Russo-Ukrainian War:

Organized Crime?
By William P. Litynski
From the Grassy Knoll
in Kharkiv, Ukraine:
Lone Gunman or Patsy?
The Attempted Assassination of Jewish billionaire
Gennadiy Adolfovich Kernes, the Mayor of Kharkiv, Ukraine
on Monday, April !, "#$
Ukrainian politician and Jewish billionaire Gennadiy Adolfovich Kernes, the Mayor of Kharkiv, Ukraine in "#$, was a
s%pporter of former &resident of Ukraine 'ictor (an%kovych before and d%rin) the Maidan *evol%tion+ After (an%kovych fled
to *%ssia, Kernes be)an professin) loyalty to the provisional Ukrainian )overnment, s%pported a %nited Ukraine, and opposed
the *%ssian ins%r)ency+ Kernes is a member of the &arty of *e)ions, a ma,or political party in eastern Ukraine+
President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev (left) shakes hands with Lloyd Blankfein, the chairman of the oard of !oldman "achs
ank in #ew $ork %ity, durin& a meetin& in the !orki residence outside Moscow, Russia on March '(, )*''. Lloyd Blankfein is
a memer of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations, a ,rivate or&ani-ation in #ew $ork %ity.
(.P Photo/R0. #ovosti, 1ladimir Rodionov, Presidential Press "ervice)
'ladimir &%tin-s A))ression over Ukraine:
A Bilderberg-Kremlin Intrigue?
From Russia ith Love?! .ilderber) Meetin)s participant /%een .eatri0 of the 1etherlands 2left3 shares a toast with &resident
of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin after they %nveiled a pla4%ette with hand imprint of &eter the Great d%rin) a to%r of the 5ermita)e
M%se%m in Amsterdam, 1etherlands on April !, "#6+ "ueen Beatri# of the $etherlands attended the %&'( Bilderberg
)eetings held in *ertfordshire+ ,ngland near London from -une .-/+ %&'(0 /%een .eatri0 of the 1etherlands is a direct
descendant of 7atherine the Great and &eter the Great+ 2&hoto: AF& &hoto3
&resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin 2left3 met with *oyal 8%tch 9hell 7:; .en van .e%rden at the 1ovo<;)aryovo state residence
o%tside Moscow, *%ssia on Friday, April #!, "#$+ &%tin is p%shin) to add oil and nat%ral )as ro%tes for *%ssia to s%pply Asia+ Ben
van Beurden attended the %&'1 Bilderberg )eetings conference held in 2o3enhagen+ 4enmar5 from )ay %/+ %&'1 until -une
'+ %&'10 2&hoto: Ma0im 9hipenkov, &;;=3
Ale0ey Miller 2left3, 7hairman of the Ga>prom Mana)ement 7ommittee, and Bilderberg Grou3 member -orma 6llila 7right8+
chairman of the board of Royal 4utch 9hell+ si)n an a)reement in Amsterdam on April !, "#6+ &resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin
2
nd
left3 appears with &rime Minister of the 1etherlands Mark *%tte+ -orma 6llila and )ar5 Rutte attended the Bilderberg
)eetings conference held in *ertfordshire+ ,ngland 7near London8 from .-/ -une %&'(0 2&hoto: Ga>prom3
*obert 8%dley 2left3, 7hief :0ec%tive of .&, meets with &rime Minister of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin in Moscow, *%ssia in "##+
Robert 4udley attended the Bilderberg )eetings in %&'% and %&'(0 2&hoto: Ale0ey 8r%>hinin?*ia 1ovosti3
&resident of *%ssia 'ladimir '+ &%tin meets with .ritish &etrole%m officials in Moscow, *%ssia on T%esday, 9eptember #!,
"#+ 7lockwise from left, 'ladmir '+ &%tin@ &%tin-s interpreter@ 7arl<5enric 9vanber), chairman of the board of .ritish
&etrole%m@ *obert 8%dley, chief e0ec%tive officer of .ritish &etrole%m@ and A)or 9echin, chief of *%ssian oil company *osneft+
2arl-*enric 9vanberg and Robert 4udley have attended the Bilderberg )eetings in the 3ast0 2*AA 1ovosti?*e%ters3
'ladimir &%tin meets with *oyal 8%tch 9hell 7:; Jeroen van der 'eer 2center3 and &eter 'oser 2left3 near Moscow, *%ssia on
J%ne B, ""C+ &eter 'oser attended the "#" .ilderber) Meetin)s conference held in 9it)es 9pain@ Jeroen van der 'eer
attended the ""C .ilderber) Meetin)s conference held in 'o%lia)meni, Greece from #$<#B May ""C+ 2*e%ters3
BP:s 2hief and Putin )eet+ a 9ign of )ovement in a -oint ;enture:s 4is3ute
By ANDREW E. KRAMER
The 1ew (ork Times
9eptember #C, "#, $:# pm
M;97;D E .& may finally be close to resolvin) a lon)<r%nnin) b%siness disp%te over its ,oint vent%re in *%ssia+
Altho%)h the )overnment provided few details of their disc%ssion, the chief e0ec%tive of .&, *obert D+ 8%dley, met with
&resident 'ladimir '+ &%tin of *%ssia on T%esday as .& contin%ed tryin) to e0tricate itself from a nine<year<old partnership
called T1K<.&+
The ,oint vent%re is vital for the .ritish oil company, providin) abo%t a 4%arter of its total )lobal oil prod%ction E abo%t the
same as the share prod%ced in the United 9tates, where its b%siness is overshadowed by laws%its stemmin) from the "#" oil
spill in the G%lf of Me0ico+
.%t .& and its partners in the b%siness, three *%ssian billionaires, have been fi)htin) for years+ The billionaires are also s%in)
.& for billions of dollars in dama)es for what they say is the oil company-s violation of the shareholder a)reement %nderlyin)
T1K<.&+
A)or A+ 9echin, the chief e0ec%tive of *osneft, the state<owned *%ssian oil company, was also at the meetin), which was held at
the presidential resort in 9ochi+ *osneft reportedly has asked banks for F#" billion to F# billion in financin) for the p%rchase of
.&-s stake in T1K<.&+
G8%rin) the meetin), .& reiterated its lon)<term commitment to *%ssia and provided ass%rances that while the company is
lookin) to e0it its investment in T1K<.&, it is not e0itin) *%ssia,H .& said Dednesday+
An its own statement, the Kremlin said Mr+ &%tin disc%ssed Gthe contin%ation and e0pansionH of .&-s b%siness in *%ssia+
Meetin)s between chief e0ec%tives and Mr+ &%tin, who personally oversees ma,or deals in the oil sector, often si)nal comin)
a)reements+ Mr+ 8%dley appeared in a photo)raph with Mr+ &%tin in "#", a few months before .& and *osneft anno%nced a
deal to e0plore for oil in the *%ssian sector of the Arctic ;cean+ That a)reement was scrapped when .&-s partners in the *%ssian
,oint vent%re filed their laws%it+
T1K<.& mana)es oil fields in 9iberia that are a)in) b%t still profitable+ Af .& left the ,oint vent%re, it wo%ld be free to ,oin the
race to e0plore for oil in *%ssia-s area of the Arctic ;cean, a vent%re that co%ld event%ally be m%ch more l%crative+
:00on Mobil, the lar)est American oil company, :ni of Ataly and 9tatoil of 1orway already have a)reements to e0plore for oil
off the northern coast of *%ssia+
Any sale of .&-s stake in the ,oint vent%re to a third party like *osneft wo%ld have to wait at least %ntil mid<;ctober+ That is
when a three<month period e0pires d%rin) which .& is obli)ed to ne)otiate the sale of its stake in T1K<.& to its *%ssian
partners+ *osneft and .&-s partners in T1K<.& declined to comment+
9ellin) the stake wo%ld also help shore %p .&-s finances, which are bein) stretched by settlements of the laws%its related to the
G%lf of Me0ico disaster+ At wo%ld also fit the Gshrink to )rowH strate)y .& has anno%nced+ This month, .& sold )%lf oil fields to
&lains :0ploration and &rod%ction for FI+I billion+ The .ritish oil )iant is also ne)otiatin) to sell a refinery in Te0as 7ity, Te0+,
to Marathon &etrole%m, The Financial Times reported Dednesday+
.%t is it not certain that .& will sell its stake in T1K<.&+ :ven after the spill in the )%lf, .& has ne)otiated both to b%y o%t its
billionaire partners and to sell its own interest to them+
8ebtwire, a trade p%blication coverin) distressed debt and levera)ed finance, reported that *osneft had approached banks for
loan offers to b%y a stake in T1K<.&+ .loomber) reported it was for .&-s share+
Stanley Reed contributed reporting from London.
9o%rce: http:??dealbook+nytimes+com?"#?"C?#C?bps<chief<meets<with<r%ssian<leaders<on<,oint<vent%re?
'ladimir &%tin 2center3 meets with *%ssian billionaire Alisher Usmanov 2ri)ht3, *%ssia-s richest man and a member of the board
of directors of Ga>prom, *%ssia-s lar)est corporation and oil company+ Alisher Usmanov-s wife Arina 'iner is a *%ssian Jew+
*%ssian oli)arch 2and oil<)arch3 Alisher Usmanov 2left3 appears with &resident of *%ssia 8mitry Medvedev at his Gorki
residence in 1ovember "##+ Alisher Usmanov is a director of Ga>prom+ 4mitry )edvedev served as the 2hairman of the
board of Ga<3rom from %&&% until his election as President of Russia in %&&=0
An attendant fills a c%stomer-s car with f%el at a Ga>prom )as station in Moscow, *%ssia+
2&hoto)rapher: Andrey *%dakov?.loomber)3
http:??www+b%sinessweek+com?news?"#<"$<#I?)a>prom<neft<leads<slide<as<china<sinks<cr%de<r%ssia<overni)ht
&resident of *%ssia 8mitry Medvedev 2left3 and Ga>prom 7:; Ale0ei Miller e0amine a Ga>prom e0hibition stand in
9t+ &etersb%r), *%ssia in "#"+ 4mitry )edvedev served as the 2hairman of the board of Ga<3rom from %&&% until his
election as President of Russia in %&&=0
Russia begins to restrict natural gas su33lies to Belarus
By the CNN Wire Staff
2une )', )*'* 345' a.m. 6D7
72$$8 << *%ssia be)an to c%t off nat%ral )as s%pplies to .elar%s on Monday as talks over %npaid debts contin%ed,
*%ssian state media reported+
&resident 8mitry Medvedev )ave the order for *%ssian ener)y )iant Ga>prom to start restrictin) )as s%pplies,
company 7:; Ale0ei Miller said, accordin) to official *%ssian news a)ency *AA<1ovosti+
Miller said the c%t, which be)an Monday, will be G)rad%al, daily and proportional to the vol%me of debt+H
.elar%s has ref%sed to pay *%ssian )as rates of F#JC per #,""" c%bic meters for the first 4%arter of the year and F#!I
for the second 4%arter, *AA<1ovosti reported+ The former 9oviet rep%blic has instead been payin) F#I" since Jan+ #,
rin)in) %p a lar)e debt in the process+
*%ssia-s action co%ld h%rt c%stomers farther down the pipeline+
.elar%s has said it will be technolo)ically %nable to ens%re complete nat%ral )as transit to :%rope, if *%ssia c%ts )as
s%pplies to .elar%s by !I percent, state media reported+
An the past, other co%ntries incl%din) A%stria, .%l)aria, the 7>ech *ep%blic, Germany, *omania, Greece and T%rkey
have complained that their )as s%pplies have been affected as *%ssia trimmed o%tp%t to %pstream c%stomers like
.elar%s and Ukraine+
Ga<3rom is the >orld:s biggest 3roducer and e#3orter of natural gas -- and Russia:s most 3o>erful com3any0
It controls %& 3ercent of the >orld?s natural gas reserves and o3erates the >orld:s largest gas distribution
net>or5 covering an area from ,uro3e to the Far ,ast+ according to its >ebsite0
Ga<3rom e#3orts energy to (% countries and 3rovides around %@ 3ercent of the ,uro3ean Anion:s gas su33lies0
Formed in '/=/ to re3lace the 9oviet )inistry of the Gas Industry+ Ga<3rom is closely tied to the Russian
government+ >hich o>ns a controlling @& 3ercent sta5e in the com3any0 )edvedev is a former Ga<3rom
chairman0
In recent years+ an increasingly confident )osco> has used Ga<3rom to assert its authority over Russia?s
former s3here of influence by offering heavily subsidi<ed gas to e#-9oviet countries0
But that 3olicy has led to dis3utes as Ga<3rom has then sought to raise 3rices0
Ga<3rom has s>itched off gas su33lies to another former re3ublic -- A5raine -- several times in recent years in
a ro> over 3ayments and Kiev?s reBection of 3ro3osals to hi5e rates0 Chose dis3utes ended earlier this year
>hen Russia agreed to a (& 3ercent dro3 in the 3rice of natural gas sold to A5raine+ in e#change for 3ermission
to e#tend Russia?s lease of a maBor naval base in the Blac5 9ea 3ort of 9evasto3ol+ A5raine+ for %@ years0
9o%rce: http:??www+cnn+com?"#"?D;*=8?e%rope?"J?#?r%ssia+belar%s+)as?
9oviet 7ommissars and &olitb%ro members meet at the Kremlin in Moscow+
'ladimir &%tin as a KG. a)ent
GAutocracy >as Russia:s 3eculiar institution0 At was far older than &eter the Great+ 5e had made it work more efficiently@
9talin made it work better than the *omanovs+ 8%rin) the nineteenth cent%ry many of the most intelli)ent s%b,ects of the Tsar
criticised the principles of a%tocracy, b%t for most *%ssians it was an acceptable form of )overnment+ The reasons for this )o
deep into the *%ssian past+ The absence of clearly marked )eo)raphical frontiers tended to enco%ra)e dispersion@ a%tocracy
co%ntered this tendency+ Autocracy e#3ressed the religious and cultural unity of a 3eo3le >ho continued to believe that the
6rthodo# form of 2hristianity >as closer to the s3irit of -esus 2hrist than any other0 )osco> became the heir of the
authoritarianism of By<antium0 Russia had neither a reformation+ nor a religious >ar+ nor a ca3italist class0
7onse4%ently her history lacked the shape of :n)lish development K a shape which :n)land transmitted to the United 9tates+
,nglish history of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is in essence the record of ho> cohesive social classes eroded0
the 3o>er of the monarchy0 As each class >on freedom for itself it gave an e#am3le to another class0 Chis struggle >as
fought >ithin the frame>or5 of a sovereign legal system0 Che idea of La> >as more im3ortant than the idea of the 9tate0
Che la>s >ere the rules by >hich the 3olitical game >as 3layed0 In the end+ ,nglish develo3ment tended to reduce the
9tate to little more than a referee0 9ociety >as everything and government >as nothing! liberty was widespread b%t so was
ine4%ality+ Che ,nglish develo3ment >as hateful to most Russians in the nineteenth century0 Chey sa> it as nothing but
an e#cuse for the a33lication of Bungle la>+ and thought little of the boasted ,nglish freedom0 Chey thought that it >as
merely a freedom for the strong to o33ress the >ea50 Chey thought that freedom >as dangerous because it gave free rein
to the >orst instincts of the >orst men0 Chey thought that the ,nglish system >as both naive and irreligious! it failed to
ta5e into account the great fact of original sin0 :nli)htened *%ssians realised that their co%ntry needed chan)e+ An partic%lar,
they %nderstood the need to adapt it to the And%strial *evol%tion, b%t they wanted to do this witho%t adoptin) an :n)lish type of
parliamentary democracy+ They tho%)ht that chan)e sho%ld be initiated and p%shed thro%)h by an enli)htened a%tocrat+ &eter the
Great had modernised *%ssia: there seemed to be no reason why one of his nineteenth<cent%ry s%ccessors sho%ld not imitate his
achievement+ *%ssian political tho%)ht was always more attracted by the idea of e4%ality than by that of liberty+ A%tocracy was
alle)ed to create e4%ality+ All were e4%ally the s%b,ects of the most hi)h Tsar+ 5is %nfettered will was more h%mane than any
impersonal le)al system+ The belief in a%tocracy has been one of the constant feat%res of *%ssian history+H
K Russia from !" to #$%& A 'istory by Graham 9tephenson, p+ #J<#B
GThe forei)n policy of *%ssia in the first half of the nineteenth cent%ry was characteri>ed by a not %nnat%ral ambivalence+
Unresolved problems of national interest, arisin) from earlier territorial )ains, necessarily contin%ed to drive her to f%rther
e0pansion+ 1owhere is the tr%th of the sayin), GThe appetite )rows with eatin),H more clearly e0emplified than in *%ssiaLs
relations with T%rkey+ ;ri)inally p%rely defensive, directed at checkin) the destr%ctive raids of the 7rimean Tatars, *%ssian
policy and *%ssian arms had %nder 7atherine )iven her a wholly defensible frontier, the northern shore line of the .lack 9ea+
The nat%ral se4%el had been her GGreek pro,ect,H desi)ned to seat her )randson on the throne of a re<created 7hristian empire at
7onstantinople+ 9%ch f%tile dreams apart, the consolidation of *%ssian power over =ittle *%ssia and the ac4%isition of 1ew
*%ssia had laid the basis for a new national *%ssian interest0 Che 3ossibility of gro>ing >heat+ and the mounting demand
for >heat in the est+ made control of the 9traits+ the narro> outlet from the Blac5 9ea to the )editerranean+ of
3aramount im3ortance to Russia0 It >as not sufficient to secure guarantees for 3eaceful commerceD in an uncertain
>orld+ in >hich Einternational la>F remains a fiction+ only military control of the essential 3assage could really satisfy
Russian national interests0 Get this Russian craving+ natural though it might be+ seemed to threaten to disturb the
balance of the >orld0 It >as naturally regarded by the mistress of the seas as a s3ecial menace to her 3redominance0 If
Russia >as determined to secure control of the 9traits H the Bos3orus and 4ardanelles H Great Britain >as no less
determined to 3revent it0 Chus >as brought into focus the dominant theme of nineteenth-century di3lomacy+ the Ecold
>arF >aged bet>een Britain and Russia+ in >hich Britain 3ersistently 3ursued a 3olicy of EcontainmentF of any Russian
e#3ansion in any Iuarter >hich ,ngland could effectively reach0 The 4%arrel had, of co%rse, still wider implications+ .ritain
had played the lionLs role in destroyin) the power of France and in t%mblin) the :%ropean dictatorship of 1apoleon, b%t this
tremendo%s victory had not been attained sin)le<handed+ M%ch as *%ssia had owed to .ritish s%bsidies, the fact remained that
witho%t the massed military mi)ht of *%ssia the .attle of =eip>i) and the campai)n aro%nd &aris in #!#$ wo%ld have been
impossible+ There was no 4%estion that, ne0t to Great .ritain, *%ssia was the leadin) world power+ At was inevitable, then, that
in the very moment of tri%mph there sho%ld develop a stron) polarity between Great .ritain and *%ssia+ Anevitable is a word at
which every historian shies, b%t it is the inevitability of specific events, not of )eneral trends, that chiefly )ives him pa%se+ There
was no reason to be s%rprised that, less than si0 months after the abdication of 1apoleon, the victorio%s allies, led on opposite
sides by Great .ritain and by *%ssia, sho%ld be threatenin) each other with war over the &olish 4%estion+ Temporary comm%nity
of lar)er interests momentarily prevented open conflict+ Tho%)h Ale0anderLs mystically conceived G5oly AllianceH was
sidetracked, the 7oncert of :%rope fo%nd e0pression in the /%adr%ple 2later /%int%ple3 Alliance+ 9tron)er than *%ssia-s native
e0pansionist tendencies was *%ssiaLs desire to preserve the stat%s 4%o arrived at by the Treaty of &aris 2#!#$3 and by the Final
Act of the 7on)ress of 'ienna 2#!#I3+ 8etermined to preserve intact the e0istin) re)ime in *%ssia itself, it had been only nat%ral
for Ale0ander A and, in lar)e meas%re, for his brother 1icholas A, to wish to preserve also the e0istin) international re)ime+ Chis
>as the basis for Russia:s role as Ethe gendarme of ,uro3e+F ready to stam3 out any>here any movement threatening
the established order0H K A 'istory of Russia by Jesse 8+ 7larkson, p+ !$<!I
GIn this irregular fashion the 9oviet Anion 3ushed her 3o>er further >est and south in ,uro3e than the Russian ,m3ire
had ever reached0 Che territorial gains of the 9oviet Anion itself >ere relatively modest0 In addition to the territorial
acIuisitions she had made >hile still EneutralF in '/(/-1& at the e#3ense of Poland+ Rumania+ Finland+ and the Baltic
states+ the A09090R0 acIuired the 2ar3atho-A5raine+ >hich had formerly been 3art of 2<echoslova5ia+ 3art of ,ast
Prussia+ and additional territory from Finland+ the most significant 3art of >hich+ the Petsamo nic5el-mining area+ made
the 9oviet boundary coincide >ith that of $or>ay0 An addition she had ac4%ired a fifty<year lease on the &orkkala penins%la,
ideally sit%ated for a naval base in the G%lf of Finland+ An the Far :ast, besides a lease on &ort Arth%r, in the (ellow 9ea, she had
recovered so%thern 9akhalin and ac4%ired the K%rile Aslands+ 5er )reatest territorial )ains, however, were beyond her technical
borders+ Apart from her occ%pation >ones in Germany and A%stria, her troops held and her p%ppets r%led a &oland with its
center of )ravity shifted westward, as well as 5%n)ary, *%mania, and .%l)aria+ (%)oslavia, tho%)h 9oviet troops had been
withdrawn, seemed sec%re on the basis of close relations with Tito@ a similar sit%ation e0isted in Albania+ 9oviet troops received
the Japanese s%rrender in Manch%ria@ they soon withdrew, b%t in s%ch fashion as to allow that territory to be taken over by the
7hinese 7omm%nists rather than by the 1ationalist forces of 7hian) Kai<shek@ nor did the 9oviet )overnment ne)lect, d%rin) its
brief occ%pation of Manch%ria, to remove to *%ssia as m%ch as possible of the physical e4%ipment of Japanese<owned plants in
that area, as well as to send the Japanese soldiers into 9oviet labor camps+ An 1orth Korea, occ%pied by 9oviet forces pendin)
establishment of a provisional )overnment for the whole of Korea, a p%ppet 7omm%nist )overnment was promptly set %p+ 9oviet
troops remained also in the northwestern corner of Aran, where they had been )%ardin) the American s%pply line+ An addition, the
7omm%nists s%pported stron) G%nder)ro%ndH movements, sometimes in control of e0tensive territory, in areas where 9talin +had
conceded to 7h%rchill a preponderant infl%ence for .ritain+ ;%tstandin) was the case of Greece, where the G:AMH and its
fi)htin) or)ani>ation, G:=A9,H offered stron) resistance to .ritish postwar occ%pation and provoked a civil war+ :ven in France
and Ataly, n%merically stron) 7omm%nist parties seemed a threat to the stability of these GliberatedH co%ntries+ The 7omm%nists
made no attempt to incorporate the h%)e area of :astern :%rope into the 9oviet Union or even immediately to introd%ce the
characteristic feat%res of 9oviet economy+ :ven today, what are commonly called the Gsatellite statesH are not rated as Gsocialist
rep%blicsH b%t only as Gpeople-s democracies+H Chis >as not at all the result of 3romises made+ either at Galta or else>here+
nor >as it an indication that the 2ommunists had abandoned their dream of >orld revolution0 Rather+ it >as one more
3roof of >hat >as already 3atent enough+ namely+ that they >ere 3rinci3ally guided by concern for the interests of the
state they ruled as the heirs of the Russian ,m3erors0 &olitically they e0ercised complete control thro%)h the handf%l of
adherents 2on the style of Germany-s /%islin)s3 they attracted in each of the new s%b,ect nationalities, backed by their own
tested machinery of secret police and arbitrary p%nishments+ An each case they worked thro%)h a Gfront,H in which the
7omm%nists took key positions in control of the police and the army+ Dith whatever mis)ivin)s, leaders of the several national
movements a)reed to cooperate with their 7omm%nist ministerial collea)%es@ themselves )enerally believers in )en%ine
democracy, they co%ld not fairly be e0pected to be more omniscient than the chairman and chief spokesman of the G.i) ThreeH
had been+ Che 3o3ulations of the several countries+ e#hausted by their horrifying e#3eriences under $a<i rule and >ith no
3ossibility of finding aid from the democratic est+ had no choice but to submit to the ne> form of o33ressionD hating
the Russians+ but hating also the Germans+ and >ith no love for the other neighbor nations in the same 3osition as
themselves+ they could only bide their time and ho3e for a change in the international situation0 There was no possibility
that s%ch s%llenly hostile peoples co%ld be taken into the str%ct%re of the 9oviet Union itself+ Che 3eo3le >hose inde3endent
s3irit seemed most to be feared >ere the PolesD but a Poland almost half of >hose territories had been forcibly ta5en
from Germany had to de3end on Russian su33ort to maintain her national e#istence+ such as it >as0 Che Esatellite
states+F ho>ever+ served 3ur3oses useful to the 9oviet Anion0 For one thing+ they constituted a broad belt-a ne> form of
cordon sanitaire >hich hel3ed to isolate Russia from the Eca3italistF estD so long as they could be 3revented from
establishing inde3endent relations >ith the est+ they constituted a valuable glacis 3rotecting the Russian EsocialistF
fortress0 :conomically, too, they were a )reat advanta)e to the 9oviet Union+ The very fact that no attempt was c%rrently bein)
made to e0tend to them the anticipated blessin)s of the comm%nism toward which the 9oviet Union was strivin) made it 4%ite
%nnecessary to promote their rapid economic development+ Anstead, they co%ld be and were initially %sed as a sort of colonial
empire, the reso%rces of which, in mercantilist spirit, were at the free disposal of their Gprotector,H to aid in the restoration of its
own devastated economy+H
K A 'istory of Russia by Jesse 8+ 7larkson, p+ J!#<J!6
.ilderber) Meetin)s participant Anders Fo)h *asm%ssen 2left3, 9ecretary General of 1AT;, )reets &rime Minister of *%ssia
'ladimir &%tin in Moscow, *%ssia on 8ecember #J, ""C+ 2&hoto: http:??www+nato+int?cps?en?natolive?photosMJ"#BC+htm3
Forei)n Minister of T%rkey Ali .abacan 2left3 shakes hands with Forei)n Minister of *%ssia 9er)ey =avrov in Astanb%l, T%rkey
on 9eptember , ""!+ Ali Babacan attended the %&&= Bilderberg )eetings held in 2hantilly+ ;irginia+ A090A0 near
ashington+ 4020 from @-= -une %&&=0 The *%sso<Geor)ian Dar was fo%)ht from B<#J A%)%st ""!@ *%ssia contin%es to
occ%py the Geor)ian provinces of 9o%th ;ssetia and Abkha>ia+
9oviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev stands in front of the .randenb%r) Gate in :ast .erlin on April #J, #C!J+
2&hoto: German Federal Archives3
GF%rther )lobal pro)ress is now possible only thro%)h a 4%est for %niversal consens%s in the
movement towards a ne> >orld order+H
K Mikhail Gorbachev, in a speech delivered at the United 1ations in 8ecember #C!!
