CCNA EXPLORATION ACCESSING THE WAN Study Guide

Chapter 3: Frame Relay

3.0. 1 3.1. 1

What is Frame Relay (F-R)? What ma%es F-R so pop(lar?

Instea" of "e"icate" lines. ,hat "oes F-R implement? What is a p0c? Why is F-R so cost effecti0e?

3o, "o remote lin%s comm(nicate (sing R-R?

What are the three components nee"e" ,hen a W ! is +(ilt? 3o, "oes F-R han"le errors?

3o, are 0ol(me 8 spee" han"le" +y FR?

#escri+e the +asic operation of F-R. CC! 4:1 ;

It is a high-performance W ! protocol that operates at the physical an" #ata $in% layers of the &'I reference mo"el. )eca(se of its price an" fle*i+ility. It re"(ces net,or% costs +y (sing less e-(ipment. less comple*ity. an" an easier implementation. /oreo0er. Frame Relay pro0i"es greater +an",i"th. relia+ility. an" resiliency than pri0ate or lease" lines. ""itionally. it offers simpler net,or% architect(re an" lo,er cost of o,nership. Frame Relay net,or% (ses permanent 0irt(al circ(its (12Cs) 12C is the logical path along an originating Frame Relay lin%. thro(gh the net,or%. an" along a terminating Frame Relay lin% to its (ltimate "estination. With Frame Relay. c(stomers only pay for the local loop. an" for the +an",i"th they p(rchase from the net,or% pro0i"er. lso. it shares +an",i"th across a larger +ase of c(stomers. In Frame Relay. the en" of each connection has a n(m+er to i"entify it calle" a #ata $in% Connection I"entifier (#$CI). ny station can connect ,ith any other simply +y stating the a""ress of that station an" #$CI n(m+er of the line it nee"s to (se. 4ach site nee"s its o,n e-(ipment (#54) to access the telephone company6s C& ser0ing the area (#C4). 5he thir" component sits in the mi""le. 7oining the t,o access points. 5he Frame Relay no"e simply "rops pac%ets ,itho(t notification ,hen it "etects errors. ny necessary error correction. s(ch as retransmission of "ata. is left to the en"points. F-R com+ines the necessary f(nctions of the "ata lin% an" !et,or% layers into one simple protocol. s a "ata lin% protocol. Frame Relay pro0i"es access to a net,or%. "elimits an" "eli0ers frames in proper or"er. an" recogni9es transmission errors thro(gh a stan"ar" Cyclic Re"(n"ancy Chec%. s a net,or% protocol. Frame Relay pro0i"es m(ltiple logical connections o0er a single physical circ(it an" allo,s the net,or% to ro(te "ata o0er those connections to its inten"e" "estinations. 5he #54 sen"s frames to the #C4 s,itch on the W ! e"ge. R42I'4# F4) <00=

C3.3 Frame Relay

What is a FR #?

3.1. <

What is a F-R 0irt(al circ(it?

3o, are 2Cs esta+lishe"?

3o, are the 0ario(s no"es an" s,itches i"entifie"? What is meant +y local significance?

Where is the #$CI store"? Who 8 ho, assigns the #$CI?

What is meant +y m(ltiple*e" in F-R?

3.1. 3

t ,hat layers of the &'I mo"el "oes F-R operate? #escri+e ho, F-R encaps(lates pac%ets First. Frame Relay accepts a pac%et from a !et,or% layer for transport. protocol s(ch as I1. It then ,raps it ,ith an a""ress fiel" CC! 4:1 ; C3.3 Frame Relay R42I'4# F4) <00=

