T1

C O U N T R I E S T H A T H AV E W O N T H E M O S T A D A P T A T I O N A I D
A comparison with traditional development aid.

A DA P TAT I O N A I D A M O U N T ( M I L . $ )

NUMBER OF DONOR COUNTRIES

800 1-4 700 5-8 600 9-12 500 13-16 300

200

100

SOUTH AFRICA

A F G H A N I S TA N

MOZAMBIQUE

BANGLADESH

PHILIPPINES

R.D. CONGO

CAMEROON

INDONESIA

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

MOROCCO

TA N Z A N I A

PA K I S TA N

ETHIOPIA

DJIBOUTI

VIETNAM

NIGERIA

BOLIVIA

JORDAN

TURKEY

GABON

SERBIA

K E N YA

EGYPT

CHINA

INDIA

PERU

IRAQ

RECIPIENT COUNTRIES

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

TRADITIONAL AID AMOUNT (MIL.$)

The data extracted from the OECD StatExtracts database (stats.oecd.org) collects general Official Development Assistance (ODA) and is reported by OECD member countries. We identified aid that was labelled through the RioMarkers and selected only projects that had been categorised with adaptation aid as their principal objective. As the RioMarker adaptation was implemented in 2010, we have only used data beginning from that year

in order to identify adaptation-related projects. We ranked countries according to the amount of adaptation aid committed to them per million in USD (adjusted for inflation) and then contrasted this with the top 20 recipients of ODA. Most countries receive adaptation aid and ODA, such as Vietnam and Bangladesh. Whilst India and Turkey have received both, the levels of adaptation aid have meant they do not appear in the top 20 list of adaptation champions.

T H E G E O P O L I T I C S O F A D A P TAT I O N F U N D S

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C O N T R I B U T I O N O F A D A P TAT I O N I N D O N O R C O U N T R I E S ' D E V E L O P M E N T A I D
The percentage of adaptation aid within ODA, the ranking of donors among the OECD member countries and the total amount of ODA each country donates.

A DA P TAT I O N AID IN ODA

more than 5%

5-4%

4-2%

2-0%

AMOUNT OF DEVELOPMENT AID FOR DONOR COUNTRIES (MIL.$)

UK

1000

1500

2000

2500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1000

1500

2000

2500

500

500

500

500

The data extracted from the OECD StatExtracts database (stats.oecd.org) collects general Official Development Assistance (ODA) and is reported by OECD member countries. We identified aid that was labelled through the RioMarkers and selected only projects that had been categorised with adaptation aid as their principal objective. As the RioMarker adaptation was implemented in 2010, we have only used data beginning from that year in order to identify

J A PA N

EU INSTITUTIONS

S PA I N

FRANCE

USA

GERMANY

FINLAND

CANADA

IRELAND

NETHERLANDS

I T A LY

SWEDEN

AUSTRIA

AUSTRALIA

BELGIUM

N O R WAY

NEW ZEALAND

SWITZERLAND

GREECE

SOUTH KOREA

LUXEMBOURG

DENMARK

CZECH REPUBLIC

ICELAND

PORTUGAL

adaptation-related projects. We first grouped donor countries into four categories according to the share of adaptation aid within their ODA. After which we then visualised the number of countries in each category and the total amount of ODA for each vcountry as well as the EU institutions.

T H E G E O P O L I T I C S O F A D A P TAT I O N F U N D S

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C O N C E N T R AT I O N A N D S P E C I A L I Z AT I O N O F A D A P TAT I O N A I D .
The concentration and fragmentation of aid by the purpose of the funding. The concentration and fragmentation of aid by the number of recipient countries.

NOF PURPOSES
UNITED KINGDOM

J A PA N

80

CANADA

GERMANY

70

KOREA 60

AUSTRALIA 50 FRANCE SWITZERLAND 40 EU INSTITUTIONS I T A LY 30 SWEDEN N O R W AY

S PA I N

GREECE 20 AUSTRIA DENMARK 10 USA NEW ZEALAND ICELAND LUXEMBOURG NETHERLANDS BELGIUM FINLAND

IRELAND

CZE PT

N OF RECIPIENT COUTRIES
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

AMOUNT OF MONEY SPENT ON EACH SECTOR BY EVERY DONOR COUNTRY

(the height of nodes depends on the amount of money spent/recived)

HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS F U E LW O O D / C H A R C O A L

WAT E R

S A N I TAT I O N FRANCE

RECONSTRUCTION RELIEF
FISHERY RESEARCH/DEVELOPMENT

FLOOD PREVENTION/CONTROL
RIVER BASINS DEVELOPMENT

J A PA N

E N V I R O N M E N TA L

SOUTH KOREA

EU INSTITUTIONS L I V E S TO C K B A S I C D R I N K I N G W A T E R S U P P LY E D U C AT I O N DENMARK CZECH REPUBLIC AUSTRIA AUSTRALIA FOOD URBAN DEVELOPMEN ROAD TRANSPORT TRADE ENERGY M AT E R I A L R E L I E F A S S I S TA N C E A N D S E R V I C E S FORESTRY SWEDEN GREECE PORTUGAL