'ladimir &%tin-s A))ression over Ukraine:
A E$e> orld 6rderF or -e>ish Intrigue?
&resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin meets with 7hief *abbi of *%ssia .erl =a>ar 2left3 and &resident of the Federation of Jewish
7omm%nities of *%ssia Ale0ander .oroda 2ri)ht3 at the &resident-s office near Moscow, *%ssia on 1ovember B, "#, the CI
th

anniversary of the .olshevik *evol%tion+ 2&hoto: the &residential &ress and Anformation ;ffice?Kremlin3
'ladimir &%tin shares a toast with the 7hief *abbi of *%ssia .erl =a>ar+
&resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin 2ri)ht3, 7hief *abbi of *%ssia .erel =a>ar 2left3 and *%ssiaLs Jewish 7omm%nities
Federation &resident Ale0ander .oroda 2center3 attend a ceremony markin) movin) the 9chneerson library at the Jewish
M%se%m and Tolerance 7entre in Moscow, *%ssia on J%ne #6, "#6+ 2:&A3

'ladimir &%tin 2left3 )reets the 7hief *abbi of *%ssia .erl =a>ar+
!erman8orn .merican 2ewish ,owerroker 9enry :issin&er (left) meets with President of Russia 1ladimir Putin in "t.
Petersur&, Russia on 2une )', )*'). Henry Kissinger is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City
and a member of the Bilderberg rou!" (Photo4 Presidential Press and 0nformation ;ffice/:remlin)
9un&arian8orn .merican 2ewish financier !eor&e "oros meets with <krainian ,olitician .rseniy $atsenyuk (left) in )**=.
eorge Soros is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City and a member of the Bilderberg
rou!# a !ri$ate %uro!ean organi&ation" (Photo4 htt,4//old.,inchukfund.or&/en/media/,hoto8&allery/)**=/=>?.html)
GAn the nineteenth cent%ry most historians re)arded *%ssia as part of :%rope b%t it is now becomin) increasin)ly clear that
*%ssia is another civili>ation 4%ite separate from Destern 7ivili>ation+ .oth of these civili>ations are descended from 7lassical
7ivili>ation, b%t the connection with this predecessor was made so differently that two 4%ite different traditions came into
e0istence+ *%ssian traditions were derived from .y>anti%m directly@ Destern traditions were derived from the more moderate
7lassical 7ivili>ation indirectly, havin) passed thro%)h the 8ark A)es when there was no state or )overnment in the Dest+
*%ssian civili>ation was created from three so%rces ori)inally: 2#3 the 9lav people, 23 'ikin) invaders from the north, and 263
the .y>antine tradition from the so%th+ These three were f%sed to)ether as the res%lt of a common e0perience arisin) from
*%ssia-s e0posed )eo)raphical position on the western ed)e of a )reat flat<land stretchin) for tho%sands of miles to the east+ This
flat<land is divided hori>ontally into three >ones of which the most so%thern is open plain, while the most northern is open b%sh
and t%ndra+ The middle >one is forest+ The so%thern >one 2or steppes3 consists of two parts: the so%thern is a salty plain which is
practically %seless, while the northern part, ne0t to the forest, is the famo%s black<earth re)ion of rich a)ric%lt%ral soil+
Unfort%nately the eastern portion of this )reat :%rasian plain has been )ettin) steadily drier for tho%sands of years, with the
conse4%ence that the Ural<Altaic<speakin) peoples of central and east<central Asia, peoples like the 5%ns, .%l)ars, Ma)yars,
Mon)ols, and T%rks, have p%shed westward repeatedly alon) the steppe corridor between the Urals and the 7aspian 9ea, makin)
the black<earth steppes dan)ero%s for sedentary a)ric%lt%ral peoples+ The 9lavs first appeared more than two tho%sand years a)o
as a peacef%l, evasive people, with an economy based on h%ntin) and r%dimentary a)ric%lt%re, in the forests of eastern &oland+
These people slowly increased in n%mbers, movin) northeastward thro%)h the forests, mi0in) with the scattered Finnish h%ntin)
people who were there already+ Abo%t A+8+ B"" or so, the 1orthmen, whom we know as 'ikin)s, came down from the .altic
9ea, by way of the rivers of eastern :%rope, and event%ally reached the .lack 9ea and attacked 7onstantinople+ These 1orthmen
were tryin) to make a way of life o%t of militarism, sei>in) booty and slaves, imposin) trib%te on con4%ered peoples, collectin)
f%rs, honey, and wa0 from the timid 9lavs l%rkin) in their forests, and e0chan)in) these for the colorf%l prod%cts of the
.y>antine so%th+ An time the 1orthmen set %p fortified tradin) posts alon) their river hi)hways, notably at 1ov)orod in the
north, at 9molensk in the center, and at Kiev in the so%th+ They married 9lav women and imposed on the r%dimentary
a)ric%lt%ral<h%ntin) economy of the 9lavs a s%perstr%ct%re of a trib%te<collectin) state with an e0ploitative, militaristic,
commercial economy+ Chis created the 3attern of a t>o-class Russian society >hich has continued ever since+ much
intensified by subseIuent historical events0 In time the ruling class of Russia became acIuainted >ith By<antine culture0
Chey >ere da<<led by it+ and sought to im3ort it into their >ilderness domains in the north0 In this >ay they im3osed on
the 9lav 3eo3les many of the accessories of the By<antine ,m3ire+ such as 6rthodo# 2hristianity+ the By<antine
al3habet+ the By<antine calendar+ the used of domed ecclesiastical architecture+ the name 2<ar 72aesar8 for their ruler+
and innumerable other traits0 )ost im3ortant of all+ they im3orted the By<antine totalitarian autocracy+ under >hich all
as3ects of life+ including 3olitical+ economic+ intellectual+ and religious+ >ere regarded as de3artments of government+
under the control of an autocratic ruler0 Chese beliefs >ere 3art of the Gree5 tradition+ and >ere based ultimately on
Gree5 inability to distinguish bet>een state and society0 9ince society includes all human activities+ the Gree5s had
assumed that the state must include all human activities0 An the days of 7lassical Greece this all<incl%sive entity was called
the polis, a term which meant both society and state@ in the later *oman period this all<incl%sive entity was called the imperi%m+
The only difference was that the polis was sometimes 2as in &ericles-s Athens abo%t $I" .+7+3 democratic, while the imperi%m
was always a military a%tocracy+ .oth were totalitarian, so that reli)ion and economic life were re)arded as spheres of
)overnmental activity+ Chis totalitarian autocratic tradition >as carried on to the By<antine ,m3ire and 3assed from it to
the Russian state in the north and to the later 6ttoman ,m3ire in the south0 In the north this By<antine tradition
combined >ith the e#3erience of the $orthmen to intensify the t>o-class structure of 9lav society0 In the ne> 9lav 7or
6rthodo#8 2ivili<ation this fusion+ fitting together the By<antine tradition and the ;i5ing tradition+ created Russia0 From
By<antium came autocracy and the idea of the state as an absolute 3o>er and as a totalitarian 3o>er+ as >ell as such
im3ortant a33lications of these 3rinci3les as the idea that the state should control thought and religion+ that the 2hurch
should be a branch of the government+ that la> is an enactment of the state+ and that the ruler is semi-divine0 From the
;i5ings came the idea that the state is a foreign im3ortation+ based on militarism and su33orted by booty and tribute+
that economic innovations are the function of the government+ that 3o>er rather than la> is the basis of social life+ and
that society+ >ith its 3eo3le and its 3ro3erty+ is the 3rivate 3ro3erty of a foreign ruler0 Chese conce3ts of the Russian
system must be em3hasi<ed because they are so foreign to our o>n traditions0 An the Dest, the *oman :mpire 2which
contin%ed in the :ast as the .y>antine :mpire3 disappeared in $BJ and, altho%)h many efforts were made to revive it, there was
clearly a period, abo%t C"", when there was no empire, no state, and no p%blic a%thority in the Dest+ Che state disa33eared+ yet
society continued0 9o also+ religious and economic life continued0 Chis clearly sho>ed that the state and society >ere not
the same thing+ that society >as the basic entity+ and that the state >as a cro>ning+ but not essential+ ca3 to the social
structure0 Chis e#3erience had revolutionary effects0 It >as discovered that man can live >ithout a stateD this became the
basis of estern liberalism0 It >as discovered that the state+ if it e#ists+ must serve men and that it is incorrect to believe
that the 3ur3ose of men is to serve the state0 It >as discovered that economic life+ religious life+ la>+ and 3rivate 3ro3erty
can all e#ist and function effectively >ithout a state0 From this emerged laisse<-faire+ se3aration of 2hurch and 9tate+
rule of la>+ and the sanctity of 3rivate 3ro3erty0 In Rome+ in By<antium+ and in Russia+ la> >as regarded as an
enactment of a su3reme 3o>er0 In the est+ >hen no su3reme 3o>er e#isted+ it >as discovered that la> still e#isted as
the body of rules >hich govern social life0 Chus la> >as found by observation in the est+ not enacted by autocracy as in
the ,ast0 Chis meant that authority >as established by la> and under the la> in the est+ >hile authority >as
established by 3o>er and above the la> in the ,ast0 Che est felt that the rules of economic life >ere found and not
enactedD that individuals had rights inde3endent of+ and even o33osed to+ 3ublic authorityD that grou3s could e#ist+ as the
2hurch e#isted+ by right and not by 3rivilege+ and >ithout the need to have any charter of incor3oration entitling them
to e#ist as a grou3 or act as a grou3D that grou3s or individuals could o>n 3ro3erty as a right and not as a 3rivilege and
that such 3ro3erty could not be ta5en by force but must be ta5en by established 3rocess of la>0 At was emphasi>ed in the
Dest that the way a thin) was done was more important than what was done, while in the :ast what was done was far more
si)nificant than the way in which it was done+ Chere >as also another basic distinction bet>een estern 2ivili<ation and
Russian 2ivili<ation0 Chis >as derived from the history of 2hristianity0 This new faith came into 7lassical 7ivili>ation from
9emitic society+H
K (ragedy and 'ope by 7arroll /%i)ley, 7hapter B 27reation of the *%ssian 7ivili>ation3, p+ !#<!6
GThe 9lavs were s%b,ected at first to the 'ikin) e0ploitative system+ These 'ikin)s copied .y>antine c%lt%re, and did it very
conscio%sly, in their reli)ion, in their writin), in their state, in their laws, in art, architect%re, philosophy, and literat%re+ These r%lers
were o%tsiders who innovated all the political, reli)io%s, economic, and intellect%al life of the new civili>ation+ There was no state:
forei)ners bro%)ht one in+ There was no or)ani>ed reli)ion: one was imported from .y>anti%m and imposed on the 9lavs+ The 9lav
economic life was on a low level, a forest s%bsistence economy with h%ntin) and r%dimentary a)ric%lt%re: on this the 'ikin)s imposed
an international tradin) system+ There was no reli)io%s<philosophic o%tlook: the new 9tate<7h%rch s%perstr%ct%re imposed on the
9lavs an o%tlook derived from Greek d%alistic idealism+ And, finally, the :ast never e0perienced a 8ark A)es to show it that society is
distinct from the state and more f%ndamental than the state+ This s%mmary brin)s *%ssian society down to abo%t #""+ An the ne0t si0
h%ndred years new e0periences merely intensified the *%ssian development+ These e0periences arose from the fact that the new
*%ssian society fo%nd itself ca%)ht between the pop%lation press%res of the raiders from the steppes to the east and the press%re of the
advancin) technolo)y of Destern 7ivili>ation+ The press%re of the Ural<Altaic speakers from the eastern steppes c%lminated in the
Mon)ol 2Tarter3 invasions after #""+ The Mon)ols con4%ered *%ssia and established a trib%te<)atherin) system which contin%ed for
)enerations+ Th%s there contin%ed to be a forei)n e0ploitin) system imposed over the 9lav people+ An time the Mon)ols made the
princes of Moscow their chief trib%te collectors for most of *%ssia+ A little later the Mon)ols made a co%rt of hi)hest appeal in
Moscow, so that both money and ,%dicial cases flowed to Moscow+ These contin%ed to flow even after the princes of Moscow 2#6!"3
led the s%ccessf%l revolt which e,ected the Mon)ols+ As the pop%lation press%re from the :ast decreased, the technolo)ical press%re
from the Dest increased 2after #I""3+ .y Destern technolo)y we mean s%ch thin)s as )%npowder and firearms, better a)ric%lt%re,
co%ntin) and p%blic finance, sanitation, printin), and the spread of ed%cation+ *%ssia did not )et the f%ll impact of these press%res %ntil
late, and then from secondary so%rces, s%ch as 9weden and &oland, rather than from :n)land or France+ 5owever, *%ssia was
hammered o%t between the press%res from the :ast and those from the Dest+ The res%lt of this hammerin) was the *%ssian a%tocracy,
a military, trib%te<)atherin) machine s%perimposed on the 9lav pop%lation+ The poverty of this pop%lation made it impossible for them
to )et firearms or any other advanta)es of Destern technolo)y+ ;nly the state had these thin)s, b%t the state co%ld afford them only by
drainin) wealth from the people+ This drainin) of wealth from below %pward provided arms and Destern technolo)y for the r%lers b%t
kept the r%led too poor to obtain these thin)s, so that all power was concentrated at the top+ The contin%ed press%re from the Dest
made it impossible for the r%lers to %se the wealth that acc%m%lated in their hands to finance economic improvements which mi)ht
have raised the standards of livin) of the r%led, since this acc%m%lation had to be %sed to increase *%ssian power rather than *%ssian
wealth+ As a conse4%ence, press%re downward increased and the a%tocracy became more a%tocratic+ An order to )et a b%rea%cracy for
the army and for )overnment service, the landlords were )iven personal powers over the peasants, creatin) a system of serfdom in the
:ast ,%st at the time that medieval serfdom was disappearin) in the Dest+ &rivate property, personal freedom, and direct contact with
the state 2for ta0ation or for ,%stice3 were lost to the *%ssian serfs+ The landlords were )iven these powers so that the landlords wo%ld
be free to fi)ht and willin) to fi)ht for Moscow or to serve in Moscow-s a%tocracy+ .y #B6" the direct press%re of the Dest %pon
*%ssia be)an to weaken somewhat beca%se of the decline of 9weden, of &oland, and of T%rkey, while &r%ssia was too occ%pied with
A%stria and with France to press very forcibly on *%ssia+ Th%s, the 9lavs, %sin) an adopted Destern technolo)y of a r%dimentary
character, were able to impose their s%premacy on the peoples to the :ast+ The peasants of *%ssia, seekin) to escape from the press%res
of serfdom in the area west of the Urals, be)an to flee eastward, and event%ally reached the &acific+ The *%ssian state made every
effort to stop this movement beca%se it felt that the peasants m%st remain to work the land and pay ta0es if the landlords were to be
able to maintain the military a%tocracy which was considered necessary+ :vent%ally the a%tocracy followed the peasants eastward, and
*%ssian society came to occ%py the whole of northern Asia+ As the press%re from the :ast and the press%re from the Dest declined,
the a%tocracy, inspired perhaps by powerf%l reli)io%s feelin)s, be)an to have a bad conscience toward its own people+ At the same
time it still so%)ht to westerni>e itself+ At became increasin)ly clear that this process of westerni>ation co%ld not be restricted to the
a%tocracy itself, b%t m%st be e0tended downward to incl%de the *%ssian people+ The a%tocracy fo%nd, in #!#, that it co%ld not defeat
1apoleonLs army witho%t callin) on the *%ssian people+ Ats inability to defeat the Destern allies in the 7rimean Dar of #!I$<#!IJ, and
the )rowin) threat of the 7entral &owers after the A%stro<German alliance of #!BC, made it clear that *%ssia m%st be westerni>ed, in
technolo)y if not in ideolo)y, thro%)ho%t all classes of the society, in order to s%rvive+ This meant, very specifically, that *%ssia had to
obtain the A)ric%lt%ral *evol%tion and ind%strialism@ b%t these in t%rn re4%ired that ability to read and write be e0tended to the
peasants and that the r%ral pop%lation be red%ced and the %rban pop%lation be increased+ These needs, a)ain, meant that serfdom had to
be abolished and that modern sanitation had to be introd%ced+ Th%s one need led to another, so that the whole society had to be
reformed+ An typically *%ssian fashion all these thin)s were %ndertaken by )overnment action, b%t as one reform led to another it
became a 4%estion whether the a%tocracy and the landed %pper classes wo%ld be willin) to allow the reform movement to )o so far as
to ,eopardi>e their power and privile)es+ For e0ample, the abolition of serfdom made it necessary for the landed nobility to cease to
re)ard the peasants as private property whose only contact with the state was thro%)h themselves+ 9imilarly, ind%strialism and
%rbanism wo%ld create new social classes of bo%r)eoisie and workers+ These new classes inevitably wo%ld make political and social
demands very distastef%l to the a%tocracy and the landed nobility+ Af the reforms led to demands for nationalism, how co%ld a dynastic
monarchy s%ch as the *omanov a%tocracy yield to s%ch demands witho%t riskin) the loss of Finland, &oland, the Ukraine, or ArmeniaN
As lon) as the desire to westerni>e and the bad conscience of the %pper classes worked to)ether, reform advanced+ .%t as soon as the
lower classes be)an to make demands, reaction appeared+ ;n this basis the history of *%ssia was an alternation of reform and reaction
from the ei)hteenth cent%ry to the *evol%tion of #C#B+ &eter the Great 2#J!C<#BI3 and 7atherine the Great 2#BJ<#BCJ3 were
s%pporters of westerni>ation and reform+ &a%l A 2#BCJ<#!"#3 was a reactionary+ Ale0ander A 2#!"#<#!I3 and Ale0ander AA 2#!II<#!!#3
were reformers, while 1icholas A 2#!I<#!II3 and Ale0ander AAA 2#!!#<#!C$3 were reactionaries+ As a conse4%ence of these vario%s
activities, by r !J$ serfdom had been abolished, and a fairly modern system of law, of ,%stice, and of ed%cation had been established@
local )overnment had been somewhat moderni>ed@ a fairly )ood financial and fiscal system had been established@ and an army based
on %niversal military service 2b%t lackin) in e4%ipment3 had been created+ ;n the other hand, the a%tocracy contin%ed, with f%ll power
in the hands of weak men, s%b,ect to all kinds of personal intri)%es of the basest kind@ the freed serfs had no ade4%ate lands@ the newly
literate were s%b,ect to a r%thless censorship which tried to control their readin), writin), and thinkin)@ the newly freed and newly
%rbani>ed were s%b,ect to constant police s%pervision@ the non<*%ssian peoples of the empire were s%b,ected to waves of *%ssification
and &an<9lavism@ the ,%dicial system and the fiscal system were administered with an arbitrary disre)ard of all personal ri)hts or
e4%ity@ and, in )eneral, the a%tocracy was both tyrannical and weak+ The first period of reform in the nineteenth cent%ry, that %nder
Ale0ander A, res%lted from a f%sion of two factors: the Oconscience<stricken )entryO and the westerni>in) a%tocracy+ Ale0ander himself
represented both factors+ As a res%lt of his reforms and those of his )randmother, 7atherine the Great, even earlier, there appeared in
*%ssia, for the first time, a new ed%cated class which was wider than the )entry, bein) recr%ited from sons of ;rthodo0 priests or of
state officials 2incl%din) army officers3 and, in )eneral, from the frin)es of the a%tocracy and the )entry+ Dhen the a%tocracy became
reactionary %nder 1icholas A, this newly ed%cated )ro%p, with some s%pport from the consciencestricken )entry, formed a
revol%tionary )ro%p )enerally called the OAntelli)entsia+O At first this new )ro%p was pro<Destern, b%t later it became increasin)ly anti<
Destern and O9lavophileO beca%se of its disill%sionment with the Dest+ An )eneral, the Desterni>ers ar)%ed that *%ssia was merely a
backward and barbaric frin)e of Destern 7ivili>ation, that it had made no c%lt%ral contrib%tion of its own in its past, and that it m%st
pass thro%)h the same economic, political, and social developments as the Dest+ The Desterni>ers wished to speed %p these
developments+ The 9lavophiles insisted that *%ssia was an entirely different civili>ation from Destern 7ivili>ation and was m%ch
s%perior beca%se it had a profo%nd spirit%ality 2as contrasted with Destern materialism3, it had a deep irrationality in intimate to%ch
with vital forces and simple livin) virt%es 2in contrast to Destern rationality, artificiality, and hypocrisy3, it had its own native form of
social or)ani>ation, the peasant villa)e 2comm%ne3 providin) a f%lly satisfyin) social and emotional life 2in contrast to Destern
fr%stration of atomistic individ%alism in sordid cities3@ and that a 9ocialist society co%ld be b%ilt in *%ssia o%t of the simple self<
)overnin), cooperative peasant comm%ne witho%t any need to pass alon) the Destern ro%te marked by ind%strialism, bo%r)eoisie
s%premacy, or parliamentary democracy+ As ind%strialism )rew in the Dest, in the period #!6"<#!I", the *%ssian Desterni>ers like &+
(+ 7haadayev 2#BC6<#!IJ3 and Ale0ander 5er>en 2#!#<#!B"3 became increasin)ly disill%sioned with the Dest, especially with its
%rban sl%ms, factory system, social disor)ani>ation, middle<class money<)r%bbin) and pettiness, its absol%tist state, and its advanced
weapons+ ;ri)inally the Desterni>ers in *%ssia had been inspired by French thinkers, while the 9lavophiles had been inspired by
German thinkers like 9chellin) and 5e)el, so that the shift from Desterni>ers to 9lavophiles marked a shift from French to Germanic
teachers+ The 9lavophiles s%pported orthodo0y and monarchy, altho%)h they were very critical of the e0istin) ;rthodo0 7h%rch and
of the e0istin) a%tocracy+ They claimed that the latter was a Germanic importation, and that the former, instead of remainin) a native
or)anic )rowth of 9lavic spirit%ality, had become little more than a tool of a%tocracy+ Anstead of s%pportin) these instit%tions, many
9lavophiles went o%t into the villa)es to )et in to%ch with p%re 9lavic spirit%ality and virt%e in the shape of the %nt%tored peasant+
These missionaries, called Onarodniki,O were )reeted with %nconcealed s%spicion and distaste by the peasants, beca%se they were city<
bred stran)ers, were ed%cated, and e0pressed anti<7h%rch and anti<)overnmental ideas+ Already disill%sioned with the Dest, the
7h%rch, and the )overnment, and now re,ected by the peasants, the Antelli)entsia co%ld find no social )ro%p on which to base a reform
pro)ram+ The res%lt was the )rowth of nihilism and of anarchism+ 1ihilism was a re,ection of all conventions in the name of
individ%alism, both of these concepts %nderstood in a *%ssian sense+ 9ince man is a man and not an animal beca%se of his individ%al
development and )rowth in a society made %p of conventions, the nihilist re,ection of conventions served to destroy man rather than to
liberate him as they e0pected+ The destr%ction of conventions wo%ld not raise man to be an an)el, b%t wo%ld lower him to be an
animal+ Moreover, the individ%al that the nihilists so%)ht to liberate by this destr%ction of conventions was not what Destern c%lt%re