5he frames mo0e from s,itch to s,itch across the W ! to the "estination #C4 s,itch on the W ! e"ge. 5he "estination #C4 "eli0ers the frames to the "estination #54. 5he comp(ting e-(ipment (ses a Frame Relay access device (FRA ) as the #54. 5he FR # is sometimes referre" to as a Frame Relay assem+ler>"issem+ler an" is a "e"icate" appliance or a ro(ter config(re" to s(pport Frame Relay. It is locate" on the c(stomer6s premises an" connects to a s,itch port on the ser0ice pro0i"er6s net,or%. In t(rn. the ser0ice pro0i"er interconnects the Frame Relay s,itches. 5he connection thro(gh a Frame Relay net,or% +et,een t,o #54s is calle" a 0irt(al circ(it (2C). 5he circ(its are 0irt(al +eca(se there is no "irect electrical connection from en" to en". 5he connection is logical. an" "ata mo0es from en" to en". ,itho(t a "irect electrical circ(it. 5here are t,o ,ays to esta+lish 2Cs: '2Cs. s,itche" 0irt(al circ(its. are esta+lishe" "ynamically +y sen"ing signaling messages to the net,or% (C $$ '45?1. # 5 5R !'F4R. I#$4. C $$ 54R/I! 5I&!). 12Cs. permanent 0irt(al circ(its. are preconfig(re" +y the carrier. an" after they are set (p. only operate in # 5 5R !'F4R an" I#$4 mo"es. !ote that some p(+lications refer to 12Cs as pri0ate 2Cs. 2Cs pro0i"e a +i"irectional comm(nication path from one "e0ice to another. 2Cs are i"entifie" +y #$CIs. #$CI 0al(es typically are assigne" +y the Frame Relay ser0ice pro0i"er (for e*ample. the telephone Frame Relay #$CIs ha0e local significance. ,hich means that the 0al(es themsel0es are not (ni-(e in the Frame Relay W !. #$CI i"entifies a 2C to the e-(ipment at an en"point. #$CI has no significance +eyon" the single lin%. 5,o "e0ices connecte" +y a 2C may (se a "ifferent #$CI 0al(e to refer to the same connection. In the a""ress fiel" of e0ery frame transmitte" to tell the net,or% ho, the frame sho(l" +e ro(te". 5he Frame Relay ser0ice pro0i"er assigns #$CI n(m+ers. ?s(ally. #$CIs 0 to 1@ an" 100A to 10<3 are reser0e" for special p(rposes. 5herefore. ser0ice pro0i"ers typically assign #$CIs in the range of 1B to 100C. Frame Relay is statistically m(ltiple*e". meaning that it transmits only one frame at a time. +(t that many logical connections can co-e*ist on a single physical line. 5he Frame Relay ccess #e0ice (FR #) or ro(ter connecte" to the Frame Relay net,or% may ha0e m(ltiple 2Cs connecting it to 0ario(s en"points. /(ltiple 2Cs on a single physical line are "isting(ishe" +eca(se each 2C has its o,n #$CI. the 1hysical an" #ata $in% layers

What is a chec%s(m?

s the ro(ter encaps(lates each $ayer 3 pac%et insi"e a Frame Relay hea"er an" trailer +efore sen"ing it across the 2C. 5he hea"er an" trailer are "efine" +y ,hat? #escri+e the F-R hea"er.

that contains the #$CI an" a chec%s(m. Flag fiel"s are a""e" to in"icate the +eginning an" en" of the frame. 5he flag fiel"s mar% the start an" en" of the frame an" are al,ays the same. 5he flags are represente" either as the he*a"ecimal n(m+er C4 or as the +inary n(m+er 01111110. fter the pac%et is encaps(late". Frame Relay passes the frame to the 1hysical layer for transport. /etho" for chec%ing the integrity of transmitte" "ata. chec%s(m is an integer 0al(e comp(te" from a se-(ence of octets ta%en thro(gh a series of arithmetic operations. 5he 0al(e is recomp(te" at the recei0ing en" 8 comp(te" for 0erification. )y the $in% ccess 1roce"(re for Frame Relay ($ 1F) )earer 'er0ices specification. I5? D.=<<- .

3.1. ;

What technology "oes the 1hysical layer typically (se? 40ery net,or% or net,or% segment can +e 0ie,e" as +eing one of three topology types. What are they? #escri+e the F-R star.

