Unit-1

1. Explain the functions of each layer in the OSI model. 2. Explain the functions of each layer in the TCP/IP protocol suite. 3. Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP Protocol Suite. 4. How many levels of addresses are used in TCP/IP protocol? 5. What is the architecture of classful addressing? 6. What are the two-level addresses used in class A, B or C? 7. Why do you need subnetting in classful addressing? 8. What is the use of Supernetting in classful addressing? 9. How classless addressing better than classful addressing. 10. How do you represent two-level addressing in classless addressing? 11. How do you allocate blocks in classless addressing/ 12. How subnetting is implemented in classless addressing? 13. What are the special addresses available in classful addressing? 14. What are the special addresses in each block available in classful addressing? 15. How can you provide the mapping between private and universal addresses? 16. Write a note on Internet Protocol version 4. 17. Explain the packet format of IPv4 datagram. 18. Why do you need to fragment an IP datagram? Explain the fields related to it. 19. Explain the term Maximum Transfer Unit. 20. What is the use of options in IP datagram? Explain any one of the option with its format. 21. Which method is used to detect error by TCP/IP protocol? How it is calculated at sender and receiver side? 22. Explain the concept of IP over ATM. 23. Explain the security issues that are applicable to IP protocol. 24. Write a note on IP package. 25. What are the different notations used to represent IPv6 addresses? 26. What are the three addresses used for destination address in IPv6? 27. How do you allocate the address space of IPv6? 28. Write a note on following IPv6 addresses: a. IPv4 Compatible addresses b. Unspecified Address c. Loopback Address d. Embedded IPv4 addresses e. Unique Local Unicast block f. Link local block g. Multicast Block 29. What is the use of global Unicast Addresses? Explain all parts of this address. 30. How does a host in IPv6 configure itself? 31. How IPv6 is better than IPv4? 32. Explain the packet format of IPv6 datagram. 33. What is the use of flow label in IPv6. 34. Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 headers. 35. How many types of extension headers defined in IPv6? Explain any 1 with its format. 36. Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 options.

37. What are the strategies used for transition from IPv4 to IPv6? 38. Problems based on IPv4 and IPv6 addressing. 39. Problems based on packet formats and fragmentation.

Unit-2
1. What is the concept of ARP protocol? 2. Explain the packet format of ARP. 3. Explain the steps involved in ARP process. 4. Give the four cases in which services of ARP can be used? 5. What is the use of proxy ARP? 6. Explain the packet format of ATMARP. 7. Explain ATMARP operation. 8. Write a note on ARP package. 9. What is the concept of ICMP? 10. What is the use of error reporting messages? Explain any 1 of them with its format. 11. What is the use of query messages? Explain any 1 of them with its format. 12. Which debugging tools are available in ICMP? 13. Write a note on ICMP package. 14. What are the phases the mobile hosts has to go through to communicate with the remote host? 15. What is the inefficiency in mobile IP? Explain with the solution. 16. How Bellman-Ford algorithm helps to find least cost between any two nodes? 17. Explain distance vector algorithm? 18. Explain the term count to infinity with an example. 19. Define the solutions faced by two-node instability. 20. Explain the three-node instability. 21. What is the concept of RIP? 22. Explain the message format of RIP. 23. What are the three timers used in RIP? 24. How RIP2 is better than RIP? 25. What is the concept of Link State Routing? 26. How to build routing table using link state routing? 27. Explain the algorithm used to form shortest path tree with suitable example. 28. What is the concept of the protocol which is based on link state routing? 29. What are the types of links in OSPF? Explain each in detail. 30. Explain the common header format of OSPF packets. 31. Which packet is said to be heart of OSPF operation? Explain with its format. 32. Explain the packet format of routing link LSA. 33. Explain the packet format of network link advertisement format.

34. What is the concept of summary link to network? Explain with its format. 35. What is the concept of summary link to AS boundary router? Explain with its format. 36. What is the concept of external link LSA? 37. What is the need of Hello message? 38. Explain database description packet format. 39. Explain link state request packet format. 40. Explain link state acknowledgement packet. 41. How path vector routing is better than distance vector and link state routing? 42. How to build routing tables using path vector routing? 43. Explain the protocol which is based on path vector routing? 44. Explain the types of autonomous system in BGP. 45. How do you exchange routing information between two routers in BGP? 46. Explain the common header format of BGP messages. 47. Explain all types of BGP messages with its packet format.

Unit-3
1. Write a note on UDP. 2. Explain the packet format of UDP. 3. What are the services provided by UDP? 4. How UDP checksum calculation is different from IP checksum calculation. 5. How does encapsulation and de-capsulation takes place in UDP? 6. What is the need of queues in UDP? 7. How multiplexing and demultiplexing is used in UDP? 8. What are the applications of UDP? Explain any one with an example. 9. Explain UDP package. 10. Write a note on TCP. 11. What is the need of sending and receiving buffers in TCP? 12. What are the services provided by TCP? 13. What are the features of TCP? 14. Explain TCP segment format. 15. Which method is used to establish connection using TCP? 16. Explain the term SYN flooding attack. 17. How do you transfer the data in TCP? Explain with an example. 18. How do you terminate the connection? 19. Explain the term Half-close. 20. Explain the state-transition diagram of TCP. 21. What is the need of send and receive window? 22. How do you control the flow of data in TCP? 23. Explain the term silly window syndrome. 24. How do you control the error in data in TCP?

