations in *ngland, the gender comparison revealed that women had a clear preference for introversion, sensing, feeling and /udging, thus the predominant type among the women was I4!# $1>&. 5mong the men there were clear preferences for introversion, sensing and /udging but a balance between feeling and thin)ing. ,heir predominant type was I4,# $3>&. In a study of male and female *vangelical Lay 0hurch Leaders in *ngland, it was found that female church leaders preferred extraversion and introversion e+ually, with a preference for sensing over intuition, feeling over thin)ing and /udging over perceiving. 5s it relates to the thin)ing and feeling functions in males and females, the popularly held view is that males tend not to express their feelings openly and females tend to express their feelings too much Aigiuseppe " ,afrate, $%%<&. 5 counter result was identified in an earlier study of male evangelical church leaders by !rancis and 'obbins $%%$& where it was revealed that male church leaders had a preference for I4!# and *4!#. In the overall sample, there was an e+ual preference between extraversion and introversion, with a slight preference for sensing over intuition, a stronger preference for feeling over thin)ing and a clear preference for /udging over perceiving. In a comparison between urban and rural churchgoers it was found that rural churchgoers had a strong preference for sensing over intuition, whereas urban churchgoers had a strong preference for intuition 0raig, $%%9&. ,his study see)s to investigate whether clergy members from various denominations in #amaica have a discrete pattern in their psychological types, to assess whether #amaican clergy compare to clergy from other countries and what is the nature of the differences and similarities that exist among clergy.

< METHODOLOGY Sample 5 sample of 1%. members of the clergy, ?< males and $< females, was obtained from seven denominations. !rom ,he list of clergy from the denominations under the study a stratified sample was obtained. Instruments A demographic questionnaireB ,his consisted of 19 general +uestions including age, gender, marital status, and highest level of education, years as clergy, previous religious affiliations, perceptions about personality type and satisfaction with a range of ministerial roles. Kiersey Temperament Sorter is a measure of psychological types along four dimensions. RESULTS ,he ma/ority of the participants were clergy from United 0hurch in #amaica and the 0ayman Islands, accounting for $3> of the sample. ,he remaining <> and $> were clergy from the 0hurch of Prophecy and #amaica ;aptist Union respectively 4ee ,able 7.<&. ,he ma/ority of the clergy have been members for 1. to <1 years accounting for 7?> of the sample. ,he remaining members of the clergy, <9>, have been members of their denominations for <$ years or more ,he ma/ority of the clergy are serving in pastoral settings .%>&, 11> are retired clergy who are still active in the pastoral settings, ?> are student or clergy in administrative settings respectively. ,he remaining 1$> are clergy members in academic settings or are retired and inactive. Cnly 3> of the clergy have served in 11 or more churches, the ma/ority have served in < churches or less, 93>, while <<> have served in 7 D1% churches see ,able 7.?&. ,wenty five percent $9>& of the clergy have served in predominantly urban or urban areas $$>&. *ighty one percent ?1>& of the clergy had no previous church affiliations see ,able 7.1%&. ,he analysis of level of satisfaction with pastoral roles revealed that, 2<> of the clergy were satisfied with their ministerial roles. ,he ma/ority of the clergy felt they were *xtraverts .1>&, Intuitives .7>&, ,hin)ers .%>& and #udgers 9?>& !urther analysis revealed that the dominant functions they thought they had were a combination of *xtraversion, Intuition, 4ensing, ,hin)ing and #udging. ,hirty nine percent <2>& of the clergy felt that they were introverted, with the ma/ority producing the psychological types IE!P and IE,#, 1$> respectively, negotiating between the feeling or thin)ing and the /udging or perceiving functions 4ee ,able 7.1$.$&. ,wenty $%& of the participants produced the psychological types *4!# and *E!P, negotiating between the sensing or intuition and the /udging or perceiving functions.