5his is the a""ress fiel" 8 contains: LCI - 5he #$CI is 10-+its E!te"ded Address (EA# - If the 0al(e of the 4 fiel" is 1. the c(rrent +yte is "etermine" to +e the last #$CI octet. 5he eighth +it of each +yte of the ""ress fiel" in"icates the 4 . C$R - 5he +it that follo,s the most significant #$CI +yte in the ""ress fiel". 5he C>R +it is not c(rrently "efine". C%"&esti%" C%"tr%l - Contains 3 +its that control the Frame Relay congestion-notification mechanisms. 5he F4C!. )4C!. an" #4 +its are the last three +its in the ""ress fiel". 4I >5I -<3<. ;;= or @30. 2.3@. or :.<1. 'tar. f(ll mesh or partial mesh. 5he h(+ has an access lin% ,ith m(ltiple 2Cs. one for each remote site. 5he lines going o(t from the clo(" represent the connections from the Frame Relay ser0ice pro0i"er an" terminate at the c(stomer premises. 5hese are typically lines ranging in spee" from @B.000 +ps to 4-1 (<.0;A /+>s) an" faster. &ne or more #$CI n(m+ers are assigne" to each line en"point. )eca(se Frame Relay costs are not "istance relate". the h(+ "oes not nee" to +e in the geographical center of the net,or%. ?sing Frame Relay. a net,or% "esigner can +(il" m(ltiple connections simply +y config(ring a""itional 2Cs on each e*isting lin%. 5his soft,are (pgra"e gro,s the star topology to a f(ll mesh topology ,itho(t the e*pense of a""itional har",are or "e"icate" lines. 5echni-(e ,here+y information from m(ltiple logical channels can +e transmitte" across a single physical channel. 'tatistical m(ltiple*ing "ynamically allocates +an",i"th only to acti0e inp(t channels. ma%ing +etter (se of a0aila+le +an",i"th 8 allo,ing more "e0ices to +e connecte" than ,>other m(ltiple*ing techni-(es. f(ll mesh topology is sel"om affor"a+le +eca(se the R42I'4# F4) <00=

#escri+e the F-R mesh.

What is statistical m(ltiple*ing as (se" +y 2Cs?

#escri+e the F-R partial mesh. CC! 4:1 ;

C3.3 Frame Relay

3.1. @

)efore a Cisco ro(ter is a+le to transmit "ata o0er Frame Relay ,hat "oes it nee" to %no,? 3o, is this a""ress-to-#$CI mapping accomplishe"? #escri+e In0erse R1. #escri+e #ynamic /apping in F-R.

n(m+er of lin%s re-(ire" increases "ramatically. 5he iss(e is not ,ith the cost of the har",are. +(t +eca(se there is a theoretical limit of less than 1.000 2Cs per lin%. In practice. the limit is less than that. For this reason. larger net,or%s are generally config(re" in a partial mesh topology. With partial mesh. there are more interconnections than re-(ire" for a star arrangement. +(t not as many as for a f(ll mesh. 5he act(al pattern is "epen"ent on the "ata flo, re-(irements. Which local #$CI maps to the $ayer 3 a""ress of the remote "estination. 4ither +y static or "ynamic mapping. 5he I"verse Address Res%luti%" Pr%t%c%l o+tains $ayer 3 a""resses of other stations from $ayer < a""resses. s(ch as the #$CI in Frame Relay net,or%s. #ynamic a""ress mapping relies on In0erse R1 to resol0e a ne*t hop net,or% protocol a""ress to a local #$CI 0al(e. 5he Frame Relay ro(ter sen"s o(t In0erse R1 re-(ests on its 12C to "isco0er the protocol a""ress of the remote "e0ice connecte" to the Frame Relay net,or%. 5he ro(ter (ses the responses to pop(late an a""ress-to-#$CI mapping ta+le on the Frame Relay ro(ter or access ser0er. 5he ro(ter +(il"s an" maintains this mapping ta+le. ,hich contains all resol0e" In0erse R1 re-(ests. incl("ing +oth "ynamic an" static mapping entries. n e*ample of (sing static a""ress mapping is a sit(ation in ,hich the ro(ter at the other si"e of the Frame Relay net,or% "oes not s(pport "ynamic In0erse R1 for a specific net,or% protocol. nother e*ample is on a h(+-an"-spo%e Frame Relay net,or%. ?se static a""ress mapping on the spo%e ro(ters to pro0i"e spo%e-to-spo%e reacha+ility. )eca(se the spo%e ro(ters "o not ha0e "irect connecti0ity ,ith each other. "ynamic In0erse R1 ,o(l" not ,or% +et,een them. #ynamic In0erse R1 relies on the presence of a "irect point-to-point connection +et,een t,o en"s. In this case. "ynamic In0erse R1 only ,or%s +et,een h(+ an" spo%e. an" the spo%es re-(ire static mapping to pro0i"e reacha+ility to each other. ?se the comman": 'rame(relay ma) )r%t%c%l protocoladdress dlci *+r%adcast, *iet', *cisc%,?se the %ey,or" iet' ,hen connecting to a non-Cisco ro(ter. S.%/ 'rame(relay ma) L%cal 0a"a&eme"t I"ter'ace (L0I# 'et of enhancements to the +asic F-R specification. $/I incl("es s(pport for a %eepali0e mechanism. ,hich 0erifies that "ata is flo,ingE a m(lticast mechanism. ,hich pro0i"es the net,or% ser0er ,ith its local #$CI 8 the m(lticast #$CIE glo+al a""ressing. ,hich gi0es #$CIs glo+al rather than local significance in F-R net,or%sE 8 a stat(s mechanism. ,hich pro0i"es an R42I'4# F4) <00=