%nderstands by the word Oindivid%al+O *ather it was Oh%manity+O The nihilists had no respect whatever for the concrete individ%al or
for individ%al personality+ *ather, by destroyin) all conventions and strippin) all persons naked of all conventional distinctions, they
hoped to sink everyone, and especially themselves, into the amorpho%s, indistin)%ishable mass of h%manity+ The nihilists were
completely atheist materialist, irrational, doctrinaire, despotic, and violent+ They re,ected all tho%)ht of self so lon) as h%manity
s%ffered@ they Obecame atheists beca%se they co%ld not accept a 7reator Dho made an evil, incomplete world f%ll of s%fferin)O@ they
re,ected all tho%)ht, all art, all idealism, all conventions, beca%se these were s%perficial, %nnecessary l%0%ries and therefore evil@ they
re,ected marria)e, beca%se it was conventional bonda)e on the freedom of love@ they re,ected private property, beca%se it was a tool of
individ%al oppression@ some even re,ected clothin) as a corr%ption of nat%ral innocence@ they re,ected vice and licentio%sness as
%nnecessary %pper<class l%0%ries@ as 1ikolai .erdyaev p%t it: OAt is ;rthodo0 asceticism t%rned inside o%t, and asceticism witho%t
Grace+ At the base of *%ssian nihilism, when )rasped in its p%rity and depth, lies the ;rthodo0 re,ection of the world + + +, the
acknowled)ment of the sinf%lness of all riches and l%0%ry, of all creative prof%sion in art and in tho%)ht++++ 1ihilism considers as sinf%l
l%0%ry not only art, metaphysics, and spirit%al val%es, b%t reli)ion also++++ 1ihilism is a demand for nakedness, for the strippin) of
oneself of all the trappin)s of c%lt%re, for the annihilation of all historical traditions, for the settin) free of the nat%ral man++++ The
intellect%al asceticism of nihilism fo%nd e0pression in materialism@ any more s%btle philosophy was proclaimed a sin++++ 1ot to be a
materialist was to be taken as a moral s%spect+ Af yo% were not a materialist, then yo% were in favo%r of the enslavement of man both
intellect%ally and politically+O 21+ .erdyaev, )rigin of Russian *ommunism 2=ondon, Geoffrey .les, #C$!3, p+ $I+3 This fantastic
philosophy is of )reat si)nificance beca%se it prepared the )ro%nd for .olshevism+ ;%t of the same spirit%al sickness which prod%ced
nihilism emer)ed anarchism+ To the anarchist, as revealed by the fo%nder of the movement, Mikhail .ak%nin 2#!#$<#!BJ3, the chief of
all enslavin) and needless conventionalities was the state+ The discovery that the state was not identical with society, a discovery
which the Dest had made a tho%sand years earlier than *%ssia, co%ld have been a liberatin) discovery to *%ssia if, like the Dest, the
*%ssians had been willin) to accept both state and society, each in its proper place+ .%t this was 4%ite impossible in the *%ssian
tradition of fanatical totalitarianism+ To this tradition the totalitarian state had been fo%nd evil and m%st, accordin)ly, be completely
destroyed, and replaced by the totalitarian society in which the individ%al co%ld be absorbed+ Anarchism was the ne0t step after the
disill%sionment of the narodniki and the a)itations of the nihilists+ The revol%tionary Antelli)entsia, %nable to find any social )ro%p on
which to base a reform pro)ram, and convinced of the evil of all conventional establishments and of the latent perfection in the
*%ssian masses, adopted a pro)ram of p%re political direct action of the simplest kind: assassination+ Merely by killin) the leaders of
states 2not only in *%ssia b%t thro%)ho%t the world3, )overnments co%ld be eliminated and the masses freed for social cooperation and
a)rarian 9ocialism+ From this back)ro%nd came the assassination of 7>ar Ale0ander AA in #!!#, of Kin) 5%mbert of Ataly in #C"", of
&resident McKinley in #C"#, as well as many anarchist o%tra)es in *%ssia, 9pain, and Ataly in the period #!C"<#C#"+ The fail%re of
)overnments to disappear in the face of this terrorist a)itation, especially in *%ssia, where the oppression of a%tocracy increased after
#!!#, led, little by little, to a fadin) of the Antelli)entsia-s faith in destr%ctive violence as a constr%ctive action, as well as in the
satisfyin) peasant comm%ne, and in the s%rvival of nat%ral innocence in the %nthinkin) masses+H
K (ragedy and 'ope by 7arroll /%i)ley, 7hapter B 27reation of the *%ssian 7ivili>ation3, p+ !J<C#
G;n the eve of the First Dorld Dar, the *%ssian economy was in a very d%bio%s state of health+ As we have said, it was a
patchwork affair, very m%ch lackin) in inte)ration, very dependent on forei)n and )overnment s%pport, racked by labor
dist%rbances, and, what was even more threatenin), by labor dist%rbances based on political rather than on economic motives,
and shot thro%)h with all kinds of technolo)ical weaknesses and discords+ As an e0ample of the last, we mi)ht mention the fact
that over half of *%ssiaLs pi) iron was made with charcoal as late as #C"" and some of *%ssiaLs most promisin) nat%ral reso%rces
were left %n%sed as a res%lt of the restrictive o%tlook of monopoly capitalists+ The fail%re to develop a domestic market left costs
of distrib%tion fantastically hi)h and left the *%ssian per capita cons%mption of almost all important commodities fantastically
low+ Moreover, to make matters worse, *%ssia as a conse4%ence of these thin)s was losin) )ro%nd in the race of prod%ction with
France, Germany, and the United 9tates+ These economic developments had profo%nd political effects %nder the weak<willed
7>ar 1icholas AA 2#!C$<#C#B3+ For abo%t a decade 1icholas tried to combine r%thless civil repression, economic advance, and an
imperialist forei)n policy in the .alkans and the Far :ast, with pio%s worldwide p%blicity for peace and %niversal disarmament,
domestic distractions like anti<9emitic massacres 2po)roms3, for)ed terroristic doc%ments, and faked terroristic attempts on the
lives of hi)h officials, incl%din) himself+ This %nlikely melan)e collapsed completely in #C"I<#C"!+ Dhen 7o%nt Ditte
attempted to be)in some kind of constit%tional development by )ettin) in to%ch with the f%nctionin) %nits of local )overnment
2the >emstvos, which had been effective in the famine of #!C#3, he was o%sted from his position by an intri)%e led by the
m%rdero%s Minister of Anterior 'yacheslav &lehve 2#C"63+ The civil head of the ;rthodo0 7h%rch, Konstantin &obedonostsev
2#!B<#C"B3 persec%ted all dissentin) reli)ions, while allowin) the ;rthodo0 7h%rch to become enveloped in i)norance and
corr%ption+ Most *oman 7atholic monasteries in &oland were confiscated, while priests of that reli)ion were forbidden to leave
their villa)es+ An Finland constr%ction of =%theran ch%rches was forbidden, and schools of this reli)ion were taken over by the
Moscow )overnment+ The Jews were persec%ted, restricted to certain provinces 2the &ale3, e0cl%ded form most economic
activities, s%b,ected to heavy ta0es 2even on their reli)io%s activities3, and allowed to form only ten percent of the p%pils in
schools 2eve in villa)es which were almost completely Jewish and where the schools were s%pported entirely by Jewish ta0es3+
5%ndreds of Jews were massacred and tho%sands of their b%ildin)s wrecked in systematic three<day po)roms tolerated and
sometimes enco%ra)ed by the police+ Marria)es 2and children3 of *oman 7atholic Uniates were made ille)itimate+ The
Moslems in Asia and elsewhere were also persec%ted+ :very effort was made to *%ssify non<*%ssian national )ro%ps, especially
on the western frontiers+ The Finns, .altic Germans, and &oles were not allowed to %se their own lan)%a)es in p%blic life, and
had to %se *%ssian even in private schools and even on the primary level+ Administrative a%tonomy in these areas, even that
solemnly promised to Finland lon) before, was destroyed, and they were dominated by *%ssian police, *%ssian ed%cation, and
the *%ssian Army+ The peoples of these areas were s%b,ected to military conscription more ri)oro%sly than the *%ssians
themselves, and were *%ssified while in the ranks+ A)ainst the *%ssians themselves, %nbelievable e0tremes of espiona)e,
co%nterespiona)e, censorship, provocation, imprisonment witho%t trial, and o%tri)ht br%tality were employed+ The
revol%tionaries responded with similar meas%res crowned by assassination+ 1o one co%ld tr%st anyone else, beca%se
revol%tionaries were in the police, and members of the police were in the hi)hest ranks of the revol%tionaries+ Geor)i Gapon, a
priest secretly in the pay of the )overnment, was enco%ra)ed to form labor %nions and lead workersL a)itations in order to
increase the employersL dependence on the a%tocracy, b%t when, in #C"I, Gapon led a mass march of workers to the Dinter
&alace to present a petition to the c>ar, they were attacked by the troops and h%ndreds were shot+ Gapon was m%rdered the
followin) year by the revol%tionaries as a traitor+ An order to discredit the revol%tionaries, the central &olice 8epartment in 9t+
&etersb%r) Oprinted at the )overnment e0pense violent appeals to riotO which were circ%lated all over the co%ntry by an
or)ani>ation of reactionaries+ An one year 2#C"J3 the )overnment e0iled 6I,""" persons witho%t trial and e0ec%ted over J""
persons %nder a new decree which fi0ed the death penalty for ordinary crimes like robbery or ins%lts to officials+ An the three
years #C"J<#C"!, I,#$" officials were killed or wo%nded, and ,6! arrested persons were e0ec%ted+ An #C"C it was revealed that
a police a)ent, A>eff, had been a member of the 7entral 7ommittee of the 9ocialist *evol%tionaries for years and had
participated in plots to m%rder hi)h officials, incl%din) &lehve and the Grand 8%ke 9er)i%s, witho%t warnin) these+ The former
chief of police who revealed this fact was sent to prison for doin) so+ Under conditions s%ch as these no sensible )overnment
was possible and all appeals for moderation were cr%shed between the e0tremists from both sides+ The defeats of *%ssian forces
in the war with Japan in #C"$<#C"I bro%)ht events to a head+ All dissatisfied )ro%ps be)an to a)itate, c%lminatin) in a s%ccessf%l
)eneral strike in ;ctober #C"I+ The emperor be)an to offer political reforms, altho%)h what was e0tended one day was
fre4%ently taken back shortly after+ A cons%ltative assembly, the 8%ma, was established, elected on a broad s%ffra)e b%t by very
complicated proced%res desi)ned to red%ce the democratic element+ An the face of a)rarian atrocities, endless strikes, and
m%tinies in both the army and navy, the censorship was temporarily lifted, and the first 8%ma met 2May #C"J3+ At had a n%mber
of able men and was dominated by two hastily or)ani>ed political parties, the 7adets 2somewhat left of 7enter3 and the
;ctobrists 2somewhat ri)ht of 7enter3+ &lans for wholesale reform were in the wind, and, when the c>arLs chief minister re,ected
s%ch plans, he was overwhelmin)ly cens%red by the 8%ma+H
K (ragedy and 'ope by 7arroll /%i)ley, 7hapter B 27reation of the *%ssian 7ivili>ation3, p+ CB<CC
GThe )eneral trend of intellect%al development in *%ssia in the years before #C#$ co%ld hardly be re)arded as hopef%l+ To be
s%re, there were considerable advances in some fields s%ch as literacy, nat%ral science, mathematics, and economic tho%)ht, b%t
these contrib%ted little to any )rowth of moderation or to *%ssiaLs )reatest intellect%al need, a more inte)rated o%tlook on life+
The infl%ence of the old ;rthodo0 reli)io%s attit%de contin%ed even in those who most emphatically re,ected it+ The basic
attit%de of the Destern tradition had )rown toward diversity and toleration, based on the belief that every aspect of life and of
h%man e0perience and every individ%al has some place in the comple0 str%ct%re of reality if that place can only be fo%nd and
that, accordin)ly, %nity of the whole of life can be reached by way of diversity rather than by any comp%lsory %niformity+ This
idea was entirely forei)n to the *%ssian mind+ Any *%ssian thinker, and hordes of other *%ssians with no capacity for tho%)ht,
were driven by an insatiable thirst to find the GkeyH to life and to tr%th+ ;nce this GkeyH has been fo%nd, all other aspects of
h%man e0perience m%st be re,ected as evil, and all men m%st be compelled to accept that key as the whole of life in a dreadf%l
%nity of %niformity+ To make matters worse, many *%ssian thinkers so%)ht to analy>e the comple0ities of h%man e0perience by
polari>in) these into antitheses of m%t%ally e0cl%sive d%alisms: Desterners vers%s 9lavophiles, individ%alism vers%s comm%nity,
freedom vers%s fate, revol%tionary vers%s reactionary, nat%re vers%s conventions, a%tocracy vers%s anarchy, and s%ch+ There was
no lo)ical correlation between these, so that individ%al thinkers fre4%ently embraced either side of any antithesis, formin) an
incredible mi0t%re of emotionally held faiths+ Moreover, individ%al thinkers fre4%ently shifted from one side to another, or even
oscillated back and forth between the e0tremes of these d%alisms+ An the most typical *%ssian minds both e0tremes were held
sim%ltaneo%sly, re)ardless of lo)ical compatibility, in some kind of hi)her mystic %nity beyond rational analysis+ Th%s, *%ssian
tho%)ht provides %s with strikin) e0amples of God<into0icated atheists, revol%tionary reactionaries, violent nonresisters,
belli)erent pacifists, comp%lsory liberators, and individ%alistic totalitarians+ The basic characteristic of *%ssian tho%)ht is its
e0tremism+ This took two forms: 2#3 any portion of h%man e0perience to which alle)iance was )iven became the whole tr%th,
demandin) total alle)iance, all else bein) evil deception@ and 23 every livin) person was e0pected to accept this same portion or
be damned as a minion of anti<7hrist+ Those who embraced the state were e0pected to embrace it as an a%tocracy in which the
individ%al had no ri)hts, else their alle)iance was not p%re@ those who denied the state were e0pected to re,ect it %tterly by
adoptin) anarchism+ Those who became materialists had to become complete nihilists witho%t place for any convention,
ceremony, or sentiment+ Those who 4%estioned some minor aspect of the reli)io%s system were e0pected to become militant
atheists, and if they did not take this step themselves, were driven to it by the cler)y+ Those who were considered to be spirit%al
or said they were spirit%al were for)iven every kind of corr%ption and lechery 2like *asp%tin3 beca%se s%ch material aspects were
irrelevant+ Those who sympathi>ed with the oppressed were e0pected to b%ry themselves in the masses, livin) like them, eatin)
dike them, dressin) like them, and reno%ncin) all c%lt%re and tho%)ht 2if they believed the masses lacked these thin)s3+ The
e0tremism of *%ssian thinkers can be seen in their attit%des toward s%ch basic aspects of h%man e0perience as property, reason,
the state, art, se0, or power+ Always there was a fanatical tendency to eliminate as sinf%l and evil anythin) e0cept the one aspect
which the thinker considered to be the key to the cosmos+ Ale0ei Khomyakov 2#!"$<#!J"3, a 9lavophile, wanted to re,ect reason
completely, re)ardin) it as Gthe mortal sin of the Dest,H while FPdor 8ostoevski 2#!#<#!!#3 went so far in this direction that he
wished to destroy all lo)ic and all arithmetic, seekin), he said, Gto free h%manity from the tyranny of two pl%s two e4%als fo%r+H
Many *%ssian thinkers, lon) before the 9oviets, re)arded all property as sinf%l+ ;thers felt the same way abo%t se0+ =eo Tolstoi,
the )reat novelist and essayist 2#!!<#C#"3, considered all property and all se0 to be evil+ Destern tho%)ht, which has %s%ally
tried to find a place in the cosmos for everythin) and has felt that anythin) is acceptable in its proper place, recoils from s%ch
fanaticism+ The Dest, for e0ample, has rarely felt it necessary to ,%stify the e0istence of art, b%t many thinkers in *%ssia 2like
&lato lon) a)o3 have re,ected all art as evil+ Tolstoi, amon) others, had moments 2as in the essay W+at ,s Art- ;f #!CB or )n
S+a.espeare and t+e Drama of #C"63 when he deno%nced most art and literat%re, incl%din) his own novels, as vain, irrelevant,
and satanic+ 9imilarly the Dest, while it has sometimes looked askance at se0 and more fre4%ently has over<emphasi>ed it, has
)enerally felt that se0 had a proper f%nction in its proper place+ An *%ssia, however, many thinkers incl%din) once a)ain Tolstoi
2The Kre%t>er 9onata of #!!C3, have insisted that se0 was evil in all places and %nder all circ%mstances, and most sinf%l in
marria)e+ The disr%ptive effects of s%ch ideas %pon social or family life can be seen in the later years of TolstoiLs personal life,
c%lminatin) in his last final hatred of his lon)<s%fferin) wife whom he came to re)ard as the instr%ment of his fall from )race+
.%t while Tolstoi praised marria)e witho%t se0, other *%ssians, with even )reater vehemence, praised se0 witho%t marria)e,
re)ardin) this social instit%tion as an %nnecessary impediment in the path of p%re h%man imp%lse+ An some ways we find in
Tolstoi the c%lmination of *%ssian tho%)ht+ 5e re,ected all power, all violence, most art, all se0, all p%blic a%thority, and all
property as evil+ To him the key of the %niverse was to he fo%nd in 7hristLs in,%nction, G*esist not evil+H All other aspects of
7hristLs teachin)s e0cept those which flow directly from this were re,ected, incl%din) any belief in 7hristLs divinity or in a
personal God+ From this in,%nction flowed Tolstoi-s ideas of nonviolence and nonresistance and his faith that only in this way
co%ld manLs capacity for a spirit%al love so powerf%l that it co%ld solve all social problems he liberated+ This idea of Tolstoi,
altho%)h based on 7hristLs in,%nction, is not so m%ch a reflection of 7hristianity as it is of the basic *%ssian ass%mption that any
physical defeat m%st represent a spirit%al victory, and that the latter co%ld be achieved only thro%)h the former+ 9%ch a point of
view co%ld be held only by persons to whom all prosperity or happiness is not only irrelevant b%t sinf%l+ And this point of view
co%ld be held with s%ch fanaticism only by persons to whom life, family, or any ob,ective )ain is worthless+ This is a dominant
idea in all the *%ssian Antelli)entsia, an idea )oin) back thro%)h &lato to ancient Asia: All ob,ective reality is of no importance
e0cept as symbols for some s%b,ective tr%th+ This was, of co%rse, the point of view of the 1eoplatonic thinkers of the early
7hristian period+ At was )enerally the point of view of the early 7hristian heretics and of those Destern heretics like the 7athari
2Albi)enses3 who were derived from this :astern philosophic position+ An modern *%ssian tho%)ht it is well represented by
8ostoevski, who while chronolo)ically earlier than Tolstoi is spirit%ally later+ To 8ostoevski every ob,ect and every act is
merely a symbol for some el%sive spirit%al tr%th+ From this point of view comes an o%tlook which makes his characters almost
incomprehensible to the avera)e person in the Destern tradition: if s%ch a character obtains a fort%ne, he cries, GA am r%inedQH Af
he is ac4%itted on a m%rder char)e, or seems likely to be, he e0claims, OA am condemned,O and seeks to incriminate himself in
order to ens%re the p%nishment which is so necessary for his own spirit%al self<ac4%ittal+ Af he deliberately misses his opponent
in a d%el, he has a )%ilty conscience, and says, GA sho%ld not have in,%red him th%s@ A sho%ld have killed himQH An each case the
speaker cares nothin) abo%t property, p%nishment, or life+ 5e cares only abo%t spirit%al val%es: asceticism, )%ilt, remorse, in,%ry
to oneLs self<respect+ An the same way, the early reli)io%s thinkers, both 7hristian and non<7hristian, re)arded all ob,ects as
symbols for spirit%al val%es, all temporal s%ccess as an inhibition on spirit%al life, and felt that wealth co%ld be obtained only by
)ettin) rid of property, life co%ld be fo%nd only by dyin) 2a direct 4%otation from &lato3, eternity co%ld be fo%nd only if time
ended, and the so%l co%ld be freed only if the body were enslaved+ Th%s, as late as #C#" when Tolstoi died, *%ssia remained tr%e
to its Greek<.y>antine intellect%al tradition+ De have noted that 8ostoevski, who lived sli)htly before Tolstoi, nevertheless had
ideas which were chronolo)ically in advance of TolstoiLs ideas+ An fact, in many ways, 8ostoevski was a prec%rsor of the
.olsheviks+ 2oncentrating his attention on 3overty+ crime+ and human misery+ al>ays see5ing the real meaning behind
every overt act or >ord+ he eventually reached a 3osition >here the distinction bet>een a33earance and significance
became so >ide that these t>o >ere in contradiction >ith each other0 Chis contradiction >as really the struggle bet>een
God and the 4evil in the soul of man0 9ince this struggle is >ithout end+ there is no solution to men?s 3roblems e#ce3t to
face suffering resolutely0 9uch suffering 3urges men of all artificiality and Boins them together in one mass0 In this mass
the Russian 3eo3le+ because of their greater suffering and their greater s3irituality+ are the ho3e of the >orld and must
save the >orld from the materialism+ violence+ and selfishness of estern civili<ation0 Che Russian 3eo3le+ on the other
hand+ filled >ith self-sacrifice+ and >ith no allegiance to lu#ury or material gain+ and 3urified by suffering >hich ma5es
them the brothers of all other suffering 3eo3le+ >ill save the >orld by ta5ing u3 the s>ord of righteousness against the
forces of evil stemming from ,uro3e0 2onstantino3le >ill be sei<ed+ all the 9lavs >ill be liberated+ and ,uro3e and the
>orld >ill be forced into freedom by conIuest+ so that )osco> many become the Chird Rome0 Before Russia is fit to save
the >orld in this >ay+ ho>ever+ the Russian intellectuals must merge themselves in the great mass of the suffering
Russian 3eo3le+ and the Russian 3eo3le must ado3t ,uro3e?s science and technology uncontaminated by any ,uro3ean
ideology0 Che blood s3illed in this effort to e#tend 9lav brotherhood to the >hole >orld by force >ill aid the cause+ for
suffering shared >ill ma5e men one0 This mystical 9lav imperialism with its apocalyptical overtones was by no means
%ni4%ely 8ostoevskiLs+ At was held in a va)%e and implicit fashion by many *%ssian thinkers, and had a wide appeal to the
%nthinkin) masses+ At was implied in m%ch of the propa)anda of &an<9lavism, and became semiofficial with the )rowth of this
propa)anda after #C"!+ At was widespread amon) the ;rthodo0 cler)y, who emphasi>ed the rei)n of ri)hteo%sness which wo%ld
follow the millennialist establishment of Moscow as the GThird *ome+H At was e0plicitly stated in a book, Russia and Europe,
p%blished in #!JC by 1icholas 8anilevsky 2#!<#!!I3+ 9%ch ideas, as we shall see, did not die o%t with the passin) of the
*omanov a%tocracy in #C#B, b%t became even more infl%ential, mer)in) with the =eninist revision of Mar0ism to provide the
ideolo)y of 9oviet *%ssia after #C#B+H
K (ragedy and 'ope by 7arroll /%i)ley, 7hapter B 27reation of the *%ssian 7ivili>ation3, p+ #"#<#"I
%&'% Bilderberg )eetings 2onference
at 7hantilly, 'ir)inia, U+9+A+ 2near Dashin)ton, 8+7+3:
Foreign Intrigue or 6rgani<ed 2rime?