7 5n assessment of the psychological types of the clergy reveal that in terms of functioning, the ma/ority of the clergy used /udging 21>&, sensing 3?>&, extraversion 3.>& and thin)ing .?>& with the pervasiveness of use in the order presented see ,able 7.1<.1&. !urther analysis revealed that 1.> of the clergy had introverted psychological types, with the most fre+uently occurring type being I4!# 3>& or the thin)ing type I4,# .>&. ,he ma/ority of the clergy produced the psychological type *4,# 1?>&, negotiating between the thin)ing and feeling functions to produce *4!# 17>&. ,able 7.17.1 indicates that in most countries, the dominant personality type among clergy was I4!#1 with the ma/ority of the clergy having a preference for feeling and /udging even in cases where the clergy are extraverted. *xtraverted clergy were identified in the United 4tates and *ngland with the difference between the two personality types being found in the sensing and intuitive and the thin)ing and feeling functions. 0lergy from the United 4tates were found to have a stronger preference for intuition and feeling, whereas clergy from *ngland had a strong preference for sensing and thin)ing. =here there were secondary functions, the type was the corresponding opposite that is the dominant type was I4!# =ales&, and then the secondary type was the extraverted counterpart, *4!#. =hen compared with the results in the current study, ,able 7.17.$, there are significant differences. Cnly 3> of the clergy in #amaica and 0ayman were found to be the I4!# type. ,he ma/ority of the clergy were of the *4,# type 1?>& with 17> being of the *4!# type, the extraverted counterpart to the ma/ority in *urope and 0anada. ,he personality type of the clergy in #amaica and the 0ayman Islands is similar to the clergy in *ngland and similar overall in terms of preference for sensing over intuition and /udging over perceiving. ,he literature indicated that female clergy tended to have the dominant type of *4!# or the corresponding introverted type, I4!#, while the male clergy tended to have the dominant type of I4,# or IE!P. ,herefore females had a preference for extraversion or introversion with a strong preference for sensing over intuitive, feeling over thin)ing and /udging over perceiving1 while the males had a strong preference for introversion, sensing or intuition, thin)ing or feeling and /udging or perceiving 4ee ,able 7.17.<&. ,he data analysis revealed that ?> of the female clergy were purely of the type I4!#, the ma/ority were negotiating between extraversion or introversion *FI&, feeling or thin)ing !F,&. ,he females were consistent in their preference for sensing over intuition and /udging over perceiving $.>&. ,he ma/ority of the females had a stronger preference for the extraverted types 4ee ,able 7.17.7&. 5s regards the males, ,able 7.17.9 indicates types contrary to those identified in other studies, such that only .> of the clergy in #amaica and the 0ayman Islands have the type I4,#. ,he ma/ority has the corresponding extraverted type, *4,# 12>&, with another 1?> having the type *4!#. ,his table suggests that the ma/ority of the male clergy has a strong preference for extraversion over introversion, sensing over intuition, /udging over perceiving and re negotiating between thin)ing and feeling.

9 Aata from the 0hi-s+uare test revealed a significant relationship between age and preference for intuition as pG%.%%7H%.%9. Eone of the clergy members over .9 years had a preference for intuition. ,he relationship between age and intuition was moderate G%.<9$& with only 11> of the variation in preference for intuition can be accounted for by )nowing the age of the clergy member. Aata from the 0hi-s+uare test revealed a significant relationship between age and preference for introversion as pG%.%72H%.%9. ,he relationship between age and intuition was wea) G%.$3$& with only 3> of the variation in preference for introversion being accounted for by )nowing the age of the clergy member. ,he results indicated that ma/ority of the clergy, less than <% years to .9 years and showed a preference for extraversion pG%.%%2H%.%9. ,hose clergy .. years and older did not show a preference for extraversion accounting for 31> of the sample. ,he strength of the relationship between age and extraversion was moderate G%.<$2& such that 1%> of the variation in preference for extraversion which can be accounted for by )nowing the age of the clergy member. ,he ma/ority of the male clergy showed a preference for extraversion over introversion, whereas the female clergy showed a preference for introversion over extraversion see ,able 7.13.1&. ;oth the male and female clergy have a preference for thin)ing over feeling see ,able 7.13.$&, /udging over perceiving see ,able 7.13.<& and intuition over sensing see ,able 7.13.7&. ,he 0hi-s+uare tests found a significant relationship between extraversion or introversion and church location as pG%.%1%H%.%9. ,he results indicated that the ma/ority of the clergy from rural areas have preference for extraversion over introversion ?1>&, while the ma/ority of the clergy from urban areas have preference for introversion over extraversion 9$>&. =hile clergy in purely urban areas reported preference for extraversion over introversion, clergy who wor) in predominantly urban areas serve in mainly urban but also rural churches at the same time& show a preference for extraversion over introversion ?1>&, while clergy in purely rural areas reported preference for those extraversion over introversion, those who wor)ed in predominantly rural areas serve in mainly rural but also urban churches at the same time& show a preference for introversion over extraversion 91>&. ,he strength of the relationship between extraversion or introversion and church location was moderate G %.<$3&. *ighty three percent ?<>& of the clergy perceived their psychological type incorrectly ,able 7.$%.1&. ,he ma/ority of those who perceived their type correctly were those with a sensing 9.>& and /udging 3$>& component to their typing ,able 7.$%.$&. ,hough the results of the 0hi-s+uare tests indicated no significant relationship between gender and satisfaction with pastoral roles, a survey of the comparison indicated that though the ma/ority of the clergy were moderately satisfied overall, the female clergy had a higher rate of satisfaction than the males, 2.> and 2$> respectively. Eo female clergy reported high satisfaction see ,able 7.$1&.

