Prof.

Purushothaman Associate Professor Embedded System Division SENSE TT603

UNIT - 1

CONTENT:
Introduction to embedded system with examples. Characteristics of embedded system. Design metrics-challenges in embedded system design. embedded design life cycle.

EXAMPLES IN YOUR DAILY LIFE

wake up have breakfast

EXAMPLES IN YOUR DAILY LIFE CONT.

get into your car

A latest model car can have as many as 65+ processors for Engine control, Transmission Control, A/C control, Cruise control, ABS, Audio, etc More than 30% of the cost of a car is now in electronics 90% of all innovations will be based on electronic systems

EXAMPLES IN YOUR DAILY LIFE CONT.

on our way to office

EXAMPLES IN YOUR DAILY LIFE CONT.

in our office

EXAMPLES IN YOUR DAILY LIFE CONT.

back at home

MORE EXAMPLES

Mission critical controls Medical equipment Communication Toy, etc

Nuclear plant control, aircraft navigation ,military equipment

THE CANNONICAL EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Parts in a Typical Embedded Systems
FPGA/ ASIC Software Memory

SENSORS

A/D Conversion

CPU

D/A Conversion

ACTUATORS

Human Interface

Diagnostic Port

Auxiliary Systems (Power, Cooling)

ELECTROMECHANICAL Backup & Safety

EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

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PERIPHERALS
Peripheral is something which is NOT part of the computer Peripheral is a hardware element used to perform a defined functionality Why?

CPU cannot do all the required functionality Required functionality is not common for all systems

Allows to choose the best required for the system

Runs independently, but Controlled by the CPU

Master-Slave

Most common?

Timers/Counters, RTC UART, I2C, SPI

MICROCONTROLLERS
Also called MCUs Includes the CPU, Memories (ROM/FLASH, RAM) And common peripherals

GPIO, Timers, Interrupt Controller, Timers and UART ADC, DAC, LCD Drivers or I2C bus

And even more

Popular MCUs
8-bit: 8051, PIC, ATMEGA, Hitachi etc. 16-bit: MSP430, 80251 and DSPs 24-bit: Mostly DSPs 32-bit: Several ARM core based controllers

THATS HOW WE USE MICROPROCESSORS

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WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM?

An

Embedded system is computing system other than a desktop computers- Frank Vahid/Tony An embedded system is the one that has computer hardware with software embedded in it as one of its most important component It is any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself intended to be a general purpose computer-Wayne Wolf
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WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM?....

Embedded

System are electronics systems that contain a Microprocessor Micro Controller, but we dont think of them as computer. The computer is hidden in the system- Todd D.Mortan An embedded system is a System whose principle function is not computational, but which is controlled by computer embedded with in it. Tim Wilmshurst
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WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM?

Some of the main characteristics:
Dedicated (not general purpose) Contains a programmable component Interacts (continuously) with the environment

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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Hardware Software RTOS

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HARDWARE

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HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF AN
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Power supply and reset Ckt i/p device interfacing and driver ckts o/p device interfacing and driver ckts System application specific ckts Processor Timer Interrupt controller Program memory Data Memory Serial communication Port Parallel communication Port

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Application Software

Perform concurrently a series of task

RTOS
Defines the way the system works Supervises the application software Provides a mechanism to let the processor to run a process as per scheduling (Process scheduling) Perform Context switching between the processes

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CLASSIFICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Small

scale Embedded System Medium scale embedded system Sophisticated Embedded System

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SMALL SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Processor - 8 0r 16 bit micro controller Hardware complexity Little Software complexity Little Power Battery operated Programming tools Editor, assembler, cross compiler , C programming

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MEDIUM SYSTEM
Processor

SCALE EMBEDDED
- 16 0r 32 bit micro controller ,

DSP ,RISC Hardware complexity More Software complexity More Programming tools RTOS ,Source code Engineering Tools, Simulator, Debugger, IDE, Assembler ASIC readily available ASSP and IP for various functions (TCP/IP Protocol Stacking and network connection functions
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SOPHISTICATED EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Processor

Scalable processors, configuration processors, programmable logic arrays Hardware complexity High Software complexity High Software functions are implemented in hardware to speed up Programming tools May not be available

Compilers or retargetable compilers need to be developed

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A EMBEDDED SYSTEM

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Single Functioned Time constraints Tightly Constraint Real Time & Reactive Complex Algorithms User Interface Multirate Manufacturing Cost Power

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SINGLE FUNCTIONED
An Embedded System usually executes a specific functions repeatedly Eg. pager Exceptions Cell phones Several programs are swapped in & out due to size limitation

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TIME CONSTRAINTS:
Embedded systems have to perform in real-time: if data is not ready by a certain deadline, the system fails to perform correctly. - Hard deadline: failure to meet leads to major hazards. - Soft deadline: failure to meet can be tolerated but quality of service is reduced.