When ,o(l" static a""ress mapping +e (se" o0er "ynamic?

3o, "o yo( config(re static mapping? In the ans,er a+o0e ,hen ,o(l" yo( (se the arg(ment iet'? What comman" is (se" to 0ie, the res(lts of iss(ing the comman" a+o0e? #escri+e $/I.

CC! 4:1 ;

C3.3 Frame Relay

3o, often are $/Is sent? #escri+e this %eepali0e f(nction.

What type of information can +e fo(n" +y iss(ing the s.%/ 'rame(relay lmi comman"? #escri+e the $/I e*ntesions.

#escri+e the $/I Frame Format.

3.<. 1

When a ro(ter connects to a F-R net,or% it sen"s an $/I stat(s in-(iry message to the net,or%. 5he net,or% replies ,ith ,hat info? When the ro(ter repeats the stat(s in-(iry. ho, "oes the net,or% respon" then? When config(ring F-R ,hat are the re-(ire" tas%s? When config(ring F-R ,hat are the optional tas%s?

on-going stat(s report on the #$CIs %no,n to the s,itch. 40ery 10 secon"s. 5 he en" "e0ice polls the net,or%. either re-(esting a "(m+ se-(ence" response or channel stat(s information. If the net,or% "oes not respon" ,ith the re-(este" information. the (ser "e0ice may consi"er the connection to +e "o,n. When the net,or% respon"s ,ith a F?$$ '5 5?' response. it incl("es stat(s information a+o(t #$CIs that are allocate" to that line. 5he en" "e0ice can (se this information to "etermine ,hether the logical connections are a+le to pass "ata. 5he o(tp(t sho,s the $/I type (se" +y the Frame Relay interface an" the co(nters for the $/I stat(s e*change se-(ence. incl("ing errors s(ch as $/I timeo(ts. 1C status messa&es 1ro0i"e information a+o(t 12C integrity +y comm(nicating an" synchroni9ing +et,een "e0ices. perio"ically reporting the e*istence of ne, 12Cs an" the "eletion of alrea"y e*isting 12Cs. 2C stat(s messages pre0ent "ata from +eing sent into +lac% holes (12Cs that no longer e*ist). 0ulticasti"& llo,s a sen"er to transmit a single frame that is "eli0ere" to m(ltiple recipients. /(lticasting s(pports the efficient "eli0ery of ro(ting protocol messages an" a""ress resol(tion proce"(res that are typically sent to many "estinations sim(ltaneo(sly. Gl%+al addressi"& Fi0es connection i"entifiers glo+al rather than local significance. allo,ing them to +e (se" to i"entify a specific interface to the Frame Relay net,or%. Flo+al a""ressing ma%es the Frame Relay net,or% resem+le a $ ! in terms of a""ressing. an" R1s perform e*actly as they "o o0er a $ !. Sim)le 'l%/ c%"tr%l 1ro0i"es for an :&!>:&FF flo, control mechanism that applies to the entire Frame Relay interface. It is inten"e" for those "e0ices ,hose higher layers cannot (se the congestion notification +its an" nee" some le0el of flo, control. $/I messages are carrie" in a 0ariant of $ 1F frames. 5he a""ress fiel" (1B +its) carries one of the reser0e" #$CIs. Follo,ing the #$CI fiel" are the control (1B +its). protocol "iscriminator (A +its). an" call reference (A +its) fiel"s that "o not change. 5he fo(rth fiel" in"icates the $/I message type (A +its). 5he net,or% replies ,ith an $/I stat(s message containing "etails of e0ery 2C config(re" on the access lin%. 5he responses incl("e only stat(s changes. fter a set n(m+er of these a++re0iate" responses. the net,or% sen"s a f(ll stat(s message. 4na+le F-R encaps(lation on an interface Config(re "ynamic or static a""ress mapping Config(re the $/I Config(re F-R '2Cs Config(re F-R traffic shaping C(stomi9e F-R for yo(r net,or% R42I'4# F4) <00=