. *xtraverted clergy were found to have wea)nesses in relation to their administrative and social wor) roles. ,hose clergy who were introverts had wea)nesses as relate to prophecy and social wor) roles. !or those clergy who were 4ensers, their uni+ue wea)nesses were found to be in relation to prophecy and social wor). 0lergy who are of the Intuitive type had problems with social wor). ,hose clergy who had a preference for thin)ing reported wea)nesses in administration, fellowship building, praying, prophecy and social wor) tas)s. !inally, those clergy who are perceivers reported wea)nesses in administration, leading public worship, and managing see ,able 7.$$&. ,he ma/ority of the clergy, irrespective of personality function reported a wea)ness as it relates to their role as fundraiser. =ith the exception of perceivers, the clergy reported wea)nesses as it relates to evangelism and social wor). *vangelism and social wor) were found to be strengths for perceivers see ,able 7.$$&. DISCUSSION ,he personality type of the clergy in #amaica and the 0ayman Islands was found to be similar to the clergy in *ngland and similar overall in terms of preference for sensing over intuition and /udging over perceiving. *ight percent ?>& of the female clergy were purely of the type I4!# and the ma/ority were negotiating between extraversion or introversion *FI& with a consistent preference for sensing over intuition and /udging over perceiving. ,he ma/ority of the females had a stronger preference for the extraverted types. 'egarding the males, there were some clear differences such that only .> of the clergy in #amaica and the 0ayman Islands had the type I4,#1 the ma/ority had the corresponding extraverted type, *4,# 12>&, with another 1?> having the type- *4!#. ,his means that the ma/ority of the male clergy have a strong preference for extraversion over introversion, sensing over intuition, /udging over perceiving and are negotiating between thin)ing and feeling. ,he high degrees of extraversion identified among clergy may be a reflection of the populationIs overall extraversion. If one should assume a correlation such that clergy and their congregation have very similar temperaments, then the data presented by Aelis-;ulhoes 122%& and 'oss 1229& run counter to the results, that point to people having a preference for sensing over intuition sensing ??>& over intuition 1$>&. Interestingly, the data indicated that clergy from 0harismatic churches that were found to have significant preferences for sensing over intuition, though overall all the clergy in the sample preferred intuition over sensing. Cf particular note is the fact that all the clergy .. years and older showed a preference for sensing. ,he ma/ority of the clergy who had a preference for introversion were .. years and older, those .9 years and younger had a preference for extraversion. Cverall the data suggests that psychological type changes with age.

3 5ccording to !rancis, 0raig, 8orsfall and 'oss $%%9&, female church leaders have a preference for extraversion and introversion e+ually1 prefer sensing to intuition, feeling over thin)ing and /udging over perceiving. :ale leaders have similar feeling over thin)ing and /udging over perceiving preferences, but are significantly different from the females who show a preference for introversion over extraversion and for intuition over sensing. ,he data revealed that male clergy had a stronger preference for extraversion over introversion, while the females had a stronger preference for introversion over extraversion. ,hey both shared preferences for thin)ing over feeling, /udging over perceiving and intuition over sensing. ,hese results suggest that female clergy may be more reflective than male clergy, who may be more spontaneous in their decision-ma)ing and actions. ,he popularly held view is that males tend not to express their feelings openly and females tend to express their feelings too much Aigiuseppe " ,afrate, $%%<&. ,he results indicate that there are no differences regarding feeling and thin)ing between male and female clergy, which indicates that they use their thin)ing and feeling functions in similar situations. In testing the hypothesis that as education increases, the more li)ely clergy will display themselves as ,hin)ers and 4ensers, no relationship was found between level of education of clergy and thin)ing or feeling, but a significant relationship appears to exist between sensing or intuition. 0lergy who had Primary and 4econdary education showed a higher preference for sensing, while clergy with Aiploma and 8igher showed a higher preference for Intuition. In a comparison between urban and rural clergy it was found that the purely rural clergy had a strong preference for extraversion, whereas the purely urban clergy had a preference for introversion. 0lergy that operate in a predominantly rural location showed a preference for introversion, while clergy that operate in a predominantly urban location showed a preference for extraversion. :inistry in rural churches appears to have a culture of communality - everyone )nows and is concerned about everyone else - and as such places a high demand on clergy to interact with not /ust members but people surrounding community and other denominations. In the urban churches, introversion among clergy is not far-fetched as the culture of the urban life is largely individualistic. :embers tend to be self-reliant and tend to function well with the clergy being overseer in some aspects of the church life. In this regard, clergy who are introverts are able to function effectively, doing what needs to be done and en/oying their personal time. In the investigation as to whether the strengths and wea)ness identified by clergy as regards the pastoral wor) correlated significantly with their personality type, the results indicated that extraverted clergy were found to have wea)nesses in relation to their administrative and social wor) roles1 Introverts had wea)nesses as related to prophecy and social wor) roles1 sensers had wea)nesses in relation to prophecy and social wor)1 the Intuitive types had problems with social wor)1 those who had a preference for thin)ing reported wea)nesses in administrative, fellowship building, praying, prophecy and social wor) tas)s1 those with a preference for feeling reported wea)nesses in their role as manager and prophet1 clergy with a preference for /udging reported having wea)nesses in their role as social wor)er1 and those who are perceivers reported wea)nesses in administration, leading public worship, and managing. ,he ma/ority of the clergy irrespective of personality function reported a wea)ness as it relates to their role as fundraiser. =ith the exception of perceivers, the ma/ority of the clergy reported wea)nesses as it relates to