+ormer <.". "ecretary of "tate 9enry :issin&er (left) &reets Prime Minister of Russia 1ladimir Putin (ri&ht) durin& their meetin&
in Moscow, Russia on 2anuary )*, )*'). 9enry :issin&er is a lon&time memer of the Bilderer& !rou,, a ,rivate 6uro,ean
or&ani-ation. 9enry :issin&er is a lon&time memer of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations, a ,rivate ,olitical or&ani-ation in #ew
$ork %ity, and a lon&time memer of the 7rilateral %ommission. Henry Kissinger attended the '()' Bilderberg *eetings
held in Chantilly# +irginia# ,"S"-" from *ay .)/0une .# '()'" (.P Photo)
9enry :issin&er (left) meets with President of Russia 1ladimir Putin in "t. Petersur&, Russia on 2une )', )*'). Henry
Kissinger attended the '()' Bilderberg *eetings held in Chantilly# +irginia# ,"S"-" from *ay .)/0une .# '()'"
(Photo4 Presidential Press and 0nformation ;ffice/:remlin)
President of <kraine 1iktor $anukovych, (left) &reets former <.". "ecretary of "tate 9enry :issin&er in :iev, <kraine on
Monday, 2une )(, )*'). Henry Kissinger attended the '()' Bilderberg *eetings held in Chantilly# +irginia# ,"S"-" from
*ay .)/0une .# '()'" (.P Photo)
Ukraine Signs $10 Billion Shale Gas Deal with Shell
';A 1ews
Jan%ary $, "#6
Ukraine has si)ned a F#" billion shale )as e0ploration deal with *oyal 8%tch 9hell << a ma,or step in weanin) Ukraine off
*%ssian )as e0ports+ Ukrainian &resident 'iktor (an%kovych oversaw the si)nin) of the I"<year prod%ction sharin) deal
Th%rsday at the Dorld :conomic For%m in 8avos, 9wit>erland, callin) it O,%st the be)innin)+O :0perts believe Ukraine has one
of the worldLs lar)est deposits of shale )as << eno%)h to s%pply the co%ntryLs ener)y needs for decades+ 9hell plans to drill #I test
wells into a massive )as field in eastern Ukraine+ A5raine is >idely de3endent on e#3orted Russian natural gas for its
energy needs0 A5raine says Russia charges too much and is un>illing to renegotiate the 3rice0 *%ssia insists Ukraine ,oin a
*%ssian<led trade %nion before it talks abo%t )as prices+ Russia cut gas su33lies to A5raine t>ice in the 3ast seven years
because of 3rice dis3utes0 Che cuts disru3ted su33lies into ,astern ,uro3e in the middle of free<ing cold >inters0
9o%rce: http:??www+voanews+com?content?%kraine<si)ns<#"<billion<shale<)as<deal<with<shell?#IC"$$B+html
=eft to ri)ht: F%el Minister of Ukraine :d%ard 9tavitsky, &resident of Ukraine 'iktor (an%kovych, &rime Minister of the
1etherlands Mark *%tte and 7:; of *oyal 8%tch 9hell &eter 'oser shake hands after e0chan)in) a si)ned a)reement at the
Dorld :conomic For%m 2D:F3 in 8avos, 9wit>erland on Jan%ary $, "#6+ 2*e%ters3
Prime )inister of the $etherlands )ar5 Rutte and 2,6 of Royal 4utch 9hell Peter ;oser attended the %&'% Bilderberg
)eetings held in 2hantilly+ ;irginia+ A090A0 from )ay ('+ %&'% until -une (+ %&'%0 /%een .eatri0 of the 1etherlands,
Then<U+9+ 9enator John Forbes Kerry, 5enry Kissin)er, former U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate 2#CB6<#CBB3, and A)or 9+ Avanov, Forei)n
Minister of *%ssia 2#CC!<""$3, also attended the "# .ilderber) Meetin)s+
&rime Minister of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin 2left3 meets with 7hancellor of A%stria Derner Faymann in 'ienna, A%stria in April
"#"+ erner Faymann attended the %&'% Bilderberg )eetings held in 2hantilly+ ;irginia+ A090A0 from )ay ('+ %&'%
until -une (+ %&'%0 2&hoto: http:??www+rferl+or)?content?A%striaM9i)nsM;nMToM9o%thM9tream?"6$I+html3
Austria Signs On To South Stream
April $, "#"
A%stria has si)ned an a)reement to participate in a *%ssian<backed pipeline pro,ect to brin) additional vol%mes of nat%ral )as to
:%rope+ A%strian :conomy Minister *einhold Mitterlehner and *%ssian :ner)y Minister 9er)ei 9hmatko si)ned an a)reement
on cooperation in constr%ction of the 9o%th 9tream )as pipeline+ Ga>prom chief Aleksei Miller and Dolf)an) *%ttenstorfer of
A%striaLs ;M' Gas and &ower si)ned another a)reement on cooperation+ The a)reements were si)ned as *%ssian &rime
Minister 'ladimir &%tin starts a visit to A%stria+ &%tin met earlier with A%strian 7hancellor Derner Faymann+ Followin) that
meetin), &%tin said A%stria wo%ld receive an additional billion c%bic meters 2bcm3 of )as ann%ally from 9o%th 9tream+ Dhen
completed, the 9o%th 9tream )as pipeline wo%ld carry some J6 bcm of )as ann%ally from *%ssia thro%)h .%l)aria, 9erbia, and
5%n)ary to A%stria with a possible branch line headin) so%th thro%)h Greece to Ataly+ 9o%th 9tream is seen by some as a rival
pro,ect to the :U<backed 1ab%cco )as<pipeline pro,ect+ &%tin is also sched%led to meet with A%strian &resident 5ein> Fischer
before attendin) the :%ropean J%do 7hampionships in 'ienna later today+
9o%rce: *adio Free :%rope *adio =iberty
The Destfields Marriott 5otel in 7hantilly, 'ir)inia, U+9+A+ is %nder ti)ht sec%rity in anticipation of the be)innin) of the "#
.ilderber) conference on Th%rsday, May 6#, "#+ &olice cars )%ard the main entrance, and sec%rity )%ards and police informed the
media that anyone comin) onto hotel property wo%ld be escorted off or arrested if they did not comply+ The "# .ilderber) Meetin)s
was held at the Destfields Marriott 5otel in 7hantilly, 'ir)inia, U+9+A+, located near Dashin)ton<8%lles Anternational Airport and
Manassas 1ational .attlefield &ark from Th%rsday, May 6#, "# to 9%nday, J%ne 6, "#+
2&hoto: .arbara =+ 9alisb%ry?The Dashin)ton Times3
&ascal =amy 2left3, 8irector<General of the Dorld Trade ;r)ani>ation, and *obert Roellick 2ri)ht3, &resident of the Dorld .ank,
attend a meetin) at the 7hancellery in .erlin, Germany on April !, "#"+ =amy and Roellick attended the "# .ilderber) Meetin)s
held in 7hantilly, 'ir)inia in early J%ne "#+ 2&hoto: Andreas *ent>?Getty Ama)es :%rope3
Former U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate 5enry Kissin)er departs the "# .ilderber) Meetin)s in a limo%sine in 7hantilly, 'ir)inia, U+9+A+ on
9%nday, J%ne 6, "#+ &rotestors in the back)ro%nd protested a)ainst the secret .ilderber) Meetin)s that was held at the Destfields
Marriott 5otel in 7hantilly+ 2&hoto: http:??www+prisonplanet+com?war<criminal<kissin)er<pict%red<leavin)<bilderber)+html3
5er *oyal Ma,esty /%een .eatri0 of the 1etherlands departs the "# .ilderber) Meetin)s in a limo%sine in 7hantilly, 'ir)inia,
U+9+A+ on 9%nday, J%ne 6, "#+ 2&hoto: 5annah .orno?The G%ardian3
. ,hoto of the dinin& room inside the Westfields Marriott 9otel in %hantilly, 1ir&inia, <."..., the site of the )*') Bilderer&
Meetin&s, )**> Bilderer& Meetin&s, and )**) Bilderer& Meetin&s. (Photo4 Phili, :ent Photo&ra,hy)
GAs a res%lt of this and later meetin)s, plans were made for o%r first session to be held at the 5otel .ilderber) at ;osterbeek,
5olland+ At was an old<fashioned s%mmer hotel in a wooded park, and, concerned for the sec%rity of so many famo%s )%ests, the
)overnment had established a plainclothes )%ard behind every tree+ Am%sed by s%ch hi)hly visible preca%tions, A told the &rince
on the second day that A was )oin) stir cra>y@ we then spec%lated on the chances of my )ettin) o%t of the hotel and to the main
road witho%t )ettin) shot+ Thereafter, for twenty<seven years, o%r )ro%p met at least once a year at a 4%iet retreat 2%s%ally a
to%rist hotel off season3 for two and a half days of serio%s disc%ssion+ An addition, there were small meetin)s of the 9teerin)
7ommittee, held %ntil recently at 9oestdi,k &alace, &rince .ernard-s co%ntry home+ :0cept d%rin) my years in the )overnment, A
was a member of the 9teerin) 7ommittee from the formation of the )ro%p %ntil #CBC+ Then the .ilderber) fo%nders t%rned it
over to a yo%n)er )ro%p, altho%)h A remain an adviser+ A have attended every .ilderber) meetin) with one e0ception+ Che
Bilderberg meetings 3rimarily concentrate on a single obBective! to try to clear u3 abrasive 3roblems and attitudes that
could 3oison effective relations bet>een America and ,uro3e0 The meetin)s are attended by the members of a permanent
steerin) committee of :%ropeans and Americans and by other men and women of achievement and competence specially invited
on each occasion+ Attendance is limited to ro%)hly ei)hty persons+ 2andor is assured by ground rules that forbid anyone to
discuss the meetings e#ce3t in the most general >ay or+ in outside conversation+ to attribute e#3ressed vie>s to any
individual0 At each meeting+ there is a 3olitical and an economic 3roblem to >hich the discussion is addressed0 All views
are taken as individ%al e0pressions@ no one speaks for his )overnment, his political party, or any other or)ani>ation+ The real
distinction of .ilderber) is not, however, its )ro%nd r%les b%t the e0traordinary 4%ality of those who attend the meetin)s+ There
is hardly a ma,or political fi)%re from :%rope or the United 9tates who has not been invited at least once+ ;f the present or
recent heads of )overnment, 5elm%t 9chmidt, the German 7hancellor, has attended several times, and amon) others who have
come one or more times have been 'alery Giscard d-:stain), 5arold Dilson, James 7alla)han, :dward 5eath, Mar)aret
Thatcher, *ene &leven, G%y Mollet, &ierre Mendes<France, as well as &rince &hilip, 8enis 5ealey, 8ean *%sk, 8ean Acheson,
5enry Kissin)er, and 7yr%s 'anceS.ilderber)-s most val%able achievement has been to provide for the development of easy
relations between individ%als of disparate back)ro%nds, eatin), drinkin), walkin) K and constantly talkin) K to)ether in isolated
settin)s+ Dhen A ,oined the 9tate 8epartment in #CJ#, A was already well ac4%ainted with most Destern leaders+ 9ome A knew
partic%larly well, since we had been to)ether at .ilderber) on more than one occasion+H
K Geor)e D+ .all, from his a%tobio)raphy (+e /ast 'as Anot+er /attern& Memoirs 2p+ #"I<#"J@ p%blished in #C!3
Prominent !uests Who .ttended the )*') Bilderer& Meetin&s
0&or ". 0vanov
+orei&n Minister of Russia
('==>8)**5)
!arry :as,arov
%hairman, <nited %ivil
+ront (of Russia)@ Russian
chess &randmaster
Aueen BeatriB of 7he
#etherlands
(rei&n, '=>*8)*'3)
9enry .. :issin&er
<.". "ecretary of "tate
('=?38'=??)
2ohn +. :erry
<.". "ecretary of "tate
()*'38,resent)
Roert B. Coellick
President of 7he World
Bank ()**?8)*'))
Mark 2. %arney
!overnor of the Bank of
6n&land ()*'38,resent)
Marcus .&ius
%hairman of Barclays
Bank PL% ()**?8,resent)
Pascal Lamy
Director8!eneral of the
World 7rade ;r&ani-ation
()**(8)*'3)
2orma ;llila
%hairman of the oard of
Royal Dutch "hell
()**D8,resent)
.natoly B. %huais
+irst De,uty Prime
Minister of Russia
('==?8'==>)
Mark Rutte
Prime Minister of the
#etherlands
()*'*8,resent)
:in& Phili,,e of Bel&ium
(2uly )', )*'38,resent)
2acek Rostowski
+inance Minister of
Poland ()**?8,resent)
2utta <r,ilainen
+inance Minister of
+inland ()*''8,resent)
2ames D. Wolfensohn
President of the World
Bank ('==(8)**()
:enneth M. 2acos
%hairman of the oard of
La-ard EankF
()**=8,resent)
Roert 6. Ruin
<.". "ecretary of the
7reasury ('==(8'===)
2essica 7. Mathews
President of %arne&ie
6ndowment for
0nternational Peace
('==?8,resent)
0tamar Rainovich
0sraeli .massador to the
<nited "tates
('==38'==D)
%&'( Bilderberg )eetings 2onference
at 5ertfordshire, Great .ritain 2near =ondon3:
Foreign Intrigue or 6rgani<ed 2rime?
From Russia ith Love?! .ilderber) Meetin)s participant /%een .eatri0 of the 1etherlands 2left3 shares a toast with &resident
of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin after they %nveiled a pla4%ette with hand imprint of &eter the Great d%rin) a to%r of the 5ermita)e
M%se%m in Amsterdam, 1etherlands on April !, "#6+ "ueen Beatri# of the $etherlands attended the %&'( Bilderberg
)eetings held in *ertfordshire+ ,ngland near London from -une .-/+ %&'(0 /%een .eatri0 of the 1etherlands is a direct
descendant of 7atherine the Great and &eter the Great+ 2&hoto: AF& &hoto3
Aueen BeatriB of the #etherlands (left) and President of Russia 1ladimir Putin toast after they unveiled a ,laGuette with hand im,rint of Peter
the !reat durin& a tour of the .msterdam 9ermita&e Museum in .msterdam, #etherlands on .,ril >, )*'3. Russia maintains a !ortion of
its assets in the Netherlands" (R6<76R"/.leBei Dru-hinin/R0. #ovosti/Pool)
Aueen BeatriB of the #etherlands (left) and President of Russia 1ladimir Putin toast after they unveiled a ,laGuette with hand im,rint of Peter
the !reat durin& a tour of the .msterdam 9ermita&e Museum in .msterdam, #etherlands on .,ril >, )*'3.
.ilderber) Meetin)s participant &rime Minister of the 1etherlands Mark *%tte 2left3 chats with &resident of *%ssia 'ladimir
&%tin on the sidelines of the 9t+ &etersb%r) Anternational :conomic For%m on J%ne ", "#6+ )ar5 Rutte attended the %&'(
Bilderberg )eetings held in *ertfordshire+ ,ngland near London from -une .-/+ %&'(0 2&hoto: *i,ksoverheid3
&rime Minister of Great .ritain 8avid 7ameron 2left3, who attended the .ilderber) Meetin)s in 5ertfordshire, :n)land near =ondon in
J%ne "#6, appears with Arseniy (atseny%k 2ri)ht3, the &rime Minister of Ukraine, d%rin) the si)nin) of the political provisions of the
Association A)reement with Ukraine at the :%ropean Union head4%arters in .r%ssels, .el)i%m on March #, "#$ + 4avid 2ameron
attended the %&'( Bilderberg )eetings held in *ertfordshire+ ,ngland near London from -une .-/+ %&'(0 2*e%ters3
An this hando%t ima)e provided by 5ost &hoto A)ency, &resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin 2left3 shakes hands with .ilderber)
Meetin)s participant 7hristine =a)arde, Mana)in) 8irector of the Anternational Monetary F%nd, at the G" 9%mmit in 9t+
&etersb%r), *%ssia on 9eptember I, "#6+ 2hristine Lagarde attended the %&'( Bilderberg )eetings that >as held in
*ertfordshire+ ,ngland near London from -une .-/+ %&'(0 2&hoto: 5ando%t?Getty Ama)es :%rope3
&rime Minister of Ataly Mario Monti 2left3, a lon)time .ilderber) Meetin)s participant, )reets &resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin
in *%ssia+ )ario )onti attended the %&'( Bilderberg )eetings held in *ertfordshire+ ,ngland near London from -une .-/+
%&'(0 2A& &hoto?*AA<1ovosti, Ale0ei 8r%>hinin, &residential &ress 9ervice3
&rime Minister of Ataly Mario Monti 2ri)ht3 )reets &rime Minister of *%ssia 8imitri Medvedev+ )ario )onti attended the
%&'( Bilderberg )eetings held in *ertfordshire+ ,ngland near London from -une .-/+ %&'(0
2A& &hoto?*AA 1ovosti, Ale0ander Astafyev, Government &ress 9ervice3
&rime Minister of Great .ritain 8avid 7ameron )reets &resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin at #" 8ownin) 9treet, the office of the
&rime Minister, in =ondon on J%ne #J, "#6+ Prime )inister of Great Britain 4avid 2ameron attended the %&'(
Bilderberg )eetings held in *ertfordshire+ ,ngland near London from -une .-/+ %&'(0 2Getty Ama)es3
7he !rove 9otel in 9ertfordshire, 6n&land, located Hust north of Watford, near London, was the site of the )*'3 Bilderer&
Meetin&s. (Photo4 htt,4//www.flickr.com/,hotos/keltic/3*)?5(=?('/)
%onservative ,arty leader David %ameron (left), the current Prime Minister of !reat Britain, a,,ears with "hadow %hancellor
!eor&e ;sorne (center) as he introduces :enneth %larke (ri&ht) to his economic team at Portcullis 9ouse in London on
2anuary '=, )**=. :enneth %larke returned to the %onservative front ench to assume the role of "hadow Business "ecretary.
1a$id Cameron# eorge 2sborne# and Kenneth Clarke attended the '(). Bilderberg *eetings held at 3he ro$e hotel
in Hertfordshire 4Watford5# %ngland from 0une 6/7# '()." (Photo y ;li "carff/!etty 0ma&es)
%hristine La&arde (left), Mana&in& Director of the 0nternational Monetary +und (0M+), &reets former <.". "ecretary of "tate 9enry :issin&er at
the 6conomic %lu of #ew $ork in #ew $ork %ity on .,ril '*, )*'3. 8agarde and Kissinger attended the '(). Bilderberg *eetings held
at 3he ro$e hotel in Hertfordshire 4Watford5# %ngland from 0une 6/7# '()." (Photo4 6conomic %lu of #ew $ork)
President of the 6uro,ean %ommission 2ose Manuel Barroso (left) discussed 6uro,ean <nion economic crisis mana&ement and reform with
%ouncil on +orei&n Relations memer 2ames D. Wolfensohn, former President of the World Bank. 0ose *anuel Barroso and 0ames 1"
Wolfensohn attended the '(). Bilderberg *eetings held at 3he ro$e in Hertfordshire 4Watford5# %ngland from 0une 6/7# '()."
(Photo4 %ouncil on +orei&n Relations )*'' .nnual Re,ort)
General otors !nters "ew !ra in #ussia and
in$esting US $1 %illion in its #ussian o&erations
9t+ &etersb%r), *%ssia
J%ne , "#
General Motors broke )ro%nd today for the e0pansion of GM A%to, its wholly owned man%fact%rin) facility in 9t+ &etersb%r),
*%ssia+
At will more than do%ble GM A%to-s ann%al prod%ction capacity from the c%rrent C!,""" vehicles to 6",""" vehicles by "#I+
The pro,ect is the most si)nificant development for GM-s *%ssian operations since GM A%to opened in ""!+
GM A%to-s e0pansion is part of an historic partnership formed last year with the *%ssian Federal Ministry of :conomic
8evelopment that will lead to GM investin) U9 F# billion in its *%ssian operations over the ne0t five years+
The investment will also s%pport the increase of prod%ction at the GM<A'T;'AR ,oint vent%re in To)liatti, *%ssia, res%ltin) in
combined ann%al *%ssian prod%ction capacity for GM of 6I",""" vehicles+
GM 7hairman and 7hief :0ec%tive ;fficer 8an Akerson, *%ssian Federal 8ep%ty Minister Ale0ey *akhmanov, U+9+
Ambassador to *%ssia Michael McFa%l, and former U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate 8r+ 5enry Kissin)er ,oined senior representatives
from GM *%ssia and GM A%to employees at today-s celebration+
Dhen the e0pansion is complete, employment at the facility will increase from ,I"" to $,""" people+
They will man%fact%re 7hevrolet and ;pel models for the *%ssian market+
Amon) the additional vehicles that will be prod%ced at GM A%to is the new ;pel Astra sedan, which will make its worldwide
deb%t at the Moscow Anternational Motor 9how in A%)%st+
GGeneral Motors is embarkin) on a new era in *%ssia, one of the world-s fastest<)rowin) vehicle markets, as part of o%r strate)y
to b%ild where we sell,H said Akerson+ GThe )lobal vehicles that we prod%ce and the man%fact%rin) systems that we are p%ttin)
in place are creatin) lon)<term benefits for *%ssia-s a%tomotive ind%stry, its s%pply base and its economy+
G;%r )rowin) investment is the stron)est possible endorsement by General Motors of o%r intent to make *%ssia a si)nificant part
of o%r international operations+ ;%r vision in *%ssia, as in all of the other markets where we do b%siness, is to desi)n, b%ild and
sell the world-s best vehicles,H he said+
8%rin) his three<day visit to *%ssia, Akerson also addressed b%siness leaders and media at the 9t+ &etersb%r) Anternational
:conomic For%m on J%ne +
5e disc%ssed the importance of investin) first in prod%cts and technolo)y, bein) well<positioned for profitable )rowth and
b%ildin) stron) brands that connect with c%stomers worldwide+
General Motors 7o+ 21(9::GM, T9T: GMM3 and its partners prod%ce vehicles in 6" co%ntries, and the company has leadership
positions in the worldLs lar)est and fastest<)rowin) a%tomotive markets+
GM-s brands incl%de 7hevrolet and 7adillac, as well as .ao,%n, .%ick, GM7, 5olden, As%>%, Jiefan), ;pel, 'a%0hall and
D%lin)+
More information on the company and its s%bsidiaries, incl%din) ;n9tar, a )lobal leader in vehicle safety, sec%rity and
information services, can be fo%nd at http:??www+)m+com
9o%rce: http:??www+astroman+com+pl?NmodUma)a>ineVaUreadVidU#J"
8an Akerson 2left3, 7hairman and 7:; of General Motors, )reets former U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate 5enry Kissin)er 2center3 and
U+9+ Ambassador to *%ssia Michael McFa%l 2ri)ht3 in 9t+ &etersb%r), *%ssia on Friday, J%ne , "#, before the
)ro%ndbreakin) for the e0pansion of GM A%to, its wholly owned man%fact%rin) facility in 9t+ &etersb%r), *%ssia+ The
e0pansion will more than do%ble GM A%to-s ann%al prod%ction capacity from the c%rrent C!,""" vehicles to 6",""" vehicles by
"#I+ *enry Kissinger and )ichael )cFaul are members of the 2ouncil on Foreign Relations0 2&hoto co%rtesy GM3
2&hoto: http:??www+astroman+com+pl?NmodUma)a>ineVaUreadVidU#J"3
President of Russia 1ladimir Putin (left) meets with 9enry :issin&er, former <.". "ecretary of "tate and honorary 0;% memer,
durin& the o,enin& ceremony of the '')th "ession of the 0nternational ;lym,ic %ommittee (0;%) in Moscow, Russia on 2uly '),
)**'. (Photo4 Russian Presidential Press and 0nformation ;ffice/:remlin)
8avid *ockefeller, the fo%nder of the Trilateral 7ommission, and other members of the Trilateral 7ommission visit 9oviet 7ommissar
Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow, 9oviet Union on Jan%ary #!, #C!C+
29o%rce: http:??www+trilateral+or)?download?doc?7ommemoratin)M#C!C+pdf3
GToday Americans wo%ld be o%tra)ed if U+1+ troops entered =os An)eles to restore order@ tomorrow they will be )ratef%lQ This
is especially tr%e if they were told there was an o%tside threat from beyond, whether real or prom%l)ated, that threatened o%r
very e0istence+ At is then that all people of the world will plead with world leaders to deliver them from this evil+ The one thin)
every man fears is the %nknown+ hen 3resented >ith this scenario+ individual rights >ill be >illingly relinIuished for the
guarantee of their >ell being granted to them by their >orld government+H
K 5enry Kissin)er, in a speech at the .ilderber) Meetin)s in :vian, France on May #, #CC+ Kissin)er-s speech was tape<
recorded by one of the 9wiss dele)ates at that .ilderber) Meetin)s+
GFor more than a cent%ry ideolo)ical e0tremists at either end of the political spectr%m have sei>ed %pon well<p%blici>ed
incidents s%ch as my enco%nter with 7astro to attack the *ockefeller family for the inordinate infl%ence they claim we wield
over American political and economic instit%tions+ 9ome even believe we are part of a secret cabal workin) a)ainst the best
interests of the United 9tates, characteri>in) my family and me as Winternationalists- and of conspirin) with others aro%nd the
world to b%ild a more inte)rated )lobal political and economic str%ct%re K one world, if yo% will+ Af that-s the char)e, A stand
)%ilty, and A am pro%d of it+H K 8avid *ockefeller, "", from his book Memoirs, p+ $"I
9ecretary General of 1AT; Anders Fo)h *asm%ssen speaks at 7hatham 5o%se in =ondon on J%ly $, "#+ 7hatham 5o%se is
the head4%arters of Che Royal Institute of International Affairs, a .ritish political or)ani>ation+
2&hoto: http:??www+nato+int?cps?en?9A8<JFBI6!FA<#.#"!$$7?natolive?photosM!!C#6+htm3
Madeleine Albri)ht, former U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate, attends a meetin) at the 7hatham 5o%se in =ondon on April #C, "#6+
2&hoto: http:??www+flickr+com?photos?chathamho%se?!JJ6BI$?3
&resident .arack ;bama drops by 1ational 9ec%rity Advisor Gen+ James Jones- meetin) with former national sec%rity advisors
in the 9it%ation *oom of the Dhite 5o%se on March $, "#"+ 9eated at the table, from left to ri)ht are: .rent 9cowcroft,
*obert O.%dO McFarlane, 7olin &owell 2former U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate3, 8ennis *oss 29enior 1ational 9ec%rity 7o%ncil
8irector for the central re)ion3, 9andy .er)er, Frank 7arl%cci 2former U+9+ 9ecretary of 8efense and former 7hairman of the
7arlyle Gro%p3, and Rbi)niew .r>e>inski+ Michael McFa%l is seated in the back)ro%nd, behind 7olin &owell+ :veryone in the
photo)raph e0cept for &resident .arack ;bama 2and the %nidentified man seated behind McFarlane3 is a member of the 7o%ncil
on Forei)n *elations+ 2;fficial Dhite 5o%se &hoto by &ete 9o%>a3
E9o you see+ my dear 2oningsby+ that the >orld is governed by very different 3ersonages from
>hat is imagined by those >ho are not behind the scenes0F
H BenBamin 4israeli+ former Prime )inister of Great Britain 7and -e>ish 3olitician8
<.". "ecretary of "tate %ondolee--a Rice (center) watches <.". "ecretary of Defense "ecretary Roert M. !ates (left) &reet
President of Russia 1ladimir Putin in Moscow, Russia on ;ctoer '), )**?. Roert M. !ates was the Director of %entral
0ntelli&ence .&ency from '==' until '==3 under President !eor&e 9.W. Bush@ Putin was a :!B a&ent. %ondolee--a Rice and
Roert M. !ates are memers of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations, a ,rivate ,olitical or&ani-ation in #ew $ork %ity.
(Photo4 <.". De,artment of Defense)
President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev shakes hands with former <.". "ecretary of "tate Madeleine .lri&ht (left) efore his s,eech at the
Washin&ton %lu in Washin&ton, D.%. on "aturday, #ovemer '(, )**>. Medvedev visited Washin&ton to attend the "ummit on +inancial
Markets and the World 6conomy on "aturday. (Reuters)
World Bank President Paul Wolfowit- (left) shakes hands with President of Russia 1ladimir Putin in Moscow on ;ctoer )*,
)**(. (Photo4 I %ourtesy of .leBey :vasov/7he World Bank)
9enry Paulson (left), <.". "ecretary of the 7reasury and former chairman of the oard of !oldman "achs ank, meets with
Prime Minister of Russia 1ladimir Putin durin& his visit to Moscow, Russia on 2une 3*, )**>. Henry 9aulson attended the
'((: Bilderberg *eetings held in Chantilly# +irginia# ,"S"-" from 0une ;/:# '((:" (.+P/!etty 0ma&es)
World Bank President 2ames Wolfensohn (left) shakes hands with RussiaJs President 1ladimir Putin durin& their meetin& at the
#ovo8;&arevo residence outside Moscow on 2anuary )*, )**5. Putin awarded Wolfensohn with the Russian ;rder of
+riendshi,. (.leBey Panov/07.R87.""/.+P/!etty 0ma&es)
Prime Minister of Russia 1ladimir Putin receives 7homas 6. Donilon (left), #ational "ecurity .dvisor to the President of the
<nited "tates, in Moscow, Russia on May 5, )*').