25. Enlist the rule when to generate the acknowledgments. 26. How do you come to know when to retransmit segments? 27. How do you control congestion in network in TCP? 28. What re the types of timers used by TCP? 29. What are the options available in TCP? Explain each with its packet format. 30. Explain TCP package. 31. What the best features of TCP and UDP included in SCTP? 32. What are the services provided by SCTP? 33. What are the features on SCTP? 34. Explain the packet format of SCTP. 35. What are the different types of chunks in SCTP? Explain each of them with example. 36. How do you establish an association in SCTP? 37. How do you transfer the data in SCTP? 38. What is the need of fragmentation in SCTP? 39. How do you terminate the association in SCTP? 40. How do you abort the association in SCTP? 41. Explain the state-transition diagram of SCTP. 42. How do you control the flow of data in SCTP? 43. How do you control the error in data in STCP? 44. How do you come to know when to retransmit chunks? 45. How do you control congestion in network in STCP?

Unit-4
1. 2. 3. 4. How does DHCP sever operate on same and different network? Explain the packet format of DHCP. How does DHCP allocate address dynamically? How does DHCP client performs state transitions to obtain address from DHCP sever? 5. What is the need of DNS server? 6. How do you assign names to machines in DNS? 7. What is the difference between FQDN and PQDN? 8. Explain the term Domain in DNS. 9. Why do we need to distribute name space? 10. What are the roles of primary server and secondary server? 11. How do you use DNS in the internet? 12. Explain the term resolution. 13. Explain the term caching. 14. What types of messages can be used in DNS? Explain each of them with its packet format.

15. Explain the term compression used in DNS. 16. How do you encapsulate DNS in UDP or TCP? 17. What is the need of Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS)? 18. What are the security issues in DNS? 19. What is the concept of TELNET? 20. Explain the term Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) used in Telnet. 21. What are the options that both Telnet client and server have to use to negotiate during the use of service? 22. Which are the sub-options used in Telnet? 23. Explain the term Out-Of-Band signaling. 24. Which are the three modes that telnet operates? 25. Why do we need Secure Shell (SSH) in telnet? 26. What are the components of SSH? 27. Explain the packet format of SSH. 28. What is the concept of FTP? 29. What are the two connections that FTP uses? 30. Which are the two approaches that FTP client and server uses to communicate with each other? 31. What data structures FTP uses to transfer a file across data connection? 32. Which modes are used by FTP to transfer a file across data connection? 33. Which commands are used by FTP for communication between client and server? 34. Which responses are used by FTP for communication between server and client? 35. What do you mean by file transferring in FTP? 36. Explain the term Anonymous FTP. 37. What is the concept of TFTP? 38. What are the types of TFTP messages? Explain each with its packet format. 39. How do you establish connection in TFTP? 40. When does error control need in TFTP? 41. Explain the term sorcerers apprentice bug.

Unit-5
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Describe the architecture of WWW. Write a note on Web Client and Server. Write a note on URL. How do you access dynamic document using CGI? How do you access dynamic document using server-site script? How do you access active document using applet? How do you access active document using client-site script? What is the concept of HTTP?

9. How does HTTP transaction takes place between client and server? 10. Explain the format of request message of HTTP. 11. Explain the format of response message of HTTP. 12. What do understand by conditional request of HTTP? Explain with an example. 13. What is the difference between persistent and non-persistent connection of TCP? 14. How do you create and store cookies at the server? 15. What is the use of proxy server? 16. Explain the term MTA and MAA. 17. Explain the types of user agent. 18. Describe the format of an e-mail. 19. What is the concept of SMTP? 20. Define the commands used by SMPT. 21. What are the responses generated from server to client using SMTP? 22. Explain the phases of mail transfer. 23. What is the concept of POP3? 24. What is the concept of IMAP4? 25. What is the concept of MIME? Explain its format. 26. What is the concept of SNMP? 27. Explain the term Manager and Agent. 28. What are the functions of SMI? 29. Which encoding method is used to encode data to transmit over the network? 30. What is the use of MIB? 31. How to access MIB variables? 32. What is the use of SNMP? 33. Explain the format of SNMP PDU format. 34. What types of messages are embedded into PDU? 35. How does SNMP uses the services of UDP ports? 36. How do you digitize audio and video/ 37. How do you compress a audio? 38. How do you compress a video? 39. How do you compress an image? 40. How do you construct frames in MPEG? 41. How do you download a compressed audio/video using web server? 42. How do you download a compressed audio/video using web server with metafile? 43. How do you download a compressed audio/video using media server? 44. How do you download a compressed audio/video using media server and RSTP? 45. What is the concept of real time interactive audio/video? 46. Explain the term playback buffer? 47. How do you handle real time traffic on the network? 48. What is the need of Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)?

49. Which protocol is used for multimedia session? 50. What is the purpose of H.323 protocol? 51. Explain the term QoS in multimedia. 52. How do you improve QoS? 53. Write a note on Integrated Services. 54. Write a note on Differentiated Services.

Unit-6
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Write a note on TCP programming. Write a note on UDP programming. What is a Socket? How do you read from and write to a Socket? What is a datagram? How do you write a datagram client and datagram server? Programs using TCP Programs using UDP