CC! 4:1 ;

C3.3 Frame Relay

$ist the comman"s for config(ring )asic F-R

3.<. <

What comman"s 0erifies the config(ration of +asic F-R? 3o, "o yo( config(re "ynamic mapping?

3o, "o yo( config(re static mapping? #escri+e a !)/ net,or%.

What is the p(rpose of (sing the +r%adcast %ey,or"?

3.3.

What comman" is (se" to 0erify the Frame Relay mapping. What is 'plit 3ori9on?

/onitor 8/aintain F-R connections 4na+le Frame Relay 4ncaps(lation Ste) 2. 'etting the I1 ""ress on the Interface &n a Cisco ro(ter. Frame Relay is most commonly s(pporte" on synchrono(s serial interfaces. ?se the i) address comman" to set the I1 a""ress of the interface. Ste) 3. Config(ring 4ncaps(lation 5he e"ca)sulati%" 'rame(relay interface config(ration comman" ena+les Frame Relay encaps(lation an" allo,s Frame Relay processing on the s(pporte" interface. 5here are t,o encaps(lation options to choose from. Ste) 4- 'etting the )an",i"th ?se the +a"d/idt. comman" to set the +an",i"th of the serial interface. 'pecify +an",i"th in %+>s. 5his comman" notifies the ro(ting protocol that +an",i"th is statically config(re" on the lin%. Ste) 5. 'etting the $/I 5ype (optional) 5his is an optional step as Cisco ro(ters a(tosense the $/I type. Recall that Cisco s(pports three $/I types: Cisco. !'I nne* #. an" D=33nne* an" that the "efa(lt $/I type for Cisco ro(ters is cisco. 4ncaps(lation &ptions 5he "efa(lt encaps(lation type on a serial interface on a Cisco ro(ter is the Cisco proprietary 0ersion of 3#$C. 5o change the encaps(lation from 3#$C to Frame Relay. (se the e"ca)sulati%" 'rame(relay *cisc% 6 iet', comman". 5he "% form of the encaps(lation frame-relay comman" remo0es the Frame Relay encaps(lation on the interface an" ret(rns the interface to the "efa(lt 3#$C encaps(lation. 5he s.%/ i"ter'aces serial comman" 0erifies the config(ration. #ynamic mapping is performe" +y the In0erse R1 feat(re. )eca(se In0erse R1 is ena+le" +y "efa(lt. no a""itional comman" is re-(ire" to config(re "ynamic mapping on an interface. 5o map +et,een a ne*t hop protocol a""ress an" a #$CI "estination a""ress. (se the 'rame(relay ma) protocol protocol-address dlci *+r%adcast, comman". N%"+r%adcast multiaccess (N70A) net,or%s. !)/ net,or%s allo, only "ata transfer from one comp(ter to another o0er a 2C or across a s,itching "e0ice. !)/ net,or%s "o not s(pport m(lticast or +roa"cast traffic. so a single pac%et cannot reach all "estinations. 5his re-(ires yo( to +roa"cast to replicate the pac%ets man(ally to all "estinations. )eca(se !)/ "oes not s(pport +roa"cast traffic. (sing the +roa"cast %ey,or" is a simplifie" ,ay to for,ar" ro(ting (p"ates. 5he +roa"cast %ey,or" allo,s +roa"casts an" m(lticasts o0er the 12C an". in effect. t(rns the +roa"cast into a (nicast so that the other no"e gets the ro(ting (p"ates. 5he s.%/ 'rame(relay ma) comman". techni-(e (se" to pre0ent a ro(ting loop in net,or%s

CC! 4:1 ;

C3.3 Frame Relay

R42I'4# F4) <00=

Why is split hori9on a pro+lem on F-R net,or%s? s a sol(tion to the pro+lem in the -(estion a+o0e. ,hy not 7(st t(rn off split hori9on? s a sol(tion to the pro+lem in the -(estion a+o0e. ,hy not (se a f(lly meshe" topology? #escri+e s(+interfaces.

