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Level 1 Questions
3. Osteoclasts are large cells that cause the breakdown of osseous tissue.
4. If the supply of blood cells is deficient, yellow marrow may change into red
marrow.
6. The appendicular skeleton consists of the parts that support and protect the head,
neck, and trunk.
7. The parietal bones meet the frontal bone along the sagittal suture.
8. Vitamin D is needed for the proper absorption of calcium in the small intestine.
10. The importance of fontanels in the infant's skull are to permit some movement of
bones, thereby enabling the infant to pass more easily though the birth canal.
11. Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells, whereas osteoblasts are bone-forming cells.
12. Osteonic canals carry blood up and down through a bone providing blood to
osteocytes, whereas communicating canals interconnect with them bringing
blood from the surface of the bone.
13. A bone can increase in thickness strictly by the resorbing activity of the
osteoclasts.
14. The epiphyseal disk is composed of many immature osteoblasts that are activated
to start secreting bony matrix by the growth hormone.
15. Osteocytes become osteoblasts when they are completely surrounded by bony
matrix.
16. The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a thin cellular layer called
______.
17. The tough, fibrous tissue that encloses a long bone is called the ______.
19. The cartilagenous parts that separate the vertebrae are called ______ ______.
20. The membranous soft spots of a newborn's skull are called ______.
22. The joint created by the two pubic bones is the ______ ______.
1. List four groups of bones based upon their shapes, and name an example from each
group.
2. Sketch a typical long bone, and label its epiphyses, diaphysis, medullary cavity,
periosteum, and articular cartilages.
13. Describe the effects of thyroid and sex hormones on bone development.
15. Provide several examples to illustrate how bones support and protect body parts.
6. Why are women more likely than men to develop osteoporosis? What steps can
reduce the risk of developing this condition?
Joints
A. Match the movements in column I with the descriptions in column II.
I II
1. Rotation A. Turning palm upward
2. Supination B. Decreasing angle between parts
C. Moving part forward
3. Extension D. Moving part around an axis
E. Turning sole of foot outward
4. Eversion F. Increasing angle between parts
5. Protraction H. Turning palm downward
G. Lowering a part
6. Flexion I. Moving part away from midline
7. Pronation
8. Abduction
9. Depression
B. True or false
1. The hip joint allows a greater freedom of movement than the shoulder joint.
2. The synovial membrane reabsorbs fluid and may help remove substances from
an infected joint cavity.
4. The patellar ligament connects the medial condyle of the femur to the medial
condyle of the tibia.
10. The basic structure of the knee joint permits flexion and extension.
13. The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are separated by ______ ______ that act as
shock absorbers.
15. A joint with articulating surfaces that are nearly flat is a ______ ______.
16. Straightening the leg at the knee is a type of movement called ______.
17. The ______ ______ within the knee joint help prevent displacement of the
articulating surfaces.
19. Closed, fluid-filled sacs that act as cushions are called ______.
20. The type of synovial joint in which only rotation may occur is a ______
______.
14. List six types of synovial joints, and name an example of each type.
24. Explain why there is less freedom of movement in the hip joint than in the
shoulder joint.
Answers
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1. List four groups of bones based upon their shapes, and name an example from
each group.
a. Long bones—femur and humerus
b. Short bones—tarsals and carpals
c. Flat bones—ribs, scapulae, and bones of the skull
d. Irregular bones—vertebrae and many facial bones
2. Sketch a typical long bone, and label its epiphyses, diaphysis, medullary cavity,
periosteum, and articular cartilages.
See figure 7.2, page 183.
13. Describe the effects of thyroid and sex hormones on bone development.
Thyroid hormone stimulates the replacement of cartilage in the epiphyseal disks of
long bones with bone tissue. Thyroid hormone can halt bone growth by causing
premature ossification of the epiphyseal disks. A deficiency in thyroid hormone may
stunt growth as the pituitary gland depends upon thyroid hormone to stimulate the
secretion of growth hormone. Sex hormones promote the formation of bone tissue.
Female sex hormones have a slightly stronger effect than male sex hormones,
allowing females to reach their maximum heights at an earlier age than males.
15. Provide several examples to illustrate how bones support and protect body
parts.
Bones of the feet, legs, pelvis, and backbone support the weight of the body. The
bones of the skull protect the brain. The rib cage and shoulder girdle protect the heart
and lungs.
Answer: Ligaments holding the articulating surfaces of the shoulder together are
rather weak. Dislocating the shoulder would stretch or strain these ligaments, further
weakening them, making future dislocations more likely.