? evangelism and social wor). *vangelism and social wor) were found to be strengths for perceivers. !emale clergy seem to be e+ually ad/usted to the tas)s of ministry as are the male, with both members of the clergy reporting being at least moderately satisfied with their vocation, though wor) is needed in the areas of evangelism and social wor). In conclusion, this study has implications as it relates to helping clergy wor) through how their personality type influences their effectiveness in pastoral ministry. It raises +uestions regarding the sensitivity of church administrations in placing clergy in churches and also offers some insight into the impact of placing specific types in any given congregation. ,he age of clergy members does appear to play a role in the style of ministry, and therefore calls for a stronger presence of church administrations, throughout ministry, especially at the beginning and towards retirement. ,he perceived differences between denominations do not appear to be so great, as at the heart of the matter, clergy members share similar personality traits. In light of the findings I recommendB 0hurch administrations encourage personality assessment with concurrent supportive counselling, as a part of the self-reflection process in ministry. It would serve the purpose of enabling personal growth, awareness and development that by extension will increase the effectiveness in clergy in performing their pastoral duties over time. 0hurch administrations may need to revisit and be more deliberate in placing clergy in any given church. *fforts should be made to apply a Jmodel of best fitK. ,his cannot be over-emphasi(ed as the success of the clergy in the formative years will to a large extent be related to placement. 'ecogni(ing that the age of clergy members does appear to play a role in the style of ministry, there may need to be more accompaniments throughout ministry, especially at the beginning and towards retirement. ;ased on the study it is evident that the clergy are moderately satisfied with their vocation, but very few are highly satisfied. *fforts should be made to identify the factors that influence levels of /ob satisfaction and the necessary activities put in place to increase satisfaction levels. ,he ma/ority of the clergy reported being dissatisfied in their roles as *vangelists and 4ocial =or)ers, special attention should be given these areas as they may be lin)ed to a style and direction of ministry that would aid the fundraising tas)s of clergy in general.

2 SOME TABLES
Su !"# $% &'"($)!*+,# ,#&'( $% -*'".# +) $,/'" (,u0+'( 1# .')0'" G')0'" D$ +)!), T#&'( !emale :ale *4!#, I4!# I4,#, IE!P

T!1*' 2.32.2: P'"($)!*+,# ,#&'( $% -*'".# +) J! !+-! !)0 ,/' C!# !) I(*!)0( ! $). %' !*'( Psychological ,ypes I4,# I4!# IE,# *4,# *E!P *E!# *E,# *FI4,# *4FE,# *FI4!F,# ,otal !re+uency 1 $ 1 < 1 1 9 $ 1 . $< Percent 7.< ?.3 7.< 1<.% 7.< 7.< $1.3 ?.3 7.< $..1 1%%.% Lalid Percent 7.< ?.3 7.< 1<.% 7.< 7.< $1.3 ?.3 7.< $..1 1%%.% 0umulative Percent 7.< 1<.% 13.7 <%.7 <7.? <2.1 .%.2 .2.. 3<.2 1%%.% !*'( 0umulative Percent ..% 1$.% 1<.< 19.3 1..2 <..1 <3.< 99.7 93.? .1.7 ...< .?.3 .2.2 33.1 ?%.3 ?1.2 ?<.1 ?7.< ?2.$ 2%.7 21.. 1%%.%

T!1*' 2.32.4: P'"($)!*+,# ,#&'( $% -*'".# +) J! !+-! !)0 ,/' C!# !) I(*!)0( ! $). Psychological ,ypes I4,# I4!# I4!P IE,# *4,P *4,# *4!P *4!# *E!P *E!# *E,P *E,# *4,#FP *FI4,# *4!F,# *4FE,# *FI4!# *E!#FP *FI4!F,# I4,#FP IE,#FP I4!F,# ,otal !re+uency 9 9 1 $ 1 1. 1 19 $ < 7 $ 1 . < 1 1 1 7 1 1 3 ?< Percent ..% ..% 1.$ $.7 1.$ 12.< 1.$ 1?.1 $.7 <.. 7.? $.7 1.$ 3.$ <.. 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ 7.? 1.$ 1.$ ?.7 1%%.% Lalid Percent ..% ..% 1.$ $.7 1.$ 12.< 1.$ 1?.1 $.7 <.. 7.? $.7 1.$ 3.$ <.. 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ 7.? 1.$ 1.$ ?.7 1%%.%

1%

0hi-s+uare analysis revealed no significant relationship between gender and any of the functions, however there are some interesting trends. ,he ma/ority of the male clergy showed a preference for extraversion over introversion, whereas the female clergy showed a preference for introversion over extraversion see ,able 7.13.1&. ;oth the male and female clergy have a preference for thin)ing over feeling see ,able 7.13.$&, /udging over perceiving see ,able 7.13.<& and intuition over sensing see ,able 7.13.7&. T!1*' 2.35.3: C"$(( ,!1u*!,+$) ,!1*' (/$6+). .')0'" 1# E7,"!8'"(+$) !)0 I),"$8'"(+$) %u)-,+$) -$ &!"+($)
G')0'" $% P!",+-+&!),( M!*' 0ount > =ithin @ender of Participants > =ithin extravert or introvert > of ,otal 0ount > =ithin @ender of Participants > =ithin extravert or introvert > of ,otal 0ount > =ithin @ender of Participants > =ithin extravert or introvert > Cf ,otal E7,"!8'", $" I),"$8'", *xtravert Introvert 97 $2 94.3: <7.2> ?<.1> 3%.3> 9%.2> $3.7> 11 1$ 73.?> 4;.;: 1..2> $2.<> 1%.7> 11.<> .9 71 .1.<> <?.3> 1%%.%> 1%%.%> .1.<> <?.3> T$,!* ?< 1%%.%> 3?.<> 3?.<> $< 1%%.%> $1.3> $1.3> 1%. 1%%.%> 1%%.%> 1%%.%>