(sing "istance 0ector ro(ting protocols. 'plit hori9on (p"ates re"(ce ro(ting loops +y pre0enting a ro(ting (p"ate recei0e" on one interface to +e for,ar"e" o(t the same interface. &n ro(ters ,ith m(ltiple 12Cs on a single physical interface. the split hori9on r(le pre0ents the ro(ters from for,ar"ing ro(ting (p"ates thro(gh the same physical interface to other remote spo%e ro(ters. &nly I1 allo,s yo( to "isa+le split hori9onE I1: an" pple5al% "o not. lso. "isa+ling split hori9on increases the chance of ro(ting loops in any net,or%. 'plit hori9on co(l" +e "isa+le" for physical interfaces ,ith a single 12C. 5his is e*pensi0e +eca(se more 12Cs are re-(ire". Frame Relay can partition a physical interface into m(ltiple 0irt(al interfaces calle" s(+interfaces. s(+interface is simply a logical interface that is "irectly associate" ,ith a physical interface. 5o ena+le the for,ar"ing of +roa"cast ro(ting (p"ates in a Frame Relay net,or%. yo( can config(re the ro(ter ,ith logically assigne" s(+interfaces. partially meshe" net,or% can +e "i0i"e" into a n(m+er of smaller. f(lly meshe". point-to-point net,or%s. 4ach point-to-point s(+net,or% can +e assigne" a (ni-(e net,or% a""ress. ,hich allo,s pac%ets recei0e" on a physical interface to +e sent o(t the same physical interface +eca(se the pac%ets are for,ar"e" on 2Cs in "ifferent s(+interfaces. In either point-to-point or m(ltipoint mo"e: P%i"t(t%()%i"t single point-to-point s(+interface esta+lishes one 12C connection to another physical interface or s(+interface on a remote ro(ter. In this case. each pair of the point-to-point ro(ters is on its o,n s(+net. an" each point-to-point s(+interface has a single #$CI. In a point-to-point en0ironment. each s(+interface is acting li%e a point-to-point interface. 5ypically. there is a separate s(+net for each point-to-point 2C. 5herefore. ro(ting (p"ate traffic is not s(+7ect to the split hori9on r(le. 0ulti)%i"t single m(ltipoint s(+interface esta+lishes m(ltiple 12C connections to m(ltiple physical interfaces or s(+interfaces on remote ro(ters. ll the participating interfaces are in the same s(+net. 5he s(+interface acts li%e an !)/ Frame Relay interface. so ro(ting (p"ate traffic is s(+7ect to the split hori9on r(le. 5ypically. all m(ltipoint 2Cs +elong to the same s(+net. 5he e"ca)sulati%" 'rame(relay comman" is assigne" to the physical interface. ll other config(ration items. s(ch as the !et,or% layer a""ress an" #$CIs. are assigne" to the s(+interface. #2: ct as lease" lines. #' #2: 4ach s(+interface re-(ires it o,n s(+net. #2: Go( can (se m(ltipoint config(rations to conser0e a""resses. 5his can +e especially helpf(l if 2aria+le

3o, "o s(+interfaces sol0e the pro+lem of split hori9on?

3o, are Frame Relay s(+interfaces config(re"?

3o, are the act(al config(ration comman"s allocate"? What are the a"0antages 8 "isa"0antages of (sing point-to-point config(rations? What are the a"0antages 8 "isa"0antages of (sing m(ltipoint CC! 4:1 ;

C3.3 Frame Relay

R42I'4# F4) <00=

config(rations? 3.3. < What is the ccess Rate?

What is the Committe" Information Rate?

Fenerally for ,hat "oes the c(stomer pay? What is &0ers(+scription? What is )(rsting?

#escri+e +(rst the Committe" )(rst Information Rate (C)IR).

#escri+e #iscar" 4ligi+le (#4). #escri+e 4*cess )(rst ()4).

3.3. 3

3o, "oes F-R re"(ce net,or% o0erhea"? #escri+e F4C!.

#escri+e )4C!