U N I T E D S TAT E S

A G R I C U LT U R E

UNITED KINGDOM

DISASTER PREVENTION
S O C I A L / W E L FA R E S E R V I C E S

GERMANY

BIO-DIVERSITY

NEW ZEALAND FINLAND

R E S E A R C H / S C I E N T I F I C I N S T. P U B L I C S E C TO R SOLAR ENERGY E D U C AT I O N M U LT I S E C T O R A I D RURAL DEVELOPMENT

NETHERLANDS

N O R WAY ICELAND LUXEMBOURG

P O W E R G E N E R AT I O N

B I O S P H E R E P ROT E C T I O N D E C E N T R A L I S AT I O N CIVIL SOCIETY BIOMASS ENERGY WOMEN'S EQUALITY LEGAL AND JUDICIAL DEVELOPMENT S O C I A L M I T I G AT I O N O F H I V/A I D S FOOD HUMAN RIGHTS BASIC NUTRITION P E A C E K E E P I N G O P E R AT I O N S

CANADA

I T A LY IRELAND SWITZERLAND BELGIUM S PA I N

The data extracted from the OECD StatExtracts database (stats.oecd.org) collects general Official Development Assistance (ODA) and is reported by OECD member countries. We identified aid that was labelled through the RioMarkers and selected only projects that had been categorised with adaptation aid as their principal objective. As the RioMarker adaptation was

implemented in 2010, we have only used data beginning from that year in order to identify adaptation-related projects. We have extracted the number of recipient countries and the number of purpose names for each donor country. On a scatterplot we placed each donor country according to the number of recipient (x-axis) and which sectors and purposes the aid went to (y-axis). The size

of each node represents the amount of money given by each donor country. The second map represents the amount of money being spent on each sector or purpose by every donor country. We took out the purpose names that had a total amount of less than $2 million and were used by less than three countries. We colored the 7 most important sectors.

T H E G E O P O L I T I C S O F A D A P TAT I O N F U N D S

T4

T H E S P E C I A L I Z AT I O N O F D O N O R C O U N T R I E S B Y N E G O T I AT I N G G R O U P S I N T H E U N I T E D N AT I O N S F R A M E W O R K C O N V E N T I O N O N C L I M AT E C H A N G E ( U N F C C C )
The afnities of donor countries and recipient negotiating groups, depending on the ow of adaptation aid committed to the members of these groups.

BELGIUM NEW ZEALAND

ALLIANCE OF SMALL I S L A N D S TAT E S

AUSTRIA

COALITION FOR RAINFOREST N AT I O N S

AUSTRALIA DENMARK

LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

FINLAND

KOREA SWITZERLAND J A PA N G77 SWEDEN IRELAND FRANCE S PA I N E U I N S T. UNITED KINGDOM NETHERLANDS LUXEMBOURG N O R WAY

O R G A N I Z AT I O N O F PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES GERMANY

CANADA

AFRICAN GROUP UMBRELLA GROUP

CZECH REPUBLIC

CENTRAL ASIA, CAUCASUS A N D M O L D O VA

LEAGUE OF A R A B S TAT E S

I T A LY

ICELAND

U N I T E D S TAT E S E N V I R O N M E N TA L INTEGRITY GROUP

N U M B E R O F N AT I O N S IN GROUP

GREECE

60+

60 - 41

40 - 21

20 - 1

The data extracted from the OECD StatExtracts database (stats.oecd.org) collects general Official Development Assistance (ODA) and is reported by OECD member countries. We identified aid that was labelled through the RioMarkers and selected only projects that had been categorised with adaptation aid as their principal objective. As the RioMarker adaptation was implemented in 2010, we have only used data beginning from that year in order to identify adaptation-related projects.

We grouped the adaptation aid of every donor country committed to particular UNFCCC negotiating groups, and represented both donor countries and recipient groups as nodes. We used the spatialization software Gephi, which through a force-vectors algorithm, attributes a position to each node by simulating a system of physical forces in which nodes are attributed a repellent force that drives them apart, while the edges work as spring bounding nodes pulling them together. Once the balance of forces is

reached, the distance amongst the nodes becomes meaningful: two nodes are closer the more they are connected to the same neighbors. Here both the nodes and edges are sized by the cummulative amount of committed adaptation money. One should be careful to the fact that recipient countries belong to several groups, thus the money received by each country is double-counted in each group they belong to.

T H E G E O P O L I T I C S O F A D A P TAT I O N F U N D S

T5

T H E A D A P T A T I O N A I D R E C E I V I N G C O U N T R I E S A N D T H E I R F AV O R I T E I S S U E S T O AT T R A C T A D A P TAT I O N F U N D I N G .
The afnities of recipient countries with purpose names, depending on the ow of adaptation aid committed to them under that purpose name.

A G R I C U LT U R A L E D U C AT I O N / T R A I N I N G

GEORGIA

A G R I C U LT U R A L I N P U T S FISHERY RESEARCH ALBANIA CAMEROON COMOROS A G R I C U LT U R A L SERVICES

M U LT I S E C T O R E D U C AT I O N / T R A I N I N G

R WA N DA

W A T E R S U P P LY & S A N I T.