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T!1*' 2.35.;: C"$(( ,!1u*!,+$) ,!1*' (/$6+). .')0'" 1# F''*'" !)0 T/+)<'" %u)-,+$) -$ &!"+($)
G')0'" $% P!",+-+&!),( M!*' 0ount > =ithin @ender of Participants > =ithin feeler or thin)er > Cf ,otal 0ount > =ithin @ender of Participants > =ithin feeler or thin)er > Cf ,otal 0ount > =ithin @ender of Participants > =ithin feeler or thin)er > Cf ,otal F''*'" $" T/+)<'" T/+)<'" F''*'" 7? <9 45.=: 7$.$> ?%.%> 3..1> 79.<> <<.%> 1$ 11 4;.;: 73.?> $%.%> $<.2> 11.<> 1%.7> .% 7. 9...> 7<.7> 1%%.%> 1%%.%> 9...> 7<.7> T$,!* ?< 1%%.%> 3?.<> 3?.<> $< 1%%.%> $1.3> $1.3> 1%. 1%%.%> 1%%.%> 1%%.%>

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T!1*' 2.35.>: C"$(( ,!1u*!,+$) ,!1*' (/$6+). .')0'" 1# Ju0.'" !)0 P'"-'+8'" %u)-,+$) -$ &!"+($)

11
Ju0.'" $" P'"-'+8'" Ju0.'" P'"-'+8'" 7< 7% 43.=: 37.1> 7%..> 19 94.;: $9.2> 17.$> 9? 97.3> 1%%.%> 97.3> 7?.$> ?<.<> <3.3> ? <7.?> 1..3> 3.9> 7? 79.<> 1%%.%> 79.<> T$,!* ?< 1%%.%> 3?.<> 3?.<> $< 1%%.%> $1.3> $1.3> 1%. 1%%.%> 1%%.%> 1%%.%>

G')0'" $% P!",+-+&!),( M!*'

F' !*'

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0ount > within @ender of Participants > within /udger or perceiver > of ,otal 0ount > within @ender of Participants > within /udger or perceiver > of ,otal 0ount > within @ender of Participants > within /udger or perceiver > of ,otal

T!1*' 2.35.2: C"$(( ,!1u*!,+$) ,!1*' (/$6+). .')0'" 1# S')('" !)0 I),u+,+8' %u)-,+$) -$ &!"+($)
G')0'" $% P!",+-+&!),( M!*' 0ount > within @ender of Participants > within 4enser or intuitive > of ,otal 0ount > within @ender of Participants > within 4enser or intuitive > of ,otal 0ount > within @ender of Participants > within 4enser or intuitive > of ,otal S')('" $" +),u+,+8' S')('" I),u+,+8' <% 9< <..1> 3?.2> $?.<> ? <7.?> $1.1> 3.9> <? <9.?> 1%%.%> <9.?> 9>.?: 33.2> 9%.%> 19 94.;: $$.1> 17.$> .? .7.$> 1%%.%> .7.$> T$,!* ?< 1%%.%> 3?.<> 3?.<> $< 1%%.%> $1.3> $1.3> 1%. 1%%.%> 1%%.%> 1%%.%>

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1$ Differences, , 1%11 D1%13.

5rgyle, :., " Lu, L. 122%&. 8appiness and social s)ills. Personality and Individual Differences, , 1$99 D1$.1.

;etancourt, 8. " Lope(, 4.'. 122<& ,he study of culture, ethnicity, and race in 5merican psychology. American Psychologist, !", .$2-.<3. ;iaggio, :.K. 12?2&. 4ex differences in behavioural reactions to provocation of anger. Psychological #eports, $!, $<-$.. ;oeree, 0. @. $%%.&. %ri& %ri&son. Personality Theories. 4hippensburg University. 'etrieved on 5ugust 1%, $%%. from httpBFFwww.ship.eduF>3*cgboereeF eri)son.html. ;o)emeier, #. L., " =. ;. Lacy. 12?.&. #ob values, rewards, and wor) conditions as factors in /ob satisfaction among men and women. Sociological 'uarterly ("B 1?2-$%7. ;rebner, #., Aonaldson, #., Kirby, E. " =ard, L. 1229&. 'elationships between happiness and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, ), $91-$9?. 0anary, A.#., 0unningham, *.:. " 0ody, :.#., 12??&. @oal types, gender, and locus of control in managing interpersonal conflict. *ommunication #esearch, +, 7$.-77.. 0arroll, #., ;. 8argrove, " 5. Lummis. 12?1&. ,omen of the *loth: A -e. /pportunity for the *hurches. 4an !ranciscoB 8arper and 'ow. 0ars)adon, ,.@. 12?1&. Psychological type and religious preferences. #esearch in Psychological Type, !, 3< D 3?. 0haves, :. 1223. /rdaining ,omen: *ulture and *onflict in #eligious /rgani0ations. 0ambridge, :5B 8arvard University Press.