$ength '(+net /as%ing is not +eing (se". #' #2: m(ltipoint config(rations may not ,or% properly gi0en the +roa"cast traffic an" split hori9on consi"erations. Access rate %r )%rt s)eed From a c(stomer6s point of 0ie,. the ser0ice pro0i"er pro0i"es a serial connection or access lin% to the Frame Relay net,or% o0er a lease" line. 5he spee" of the line is the access spee" or port spee". ccess rate is the rate at ,hich yo(r access circ(its 7oin the Frame Relay net,or%. 5hese are typically at @B %+>s. 51 (1.@3B /+>s). or Fractional 51 (a m(ltiple of @B %+>s or B; %+>s). 1ort spee"s are cloc%e" on the Frame Relay s,itch. It is not possi+le to sen" "ata at higher than port spee". C%mmitted I"'%rmati%" Rate (CIR# C(stomers negotiate CIRs ,ith ser0ice pro0i"ers for each 12C. 5he CIR is the amo(nt of "ata that the net,or% recei0es from the access circ(it. 5he ser0ice pro0i"er g(arantees that the c(stomer can sen" "ata at the CIR. ll frames recei0e" at or +elo, the CIR are accepte". ccess or port spee" 12C CIR 'er0ice pro0i"ers sometimes sell more capacity than they ha0e on the ass(mption that not e0eryone ,ill "eman" their entitle" capacity all of the time. )eca(se the physical circ(its of the Frame Relay net,or% are share" +et,een s(+scri+ers. there ,ill often +e time ,here there is e*cess +an",i"th a0aila+le. Frame Relay can allo, c(stomers to "ynamically access this e*tra +an",i"th an" H+(rstH o0er their CIR for free. )(rsting allo,s "e0ices that temporarily nee" a""itional +an",i"th to +orro, it at no e*tra cost from other "e0ices not (sing it. 5he C)IR is a negotiate" rate a+o0e the CIR ,hich the c(stomer can (se to transmit for short +(rst. It allo,s traffic to +(rst to higher spee"s. as a0aila+le net,or% +an",i"th permits. 3o,e0er. it cannot e*cee" the port spee" of the lin%. Frames mar%e" as #4 can +e "roppe" to ens(re "eli0ery of higher- priority traffic. 5he )4 is the term (se" to "escri+e the +an",i"th a0aila+le a+o0e the C)IR (p to the access rate of the lin%. ?nli%e the C)IR. it is not negotiate". Frames may +e transmitte" at this le0el +(t ,ill most li%ely +e "roppe". )y implementing simple congestion-notification mechanisms rather than e*plicit. per-2C flo, control. For,ar" 4*plicit Congestion !otification (F4C!) I )it set +y a F-R net,or% to inform #54 recei0ing the frame that congestion ,as e*perience" the path from src to "est. #54 recei0ing frames ,ith the F4C! +it set can re-(est that higher-le0el protocols ta%e flo,-control action as appropriate. )ac%,ar" 4*plicit Congestion !otification ()4C!)-)it set +y a F-R net,or% in frames tra0eling in the opposite "irection of frames enco(ntering a congeste" path. #54 recei0ing frames ,ith the )4C! +it set can re-(est that R42I'4# F4) <00=

CC! 4:1 ;

C3.3 Frame Relay

3o, "o ro(ters in"icate #4 +its? 3o, "o s,itches notify #54s of the pro+lem of congestion ca(se" +y -(e(ing?