Roert Coellick, President of the World Bank, shakes hands with Prime Minister of Russia 1ladimir Putin (left) in Moscow on
0une )6# '((:. Robert <oellick attended the '((: Bilderberg *eetings held in Chantilly# +irginia# ,"S"-" from ;/: 0une
'((:" (Photo4 7he World Bank)

Jewish banker 9tanley Fischer 2left3, a d%al citi>en of Asrael and United 9tates of America, )reets &resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin+
9tanley Fischer is a former Governor of the .ank of Asrael 2""I<"#63 and desi)nated 'ice 7hairman of the Federal *eserve+
'ladimir &%tin served as &resident of *%ssia twice 2May B, """<May B, ""!@ May B, "#<present3, &rime Minister of *%ssia twice
2A%)%st C, #CCC<May B, """@ May !, ""!<May B, "#3, and 8irector of the Federal 9ec%rity 9ervice 2J%ly I, #CC!<March C,
#CCC3+
+ront ,a&e ,hoto4 +ormer <.". "ecretary of "tate 9enry :issin&er (left) &reets RussiaJs Prime Minister 1ladimir Putin (ri&ht) in Moscow,
Russia on 2une '?, )**>. :issin&er was on a workin& visit to Russia. (.+P/!etty 0ma&es)
John Forbes Kerry 2left3, the U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate, appears with Forei)n Minister of *%ssia 9er)ey =avrov d%rin) a press
conference in Moscow, *%ssia on May !, "#6+
<.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry (left), accom,anied y <.". .massador to Russia Michael Mc+aul ()
nd
left) meets with President of Russia
1ladimir Putin (ri&ht) and +orei&n Minister of Russia "er&ey Lavrov in Moscow, Russia, on May ?, )*'3.
(<.". "tate De,artment ,hoto/Pulic Domain)
RussiaJs President 1ladimir Putin, a former :!B a&ent, is flanked y former President !eor&e 9.W. Bush (left) and President
!eor&e W. Bush (ri&ht) at WalkerKs Point in :enneunk,ort, Maine on "unday, 2uly ', )**?. (White 9ouse ,hoto y 6ric Dra,er)
A col%mn of *%ssian T<C" tanks rolls thro%)h *ed 94%are in Moscow, *%ssia d%rin) a 'ictory 8ay parade on May C, "#6+
2AF& &hoto?(%ri Kadobnov3
GThe limitation of Ukrainian a%tonomy in the 5etman state of eastern Ukraine was an omino%s si)n for the whole co%ntry, for
the c%lt%ral center ever since the middle of the seventeenth cent%ry had been at Kiev+ From here ed%cation and c%lt%re had )one
o%t to s%pply the needs of remote sections of Ukraine, especially that part which was %nder the r%le of &oland+ Che 3artitioning
of A5raine in '..J bet>een Poland and Russia had dealt a deadly blo> to A5rainian life by se3arating Kiev from
>estern A5raine+ and this act had 3rovo5ed the A5rainians to fury against Russia for her betrayal in dividing their
country >ith Poland0 Altho%)h they attempted by every means at their command to preserve their c%lt%ral and national life,
they fo%nd this e0tremely diffic%lt+ 6nce they >ere 3olitically se3arated+ the t>o 3arts of A5raine drifted further and
further a3art+ the >estern section remaining subBect to Polish influences >hile the eastern fell under the im3ress of
Russia0 Che subBection of the A5rainian Gree5 6rthodo# 2hurch to the Patriarch of )osco>+ >hich >as accom3lished
against the >ill of the A5rainian clergy and 3eo3le+ severed the connection bet>een the dioceses of eastern and >estern
A5raine and enabled Poland to force 2atholicism u3on the A5rainians >ith greater ease+ >hile the Russification of
A5rainian schools and literature in eastern A5raine raised a barrier against the >estern 3ortion of the country@ in
proportion as the so%rces of c%lt%ral imp%lse weakened and dried %p in western Ukraine, its separation from Kiev led to a
)eneral c%lt%ral decline+ At has been noted that the c%lt%ral center of western Ukraine at the end of the si0teenth cent%ry was the
city of =viv with its brotherhood, which )athered abo%t itself and )ave or)ani>ation to not only the Ukrainian townspeople of
=viv b%t to the Ukrainian inhabitants of all eastern Galicia as well+ These people, however, became &oloni>ed, as did the
townspeople of =viv, and all their efforts to )ain political e4%ality and freedom for e0pression and development proved f%tile+
&olish m%nicipal )overnment did not admit the participation of Ukrainians and hampered their economic and commercial
freedom, and none of the Ukrainian complaints to the central )overnment bro%)ht any relief+ Moreover, d%rin) the seventeenth
cent%ry =viv was losin) economic )ro%nd beca%se of short<si)hted &olish economic policies, and with economic decline the
ener)y of the Ukrainian patriots was weakened+ Dith the advent of depression, the more ener)etic and active Ukrainians left
=viv and Galicia and moved into eastern Ukraine to ,oin the Ko>aks+ As has been said, the c%lt%ral leaders of Kiev d%rin) the
third decade of the seventeenth cent%ry came chiefly from =viv, and it was they who made Kiev the center of Ukrainian life,
while =viv and the rest of Galicia, abandoned by the most ener)etic people, be)an to lose their former c%lt%ral si)nificance+ The
=viv brotherhood lost its importance@ and its chief )lory, the school, declined in the middle decades of the seventeenth cent%ry,
after which the main activity of the brotherhood consisted in the p%blishin) of 7h%rch books, especially lit%r)ies, which it
provided to all eastern Ukraine+ As its p%blications provided the chief so%rce of income for the brotherhood, which therefore
placed a hi)h val%e %pon this activity and especially %pon its monopoly of p%blication of books for the 7h%rch, it permitted no
other Ukrainian presses to open in =viv+ An the second part of the seventeenth cent%ry the Ukrainian national movement lost its
si)nificance even more rapidly, in part beca%se Khmelnitsky temporarily improved conditions in eastern Ukraine and attracted
lar)e n%mbers of people to move there+H
K A 'istory of 0.raine by Michael 5r%shevsky 2p%blished in #C$#3, p+ $<$6
G(+e Russian Re1olution and t+e Liberation of 0.raine& *%ssian oppression of Ukraine always reached a hi)h point d%rin)
the celebration of 9hevchenko Ls name day, and persec%tions were %n%s%ally severe when the revol%tion of Febr%ary I 2March
#"3, #C#B,Os%ddenly broke o%t in &etro)rad, as 9t+ &etersb%r) had been renamed+ The Ukrainian comm%nity in &etro)rad played
an important part in the %prisin)+ There were several Ukrainians in contact with the commandin) officers of one of the re)iments
which took the initiative, and Ukrainian soldiers and workin)men played a leadin) part in the act%al revolt+ An Ukraine the
inhabitants received with ,oy the news of the downfall of the *omanovs as tidin)s of an event destined to brin) abo%t the
emancipation of their fatherland+ An old or)ani>ation of Ukrainian &ro)ressives, which had acted in secret before this time, now
bro%)ht its pro)ram into the open and be)an to or)ani>e a new Ukrainian )overnment in Kiev early in March+ 7omm%nications
were established with all the political )ro%ps in Kiev and a Ukrainian national or)an of )overnment was set %p %nder the name
of Gthe Ukrainian 7entral 7o%ncilH 2Ukrainska 7entralna *ada3+ The 7entral *ada, as it was commonly known, was an
assemblySH
K A 'istory of 0.raine by Michael 5r%shevsky 2p%blished in #C$#3, 7hapter TTA' 2Ukrainian Andependence3, p+ I#
G(+e 2irst World War& Che mar5ed develo3ment of A5rainian nationalism in 3re>ar times+ both in Austrian and Russian
A5raine+ e#as3erated the Polish and Russian enemies of A5raine+ >ho >aited im3atiently for an o33ortunity to 3ut an end to
the movement0 They e0pected s%ch an opport%nity to arise in the event of war between A%stria and *%ssia, hostile to each other ever
since A%stria had anne0ed .osnia in #C"!0 In Russia e#treme reactionaries+ intensely dis3leased by A5rainian 3rogress+
threatened that in case of >ar they >ould hang every A5rainian+ mean>hile a33ealing to the government to su33ress the
advance of nationalism0 An Galicia, where the A%strian )overnment had persec%ted the pro<*%ssian faction, the &oles saw an
opport%nity to acc%se the Ukrainians of many crimes, and when hostilities act%ally be)an the &olish officials in Galicia took advanta)e
of the war emer)ency to attack the Ukrainian intellect%als+ Under the pretense of combatin) the *%ssophiles, the &oles arrested other
Ukrainians as well, imprisonin) and e0ilin) the leaders, especially men of prominence, on mere s%spicion, and even e0ec%tin) a few
witho%t trial+ In Russian A5raine at the beginning of the >ar+ the Russian government 3re3ared and 3ut into effect a 3lan of
systematic 3ersecution of the A5rainian leaders+ its activity in this res3ect becoming more drastic after Russia had ca3tured
Lviv+ the ca3ital of Galicia0 All enemies of the A5rainians no> had some assurance of being able to 3ut an end to the
A5rainian movement by destroying the source of its cultural gro>th in Galicia+ and the motto of the Russian administration
became Edeath to A5rainianism0F &rior to the war the )overnment had not followed the advice of the obsc%rantist anti<Ukrainian
forces, b%t it now took the offensive+ At the very beginning of the >ar+ all A5rainian 3ublications of a 3olitical character >ere
su33ressed and large numbers of A5rainian leaders arrested and sent into e#ile0 The censorship in Kiev %nder the direction of old
enemies of the Ukrainians proclaimed that it wo%ld permit no Ukrainian p%blications whatever %nless they were written in the *%ssian
ortho)raphy, altho%)h this act was an ille)al application of the law of #!BJ, which had s%ppressed Ukrainian newspapers only+
=aws%its were instit%ted a)ainst innocent Ukrainian a%thors in order completely to s%ppress the Ukrainian p%blications in Kiev+ To
evade the censorship there, editors, a%thors, and p%blishers attempted to move to other cities, b%t everywhere met with the opposition
of the officials, their p%blications bein) either prohibited o%tri)ht or placed %nder restrictions, the censor in ;dessa, for instance,
demandin) that the a%thor s%bmit three copies of the man%script before printin), %nder threat of confiscation of the printed matter and
padlockin) of the press@ this proced%re was even more harmf%l than open censorship beca%se it wasted time, ener)y, and money, and
in the end r%ined the p%blisher+ &rohibitive activity of this kind reached its >enith early in #C#B, a few weeks before the March
revol%tion and the downfall of the *omanov dynasty, when the *%ssian )overnment iss%ed a secret order to the printers in Kiev to
print nothin) in the Ukrainian lan)%a)e+ hile Russia >as ma5ing deliberate and s5ilful attem3ts to stifle the A5rainian
movement in Russian A5raine+ she >as ma5ing efforts+ from the time of her invasion of the 3rovince in '/'1+ to destroy the
A5rainian culture in Galicia by sheer force0 9everal >ee5s after the Russians ca3tured Lviv+ they set u3 a Russian
administration under 2ount A0 G0 Bobrins5y+ >ho began systematically to liIuidate all A5rainian gains thus far made0 At the
very outset he su33ressed all A5rainian ne>s3a3ers+ closed the libraries and reading rooms+ and dissolved the A5rainian
societiesD the ne#t ste3 >as to arrest and e#ile to 9iberia all EdangerousF and Esus3ectedF authors0 Che use of the A5rainian
language >as forbidden in schools and government0 9te3s >ere ta5en to abolish the local Aniate 2atholic 2hurch and to force
the acce3tance of the Russian 6rthodo# 2hurch0 Dhen Ukrainian Uniate priests co%ld not be fo%nd, many bein) in e0ile or in
fli)ht, ;rthodo0 priests were sent to take their places, while s%ch priests as dared to face the *%ssian invasion were pressed to accept
the ;rthodo0 faith @ the officials also pers%aded the people to petition for ;rthodo0 priests+ The *%ssian administration in Galicia,
whose official advisers were Ukrainian rene)ades and whose %nofficial advisers were &oles, maintained that the &oles sho%ld have
special national ri)hts in Galicia, while the Ukrainians and the Jews sho%ld not be favored b%t sho%ld be obli)ed to accept the *%ssian
lan)%a)e and c%lt%re, a declaration to this effect bein) made by .obrinsky d%rin) his visit to *%ssia in the sprin) of #C#I, after the last
*%ssian victory in Galicia and the capt%re of &eremyshl, when it appeared certain that Galicia wo%ld be anne0ed to *%ssia+ Che
Russian 3lans for destruction >ere bad enough+ but the manner in >hich they >ere e#ecuted >as even >orse0 Russian officials
later admitted that during their occu3ation of Galicia the country had fallen into the hands of scoundrel officials sent in by the
Russian government+ >ho too5 advantage of >ar conditions to conduct themselves la>lessly+ 3lundering the homes of the
inhabitants+ abusing the A5rainian and -e>ish 3o3ulace+ and >rec5ing the A5rainian cultural organi<ations0 In some 3laces
A5rainian clergy+ scientists+ and other intellectuals >ere e#3elled from their homes and communities0 Chis >as done in a
ty3ically barbarous manner+ 3eo3le being sei<ed as they >ere and >herever they >ere found+ >ith com3lete disregard for
human rights+ men and >omen+ children and invalids ali5e being e#iled to 9iberia0 The lives of an incredible n%mber of h%man
bein)s were th%s %prooted, one of the relief committees in Kiev re)isterin) fifteen tho%sand cases, b%t a fraction of the total+ There
were instances where insane and deaf m%tes were sei>ed, Gbro%)ht to acco%nt,H and e0iled to 9iberia in place of others who had
s%cceeded in bribin) the *%ssian officials+ Ukrainian Galicia was completely desolated by the *%ssian occ%pation of #C#$<#I+ Dhen
the *%ssians were compelled to retreat from the s%b<7arpathian re)ion, they took with them all the inhabitants they co%ld )ather@ and
many others, fearin) &olish persec%tion, also departed before the 5%n)arian and German armies arrived+ Many tho%sands of peasants
all%red by the )lowin) promises of the *%ssians vol%ntarily accompanied the *%ssian army to *%ssia+ Dhen the German army later
advanced toward the *%ssian border, a)ain it was Ukrainians who bore the br%nt of the s%fferin), especially in the provinces of
Kholm, &idliashe, 'olynia, and &odolia, where the *%ssian military a%thorities attempted to remove the Ukrainian inhabitants by force
into the interior of *%ssia+ Ukraine had not %nder)one s%ch a depop%lation since the G)reat evictionH of the #JB"-s+ &eople and
livestock died on the way, and trains were ,ammed with innocent victims transported to Ka>an or &erm, or beyond the Ural Mo%ntains+
Before its do>nfall the Russian government dis3layed its com3lete stu3idity+ its intention clearly being to destroy the
A5rainians as a nation by destroying their culture and their educated leader shi3 and by de3o3ulating their country and
coloni<ing it >ith Poles+ through >hom it >as to be controlled0H
K A 'istory of 0.raine by Michael 5r%shevsky 2p%blished in #C$#3, 7hapter TTA' 2Ukrainian Andependence3, p+ I#$<I#B
GThe Ukrainian e0iles were not permitted to or)ani>e themselves into war committees or to aid the s%fferin), nor was anyone
permitted to brin) assistance+ The *%ssian )overnment forbade Ukrainian children to be kept apart in separate )ro%ps and
ref%sed to permit the establishment of Ukrainian schools, altho%)h s%ch a privile)e was )ranted to the &oles, =etts, =ith%anians,
and other nationalities+ :ven in e0ile the Ukrainians from Galicia were left %nder the control of &oles, in order that they mi)ht
feel their Obrotherly handO in distant 9iberia+ The Ukrainians of *%ssia who had cooperated with the *%ssian liberals now
so%)ht their help, b%t in vain, and %nder the press%re of the )overnment there appeared to be complete G%nity of tho%)htH in all
*%ssian circles+ Dhen 9a>onov, the minister of forei)n affairs, declared before the *%ssian d%ma in #C#I that the Ukrainian
movement was bein) s%pported by German money, none of the Ukrainian OalliesO present dared to raise a protest a)ainst this
patent lie+ All the Ukrainian petitions in behalf of Galicia, s%fferin) %nder the corr%pt *%ssian r%le, were filed away+ :ven
friends of the Ukrainians held the opinion that %nder the e0istin) conditions it was not safe to oppose *%ssian a%tocracy beca%se
of s%ch Ginsi)nificantH acts as the )overnmentLs assa%lt on the Ukrainians+ Meanwhile, the liberal leader 9tr%ve and other
enemies hastened to take advanta)e of the war completely to destroy the Ukrainians as a separate people+ An the dark ho%r for
*%ssia when her army was compelled to evac%ate Galicia a few *%ssians reali>ed that the acts of repression had not s%cceeded
in destroyin) the Ukrainian movement b%t had reacted a)ainst the interests of *%ssia herself, and d%rin) the short session of the
d%ma on J%ly #C, #C#I, the )overnment was severely critici>ed by Mili%kov for its harshness in Galicia and beca%se it had
Gre,ected o%r native Ukrainian people and bro%)ht dis)race %pon the idea that the war was fo%)ht for freedom+H The
)overnment was asked for an e0planation+ Che A5rainians+ in s3ite of the threat of 3ersecution+ again 3resented as a
minimum demand 3ermission to use the A5rainian language in the schools0 An #C#I the newly or)ani>ed *%ssian political
&ro)ressive bloc, altho%)h fearin) to incl%de these Ukrainian demands in its pro)ram, reco)ni>ed the necessity of Gallowin)
Ukrainian p%blicationsH and of Ginvesti)atin) immediately cases of the inhabitants of Galicia who had been arrestedH and were
lan)%ishin) in *%ssian prisons+ The d%ma, however, was dismissed before action co%ld be taken, and consideration of the
Ukrainian problem was postponed+ Although the Russian government continued its o33ression of A5rainian nationalism
for a year and a half longer+ even the Russian Progressives never raised their voices in 3rotest0 hile the Russian
government >as ma5ing efforts to destroy the A5rainian movement in Russia, a new threat appeared to the Ukrainians in
Galicia+ After len)thy bar)ainin) between A%stria and Germany re)ardin) the f%t%re stat%s of &oland, Germany )ained absol%te
control of this co%ntry by e0pellin) General .r%silov in the s%mmer of #C#I, and the arran)ement a)reed %pon between A%stria
and Germany co%ld be p%t into effect+ At provided that while Germany wo%ld dispose of the former *%ssian provinces of &oland,
A%strian &oland wo%ld contin%e to remain in the hands of A%stria+ Galicia wo%ld not be divided, as Ukrainians had hoped, into
separate Ukrainian 2eastern3 and &olish 2western3 parts, b%t wo%ld be )overned as a %nit, which in practice meant that it wo%ld
be r%led by &oles and that the Ukrainian inhabitants wo%ld have no direct reco%rse to the A%strian )overnment+ Dhen Germany
and A%stria ,ointly declared the independence of &oland on ;ctober 6 21ovember I3, lC#J, the A%strian :mperor Francis
Joseph AA instr%cted his chancellor to prepare a constit%tion for Galicia providin) for the broadest possible a%tonomy+ At was
officially e0plained that the province was to become virt%ally as independent as the &olish kin)dom newly restored %nder
German protection+ This arran)ement dealt a deadly blow to the aspirations of the Ukrainians in Galicia, especially to those
leaders who had remained loyal to A%stria d%rin) the war and had hoped in this manner to disprove &olish acc%sations of treason
and to be rewarded by freedom from &olish control+ =ocal Ukrainian patriots had %r)ed their followers to s%pport A%stria in her
str%))le a)ainst *%ssia, in the hope that a victory over *%ssian despotism wo%ld end in liberation for Ukraine+ The Ukrainian
emi)rants from *%ssia who had come to live in Galicia after the %ns%ccessf%l *%ssian revol%tion of #C"I were of the same
opinion and had or)ani>ed in#C#$ in 'ienna a GUnion for the =iberation of UkraineH 3Soyu4 5i41olennia 0.rainy6 with the
intention of creatin) a Ukrainian state o%t of the Ukrainian districts sei>ed by the German armies@ they planned to )ive co%rses in
Ukrainian citi>enship to all Ukrainian soldiers from the *%ssian army who were taken by A%stria+ To a certain point the
Ukrainians of Galicia had followed their leadership, especially at the openin) of the war+ They had formed Ukrainian vol%nteer
re)iments, known as Sic+o1i Striltsi7 somewhat on the order of the &olish le)ions, which %ndertook to take char)e of or)ani>in)
the con4%ered Ukrainian districts+ A GGeneral Ukrainian 7o%ncilH 28a+alna 0.rains.a Rada67 or)ani>ed in #C#I, and the
Union for the =iberation of Ukraine had presented to the A%strian )overnment a demand that the Ukrainian districts con4%ered
from *%ssia sho%ld be allowed to constit%te a separate Ukrainian state, that the province of Kbolm sho%ld not be )iven to the
new &oland, and that a Ukrainian stat sho%ld be created o%t of the Ukrainian districts of Galicia and .%kovina+ Meetin) with
stron) opposition from the &oles, who bad )reat infl%ence over the military a%thorities these demands had bro%)ht no res%lts@ b%t
in spite of this disappointment the Ukrainian statesmen had attempted to enco%ra)e their people by ass%rin) them that better
arran)ements wo%ld be made after the war, basin) their hopes on the promises of the premier, 9t%r)kh, and the moderatin)
infl%ence of the German )overnment over A%stria+ The new A%strian policy re)ardin) Galicia opened the eyes of Ukrainian
leaders, however, and they finally reali>ed that A%stria had a)ain deceived them+ :ven the death of the old A%strian emperor
and the accession of another did not promise any relief for the Ukrainians in Galicia, to whom only the *%ssian revol%tion of
#C#B )ave an indication of better days to come+H
K A 'istory of 0.raine by Michael 5r%shevsky 2p%blished in #C$#3, 7hapter TTA' 2Ukrainian Andependence3, p+ I#!<I#
GThe *%ssian coalition )overnment had reco)ni>ed Ukrainian a%tonomy beca%se of the circ%mstances at the time and beca%se it feared
the antirevol%tionary activity of General Kornilov, which had almost overthrown the )overnment+ But as soon as the danger 3assed+
the Kerens5y government decided to >ithdra> A5rainian autonomy+ ignoring the A5rainian administration and attem3ting to
rule A5raine >ithout it0 Che Russian Provisional Government a33ointed high commissioners for A5raine+ refused to give the
A5rainian authorities material su33ort+ ignored their declarations and re3resentatives+ and ended by offering direct o33osition
to the >or5 of the General 9ecretariat >hile the Russian senate+ a relic of the old autocracy+ desiring to stress the fact that it
still e#isted+ refused to 3ublish the Instructions of the General 9ecretariat and thus de3rived them of legal standing0 At length
Kerens5y:s cabinet itself turned com3letely against the A5rainian government0 At so%)ht to %tili>e the comin) &an<Ukrainian
7on)ress to indict the General 9ecretariat and the 7entral *ada+ The *%ssian prosec%tor at Kiev was instr%cted to investi)ate these two
bodies and to take p%nitive meas%res a)ainst them+ An the meantime the members of the General 9ecretariat were directed to appear at
&etro)rad to e0plain the p%rpose of the con)ress+ This action on the part of the *%ssians aro%sed the Ukrainians whose opposition was
)iven e0pression in the Third =e)ion 7onvention, which convened on ;ctober ", and in the a%t%mn session of the 7entral *ada+
Une0pectedly, however, circ%mstances a)ain %nderwent a chan)e+ The &rovisional Government fell as the res%lt of an %prisin) in
&etro)rad led by the .olsheviks, who in t%rn or)ani>ed a new administration by G&eopleLs 7ommissars,H which neither the people nor
the army were prepared to s%pport+ For a lon) time the *%ssian rep%blic was in a state of anarchy, the provinces, incl%din) Finland and
Ukraine, leadin) an independent life and resistin) the .olshevik propa)anda which called for Gall power to the soviets,H that is, to
co%ncils made %p of representatives of labor, the army, and the peasants+ The representatives of the &rovisional Government present in
Kiev acc%sed the 7entral *ada of bein) in alliance with .olshevism and took steps to destroy both alike, makin) %se of Ko>aks, 7>ech
e0<prisoners of war, st%dents of the military academies, and others@ b%t they failed completely, for their intri)%es were disclosed and
the representatives of the old re)ime and their associates were forced o%t of Kiev and its vicinity+ The .olsheviks then decided to
disr%pt the Ukrainian )overnment, which they acc%sed of bein) bo%r)eois, and demanded the s%bmission of the 7entral *ada+ At the
close of ;ctober the )overnment was in a desperate sit%ation, ca%)ht as it was between two hostile camps+ An Kiev and the other lar)er
cities civil war broke o%t and threatened to res%lt in complete anarchy+ Under these circ%mstances it was no easy task to create a sin)le
stron) and a%thoritative or)an of )overnment in the co%ntry, altho%)h it was very necessary+ *esol%tions providin) for s%ch an
a%thority were adopted by the 7entral *ada, b%t they were not eno%)h+ The only way to create it was to lay a stron) fo%ndation, since
the General 9ecretariat co%ld not remain s%spended in air as the or)an of a )overnment which did not e0ist and which had no hope of
bein) established+ The General 9ecretariat itself had to become the )overnment of the Ukrainian state, a plan which a =e)ion
7onvention s%pported in ;ctober and which was revolved in many debates at the meetin)s of the 7entral *ada+ The *ada finally
became convinced that the proclamation of the independence of a Ukrainian rep%blic m%st be made witho%t delay b%t that it m%st
disclose the democratic and socialist character of the res%rrected Ukrainian state+ The cabinet established contacts with the
representatives of the 9ocial<8emocrat and the 9ocial<*evol%tionary parties and with them prepared the Third &roclamation to the
Ukrainian people, which was adopted by the 7entral *ada with reservations, and p%blished on 1ovember B 2"3, #C#B+ The
proclamation anno%nced the formation of a new Ukrainian 1ational *ep%blic, placed a few limitations %pon the private ownership of
land, introd%ced the ei)ht<ho%r day and control over the means of prod%ction, and aimed at brin)in) abo%t a concl%sion of the war,
amnesty to political prisoners, the abolition of capital p%nishment, co%rt and administrative reforms, and personal minority ri)hts for
the non<Ukrainian inhabitants of Ukraine+ This was a splendid pro)ram, and the 7entral *ada and General 9ecretariat did their best to