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TIGHTLY CONSTRAINT
All Computing systems have constraints on design Matrices Embedded Systems are more tight A design metric is a measure of an implementations features .

Cost Size Performance

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REALTIME & REACTIVE

Many Embedded Systems must continually react to changes in the systems environment and must compute certain results in real time without delay

Eg.
Cars Cruise controller Missile Target System

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MISSILE TARGET SYSTEM

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CAR CRUISE CONTROL

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COMPLEX ALGORITHMS
The operations performed by the processor may be more Complex Eg. Automobile engine Control Mobile Phone

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USER INTERFACE

Microprocessor are frequently used to control complex user interfaces that may include multiple menus and many options

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MULTIRATE
ES have several real time activities at the same time. They need to control some operations run at slow rate and some st high rate Optimizing Design Matrices Eg. Multimedia

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MANUFACTURING COST
Depends on Processor Used Amount of memory required Type Of I/O

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POWER

Power consumption affects

Battery life Heat Consumption

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DESIGN CHALLENGES

WHY IS DESIGN OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS DIFFICULT?

High Complexity Strong time and power constraints Low cost Short time to market Safety critical systems In order to achieve all these requirements, systems have to be highly optimized. Both hardware and software aspects have to be considered simultaneously!

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How much hardware do we need ? How do we meet deadlines ? How do we minimize power consumption? How do we design for upgradeability? Does it really works? How does the nature of ES make their design more difficult? Does it optimize the design metrics?

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HOW MUCH HARDWARE DO WE NEED ?

Selection of P ,Memory,Pheripheral etc.. ES have to meet

1. 2.

Performance deadlines Minimum manufacturing cost

Little hardware fails to meet deadlines More hardware - Makes it expensive

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HOW DO WE MEET DEADLINES ?

Speed up the hardware results in faster execution Speed s speed may be limited by Memory system

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How do we minimize power consumption?

Excessive power consumption increases heat dissipation

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HOW DOES THE NATURE OF ES

MAKE THEIR DESIGN MORE

DIFFICULT?
Limited Observation Complex Testing Limited Development Environment

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DOES IT OPTIMIZE THE DESIGN METRICS?

NRE Cost Unit Cost Size Performance Flexibility Time to prototype Time to Market Maintainability Correctness Safety

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CONSTRAINT
Most of the design metrics are heavily constrained in Embedded System Time to Market design metric NRE Cost & Unit Cost Performance design Metric

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TIME TO MARKET DESIGN METRIC

Introducing an embedded system to the market place early can make a big difference in the system profitability ,since market window for products are becoming very short ,with such windows are often measured in months

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PERFORMANCE DESIGN METRIC

Performance of a system is a measure of how long the system takes to execute our desired task Main measures of performance Latency Time b/w start of task of task execution to end Through put No of task that can be processed per unit time Speed Up is a common method of comparing the performance of two systems.

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EMBEDDED DESIGN LIFE CYCLE

(FOLLOW THE CLASS NOTES (BLOCK DIAGRAM) WHICH I GAVE IN THE CLASS)

AN EXAMPLE EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Digital camera

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

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CCD
Charge couple device Contains an array of light senitive photocells that capture Image

A2D

Analog images to digital

D2A

Digital images to analog

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CCP Preprocessor Commands CCD to read Image JPEG Codec Compress and decompress the image using JPEG Compression standard Pixel Coprocessor For rapid Display of an image Memory Controller Controls access to memory chip found in camera

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DMA controller Enables direct memory access by other devices while the Microcontroller is performing other functions UART Communication with PCs serial PORT ISA Bus Interface Enables with faster connection with PCs ISA Bus

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LCD Control & Display Control Controls the display on the camera LCD Display Multiplier/Accumulator Performs a particular frequently executed compution faster than the c could

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MOBILE PHONE - DESIGN

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DESIGN OF MOBILE PHONES

S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Parameters Name Functionality Input Output power Other features Customer Expectation Hand held device For communication during travel Keypad LCD Battery operated Games Music player Bluetooth GPRS support Camera support

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BLOCK DIAGRAM
Antenna
Power Module

Microcontroller

LED Panel
Bluetooth

Keypad

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (H/W)

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