higher-le0el protocols ta%e flo,-control action as appropriate. #54 "e0ices can set the 0al(e of the #4 +it to 1 to in"icate that the frame has lo,er importance than other frames. ?sing the 4*plicit Congestion !otification +its in the frame a""ress fiel". 5he F4C! +it is set on e0ery frame that the s,itch recei0es on the congeste" lin%. 5he )4C! +it is set on e0ery frame that the s,itch places onto the congeste" lin%. #54s recei0ing frames ,ith the 4C! +its set are e*pecte" to try to re"(ce the flo, of frames (ntil the congestion clears. ?se the i"ter'ace serial c%mma"d. 'pecify the port n(m+er. follo,e" +y a perio" (.) an" the s(+interface n(m+er. Go( m(st also specify ,hether the interface is point-to-point or point-to-m(ltipoint (sing either the multi)%i"t %r )%i"t(t%()%i"t %ey,or" +eca(se there is no "efa(lt. R%uter(c%"'i&(i'#8i"ter'ace serial number.subinterfacenumber *multi)%i"t 6 )%i"t(t%()%i"t, 5o ma%e tro(+leshooting easier. (se the #$CI as the s(+interface n(m+er. 5he 'rame(relay i"ter'ace(dlci dlci-number comman" Ste) 2- Remo0e any !et,or% layer a""ress assigne" to the physical interface. If the physical interface has an a""ress. frames are not recei0e" +y the local s(+interfaces. Ste) 3- Config(re Frame Relay encaps(lation on the physical interface (sing the encaps(lation frame-relay comman". Ste) 4- For each of the "efine" 12Cs. create a logical s(+interface. 'pecify the port n(m+er. follo,e" +y a perio" (.) an" the s(+interface n(m+er. 5o ma%e tro(+leshooting easier. it is s(ggeste" that the s(+interface n(m+er matches the #$CI n(m+er. Ste) 5- Config(re an I1 a""ress for the interface an" set the +an",i"th. t this point. ,e ,ill config(re the #$CI. Recall that the Frame Relay ser0ice pro0i"er assigns the #$CI n(m+ers. Ste) 9. Config(re the local #$CI on the s(+interface (sing the frame-relay interface-"lci comman". 5he s.%/ i"ter'aces comman".

3.;. 1

3o, "o yo( config(re s(+interfaces?

What is a goo" r(le of th(m+ ,hen "oing so? What comman" config(res the local #$CI on the s(+interface? What steps are re-(ire" to config(re s(+interfaces on a physical interface?

3.;. <

fter config(ring a Frame Relay 12C an" ,hen tro(+leshooting an iss(e. 0erify that Frame Relay is operating correctly on that interface (sing ,hat comman"? What comman" sho,s the $/I statistics? 5he s.%/ 'rame(relay lmi comman". What comman" sho,s the 12C 8 traffic 5he s.%/ 'rame(relay )vc *i"ter'ace interface, *dlci, statistics? comman". What comman" "isplays the stat(s of all 5he s.%/ 'rame(relay )vc comman" the 12Cs config(re" on the ro(ter? What comman" to reset the statistics 5he clear c%u"ters comman". CC! 4:1 ; C3.3 Frame Relay R42I'4# F4) <00=

3.;. 3

co(nters? What comman" is (se" to "isplay the c(rrent map entries an" information a+o(t the connections? What comman" ,o(l" ha0e +een (se" originally for the act(al mapping? What comman" is (se" to clear "ynamically create" Frame Relay maps that are create" (sing In0erse R1? What comman" is (se" to "etermine ,hether the ro(ter an" the Frame Relay s,itch are sen"ing an" recei0ing $/I pac%ets properly? When an In0erse R1 re-(est is ma"e. the ro(ter (p"ates its map ta+le ,ith three possi+le $/I connection states. #escri+e them.

5he 'rame(relay ma) comman". 5he 'rame(relay i"verse(ar) comman". 5he clear 'rame(relay(i"ar) comman". 5he de+u& 'rame(relay lmi comman".

What are the possi+le 0al(es of the stat(s fiel"?

ACTI1E 'tates in"icates a s(ccessf(l en"-to-en" (#54 to #54) circ(it. INACTI1E 'tate in"icates a s(ccessf(l connection to the s,itch (#54 to #C4) ,itho(t a #54 "etecte" on the other en" of the 12C. 5his can occ(r "(e to resi"(al or incorrect config(ration on the s,itch. ELETE 'tate in"icates that the #54 is config(re" for a #$CI the s,itch "oes not recogni9e as 0ali" for that interface. :!: 5he s,itch has this #$CI programme". +(t for some reason it is not (sa+le. 5he reason co(l" possi+ly +e the other en" of the 12C is "o,n. :!3 5he Frame Relay s,itch has the #$CI an" e0erything is operational. :!5 5he Frame Relay s,itch "oes not ha0e this #$CI programme" for the ro(ter. +(t that it ,as programme" at some point in the past. 5his co(l" also +e ca(se" +y the #$CIs +eing re0erse" on the ro(ter. or +y the 12C +eing "elete" +y the ser0ice pro0i"er in the Frame Relay clo(".

CC! 4:1 ;

C3.3 Frame Relay

R42I'4# F4) <00=