1< 0hristensen, 5. " 4hen), #.L. 1221&. 0ommunication, conflict and psychological distance in non-distressed, clinic and divorcing couples. 1ournal of *onsulting and *linical Psychology, +), 79? D 7.<. 'etrieved on #une 19, $%%. from *bscohost Aatabase. 0raig, 0.L. $%%9&. Psychological type preference of rural churchgoers. #ural Theology, 2 3(4, 1$<-1<1. 0raig, 0.L., 8orsfall, , " !rancis, L.#., $%%9&. Psychological types of male evangelical missionary personnel training in *nglandB 5 role for thin)ing type menM Pastoral Psychology, +2,739-7?$. 0raig, 0.L., !rancis, L.#. " 'obbins, :. $%%7& Psychological type and sex differences among church leaders in the United Kingdom. 1ournal of 5eliefs and 6alues, (+, <-1<. 0raig, 0.L., !rancis, L.#., ;ailey, #. " 'obbins, :. $%%<&. Psychological types in 0hurch in =ales congregations. The Psychologist in ,ales, +,1?-$1. 0ramer, 0., !lynn, ;., and La!ave, 5. 1223&. %ri& %ri&son7s " Stages of Psychosocial Development. 'etrieved on 5ugust 1%, $%%. from httpBFFweb.cortland.eduF andersmdF*'IKFwelcome.8,:L Aelis-;ulhoes, L. 122%&. #ungian psychological types and 0hristian belief in active church members. 1ournal of Psychological Type, (8, $9-<<. Aepartment of Eational ,echnical 4ervices Eovember 1222&. A Typology of #ural Areas in %urope: Indicators on the Strengths and ,ea&nesses of #ural Territories and Selection of Areas 3-9TS III4. Aepartment of *conomics and Production. 'etrieved on 4eptember $%, $%%. from httpBFFwww.nordregio.seFspespnF!ilesF$.<.ruralareas.pdfNsearchG>$$ predominantly>$%rural>$%definition>$$

17 Aigiuseppe, '. " ,afrate, '.0. $%%<&.,he anger disorder scale manual. ,orontoB :ulti-8ealth 4ystems. In :. Aittman $%%<&. 5nger across the gender dividesB 'esearchers strive to understand how men and women experience and express anger. The :onitor on Psychology, 2! 324, 9$. 5merican Psychological 5ssociation. 'etrieved on #uly 1%, $%%. Aittes, #.*. 1231&. Psychological characteristics of religious professionals. In :. 4trommen *d4. #esearch on #eligious Development: A *omprehensive ;and<oo&. Eew Oor)B 8awthorn Press, 7$$-7.%. !ichter 12.1&. In Eauss, 5llen 12?$&. 5ssessing ministerial effectiveness. 1ournal of the Scientific Study of #eligion, 17$. !owler, !.#. 12??&. Survey #esearch :ethods. Eewbury Par)B 4age Publications. !rancis, L.#., 0raig, 0.L., 8orsfall, ,., " 'oss, 0.!.#. $%%9&. Psychological types of male and female evangelical lay church leaders in *ngland compared with United Kingdom population norms. =ield.or& in #eligion, 3 4, .2-?<. --------. " 'utledge, 0.#.!. $%%7&. Personality and preference for rural ministryB replication and reconciliation, Pastoral Psychology, +2, 7<-7?. --------., 4mith, @. " 'obbins, :. $%%7&. Ao introverted clergy prefer rural ministryM #ural Theology, (, 1$3-1<7. --------., #ones, 4.8. " 'obbins, :. $%%7&. 0lergy personality and collaborative ministryB ,he way ahead for stable extravertsM Pastoral Psychology, +2, <<-7$. --------., Auncan, ;., 0raig, 0.L. " Luffman, @. $%%7&. ,ype patterns among 5nglican congregations in *ngland. 1ournal of Adult Theological %ducation, 1&, ..-33

19 --------. " ,urton, A. $%%$&. 5re charismatic clergy more satisfied with their ministryM 5 study among male parochial clergy in the 0hurch of *ngland. :ental ;ealth, #eligion and *ulture, +,1<9-17$. !rancis, L.#. $%%$&. ,he personality characteristics of male *vangelical clergyB denominational differences in the UK, :ental ;ealth, #eligion and *ulture, +,139-1?1. --------. " 'obbins, :. $%%$&. Psychological types of male *vangelical church leaders. 1ournal of 5eliefs and 6alues, (2 3(4, $13-$$%. --------. " Littler, K.,. $%%1&.Personality and preference for rural ministry among 0hurch in =ales clergymen, The Psychologist in ,ales, , <-9.

--------, Payne, #.L. " #ones, 4.8. $%%1&. Psychological types of male 5nglican clergy in =ales. #ournal of Psychological ,ype in press&. In !rancis, Leslie, #., Penson, 5ndrew, =., " #ones, 4usan, 8. Psychological types of male and female ;ible 0ollege students in *ngland. :ental ;ealth, #eligion and *ulture, !, $<-<$. --------. " #ones, 4.8. $%%%&. Psychological ,ype and happinessB 5 study among adult churchgoers. 1ournal of Psychological Type, +!, <.-71. --------. " 'obbins, :. 1222&. ,he relationship between personality and satisfactionF dissatisfaction with ministry among female stipendiary 5nglican clergy in the United Kingdom. Pastoral Psychology, !>, 7<2-777. --------. " #ones, 4.8. 1222&. Psychological type and tolerance of religious uncertainty. Pastoral Psychology, !> 3!4, $9<-$92. --------. " #ones, 4.8. 122?&. Personality and 0hristian belief among adult churchgoers. 1ournal of Psychological Type, !>, 9-11.