EGYPT FORESTRY E D U C AT I O N / T R A I N I N G

B OT S WA N A

SOUTH AFRICA

TA N Z A N I A D E M O C R AT I C PA R T I C I PAT I O N AND CIVIL SOCIETY

E N V I R O N M E N TA L E D U C AT I O N / T R A I N I N G

REPRODUCTIVE H E A LT H C A R E ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA

A G R I C U LT U R A L FINANCIAL SERVICES

G UAT E M A L A

M I C R O N E S I A , F E D. S TAT E S NAURU VA N U AT U

FIJI

FORESTRY POLICY & ADMIN. MANAGEMENT

BASIC NUTRITION

M U LT I S E C T O R A I D F O R B A S I C S O C . S E R V.

PERU CHINA MOROCCO ECUADOR BIOSPHERE PROTECTION SOLOMON ISLANDS E L S A LVA D O R WAT E R R E S O U R C E S PROTECTION HONDURAS A G R I C U LT U R A L DEVELOPMENT SAMOA HUMAN RIGHTS BOLIVIA

MARSHALL ISLANDS S O C I A L / W E L FA R E SERVICES P O W E R G E N E R AT. / N O N - R E N E WA B L E S O U R C E S

E N V I R O N M E N TA L RESEARCH

BRAZIL NIUE T U VA L U

JORDAN C O N G O , D E M . R E P. DISASTER PREVENTION A N D P R E PA R E D N E S S SENEGAL HAITI W A T E R S U P P LY PA K I S TA N BIO-DIVERSITY BASIC DRINKING W A T E R S U P P LY A N D B A S I C S A N I TAT I O N PHILIPPINES CAPE VERDE UGANDA LIVESTOCK THAILAND RECONSTRUCTION RELIEF AND R E H A B I L I TAT I O N PA R A G U AY

COOK ISLANDS

BANGLADESH

DJIBOUTI RIVER BASINS DEVELOPMENT PA P U A N E W G U I N E A MEXICO INDIA

CHAD

A G R I C U LT U R A L P O L I C Y & ADMIN. MGMT

NICARAGUA TO N G A

WEST BANK & GAZA STRIP FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT FOOD CROP PRODUCTION K I R I B AT I E N V I R O N M E N TA L POLICY AND ADMIN. SERBIA S A N I TAT I O N N E PA L VIETNAM RURAL DEVELOPMENT S I T E P R E S E R VAT I O N

MALI A G R I C U LT U R A L WAT E R R E S O U R C E S A G R I C U LT U R A L EXTENSION K E N YA CAMBODIA ZAMBIA

M U LT I S E C T O R A I D

NIGER

TUNISIA

MONGOLIA

M YA N M A R GUINEA INDONESIA

W A T E R R E S O U R C E S P O L I C Y/A D M I N . M G M T AZERBAIJAN MACEDONIA, FYR

MADAGASCAR

CUBA

TRADE POLICY LAOS

FLOOD PREVENTION /CONTROL B U R K I N A FA S O BENIN

MOZAMBIQUE P O W E R G E N E R AT I O N / R E N E WA B L E S O U R C E S M AU R I TA N I A

A G R I C U LT U R A L R E S E A R C H

GAMBIA ETHIOPIA BASIC DRINKING W A T E R S U P P LY FOOD AID C OT E D' I VO I R E TO G O

GHANA

TIMOR-LESTE

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

COLOMBIA A F G H A N I S TA N ROAD TRANSPORT M AT E R I A L R E L I E F A S S I S TA N C E AND SERVICES PUBLIC SECTOR POLICY AND ADM. MANAGEMENT

B H U TA N ENERGY POLICY AND ADMIN. MANAGEMENT SOMALIA

L E S OT H O CHILE A G R I C U LT U R A L LAND RESOURCES

MALAWI

BURUNDI

D E C E N T R A L I S AT I O N AND SUPPORT TO S U B N AT I O N A L G O V T. NORTH KOREA

EMERGENCY FOOD AID

RECIPIENT COUNTRIES

ISSUE

The data extracted from the OECD StatExtracts database (stats.oecd.org) collects general Official Development Assistance (ODA) and is reported by OECD member countries. We identified aid that was labelled through the RioMarkers and selected only projects that had been categorised with adaptation aid as their principal objective. As the RioMarker adaptation was implemented in 2010, we have only used data beginning from that year in order to identify adaptation-related projects.

We grouped the adaptation funding committed to every donor country by purpose names used to label this aid, and represented both recipient countries and sectors (or purposes) as nodes. We used the spatialization software Gephi, which through a force-vectors algorithm, attributes a position to each node by simulating a system of physical forces in which nodes are attributed a repellent force that drives them apart, while the edges work as spring bounding nodes pulling them together. Once the balance of forces is reached,

the distance amongst the nodes becomes meaningful: two nodes are closer the more they are connected to the same neighbors Here both the nodes and edges are sized by the cummulative amount of committed adaptation funding.

T H E G E O P O L I T I C S O F A D A P TAT I O N F U N D S