f%lfill at least a part of it, the first step bein) to hold elections of representatives to a &an<Ukrainian 7on)ress, which was to b%ild the
state not on a revol%tionary b%t on a constit%tional basis+ This was a diffic%lt task, for thro%)ho%t this period Ukraine was in a state of
anarchy+ The .olshevik )overnment, as soon as it had ass%red itself of its position in *%ssia, dispatched its armies, not to the front to
fi)ht a)ainst the Germans and A%strians, b%t to Ukraine to fi)ht a)ainst the Ukrainian )overnment, which was disarmin) all hostile
forces and sendin) them o%t of the co%ntry+ .eca%se the Ukrainian )overnment wo%ld not permit the passa)e of .olshevik
detachments across the co%ntry to the 8on, b%t allowed the 8on Ko>aks to ret%rn home from the front thro%)h Ukraine, the Bolshevi5
Peo3le?s 2ommissars+ at the end of $ovember+ formally declared >ar on A5raine0 Che Bolshevi5s accused the A5rainian
government of counterrevolutionary activity+ of an alliance >ith General Kaledin+ the head of the 4on Ko<a5s+ and of
coo3eration >ith other reactionary factions+ and accordingly delivered an ultimatum demanding 3ermission from the
A5rainian government for their forces to march across the country+ Boint action against the 4on Ko<a5s+ and recognition of the
soviet form of government H government by councils of soldiers+ >or5ers+ and 3easants H in A5raine0 9ince acce3tance of these
demands >ould have destroyed all A5rainian autonomy and 3laced the country in incom3etent hands+ the A5rainian
government refused to com3ly+ >hereu3on the Bolshevi5s 3roclaimed the A5rainian Rada an assembly of reactionary
ca3italistic factions and s>am3ed the country >ith Bolshevi5 agitators >ho s3read all manner of lies about the A5rainian
authorities0 The .olsheviks ne0t attacked the )overnment finances by preventin) the sendin) of *%ssian money to Ukraine, th%s
forcin) the Ukrainians to hasten the coina)e of their own money+ Finally the .olsheviks collected *%ssian troops from the front and
sent them into Ukraine to disband the 7entral *ada+ 9im%ltaneo%sly a .olshevik convention was called to meet in Kiev in the :first
days of 8ecember with the ob,ect of overthrowin) the e0istin) order, a stroke which the )overnment warded off by callin) a peasant
convention for the same time and place+ The peasant convention took a decided stand in s%pport of the 7entral *ada+ The ei)hth
session of the 7entral *ada, convoked in the middle of 8ecember, revealed the resol%te will of the people to defend the a%thority of
the *ada and the soverei)nty of independent Ukraine+ The earlier plan of a federated *%ssia was now completely discarded+ Dith the
*%ssian empire in a state of anarchy, the s%b,ect peoples were all declarin) their independence, partly beca%se they co%ld not form a
federation apart from *%ssia, the lar)est potential member+ Ukraine, too, was obli)ed to safe)%ard her political destiny, and in s%ch a
chaotic time the only safety lay in a stron) and independent statehood+H
K A 'istory of 0.raine by Michael 5r%shevsky 2p%blished in #C$#3, p+ I6"<I66
G,ndependent 0.raine: 8%rin) the last half of 8ecember #C#B, the position of Ukraine became even more critical+ As .olshevik
a)itation be)an to take effect, the army became disor)ani>ed, the soldiers at the front stole military s%pplies, deserted, and on
their way home pl%ndered everythin) in their path, while the villa)es were occ%pied by anarchist bands which )ained the
s%pport of the weak and terrori>ed those opposed to them+ The pl%nderin) and destr%ction of estates, wareho%ses, and factories
became common, so that the wealth of the co%ntry was dissipated and its prod%ctive forces weakened+ To the evils of economic
depression were added those of political anarchy+ A )ro%p of .olsheviks who had failed in their attempt to hold the convention
in Kiev called another meetin) in Kharkiv, where, on 8ecember #6, #C#B, they set %p a .olshevik )overnment for Ukraine in
opposition to the e0istin) national )overnment+ 8eclarin) that the 7entral *ada did not represent the will of the Ukrainian
workin) people, the convention appealed to the masses to oppose it+ These efforts wo%ld have had a m%sical<comedy endin), b%t
%nfort%nately bands of *%ssian .olsheviks made %p of soldiers and sailors and va)abonds broke into Kharkiv on the pretense of
fi)htin) their way to the 8on and remained there+ Their comin) f%rther enco%ra)ed local )ro%ps already incited by
propa)andists, the local pop%lation was terrori>ed, and altho%)h the Ukrainian )arrison held o%t for two days, it finally had to
)ive in+ After this, bands of .olshevik soldiers and *ed G%ards, consistin) of armed laborers and others in the service of the
.olsheviks, instead of )oin) on to the 8on to fi)ht a)ainst the co%nterrevol%tionists as they had said they wo%ld do, be)an to
advance alon) the railroads into the heart of Ukraine, carryin) their poisono%s propa)anda to the provinces of &oltava and
Kherson+ :vents in Kharkiv repeated themselves in other cities@ as soon as the .olshevik bands arrived, vario%s )ro%ps, mostly
Jewish and *%ssian, ca%sed ins%rrections in the cities and at stations alon) the X railroads+ Under the infl%ence of their
propa)anda revolts broke o%t in the Ukrainian re)iments newly or)ani>ed or taken over by patriots@ the soldiers were told that
the str%))le was a)ainst the capitalistic 7entral *ada and for the sociali>ation of Ukraine+ Many Ukrainian soldiers, or Ko>aks as
they were called, either ,oined the .olsheviks, declared themselves ne%tral, or simply deserted their re)iments and went home,
as did a lar)e n%mber at 7hristmas+ These .olshevik s%ccesses ca%sed even the Ukrainian leaders to waver as the *%ssian
.olsheviks propo%nded their system to the Ukrainian radicals, attemptin) to prove that .olshevism was the lo)ical development
of the pro)ram of the socialists, who m%st adopt the .olshevik slo)ans if they did not wish to be wiped o%t by .olshevism+
They f%rther called for the election of a new 7entral *ada at a convention of soviets to consist of dep%ties of soldiers and
workers, and the transference to the local soviets of all local a%thority+ .olshevik propa)anda had already been widely spread
since the ei)hth session of the 7entral *ada, at which the e0treme 9ocial *evol%tionaries from Kharkiv were present+
*evol%tionary )ro%ps also went to &etro)rad to e0plain to the *%ssian )overnment the proposal for a &an<Ukrainian con)ress,
the .olsheviks and e0treme 9ocial *evol%tionaries hopin) that if the Ukrainian 9ocial *evol%tionaries )ained control of the
)overnment they wo%ld brin) to a close the *%sso<Ukrainian war and p%t an end to anarchy in Ukraine+ These events bro%)ht
%ncertainty into Ukrainian politics at a critical moment+ At the end of 8ecember and early in Jan%ary, eastern Ukraine, the .lack
9ea re)ion, and s%ch cities as &oltava, Katerinoslav, ;dessa, and Kremench%k were in the hands of the .olsheviks, who
prevented delivery of coal s%pplies to the Kievan re)ion and advanced on Ukraine from so%th, east, and north+ An Kiev itself
there was contin%o%s propa)anda a)ainst the Ukrainian )overnment and a)ainst the Ukrainians in )eneral which almost
completely demorali>ed the local Ukrainian re)iments that not so lon) before had arrived ea)er to defend their co%ntry+ The
Ukrainian a%thorities reali>ed the diffic%lty of their position, and the 7entral *ada hoped to transfer its a%thority to the new
cabinet to be formed Jan%ary C, #C#!, in accordance with a Fo%rth &roclamation+ (et beca%se of the war with .olshevism the
elections, which were to have been held in 8ecember #C#B, and decisions re)ardin) all important iss%es had to be postponed+H
K A 'istory of 0.raine by Michael 5r%shevsky 2p%blished in #C$#3, p+ I66<I6J
GAn addition to the Ukrainian war with .olshevism, Ukraine contin%ed to hold the front a)ainst the 7entral &owers+ From the
be)innin) of the revol%tion the Ukrainian people in all their conventions had e0pressed a desire for an immediate termination of
the war, into which they had been drawn a)ainst their will by tsarist *%ssia+ Until Ukraine proclaimed her independence,
however, she was %nable to make an appearance in international politics as an independent political %nit@ and meanwhile the
*%ssian )overnment, both %nder &rince =vov and %nder Kerensky, had not dared to make peace with the 7entral &owers, b%t
had on the contrary attempted to assist the Allies by holdin) the eastern front+ This effort to contin%e the war was a )reat mistake
on its part, as it not only destroyed )ains won by the revol%tion b%t also endan)ered Ukraine+ As soon as the .olsheviks had
overthrown Kerensky-s )overnment, they promised to brin) the war to a close, and late in 1ovember opened ne)otiations with
the 7entral &owers at .rest<=itovsk 2.ereste3+ The 7entral *ada of the Ukrainian )overnment, which since the time of the
proclamation of Ukrainian independence had aimed at endin) the war, decided to take part in this peace conference+ The Allied
&owers<first France and then :n)land K which had hastened to reco)ni>e the Ukrainian 1ational *ep%blic attempted to pers%ade
the Ukrainian )overnment not to make peace with the 7entral &owers, promisin) Ukraine )enero%s assistance if she wo%ld
contin%e to fi)ht a)ainst the 7entral &owers and threatenin) her with many ills if she si)ned a separate treaty+ .%t the
Ukrainian )overnment had no military s%pplies with which to oppose the 7entral &owers, and f%rthermore the co%ntry was
e0posed to invasion by the Germans and the people were demandin) peace+ The 7entral *ada therefore sent a dele)ation to
.rest<=itovsk, where it was to ,oin the 9oviet dele)ates in makin) a treaty of peace+ Dhen the 9oviet dele)ates be)an to display
their inconsistency, first declarin) their readiness to s%e for peace and then retreatin) into .olshevik phraseolo)y, the 7entral
*ada a%thori>ed its dele)ates at .rest<=itovsk to make a separate peace with the 7entral &owers, re)ardless of what the *%ssians
mi)ht do+H K A 'istory of 0.raine by Michael 5r%shevsky 2p%blished in #C$#3, p+ I6J<I6B
GAmid the endless factional and party disc%ssions that were held in the 4%arters of the 7entral *ada while Kiev was bein)
besie)ed by the .olsheviks, it was decided at len)th by a ma,ority of the members to take a definite stand a)ainst .olshevism+
6n -anuary / 7%%8+ '/'=+ the date set for o3ening the A5rainian 2onstitutional 2onvention+ the decision >as ta5en to
3roclaim the inde3endence of the A5rainian re3ublic+ in order to gain a free hand in international and domestic affairs
and to cut the ground from under Russian interference in the internal affairs of A5raine and ma5e it clear that the
struggle >ith the 2ouncil of Peo3le:s 2ommissars and the Bolshevi5 hands >as a >ar against Russia:s attem3ts to
destroy A5rainian inde3endence and not a conflict of 3olitical ideas under cover of >hich real enemies could hide as
neutrals0 An theory the Ukrainian )ro%ps still believed that federation was the best form of state life for the f%t%re, b%t the anti-
A5rainian forces >ere 3reaching federation >ith Russia merely in order to 5ee3 the Russian em3ire intact and to have
an o33ortunity to continue to o33ress the non-Russians as they had done in the 3ast0 Che su33orters of federation >ere
3romoting+ moreover+ not only 3olitical federation but com3lete unity of economy and all other functions H the same old
Russian 3olicy >hich had al>ays ham3ered A5rainian 3rogress0 The *%ssian 9oviet )overnment had dropped from its
pro)ram the slo)an of Gself<determination of nationalities, even to complete independence,H and openly declared itself for a
federation, desirin) on this basis to %nite the Ukrainian proletariat with the *%ssian+ Dhen the Allied &owers, especially the
French, s%spected that Ukraine mi)ht ,oin 9oviet *%ssia, they had threatened in case of separate peace with Germany to deprive
her of the reso%rces which they controlled within her borders+ At was necessary, then, for Ukraine to define her policy to the
forei)n nations, and this was another reason for proclaimin) the independence of the Ukrainian 1ational *ep%blic+ In reality
A5raine had been an inde3endent nation to some e#tent ever since the do>nfall of the Kerens5y regime and more
com3letely since the last session of the 2entral Rada0 Chis inde3endence had been recogni<ed by the 2entral Po>ers and
by the re3resentatives of the 2ouncil of Peo3le?s 2ommissars at Brest-Litovs5 on 4ecember (& 7-anuary '%8+ '/'J+ but it
reIuired formal confirmation+ >hich >as 3rovided by the Fourth Proclamation+ decided u3on on -anuary /0 It
3roclaimed the A5rainian Re3ublic Ean inde3endent and sovereign 3o>er of the A5rainian 3eo3le+ subBect to no other
authority0F The General 9ecretariat was renamed a G7o%ncil of &eople-s Ministers,LL and its first d%ties were stated to be the
completion of the peace ne)otiations with the 7entral &owers, re)ardless of any ob,ections on the part of any section of the
former *%ssian empire, and decisive action toward defense and clearin) Ukraine of .olsheviks+ The demobili>ation of the army
was ordered, to be accompanied by reconstr%ction of the devastated areas, alteration of the factories and shops from a war to a
peace basis, and vario%s meas%res for satisfyin) the ret%rnin) soldiers as to their political ri)hts+ A n%mber of social reforms
were ordered in the interests of the laborin) pop%lation, in accordance with the )eneral principles set forth by the Third
&roclamation K by transfer of land to the workers, nationali>ation of the forests, waters, and mineral reso%rces, the creation of
work for the %nemployed, the introd%ction of monopolies in commerce in )oods most needed by the workers, and control over
bank credit+ The &roclamation was approved in its final form and p%blished by the 7entral *ada on Jan%ary ## 2$3, #C#!,
altho%)h the date of Jan%ary C 23 was retained+ Chere >as some o33osition in A5raine+ there being a fe> A5rainians so
enslaved to Russian culture and government and so convinced of the need of a united Russia or the traditional ty3e of
federation that they >ere dissatisfied by inde3endence even as a method of transition to federation0 Chis >as even more
true of the un-A5rainian A5rainians+ >ho had torn themselves free from the A5rainian soil and considered themselves
ERussians+F of the Russians themselves+ and 3articularly of the -e>s+ >ho failed to reali<e >here the real interests of the
-e>ish 3o3ulation of A5raine lay+ but 3rotested against being se3arated from the -e>ish organi<ations of Russia0 And
this hostile attitude to>ard A5raine+ >hich had already made its a33earance >ith such force in the commercial centers
and es3ecially in the A5rainian ca3ital of Kiev+ follo>ing the declaration of A5rainian inde3endence culminated in an
insurrection in Kiev at this critical moment in the struggle for A5rainian freedom0H
K A 'istory of 0.raine by Michael 5r%shevsky 2p%blished in #C$#3, p+ I6B<I6C
GThe break<%p of A%stria 5%n)ary also liberated from 5apsb%r) r%le the half<million Ukrainians of 7arpatho<Ukraine, who became
incorporated by 7>echoslovakia+ 7onsent for this action was obtained by the 7>echs from the American *%ska 1ational *ada meetin) in
9cranton, &ennsylvania, on 1ovember #!, #C#!+ The Ukrainians in 7arpatho<Ukraine, however, took a stand for %nion with Ukraine and
p%blished a proclamation to this effect at *%st on Jan%ary #, #C#C@ b%t on May I a 1ational *ada of 7arpatho<Ukraine declared itself in
favor of incorporation into 7>echoslovakia which became an accomplished fact in 9eptember by official action of the 7>echoslovak
)overnment, 7arpatho<Ukraine bein) anne0ed as an LLa%tonomo%s %nit within the 7>echoslovak state+H /oland& .y far the most serio%s
Ukrainian problem aside from that of 9oviet Ukraine was the 4%estion of the relationship of western Ukraine to &oland, involvin) a str%))le
between &oland and the Ukrainians in which the 9%preme 7o%ncil of the Allies became an intermediary b%t with little desire to act+ As early
as Febr%ary !, #C#C, an Allied commission %nder General .erthelmy %ns%ccessf%lly made an effort to end the &olish<Ukrainian conflict by
s%))estin) terms of peace@ his efforts were res%med by an Anter<Allied Armistice 7ommission %nder the presidency of General .otha, which
on May #6 drafted a &olish<Ukrainian demarcation line, re,ected by the &oles, however+ 9oon after, General 5aller arrived with a &olish army
from France, armed and e4%ipped by the Allies, s%pposedly for %se a)ainst the 9oviets, b%t act%ally employed for an offensive a)ainst the
Ukrainians+ ;n J%ne I the Allied 9%preme 7o%ncil a%thori>ed the &oles to occ%py eastern Galicia as far as the Rbr%ch *iver, b%t on
condition that local a%tonomy and political and reli)io%s freedom be )%aranteed the inhabitants+ The Ukrainian Galician army then withdrew
east of the Rbr%ch+ An 1ovember f%rther attempts at settlement were made by a proposal of the 9%preme 7o%ncil that &oland sho%ld e0ercise
a mandate over eastern Galicia for a period of twenty<five years, at the end of which time a plebiscite sho%ld be held@ b%t &oland flatly
re,ected this proposal+ 9hortly after, on 8ecember !, the famo%s G7%r>on =ineH was proposed as the eastern bo%ndary of &oland, which
wo%ld have )ranted &oland a small Ukrainian area+ A)ain the &oles ref%sed to accede+ Meanwhile the &olish a%thorities cond%cted mass
arrests and trials of Ukrainian participants in the &olish<Ukrainian war, many persons bein) condemned to death and lar)e n%mbers sent into
concentration camps at 9tshalkova, Dadowice, .rest<=itovsk, 8ombie, and elsewhere+ ;n Jan%ary ", #C", &oland took a lon) step toward
absorption by abolishin) the a%tonomy of Ukrainian Galicia and the Ukrainian or)ani>ations which had e0isted %nder A%strian r%le there+
The very name was chan)ed from :astern Galicia to :astern =ittle &oland+ The bo%ndary established on the Rbr%ch was broken by the
&olish<9oviet war of the s%mmer of #C", bein) first overr%n by the &oles and then by the .olsheviks+ An 9eptember and ;ctober it was
finally fi0ed by direct ne)otiations at *i)a between &oland, 9oviet *%ssia, and 9oviet Ukraine+ For a time the Allies ref%sed to reco)ni>e this
decision re)ardin) western Ukraine taken witho%t their mediation, the 7o%ncil of the =ea)%e declarin) on Febr%ary 6, #C#, that GGalicia is
beyond the borders of &olandH and that Gact%ally &oland is the military occ%pant of Galicia,H b%t neither party to the a)reement paid any
attention+ The only concession )ained by the Ukrainians was a series of )%arantees of minority ri)hts similar to those )iven by *%mania to
the Ukrainians anne0ed by her, and e4%ally ineffective+ The n%mber of Ukrainians in &oland was s%b,ect to wide variations in estimate,
dependin) %pon the circ%mstances %nder which the co%nt was made, bein) placed all the way from fo%r to seven millions+ Thro%)h #C# and
#C feelin) amon) the Ukrainians %nder &olish r%le ran hi)h, the spearhead of resistance bein) the Ukrainian Military ;r)ani>ation 2UD;3+
Dith the aid of f%nds sent by Ukrainian<Americans, a Ukrainian 7iti>ensL 7ommittee was fo%nded in =viv in #C# to provide relief for
Ukrainians in internment camps, b%t in the a%t%mn it was dissolved and its members placed %nder arrest+ ;n 9eptember I a Ukrainian
st%dent named 9tephen Fedak attempted to assassinate Marshal &ils%dski and Governor Grabski, and soon afterward &oles bombed s%ch
Ukrainian instit%tions as the University 9t%dent 5ome and the head4%arters of the 9hevchenko 9cientific 9ociety+ Dhen a &olish cens%s was
taken in 1ovember it was boycotted by the Ukrainians, as were elections to the &olish chamber of dep%ties 29e,m3 and the senate+ *epressive
meas%res of retaliation were taken by &oles in the form of terroristic acts+ An the s%mmer Metropolitan Andrew 9heptitsky, head of the
Ukrainian Uniate 7h%rch, ret%rned from a visit to the United 9tates, was placed in confinement and held from A%)%st to ;ctober I+ ;n
1ovember #I the e0ec%tive committee of the Ukrainian 1ational *ada, headed by 8r+ :%)ene &etr%shevich, protested to the Allied 9%preme
7o%ncil, the 7o%ncil of the =ea)%e of 1ations, and the premiers of the Allied )overnments a)ainst mass arrests of Ukrainians by &olish
a%thorities, and iss%ed an appeal addressed to the conscience of the entire civili>ed world+ The introd%ction of military conscription of
Ukrainian inhabitants by the &olish )overnment met with stron) opposition+ Finally, in order to obtain the consent of the Allies for the
anne0ation of eastern Galicia, which was still not forthcomin), the &olish parliament passed a law on ;ctober J, #C, providin) for limited
a%tonomy for the provinces 21oi1odates6 of =viv, Ternopil, and 9tanislaviv, a law which, however, was never really p%t into effect+ The
Ukrainian political parties, with head4%arters in =viv, ref%sed to be mollified, and on A%)%st ! %nanimo%sly declared their s%pport of the
)overnment<in<e0ile of the Destern 8ivision of the Ukrainian 1ational *ep%blic, located in 'ienna, %nder 8r+ &etr%shevich+ At was not %ntil
March #$, #C6, that the 7onference of Ambassadors representin) Great .ritain, France, Ataly, and Japan made f%rther resistance impossible
by reco)ni>in) the frontiers of &oland as drawn %p in the treaty of *i)a and ref%sin) to accept a protest by a dele)ation from the Ukrainian
1ational *ada of western Ukraine which had hastened to &aris to re)ister ob,ections+ Poland >as thus confirmed in 3ossession of the
A5rainian districts+ not only of eastern Galicia but of all north>estern A5raine+ including Kholm+ Polisia+ and ;olynia0 About (@ 3er
cent of Poland >as com3osed of A5rainian territory0 G&oland th%s obtained title to this territory witho%t havin) to )ive anythin) more
than a moral pled)e in favor of a%tonomy+ 1o steps have been taken to carry o%t the %nilateral promises made in the a%tonomy law of
9eptember, #C, and :astern Galicia is still )overned from Darsaw,H wrote *aymond =eslie .%ell in #C6C+ A )reat Ukrainian
demonstration a)ainst the decision of the 7onference of Ambassadors was held in 9t+ Geor)e-s 94%are in =viv, J%lian *omanch%k, the dean
of Ukrainian leaders, administerin) to the assembly an oath that the Ukrainian people wo%ld never reno%nce their ri)hts to the independence
of their native land+ After the Allies had )iven their approval to the &olish anne0ation, the position of &etr%shevich and the )overnment of
western Ukraine became %ntenable in 'ienna, and beca%se of &olish diplomatic press%re, they moved first to &ra)%e and then to .erlin,
where they contin%ed their activities chiefly in the form of petitions addressed to the =ea)%e of 1ations+ :arly in #C$ &etl%ra moved from
&oland to France, where he made his home %ntil his assassination on May I, #CJ, when his place as head of the Ukrainian 1ational
*ep%blic in e0ile was taken by Andrew =evitsky+ The Ukrainian Free University was transferred from 'ienna to &ra)%e+H
K A 'istory of 0.raine by Michael 5r%shevsky 2p%blished in #C$#3, p+ IJ"<IJ$
%ouncil on +orei&n Relations L <kraine
President of <kraine 1iktor $anukovych, (left) &reets former <.". "ecretary of "tate 9enry :issin&er in :iev, <kraine on
Monday, 2une )(, )*'). 9enry :issin&er is a memer of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations. (.P Photo)
+ormer <.". "ecretary of state 9enry :issin&er (left) talks with 1iktor $ushchenko, <kraineKs o,,osition leader and to,
,residential candidate, durin& :issin&erKs visit to :iev, <kraine on ;ctoer )), )**5. (.natoliy Med-yk/.+P/!etty 0ma&es)
James Dolfensohn, former &resident of the Dorld .ank, attends a presentation hosted by the Kyiv 9chool of :conomics in Kyiv
YKievZ, Ukraine on ;ctober !, ""B+ James Dolfensohn is a member of the 7o%ncil on Forei)n *elations and a member of the
.ilderber) Gro%p+ 2&hoto: http:??pinch%kf%nd+or)?en?pro,ects?#"6?photo?$C?3
'ictor (%shchenko 2left3, &resident of Ukraine, meets with James Dolfensohn, 9enior Advisor to 7iti)ro%p and former
president of the Dorld .ank, on Febr%ary B, ""J+ 'ictor (%shchenko served as the &resident of Ukraine from Jan%ary 6,
""I %ntil Febr%ary I, "#", &rime Minister of Ukraine from 8ecember , #CCC %ntil May C, ""#, and Governor of the
1ational .ank of Ukraine from #CC6 %ntil #CCC+ 2&hoto: http:??www+president+)ov+%a?en?news?6$B+html3
Arseniy (atseny%k 2left3 appears with American Jewish financier Geor)e 9oros 2
nd
left3 and American Jewish ,o%rnalist
Thomas =+ Friedman 2ri)ht3, col%mnist of (+e Ne9 :or. (imes, in ""C+ Geor)e 9oros and Thomas =+ Friedman are members
of the 7o%ncil on Forei)n *elations+ 2&hoto: http:??old+pinch%kf%nd+or)?en?media?photo<)allery?""C?C!B+html3
Ukrainian politician Arseniy (atseny%k 2left3 appears with American Jewish financier Geor)e 9oros in ""C+ Geor)e 9oros is a
member of the 7o%ncil on Forei)n *elations in 1ew (ork 7ity and a member of the .ilderber) Gro%p, a private :%ropean
or)ani>ation+ 2&hoto: http:??old+pinch%kf%nd+or)?en?media?photo<)allery?""C?C!B+html3
+ormer #ational "ecurity .dvisor Ci&niew Br-e-inski (ri&ht) and former <.". "ecretary of "tate Madeleine .lri&ht (center) visit
President of <kraine 1iktor $ushchenko (left) in Decemer )**(. (Photo4 htt,4//lo&.kievukraine.info/)**(M')M*'Marchive.html)
<nited "tates "ecretary of "tate %ondolee--a Rice (left) &reets +orei&n Minister of <kraine .rseniy $atsenyuk (ri&ht) on
"e,temer )3, )**?. %ondolee--a Rice is a memer of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations. (Photo4 <.". De,artment of "tate)
De,uty <.". "ecretary of Defense Paul Wolfowit- (ri&ht) escorts Prime Minister of <kraine 1ictor $anukovych (left) throu&h an
honor cordon and into the Penta&on on ;ctoer =, )**3. Wolfowit- and $anukovych met to discuss a ran&e of national and
international security issues. (Photo4 <.". De,artment of Defense/R.D. Ward)
President of <kraine 1iktor $ushchenko s,eaks at the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations in #ew $ork %ity on "e,temer )', )**=.