1. --------. " #ones, 4.8. 1223&. Personality and charismatic experience among adult 0hristians. Pastoral Psychology, !> 3$4, 7$1-7$?. !runham, 5. " ;rewin, 0.'. 122%&. Personality and happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, , 1%2<-1%2..

!ry, L. =., " @reenfeld, 4. 12?%&. 5n *xamination of attitudinal differences between policewomen and policemen. 1ournal of Applied Psychology $+, 1$<-$.. @erhardt, '. 12?<&. Liberal religion and personality type. #esearch in Psychological Type, $, 73-9<. @oldsmith, :. 1223&. Kno.ing :e Kno.ing ?od: %@ploring Aour Spirituality .ith :yersB 5riggs. EashvilleB 5bingdon Press. 8arder, 5. !. $%%$&. The Developmental Stages of %ri& %ri&son. Learning Place Cnline. 'etrieved on 5ugust 1%, $%%. from httpBFFwww.learningplaceonline.com Fstages Forgani(eF*ri)son.htm 8artman, ,. 1222&. The *olor *ode: A -e. ,ay to See Aourself, Aour #elationships, and Cife. 4imon " 4chuster Press. 8er)ovits, :. 127?&. :an and his wor)s. EOB Knopf. In Eewman, ;.:. " Eewman, P.'. 1229&. Development through life: A psychosocial approach. EOB ;roo)sF0ole Publishing, pg. ?%-?. 8odson, '. 12?2&. @ender differences in /ob satisfactionB =hy aren6t women more dissatisfiedM Sociological 'uarterly 28, <?9-<22. Ice, :. L. 12?3&. *lergy ,omen and Their ,orldvie.s: *alling for a -e. Age. Eew Oor)B Praeger. International ;ible 4ociety 12?7&. -e. International 6ersion 3-I64. Pondervan

13 Press. #ohn, C. P., @osling, 4. A., " Potter, #. $%%7& Personality changes with age. 1ournal of Personality and Social Psychology "!, 9. #ung, 0.@. 1231&. Psychological types: The collected .or&s. 6ol $. LondonB 'outledge and Kegan. Keirsey, A. 123?, 122?&. Please 9nderstand :e II: Temperament, *haracter, Intelligence, 1st *d&. Prometheus Eemesis ;oo) 0o. Komisin, L.K. 122$&. Personality type and suicidal behaviours in college students. 1ournal of Psychological Type, (!, $7-<$. Kurde), L.5. 1229&. Predicting change in marital satisfaction from husbandsI and wivesI conflict resolution styles. #ournal of :arriage and the !amily, 93, 19<-1.7. In *l4hei)h, :., ;ic)halt, #.5. " 'eiter, 4.L. $%%%&. @ender related effects in emotional responding to resolved and unresolved interpersonal conflict. Se@ #oles: 1ournal of #esearch, . 'etrieved on 5pril 1%, $%%. from !indarticles Aatabase. Lehman, *. 0., 1221&. @ender and ministry styleB ,hings not what they seem. Sociology of #eligion +!, 1-11 -----. 12?9&. ,omen *lergy: 5rea&ing Through ?ender 5arriers. Eew ;runswic)B ,ransaction ;oo)s. Lehman, *. 0. 122<&. ?ender and ,or&: The *ase of the *lergy. 5lbanyB 4UEO Press. Louden, 4.8. " !rancis, L.#. $%%1&. 5re 0atholic priests in *ngland and =ales attracted to the charismatic movement emotionally less stableM 5ritish 1ournal of Theological %ducation, 3(4, .9-3..

1? :acdaid, @.P., :c0aulley, :.8. " Kain(, '.I. 12?.&. :yers 5riggs Type Indicator: Atlas of Type Ta<les. !LB 0entre for 5pplication of Psychological ,ype Inc. :annheim, ;. 12?<&. :ale and female industrial wor)ersB #ob satisfaction, wor) role centrality, and wor) place preference. ,or& and /ccupations 8, 71<-<.. :cAuff, *. : $%%1&. ,he gender paradox in wor) satisfaction and the Protestant clergy. Sociology of #eligion, 3Spring4. 'etrieved on #uly 1$, $%%. from !indarticles Aatabase. :cAuff, *. :., " :ueller, 0. =. 1222&. 4ocial support and compensating differentials in the Protestant ministryB @ender differences in two Protestant denominations. #evie. of #eligious #esearch !8, <%3-<$2. :oore, 8. 5. 12?9&. #ob satisfaction and women6s spheres of wor). Se@ #oles, 2, ..<-3?. :ueller, 0. =., and #. *. =allace. 122.&. #ustice and the paradox of the contented female wor)er. Social Psychology 'uarterly +), <<?-<72. Eesbitt, P. A. 122<. Aual ordination trac)sB Aifferential benefits and costs for men and women clergy. Sociology of #eligion +!, 1<-<%. -----. 1223. =emini0ation of the *lergy in America: /ccupational and /rgani0ational Perspectives. Eew Oor)B Cxford University Press. Eewman, ;.:. " Eewman, P.'. 1229&. Development through life: A psychosocial approach. EOB ;roo)sF0ole Publishing, pg. ?%-?. Penneba)er, #. " 'oberts, ,. 122$&. ,oward a his and hers theory of emotionB @ender differences is visceral perception. The 1ournal of Social and *linical Psychology, 122-$1$. Phelan, #. 1227&. ,he paradox of the contented female wor)erB 5n assessment of alternative explanations. Social Psychology 'uarterly +>, 29-1%3. ,

12 Phelan, ,. #., and #. Phelan. 12?<&. 8igher *ducation and *arly Life Cutcomes. ;igher %ducation (, ..9-.?%. Practical ,heology ,eam $%%9&. Personality Type and the *hristian =aith. University of =ales, $%%9. 'etrieved on #anuary $9, $%%. from httpBFFwww.bangor.ac.u)FrsFptFtypeFdefinition. php Prichard, '. ;. 122.&. @randes dames, femmes fortes, and matronesB 'eformed =omen :inistering. In 0. =essinger *ds& 122.&. #eligious Institutions and ,omen7s Ceadership: -e. #oles Inside the :ainstream. 40B University of 4outh 0arolina Press, <2-93. 'andall, K.#. " !rancis, L.#. 5re evangelical 5nglican clergy as happy as they could beM 5 +uantitative perspective in empirical theology, 5ritish 1ournal of Theological %ducation, 2, 3 4, 93-3<, $%%$. 'eha), :.0. 122?&. Identifying the congregationIs corporate personality. 1ournal of Psychological Type, !!, <2-77. 'ohner, '. P. 12?7&. ,oward a conception of culture for cross-cultural psychology. #ournal of 0ross-0ultural Psychology, 19, 111-1<?. In Eewman, ;.:. " Eewman, P.'. 1229&. Development Through Cife: A Psychosocial Approach. EOB ;roo)sF0ole Publishing, ?%-?.. 'oss, 0.!.#. 1229&. ,ype patterns among 0atholicsB !our 5nglophone congregations compared with Protestants, !rancophone 0atholics and priests. 1ournal of Psychological Type, 22, <<-71. --------. 122<&. ,ype patterns among active members of the 5nglican churchB 0omparisons with 0atholics, *vangelicals and clergy. 1ournal of Psychological Type, ($, $?-<9

$% -------- . 122$&. Crientation to religion and feeling function in #ungIs personality typology. Studies in #eligion, ( , <%9-<$%. 4chmidt, !. =., #r. 122.&. A Still, Small 6oice: ,omen, /rdination and the *hurch. 4yracuseB 4yracuse University Press. 4chneider, 0. #., " 4chneider, A. 1223&. In Their /.n #ight: The ;istory of American *lergy ,omen. Eew Oor)B 0rossroad. 4mith, K.0., Ulch, 4.*., 0ameron, #.*., 0umberland, #.5., :usgrave, :.5. " ,remblay, E. 12?2&. @ender related effects in the perception of anger expression. Se@ #oles: A 1ournal of #esearch, (8, 7?3-722. 4par) Eotes $%%.&. Assessing Personality. 'etrieved on #une 12, $%%. from httpBFFwww.spar)notes.comFpsychologyFpsych1%1FpersonalityFsection3.rhtml 4treet, 4. " Kromrey, A. 1227&. 'elationship between suicidal behaviour and personality types. Suicide and CifeBThreatening 5ehaviour, (!, $?$ D $2$. ,riandis, 8., Lambert, =., ;erry, #., Lonner, =., 8eron, 5., ;rislin, '., " Araguns, # *ds&. 12?%&. 8andboo) of cross-cultural psychology Lol. 1-.&. ;ostonB 5llyn " ;acon. In Eewman, ;.:. " Eewman, P.'. 12294. Development through life: A psychosocial approach. EOB ;roo)sF0ole Publishing, pg. ?%-?.. ,eam ,echnology $%%9&. Keirsey Temperament and :yers 5riggs: A *ritique. 'etrieved on #une 12, $%%. from @oogle Aatabase ,he 5merican 8eritage. $%%<&. Dictionary of the %nglish Canguage, 7th. 8oughton :ifflin 0ompany

$1 ,uc)er, 0. @. 122.. =omen and the Unitarian-Universalist :inistry. In 0. =essinger *ds& 122.&. #eligious Institutions and ,omen7s Ceadership: -e. #oles Inside the :ainstream. 40B University of 4outh 0arolina Press, 32-1%%. =i)ipedia-!ree *ncyclopedia $%%.&. *harismatic :ovement. =i)imedia !oundation, Inc. 'etrieved on #anuary $<, $%%. from httpBFFen.wi)ipedia.orgFwi)iF0harismatics =iner, '. I. $%%9&. Cn the validity of tests used in typing. In ;erens, L., 4pring, 122.&. ,ype " temperament. 5ulletin of Psychological Type, ),3 (4, .?-2. Pi)mund, ;. ;. 122.. =omen6s ministries within the United 0hurch of 0hrist. In 0. =essinger *ds& 122.&. #eligious Institutions and ,omen7s Ceadership: -e. #oles Inside the :ainstream. 40B University of 4outh 0arolina Press, 9?-3?.