(Reuters)
1ictor $ushchenko &reets +red Ber&sten, Director of Peterson 0nstitute for 0nternational 6conomics, at the 5th Davos <krainian
Lunch in Davos, "wit-erland on 2anuary )(, )**>. +red Ber&sten is a memer of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations.
(Photo4 htt,4//,inchukfund.or&/en/,hotoMandMvideo/,hoto&allery/D*/)
<krainian President 1iktor $ushchenko (left) &reets <.". "enate MaHority Leader Bill +rist in :iev, <kraine on .,ril '3, )**D. 7he
<.". con&ressional dele&ation visited <kraine as ,art of their tri, to several eB8"oviet states aimed at im,rovin& ilateral
relations. (I Mykola La-arenko/Pool/Reuters/%oris)
6uro,ean <nion, <kraine L Russia
The ""I 7hatham 5o%se &ri>e was awarded to &resident 'ictor (%shchenko in reco)nition of his contrib%tion to the
improvement of international relations and the considerable co%ra)e and skill he demonstrated in steerin) a peacef%l process of
political chan)e in Ukraine+ 5M The /%een, accompanied by 5*5 The 8%ke of :dinb%r)h, presented the award to the
Ukrainian president at a ceremony at the Mansion 5o%se on Monday, ;ctober #B, ""I+ 7herie .ooth /7 was the keynote
speaker at a )ala dinner that followed on from the award+
29o%rce: http:??www+chathamho%se+or)?events?chatham<ho%se<pri>e?""I3
=eft to ri)ht: =ord *obertson of &ort :llen@ =ady Mayoress, 7orporation of =ondon@ 7herie .ooth /7@ 5*5 The 8%ke of
:dinb%r)h@ &resident 'ictor (%shchenko@ 5M The /%een@ &rofessor 'ictor .%lmer<Thomas, 8irector, 7hatham 5o%se@ =ord
Mayor, 7orporation of =ondon@ Mrs Kateryna (%shchenko@ .aroness Dilliams of 7rosby@ Malcolm .rinded, :0ec%tive
8irector of :0ploration and &rod%ction, *oyal 8%tch 9hell@ 8r 8eAnne J%li%s, 7hairman, 7hatham 5o%se
29o%rce: http:??www+chathamho%se+or)?events?chatham<ho%se<pri>e?""I3
Forei)n Minister of 9weden 7arl .ildt 2left3 and Forei)n Minister of &oland *adek 9ikorski 2center3 meet with &resident of
Ukraine 'iktor (an%kovych 2ri)ht3 in Kiev, Ukraine in 1ovember "#"+ 7arl .ildt is a member of the .ilderber) Gro%p and
the Trilateral 7ommission+ 2arl Bildt attended the %&'( Bilderberg )eetings held in *ertfordshire+ ,ngland near London
from -une .-/+ %&'(0 2&hoto: &A&?&awel K%la@ Ministerstwo 9praw Ra)ranic>nych3

.ilderber) Meetin)s participant Forei)n Minister of 9weden 7arl .ildt 2ri)ht3 appears with Forei)n Minister of *%ssia 9er)ei
=avrov at a press conference in .r%ssels, .el)i%m in ""C+
:%ropean Union 7ommission &resident Jose Man%el .arroso 2ri)ht3, :%ropean Union 7o%ncil &resident 5erman 'an *omp%y 2left3
and &resident of Ukraine 'iktor (an%kovych 2center3 pose prior to an :%ropean Union<Ukraine s%mmit held at the 'al 8%chesse
7astle in .r%ssels, .el)i%m on 1ovember , "#"+ Ukraine will need to meet :%ropean Union reform demands if its citi>ens are to
travel :%rope witho%t visa re4%irements+ 2Thierry 7harlier?AF&?Getty Ama)es3

&rime Minister of Ukraine (%lia Tymoshenko appears with U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate 5illary 7linton on J%ly , "#" 2left photo3 and
U+9+ 9enator .arack ;bama 2ri)ht photo3+
7hancellor of Germany An)ela Merkel )reets former &rime Minister of Ukraine (%lia Tymoshenko at a :%ropean &eople-s
&arty s%mmit in .r%ssels, .el)i%m on March $, "##+ The General &rosec%tor of Ukraine-s ;ffice lifted the travel ban
imposed on Tymoshenko after she was officially invited to this event by U+9+ 9enator John Mc7ain and :%ropean &eople-s &arty
&resident Dilfried Martens+ 9tandin) beside (%lia Tymoshenko is &resident of Geor)ia Mikheil 9aakashvili+ Angela )er5el
attended the %&&@ Bilderberg )eetings held in Rottach-,gern+ Germany in )ay %&&@0
Prime Minister of Russia 1ladimir Putin (left) chats with Prime Minister of <kraine $ulia 7ymoshenko durin& their meetin& in
%hishinau, Moldova on +riday, #ovemer '5, )**>. 7he meetin& of ,rime ministers of %0" (%ommonvealth of 0nde,endent
"tates o,ened in %hishinau on +riday. (.P Photo/R0.8#ovosti, .leBei #ikolsky, Pool)
<nited "tates President Barack ;ama ()
nd
ri&ht) talks with President of <kraine 1iktor $anukovych durin& a reak at the
#uclear "ecurity "ummit at the %oeB %enter in "eoul, Re,ulic of :orea on March )?, )*').
2;fficial Dhite 5o%se &hoto by &ete 9o%>a3
:lection res%lts and =in)%istic map of Ukraine
President of Russia 1ladimir Putin (ri&ht) shakes hands with Prime Minister of 0srael BenHamin #etanyahu durin& their meetin& at the Bocharov
Ruchei residence in the Black "ea resort of "ochi, Russia on 7uesday, May '5, )*'3. Putin hosted #etanyahu for talks focusin& on the civil
war in "yria, amid concerns that Moscow could soon ,rovide the "yrian &overnment with advanced missiles. 0srael celerated its D(
th
year of
inde,endence on May '5, )*'3. (.P Photo/ MaBim "hi,enkov)
President of 0ran 9assan Rouhani (left) meets with President of Russia 1ladimir Putin on "e,temer '3, )*'3
(Russian Presidential Press and 0nformation ;ffice)
Ara4i &rime Minister 1o%ri al<Maliki 2left3 meets with *%ssian &resident 'ladimir &%tin in Moscow, *%ssia on Dednesday,
;ctober #", "# to disc%ss an arms deal between Ara4 and *%ssia+ 2;fficial Ara4i )overnment photo3
&resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin 2ri)ht3 shakes hands with &rime Minister of T%rkey Tayyip :rdo)an in 9trelna near 9t+
&etersb%r), *%ssia on 1ovember , "#6+ 2&hoto: *e%ters3
President of Russia 1ladimir Putin &reets President of "yria Bashar .ssad at the :remlin in Moscow, Russia on Decemer '=,
)**D. (Photo4 htt,s4//www.s,ie&el.de/international/s,ie&el/*,'('>,&rossild8D(*)3'85))='',**.html)
President of Russia 1ladimir Putin (ri&ht) &reets President of 0srael "himon Peres in #etanya, 0srael on 2une )(, )*').
(Photo4 0srael !overnment Press ;ffice (!P;))
From Russia With 8o$e= President Barack ;ama meets with Mikhail !orachev (center), former leader of the "oviet <nion, in
!ostinny Dvor, Russia on 7uesday, 2uly ?, )**=. (;fficial White 9ouse Photo y Pete "ou-a)
From Kremlin With 8o$e> President Barack ;ama (left) meets with Prime Minister of Russia 1ladimir Putin in Moscow,
Russia on 2uly ?, )**=. (Reuters)
&resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin 2left3 la%)hs with 7hancellor of Germany An)ela Merkel 2ri)ht3 as they open 5anover Fair in
5annover, Germany on Monday, April !, "#6+ 2*e%ters3
&resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin 2left3 la%)hs with 7hancellor of Germany An)ela Merkel 2ri)ht3 as they open 5anover Fair in
5annover, Germany on Monday, April !, "#6+
Barack ;ama (left), President of the <nited "tates, meets with President of Russia 1ladmir Putin (ri&ht) durin& a ilateral at the !>
"ummit in Lou&h 6rne, #orthern 0reland on 2une '?, )*'3. (;fficial White 9ouse Photo y Pete "ou-a)
6uro,ean <nion President 9erman 1an Rom,uy (center) and 6uro,ean %ommission President 2ose Manuel Barroso (ri&ht) welcome
President of <kraine 1iktor $anukovych (left) ahead of a 6uro,ean <nion8<kraine "ummit in Brussels, Bel&ium on +eruary )(, )*'3.
5illary 7linton, former United 9tates 9ecretary of 9tate, answers 4%estions from an a%dience at 7hatham 5o%se in =ondon,
:n)land on ;ctober ##, "#6+ 7hatham 5o%se is the head4%arters of the *oyal Anstit%te of Anternational Affairs+
2&hoto by &eter Macdiarmid?Getty Ama)es3
President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev (left) &reets 9enry :issin&er in Moscow, Russia on 2une '?, )**>. (Reuters)
*%ssia maintains its .lack 9ea Fleet and a lar)e naval base at 9evastopol, Ukraine+ The *%ssian lease of its naval base at
9evastopol e0pires in "#B+ The 7rimean port city of 9evastopol, Ukraine, located on the .lack 9ea, is pop%lated predominantly
by *%ssians+
A map of the .lack 9ea and Ae)ean 9ea
President of Russia 1ladimir Putin shoots a &un in the new headGuarters of the Main 0ntelli&ence .&ency (!R<) of the Russian .rmed +orces
!eneral "taff in Moscow, Russia on #ovemer >, )**D. (Photo4 I .stakhov Dmitri/07.R87.""/%oris)
E9ay *ello Co )y Little FriendKF
E9ay *ello Co )y Little FriendKF
President of Russia 1ladimir Putin (left) &reets <.". "ecretary of "tate 9illary %linton ahead of the .P6% 6conomic LeadersK
Meetin& in 1ladivostok, Russia on "e,temer >, )*'). (Photo4 Ninhua/Rao .imin)
7he Maidan Revolution L Russian 0nvasion of %rimea4
9e&elian Dialectic in .ctionO
The Ukrainian people protest in the Maidan in downtown Kiev, Ukraine in late "#6+ 2Andrew Kravchenko?epa3
Ukrainian protestors in Kiev, Ukraine demand the release of former &rime Minister of Ukraine (%lia Tymoshenko from prison+
2A& &hoto3
:0cerpts from Geor) Dilhelm Friedrich 5e)el-s /+ilosop+y of Rig+t 2#!#3
!eor& Wilhelm +riedrich 9e&el
GChe state, which is the reali>ed s%bstantive will, havin) its reality in the partic%lar self<conscio%sness raised to the plane of the
%niversal, is absol%tely rational+ This s%bstantive %nity is its own motive and absol%te end+ An this end freedom attains its hi)hest
ri)ht+ Chis end has the highest right over the individual+ >hose highest duty in turn is to be a member of the state0H
K G+D+F+ 5e)el, /+ilosop+y of Rig+t, &ara)raph I!
GDere the state to be considered as e0chan)eable with the civic society, and were its decisive feat%res to be re)arded as the
sec%rity and protection of property and personal freedom, the interest of the individ%al as s%ch wo%ld be the %ltimate p%rpose of
the social %nion+ At wo%ld then be at one-s option to be a member of the state+E.%t the state has a totally different relation to the
individ%al+ At is the ob,ective spirit, and he has his tr%th, real e0istence, and ethical stat%s only in bein) a member of it+ Union, as
s%ch, is itself the tr%e content and end, since the individ%al is intended to pass a %niversal life+ 5is partic%lar satisfactions,
activities, and way of life have in this a%thenticated s%bstantive principle their ori)in and res%ltSThe idea of the state is not
concerned with the historical ori)in of either the state in )eneral or of any partic%lar state with its special ri)hts and characters+
5ence, it is indifferent whether the state arose o%t of the patriarchal condition, o%t of fear or confidence, or o%t of the
corporation+ At does not care whether the basis of state ri)hts is declared to be in the divine, or in positive ri)ht, or contract, or
c%stom+ Dhen we are dealin) simply with the science of the state, these thin)s are mere appearances, and belon) to history+ The
ca%ses or )ro%nds of the a%thority of an act%al state, in so far as they are re4%ired at all, m%st be derived from the forms of ri)ht,
which have validity in the state+H K G+D+F+ 5e)el, /+ilosop+y of Rig+t, &ara)raph I!
GThe state as a completed reality is the ethical whole and the act%ali>ation of freedom+ At is the absol%te p%rpose of reason that
freedom sho%ld be act%ali>ed+ The state is the spirit, which abides in the and there reali>es itself conscio%sly@ while in nat%re it is
reali>ed only as the other of itself or the sleepin) spirit+ ;nly when it is present in conscio%sness, knowin) itself as an e0istin)
ob,ect, is it the state+ An thinkin) of freedom we m%st not take o%r depart%re from individ%ality or the individ%al-s self<
conscio%sness, b%t from the essence of self<conscio%sness+ =et man be aware of it or not, this essence reali>es itself as an
independent power, in which partic%lar persons are only phases+ Che state is the march of God in the >orldD its ground or
cause is the 3o>er of reason reali<ing itself as >ill0 Dhen thinkin) of the idea of the state, we m%st not have in o%r mind any
partic%lar state, or partic%lar instit%tion, b%t m%st rather contemplate the idea, this act%al God, by itself+ Altho%)h a state may be
declared to violate ri)ht principles and to be defective in vario%s ways, it always contains the essential moments of its e0istence,
if, that is to say, it belon)s to the f%ll formed states of o%r own time+ .%t as it is more easy to detect short<comin)s than to )rasp
the positive meanin), one easily falls into the mistake of dwellin) so m%ch %pon special aspects of the state as to overlook its
inner or)anic bein)+ The state is not a work of art+ At is in the world, in the sphere of caprice, accident, and error+ :vil behavior
can do%btless disfi)%re it in many ways, b%t the %)liest man, the criminal, the invalid, the cripple, are livin) men+ The positive
thin), the life, is present in spite of defects, and it is with this affirmative that we have here to deal+H
K G+D+F+ 5e)el, /+ilosop+y of Rig+t, &ara)raph I!
GThese kin)doms are based %pon the distinction, which has now won the form of absol%te anta)onism, and yet at the same time
are rooted in a sin)le %nity and idea+ An the obd%rate str%))le, which th%s ens%es, the spirit%al has to lower its heaven to the level
of an earthly and temporal condition, to common worldliness, and to ordinary life and tho%)ht+ ;n the other hand the abstract
act%ality of the worldly is e0alted to tho%)ht, to the principle of rational bein) and knowin), and to the rationality of ri)ht and
law+ As a res%lt of these two tendencies, the contradiction has become a marrowless phantasm+ The present has stripped off its
barbarism and its lawless caprice, and tr%th has stripped off its beyond and its cas%alness+ The tr%e atonement and reconciliation
has become ob,ective, and %nfolds the state as the ima)e and reality of reason+ An the state, self<conscio%sness finds the or)anic
development of its real s%bstantive knowin) and will, in reli)ion it finds in the form of ideal essence the feelin) and the vision of
this its tr%th, and in science it finds the free conceived knowled)e of this tr%th, seein) it to be one and the same in all its m%t%ally
completin) manifestations, namely, the state, nat%re, and the ideal world+H
K G+D+F+ 5e)el, /+ilosop+y of Rig+t, &ara)raph 6J"
<krainian students hold a &iant 6uro,ean <nion fla& durin& a ,rotest rally in Lviv, <kraine on #ovemer )), )*'3. 2ailed
<krainian o,,osition leader $ulia 7ymoshenko ur&ed su,,orters to take to the streets on #ovemer )) in ,rotest at the
&overnmentKs scra,,in& of a ,lan to si&n an .ssociation .&reement with the 6uro,ean <nion.
(.+P Photo/ $<R0$ D$.%9$"9$#)
8emonstrators march and carry a :%ropean Union 2:U3 fla) d%rin) a protest in Kyiv, Ukraine on 1ovember $, "#6+
A protest is cond%cted by the 7abinet of Ministers in Kiev, Ukraine on 1ovember B, "#6+ Atop the vehicle are Ukrainian opposition
leaders ;leh Tyahnybok 2left3, Arseniy (atseny%k 2center3, and 'itali Klychko 2ri)ht, holdin) a microphone3+
&rotesters and riot police clash in front of the 7abinet of Ministers of Ukraine d%rin) a rally in Kiev on 1ovember $, "#6+ 2*AA
1ovosti ? Ale0ei F%rman3
A Ukrainian patriot attacks the stat%e of *%ssian Jewish 7omm%nist terrorist 'ladimir =enin with a sled)ehammer in Kiev, Ukraine on
9%nday, 8ecember !, "#6+ Ukrainians were protestin) &resident of Ukraine 'iktor (an%kovych-s proposals for closer ties with the
*%ssian )overnment and his decision to delay si)nin) the :%ropean Union Association A)reement+ The )overnment of Ukraine
decided to postpone the si)nin) the :%ropean Union Association A)reement on 1ovember #, "#6+ &rotests be)an on 1ovember #,
"#6+ The si)nin) of the :%ropean Union Association A)reement wo%ld have allowed Ukraine to become inte)rated with :%ropean
Union economically and red%ce trade barriers between Ukraine and :%ropean Union+ 2&hoto: 9er)ei 7h%>avkov?A&3
*iot &olice in Kiev, Ukraine attempt to disperse protesters at the Maidan on the ni)ht of 8ecember #", "#6+
A )ro%p of .erk%t YGestapoZ officers br%tally assa%lt Ukrainian citi>ens in Kiev, Ukraine d%rin) the Maidan crisis+
A .erk%t YGestapoZ officer h%rls a Molotov cocktail towards Ukrainian patriots in Kiev, Ukraine d%rin) the Maidan crisis+
A )ro%p of .erk%t YGestapoZ officers attempt to desecrate the Ukrainian fla) d%rin) the Maidan crisis in Kiev, Ukraine+
.erk%t YGestapoZ officers attempt to terrori>e the Ukrainian people at ni)ht d%rin) the Maidan crisis in Kiev, Ukraine+
Ukrainian protestors and patriots throw car tires and rocks at the despised .erk%t YGestapoZ officer in Kiev, Ukraine
d%rin) the Maidan crisis 2a Ukrainian protest a)ainst the (an%kovych re)ime3+
A Ukrainian patriot armed with a revolver takes aim at the dreaded .erk%t YGestapoZ officers as more tires b%rn behind him+
A .erk%t YGestapoZ officer brandishes shot)%n o%t from behind a barricade while a *%ssian ;rthodo0 priest pleads with
protesters+ 2&hoto: http:??samnewscenter+blo)spot+com?3
Ukrainian patriots sal%te to the Ukrainian fla) d%rin) a l%ll in the on)oin) protests in Kiev, Ukraine+
.ctivists of the "vooda (+reedom) <krainian nationalist ,arty shout slo&ans as they take ,art in a rally markin& the ?'st
anniversary of the <krainian 0nsur&ent .rmy (<P.), which fou&ht oth #a-i and "oviet forces in World War 7wo, and the feast of
the Protectin& 1eil of the Mother of !od in central :iev, <kraine on ;ctoer '5, )*'3. 7he ,ortrait seen in the ack&round is of
<P. leader "te,an Bandera. (R6<76R"/!le !aranich)
;leh 7yahnyok, leader of the of nationalist "vooda (+reedom) Party s,eaks to the media durin& his ,ress conference in :iev,
<kraine on Monday, ;ctoer )=, )*'). President of <kraine 1iktor $anukovychKs ,arty headed toward victory in ,arliamentary
elections ut its &ri, on ,ower a,,eared to e weakened, with the far8ri&ht "vooda (+reedom) ,arty takin& > ,ercent of the
,o,ular vote. (.P Photo/"er&ei %hu-avkov)
. &rou, of <krainian ,rotestors wear yellow "vooda Party PswastikaQ armands durin& a ,rotest a&ainst President of <kraine
1iktor $anukovych.
. "vooda Party ,rotestor dis,lays the "vooda Party salute.
.ssistant <.". "ecretary for 6uro,ean and 6urasian .ffairs 1ictoria #uland (left) walks with <.". .massador to <kraine
!eoffrey Pyatt (ri&ht, wearin& &lasses) walks throu&h 0nde,endence "Guare in :iev, <kraine, on Decemer '*, )*'3. (Reuters)
Assistant U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate 'ictoria 1%land 2wearin) a bl%e ,acket3 distrib%tes cakes to protesters on the Andependence
94%are in Kiev, Ukraine on 8ecember ##, "#6+ Geoffrey &yatt, the U+9+ Ambassador to Ukraine, is seen standin) behind
'ictoria 1%land+
Assistant U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate 'ictoria 1%land )reets former &rime Minister of Ukraine (%lia Tymoshenko, who was
released from prison after spendin) nearly fo%r years in prison on corr%ption char)es+
.ssistant <.". "ecretary for 6uro,ean and 6urasian .ffairs 1ictoria #uland ()nd ri&ht, wearin& a lue Hacket) offered food to ,ro8
6uro,ean <nion activists as she and <.". .massador to <kraine !eoffrey Pyatt (ri&ht) walked throu&h 0nde,endence "Guare
in :iev, <kraine, on Wednesday, Decemer '', )*'3. #uland also offered food to some of the ,olice neary. 1ictoria #uland is
the wife of .merican 2ewish Hournalist Roert :a&an. Roert :a&an is a memer of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations.
(Photo4 .ndrew :ravchenko/.P)
GA made it absol%tely clear to him that what happened last ni)ht, what has been happenin) in sec%rity terms here, is absol%tely
impermissible in a :%ropean state, in a democratic stateSwe also made clear that we believe there is a way o%t for Ukraine, that
it is still possible to save UkraineLs :%ropean f%t%re and that is what we want to see the president lead+ .%t that is )oin) to
re4%ire immediate sec%rity steps and )ettin) back into a conversation with :%rope and with the Anternational Monetary F%nd,
and brin)in) ,%stice and di)nity to the people of Ukraine+ A have no do%bt after o%r meetin) that &resident (an%kovych knows
what he needs to do+ The whole world is watchin)+ De want to see a better f%t%re for Ukraine+H
K 'ictoria 1%land, Assistant U+9+ 9ecretary for :%ropean and :%rasian Affairs, on 8ecember ##, "#6
9o%rce: http:??www+npr+or)?blo)s?thetwo<way?"#6?#?##?I"#IB#?world<is<watchin)<%<s<diplomat<tells<%kraine
Assistant U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate 'ictoria 1%land 2nd left3 )reets Ukrainian opposition leaders Arseniy (atseny%k 2ri)ht3, ;leh
Tyahnybok 2left3, and 'itali Klychko 2nd ri)ht3 in Kiev, Ukraine+
Ukrainian opposition leaders Arseniy (atseny%k 2center3, ;leh Tyahnybok 2left3, and 'itali Klychko 2ri)ht3 celebrate d%rin) a rally+
United 9tates 9enator John Mc7ain 2ri)ht3 meets with Ukrainian opposition leaders Arseniy (atseny%k 2left, wearin) a bl%e shirt3 and
;leh Tyahnybok 2center3 in Kiev, Ukraine on 8ecember #$, "#6+ John Mc7ain is a member of the 7o%ncil on Forei)n *elations+
Ukrainian opposition leader ;leh Tyahnybok of the 9voboda party renders a 1a>i sal%te+
United 9tates 9enator John Mc7ain 2center3 appears with Ukrainian opposition leader 'itali Klychko 2left3 in Kiev, Ukraine on
8ecember #$, "#6+
United 9tates 9enator John Mc7ain 2ri)ht3 appears with Ukrainian opposition leaders Arseniy (atseny%k 2left3 and ;leh
Tyahnybok 2nd left3 for dinner in Kiev, Ukraine on 8ecember #$, "#6+
United 9tates 9enator John Mc7ain 2center3 appears with Ukrainian opposition leader ;leh Tyahnybok 2ri)ht3 in Kiev, Ukraine
on 8ecember #$, "#6+

United 9tates 9enator John Mc7ain 2center3 appears with Ukrainian opposition leader ;leh Tyahnybok 2ri)ht3 in Kiev, Ukraine
on 8ecember #$, "#6+
:%ropean Union 5i)h *epresentative 7atherine Ashton 2nd ri)ht3 appears with Ukrainian opposition leaders Arseniy
(atseny%k 2left3, 'itali Klychko 2nd left3, and ;leh Tyahnybok 2far ri)ht3+
&resident of Ukraine 'iktor (an%kovych 2second left3 meets with opposition leaders ;leh Tyanybok 2ri)ht3, 'itali Klitschko
2second ri)ht3, and Arseniy (atseny%k 2third ri)ht3 in Kiev, Ukraine on Jan%ary 6, "#$+ 2A& &hoto3
A )ro%p of ;rthodo0 bishops attempt to keep the peace d%rin) the violent protests in downtown Kiev, Ukraine+
&resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin 2center3 meets with :%ropean 7o%ncil &resident 5erman 'an *omp%y 2left3 and :%ropean
7ommission &resident Jose Man%el .arroso 2ri)ht3 at the :U<*%ssia s%mmit in .r%ssels, .el)i%m on T%esday, Jan%ary !,
"#$+ -ose )anuel Barroso attended the %&'( Bilderberg )eetings held at *ertfordshire+ ,ngland near London from .-
/ -une %&'(0 2&hoto: Francois =enoir?*e%ters3
&resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin 2left3 welcomes 7omm%nist 7hina-s &resident Ti Jinpin) d%rin) their meetin) in 9ochi,
*%ssia on Febr%ary J, "#$+ 2AF& &hoto?*AA<1ovosti?&ool?Ale0ei 1ikolsky3
<.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry s,eaks with Russian +orei&n Minister "er&ey Lavrov efore a meetin& with <nited #ations "ecretary8
!eneral Ban :i8moon on the sidelines of the Munich "ecurity %onference in !ermany on 2anuary 3', )*'5. ("tate De,artment ,hoto)
Memers of the Auartet on the Middle 6ast, from left to ri&ht, <.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry, Russian +orei&n Minister "er&ey Lavrov,
6uro,ean <nion 9i&h Re,resentative %atherine .shton, <# "ecretary8!eneral Ban :i8moon, and ",ecial 6nvoy 7ony Blair ,ose for
,hoto&ra,hers efore a meetin& on the sidelines of the Munich "ecurity %onference in Munich, !ermany, on +eruary ', )*'5.
("tate De,artment ,hoto / Pulic Domain)
<.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry shakes hands with 1itali :lychko of the <D.R Party efore a meetin& with <krainian o,,osition leaders on
the sidelines of the Munich "ecurity %onference in Munich, !ermany, on +eruary ', )*'5. E"tate De,artment ,hoto / Pulic DomainF
<.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry ,oses with 1itali :lychko of the <D.R Party, Petro Poroshenko of the 6uromaidan Movement, and .rseniy
$atsenyuk of the +atherland Party efore a meetin& with the <krainian o,,osition leaders on the sidelines of the Munich "ecurity %onference
in Munich, !ermany, on +eruary ', )*'5. ("tate De,artment ,hoto/Pulic Domain)
<.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry and his team sit across from Petro Poroshenko of the 6uromaidan Movement, 1itali :lychko of the <D.R
Party, and .rseniy $atsenyuk of the +atherland Party at the outset of a meetin& with the <krainian o,,osition leaders on the sidelines of the
Munich "ecurity %onference in Munich, !ermany, on +eruary ', )*'5. ("tate De,artment ,hoto / Pulic Domain)
<.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry and .ssistant "ecretary for 6uro,ean and 6urasian .ffairs 1ictoria #uland meet with <krainian +orei&n
Minister Leonid :o-hara on the mar&ins of the Munich "ecurity %onference in Munich, !ermany, on +eruary ', )*'5.
("tate De,artment Photo / Pulic Domain)
2anet $ellen (left), %hairman of the +ederal Reserve, meets with 2ack Lew (ri&ht), "ecretary of the 7reasury, in Washin&ton, D.%. on +eruary
(, )*'5. 2anet $ellen and 2ack Lew are memers of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations. (Photo4 <.". De,artment of the 7reasury)
<.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry and former British Prime Minister and Auartet Re,resentative 7ony Blair discuss Middle 6ast ,eace efforts
and other to,ics durin& a reakfast meetin& in Washin&ton, D.%., on +eruary (, )*'5. ("tate De,artment ,hoto/ Pulic Domain)
<.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry shakes hands with former "ecretary of "tate 9enry :issin&er durin& a "tate Lunch for
+rench President +rancois 9ollande that "ecretary :erry co8hosted with 1ice President 2oe Biden at the <.". De,artment of
"tate in Washin&ton, D.%., on +eruary '', )*'5. 0ohn Kerry and Henry Kissinger are members of the Council on Foreign
Relations# a !ri$ate !olitical organi&ation in New York City" ("tate De,artment ,hoto/ Pulic Domain)
&ro<*%ssian &resident of Ukraine 'iktor (an%kovych 2left3 shakes hands with 'ictoria 1%land, Assistant U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate
for :%ropean and :%rasian Affairs, in Kiev, Ukraine on Febr%ary J, "#$+ 'ictoria 1%land and Geoffrey &yatt, the c%rrent U+9+
Ambassador to Ukraine, ass%min) that their telephone conversation abo%t the Ukraine political crisis was sec%re and private,
were ca%)ht dispara)in) the :%ropean Union in a phone call that was apparently b%))ed, and U+9+ officials say they stron)ly
s%spect *%ssia of leakin) the conversation+ 8%rin) the telephone conversation, 'ictoria 1%land alle)edly said, GF%ck the :U+H
2A& &hoto?Mykhailo Markiv, &ool3
&resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin 2ri)ht3 shakes hands with &resident of Ukraine 'iktor (an%kovych in 9ochi, *%ssia on Febr%ary B,
"#$+ 'iktor (an%kovych abdicated on Febr%ary , "#$ and fled to *%ssia+ 'iktor (an%kovych reportedly s%ffered a heart attack
in early March "#$+ 2AF& &hoto?Ale0ei 1ikolsky3
A5raine settling Ga<3rom debt ?gradually+? energy minister says
Febr%ary 6, "#$
KA:', Ukraine, Feb+ 6 2U&A3 << Ukrainian :ner)y Minister :d%ard 9tavitsky said his co%ntry is workin) steadily to
resolve its cash debt to *%ssian ener)y company Ga>prom+ ODe are payin) money )rad%ally now,O he was 4%oted as
sayin) 9at%rday by ATA*<Tass+ 9tavitsky didnLt indicate how m%ch was paid toward the debt or how m%ch debt was
inc%rred+ :%ropean cons%mers )et abo%t " percent of their nat%ral )as needs from *%ssia, most of the )as r%nnin)
thro%)h a 9oviet<era )as transmission network in Ukraine+ Ga>prom c%t )as s%pplies to Ukraine briefly in ""C over
debt iss%es+ Ukraine, a former 9oviet rep%blic, has str%))led with payin) its )as debts to Ga>prom+ An 8ecember,
*%ssian &resident 'ladimir &%tin said Ukrainian ener)y company 1afto)a> can pay FJ!+I per #,""" c%bic meters of
nat%ral )as, the standard p%rchase vol%me, instead of the re)%lar rate of F$""+ &%tin said the decision was only a
temporary meas%re meant to ens%re cons%mers in :%rope have a sec%re s%pply of nat%ral )as+ The decision followed
UkraineLs move to s%spend free<trade talks with the :%ropean Union, sayin) it needed to protect its economic ties to
*%ssia+
9o%rce: [ "#$ United &ress Anternational, Anc+
7hancellor of Germany An)ela Merkel 2center3 welcomes Ukrainian opposition leaders 'itali Klitschko 2left3 and Arseniy (atseny%k
2ri)ht3 at the 7hancellery in .erlin, Germany on Febr%ary #B, "#$+ The Ukrainian opposition leaders were in .erlin to disc%ss the
co%ntry-s crisis as Ukraine was in chaos since 1ovember when &resident of Ukraine 'iktor (an%kovych abandoned a planned
:%ropean Union trade and political pact in favor of closer ties with 'ladimir &%tin-s re)ime in *%ssia+ 2Getty Ama)es3
Ukrainian opposition leaders ;leh Tyanybok 2left3, 'itali Klitschko 2center3, and Arseniy (atseny%k 2ri)ht3 meet in Kiev,
Ukraine to disc%ss the f%t%re of Ukraine+
Arseniy (atseny%k addresses anti)overnment protesters d%rin) a rally in Kyiv YKievZ, Ukraine on Febr%ary #!, "#$+ 2*e%ters3
Ukrainian citi>ens protest in the streets of Kiev, Ukraine d%rin) the Maidan crisis+ &olice violence and police br%tality in Kiev,
Ukraine led to the removal of &resident of Ukraine 'iktor (an%kovych on Febr%ary , "#$+
=abor UnionsL 5o%se is set on fire in the :%romaidan in Kiev, Ukraine on Febr%ary #C, "#$+ The b%ildin), which was %sed as
protestersL head4%arters, was reportedly set afire by policemen+
A chart showin) the political t%rmoil in Ukraine on Febr%ary #C, "#$
&resident of Ukraine 'iktor (an%kovych 2nd ri)ht3 and Ukrainian opposition leaders 'itali Klitschko 2left3, ;leh Tyanybok 2nd
left3, and Arseniy (atseny%k 2ri)ht3 attend a si)nin) ceremony of the tr%ce a)reement in Kiev, Ukraine on Friday, Febr%ary #, "#$+
Ukrainian opposition leaders si)ned a political a)reement with the &resident of Ukraine and :%ropean mediators for early elections
and a new )overnment in an attempt to end the political crisis in Ukraine+ *%ssian )overnment officials in Moscow immediately
critici>ed the deal+ 2A& &hoto?Andrei Mosienko, &residential &ress 9ervice, &ool3
From left to ri)ht: Forei)n Minister of Germany Frank<Dalter 9teinmeier, Ukrainian opposition leaders 'itali Klitschko and ;le)
Tya)nibok, &resident of Ukraine 'iktor (an%kovych, opposition leader Arseny (atseny%k and Forei)n Minister of &oland *adoslaw
9ikorski attend a si)nin) ceremony of an a)reement between the )overnment and the opposition in Kiev, Ukraine on Febr%ary #,
"#$+ 2A& &hoto?Andrei Mosienko3
&resident of Ukraine 'iktor (an%kovych 2ri)ht3 and opposition leader 'itali Klitschko 2left3 shake hands after si)nin) an Ga)reementH
in the &residential &alace in Kiev, Ukraine on February %'+ %&'1+ 'iktor (an%kovych abdicated on February %%+ %&'1 and fled to
*%ssia+ 2Tim .rakemeier?:&A3
Forei)n Minister of Germany Frank<Dalter 9teinmeier 2left3, who si)ned a tr%ce a)reement, shakes hands with Ukrainian opposition
leader 'itali Klitschko inside the &residential &alace in Kiev, Ukraine on Febr%ary #, "#$+ 22Tim .rakemeier?:&A3
Ukrainian opposition leader (%lia Tymoshenko, the former &rime Minister of Ukraine, prepares to address anti<)overnment
protesters in the Andependence 94%are in Kiev, Ukraine on 9at%rday, Febr%ary , "#$, ,%st ho%rs after she was released from
prison+ Ukrainian opposition leader Arseniy (atseny%k is seen standin) behind (%lia Tymoshenko+ The Ukrainian 1ational
&arliament voted overwhelmin)ly to release (%lia Tymoshenko from prison on Febr%ary #, "#$+ (%lia Tymoshenko was
released from prison shortly after &resident of Ukraine 'iktor (an%kovych abdicated+
The Ukrainian co%rt declared (%lia Tymoshenko )%ilty of ab%se of power on ;ctober ##, "## and sentenced her to seven years
in prison+ (%lia Tymoshenko was acc%sed of bribery, ta0 evasion, and ab%se of power after 'iktor (an%kovych was
ina%)%rated &resident of Ukraine in Febr%ary "#"+ (%lia Tymoshenko served as &rime Minister of Ukraine on two occasions
2Jan%ary $, ""IK 9eptember !, ""I@ 8ecember #!, ""BKMarch $, "#"3+ (%lia Tymoshenko was a presidential candidate in
the "#" presidential election and lost the presidential election by a narrow mar)in to 'iktor (an%kovych+ ;i5tor Ganu5ovych
abdicated on February %%+ %&'1 and fled to Russia0 2*e%ters3
8ep%ty 9ecretary of 9tate .ill .%rns meets with members of civil society in Kyiv YKievZ, Ukraine, on Febr%ary I, "#$+
2U+9+ 9tate 8epartment photo?&%blic 8omain3
8ep%ty U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate .ill .%rns meets with Maidan Medical 9ervice, A%toMaidan, 5romadsky 9ector and reli)io%s leaders
at 9t+ MichaelLs 7athedral in Kyiv, Ukraine, on Febr%ary I, "#$+ 29tate 8epartment photo? &%blic 8omain3
De,uty <.". "ecretary of "tate Bill Burns meets with .rseniy $atsenyuk of the 1erkhovna Rada in :yiv, <kraine, on +eruary
)(, )*'5. -rseniy Yatsenyuk was a!!ointed the 9rime *inister of ,kraine on February '?# '()@"
("tate De,artment ,hoto/ Pulic Domain)
De,uty <.". "ecretary of "tate William 2. PBillQ Burns ()nd left) meets with key ,olitical leaders in :yiv, <kraine, on +eruary )(,
)*'5. William 0" ABillB Burns is a member of the Council on Foreign RelationsC William 0" ABillB Burns ser$ed as the ,"S"
-mbassador to Russia from No$ember :# '((; until *ay )'# '((:" ("tate De,artment ,hoto/ Pulic Domain)
Prime Minister of !eor&ia 0rakli !ariashvili (left) and <nited "tates "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry deliver remarks at the <.".8
!eor&ia "trate&ic Partnershi, %ommission Plenary "ession at the <.". De,artment of "tate in Washin&ton, D.%., on +eruary
)D, )*'5. ("tate De,artment ,hoto/ Pulic Domain)
+ormer Prime Minister of <kraine $ulia 7ymoshenko shook hands with De,uty <.". "ecretary of "tate William 2. Burns durin& a
meetin& in :iev, <kraine on +eruary )D, )*'5. William 2. Burns is a memer of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations, a ,rivate
or&ani-ation in #ew $ork %ity. William 2. Burns served as the <.". .massador to Russia from )**( until )**>. (.P Photo)
1iolence roke out etween ,ro8Russian demonstrators and su,,orters of the new &overnment in the eastern ,eninsula of
%rimea on +eruary )D, )*'5.
+ist fi&hts roke out etween ,ro8Russian and anti8Russian ,rotesters in the %rimean ,eninsula in <kraine on +eruary )D,
)*'5. 0n res,onse Russia has re,ortedly ordered an immediate moili-ation of '(*,*** troo,s.
&ro<*%ssia demonstrator show their alle)iance in 9imferopol, 7rimea, Ukraine in late Febr%ary "#$+
Women and children with their mouths ta,ed over and others ,artici,ants attend a ,ro8<kraine rally in "imfero,ol, %rimea,
<kraine in early March )*'5. (Reuters)
A )ro%p of *%ssian soldiers in dis)%ise occ%py the streets of 7rimea in late Febr%ary "#$+
*%ssian troops 2on the ri)ht3 en)a)e in an intense standoff with Ukrainian forces o%tside of a Ukrainian military base in 7rimea
in late Febr%ary "#$+ 2Associated &ress photo3
Left to ri&ht4 %huck 9a&el (<.". "ecretary of Defense), .massador 0hor Dolhov (<krainian .massador in Bel&ium), and
;lesandr ;liynyk (+irst De,uty Minister of Defence, <kraine) at a #.7; meetin& in Brussels, Bel&ium on +eruary )?, )*'5.
(Photo4 #.7;)
"amantha Power (ri&ht), the .merican amassador to the <nited #ations, talks to Russian amassador to the <nited #ations,
1italy %hurkin, efore a vote re&ardin& the <krainian crisis is taken at the <nited #ations "ecurity %ouncil in #ew $ork %ity on
March '(, )*'5. Russia on "aturday vetoed a <nited #ations "ecurity %ouncil draft resolution that declares a ,lanned
referendum on the status of <kraineKs %rimea re&ion Rcan have no validityR and ur&es nations and international or&ani-ations not
to reco&ni-e it. (#ote4 "amantha Power is married to 9arvard Law "chool ,rofessor %ass "unstein.) (Reuters/.ndrew :elly)
"ecretary !eneral of #.7; .nders +o&h Rasmussen (left) talks with <kraineKs +irst De,uty Defense Minister ;leksandr ;liynyk
(ri&ht) ,rior to the meetin& of #.7;8<kraine %ommission durin& the )8day #.7; Defence Ministers Meetin& at its headGuarters
in Brussels, Bel&ium on +eruary )?, )*'5. (Ninhua/$e Pin&fan)
"ecretary !eneral of #.7; .nders +o&h Rasmussen (left) shakes hands with <.". Defense "ecretary %huck 9a&el ,rior to the
meetin& of #.7;8<kraine %ommission durin& the )8day #.7; Defence Ministers Meetin& at its headGuarters in Brussels,
Bel&ium on +eruary )?, )*'5. (Ninhua/$e Pin&fan)
&resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin 2center3 and 8efense Minister of *%ssia 9er)ei 9hoi)% 2left3, and the commander of the Destern
Military 8istrict Anatoly 9idorov 2ri)ht3 walk %pon arrival to watch military e0ercise near 9t+ &etersb%r), *%ssia on Monday, March 6,
"#$+ &%tin has so%)ht and 4%ickly )ot the *%ssian parliamentLs permission to %se the *%ssian military in Ukraine+ 2A& &hoto?*AA<
1ovosti, Mikhail Klimentyev, &residential &ress 9ervice3
Armed *%ssian navy servicemen s%rro%nd a Ukrainian border )%ard base in .alaclava, in the 7rimea re)ion on Febr%ary !, "#$+
Armed men took control of two airports in the 7rimea re)ion on Friday in what UkraineLs )overnment described as an invasion and
occ%pation by *%ssian forces, stokin) tension between Moscow and the Dest+ More than #" *%ssian military helicopters also flew into
Ukrainian airspace over the re)ion on Friday, KievLs border )%ard service said, acc%sin) *%ssian servicemen of blockadin) one of its
%nits in the port city of 9evastopol, where part of MoscowLs .lack 9ea fleet is based+ 2*:UT:*9?.a> *atner3
. man in "evasto,ol, <kraine walks neBt to a Pcam,ai&nQ ,oster callin& for residents of %rimea to vote in favor of Russian
anneBation in the u,comin& PreferendumQ scheduled for March 'D, )*'5.
<krainians hold ,ortraits of ,eo,le, who were killed durin& ,rotests, as they attend a rally on the 0nde,endence "Guare in :iev, <kraine on
March ), )*'5. Russia ratcheted tension in the <kraine crisis on March ' with its u,,er house of ,arliament a,,rovin& the use of armed
forces in the %rimean ,eninsula, which is ,art of <kraine. 0nterim President of <kraine 7urchynov on March ' has ,laced <kraineKs military on
hi&h alert in res,onse to RussiaKs ,ossile military invasion of <kraine. President of Russia 1ladimir Putin the same day told <.". President
;ama that if violence kee,s s,readin& in eastern <kraine and %rimea, Moscow will reserve its ri&ht to ,rotect its own interests and those of
the Russian8s,eakin& ,o,ulation there. K7he troo,s are already there,K said <krainian <# .massador "er&eyev at an emer&ency meetin& of
the "ecurity %ouncil and called on Russia to res,ect <kraineKs territorial inte&rity, sayin& the ,resence of Russian troo,s in %rimea was ille&al
and an Kact of a&&ression.K (6P./"er&ey Dol-henko)
Prime Minister of <kraine .rseniy $atsenyuk (left) a,,ears with British +orei&n "ecretary William 9a&ue ,rior to their meetin& in :iev, <kraine
on March 3, )*'5. Pro8Russian troo,s took over a ferry terminal on the easternmost ti, of %rimea close to Russia on Monday, eBaceratin&
fears that Moscow is ,lannin& to rin& even more troo,s into this strate&ic Black "ea re&ion. (.P Photo/.ndrew :ravchenko, Pool)
&rotest leader &avel G%barev 2nd =, front3 and other pro<*%ssian demonstrators hold a meetin) after enterin) the re)ional
)overnment b%ildin) in 8onetsk, Ukraine on March 6, "#$+ &ro<*%ssian demonstrators occ%pied the first floor of the re)ional
)overnment b%ildin) in east UkraineLs city of 8onetsk on Monday, the latest in days of rallies that Kiev says are or)anised by
Moscow as a prete0t to invade+ The ##<storey b%ildin) has been flyin) the *%ssian fla), rather than the Ukrainian fla), for three
days, with demonstrators carryin) *%ssian fla)s sta)in) rallies o%tside+ The 8onetsk protest leader, G%barev, demanded the
parliament in Kiev be declared ille)itimate, a pro<*%ssian )overnor be accepted in 8onetsk and all sec%rity forces be p%t %nder
re)ional command+ 2*:UT:*9?9trin)er3
Barack ;ama (left), President of the <nited "tates, convenes a #ational "ecurity %ouncil meetin& in the "ituation Room of the
White 9ouse to discuss the situation in <kraine, March 3, )*'5. +rom left to ri&ht4 President ;ama, #ational "ecurity .dvisor
"usan 6. Rice, De,uty "ecretary of "tate William 2. PBillQ Burns, "ecretary of the 7reasury 2ack Lew, De,uty #ational "ecurity
.dvisor .ntony Blinken, 9omeland "ecurity .dvisor Lisa Monaco. 7o the ri&ht of ;ama is 1ice President 2oe Biden, "ecretary
of Defense %huck 9a&el, %hairman of the 2oint %hiefs of "taff !en. Martin Dem,sey, Director of #ational 0ntelli&ence 2ames R.
%la,,er, and %0. Director 2ohn Brennan. Susan %" Rice# William 0" ABillB Burns# 0ack 8ew# -ntony Blinken# 8isa *onaco#
and Chuck Hagel are members of the Council on Foreign Relations" (;fficial White 9ouse Photo y Pete "ou-a)
GIF A 26))A$I9C R,GI), I9 I$ A 9CAC, 6F 2RI9I9+ if the regime is >ea5+ if its leadershi3 is s3lit or
com3romised+ the logical 3attern for disinformation is to conceal the crisis and its dimensions+ to attract attention to
other areas and 3roblems+ and to 3resent the situation both domestically and to the outside >orld in as favorable a light
as 3ossible0 This is the Gfacade and stren)th,H or &otemkin villa)e, pattern of disinformation+ At has been applied in all
comm%nist co%ntries, incl%din), for e0ample, 7hina and *omania as well as the 9oviet Union+ The )eneral pattern of
disinformation determines the forms it takes and the techni4%es %sed+ In the facade and strength 3attern+ information
damaging to the regime is su33ressed and information favorable to it is e#aggerated0 Che real issues are reflected
vaguely+ if at all+ in the 3ress0 9tatistics are >ithheld or inflated0 Pro3aganda 3lays a leading role to the e#tent that it
becomes in itself the main form of disinformation0 93ecial dece3tions are carried out to su33ort the credibility of the
3ro3aganda0 Che failures and >ea5ness of the regime are 3resented as its successes and strengths0 Political and
ideological 3assivity and retreat are 3resented as 3olitical and ideological victories0 2oncern about the future is 3resented
as confidence0 The fears of the o%tside world at comm%nist stren)th are deliberately aro%sed and the comm%nist threat is
e0a))erated o%t of proportion to its act%al potential in order to disco%ra)e e0ternal intervention in comm%nist affairs+H K Ne9
Lies for )ld by Anatoliy Golitsyn, p+ #!
%olonel $uliy Mamchur, commander of the <krainian military &arrison at Belek airase, salutes efore leadin& over '** of his
unarmed troo,s to retake Belek airfield from soldiers under Russian command in %rimea, on March 5, )*'5 in Luimovka,
<kraine. .fter s,endin& a tense ni&ht antici,atin& a Russian attack followin& the eB,iration of a Russian deadline to surrender, in
which family memers of troo,s s,ent the ni&ht at the &arrison &ate in su,,ort of the soldiers, Mamchor announced his old ,lan
to his soldiers early that mornin&. (Photo4 "ean !allu, / !etty 0ma&es)
<krainian soldiers stand &uard at the &ate of a military ase in the ,ort of :erch, <kraine on Monday, March 3, )*'5. Pro8
Russian troo,s controlled a ferry terminal on the easternmost ti, of <kraineJs %rimea re&ion close to Russia on Monday,
intensifyin& fears that Moscow will send even more troo,s into the strate&ic Black "ea re&ion in its tense dis,ute with its "lavic
nei&hor. (.P Photo/Darko 1oHinovic)
<.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry meets with <kraineKs interim Prime Minister .rseniy $atsenyuk and interim President
;leksandr 7urchynov at the 1erkhovna Rada in :yiv, <kraine, on March 5, )*'5. ("tate De,artment ,hoto/ Pulic Domain)
<.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry ()
nd
left) meets with <krainian Memers of Parliament (left to ri&ht) 1itali :litschko, Petro Poroshenko, ;leh
7yahnyok, and "er&ey 7i&i,ko at the 1erkhovna Rada in :yiv, <kraine, on March 5, )*'5. 9etro 9oroshenko# informally known as
AChocolate KingB# was elected 9resident of ,kraine during a !residential election held on *ay ';# '()@"
("tate De,artment ,hoto/ Pulic Domain)
<.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry visits the "hrine of the +allen in :yiv, <kraine, on March 5, )*'5. ("tate De,artment ,hoto/ Pulic Domain)
<.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry and <krainian +orei&n Minister .ndrii Deshchytsia look at the +orei&n MinisterKs cell ,hone after the
Buda,est Memorandum Ministerial in Paris, +rance, on March (, )*'5. E"tate De,artment ,hoto/ Pulic DomainF
.ctin& Prime Minister of <kraine .rseniy $atsenyuk meets with 6uro,ean %ommission President 2ose Manuel Barroso ()nd left), %hancellor
of !ermany .n&ela Merkel (ri&ht), and Prime Minister of 6stonia .ndrus .nsi, (left) on March D, )*'5.
Prime Minister of <kraine .rseniy $atsenyuk (left) and #.7; "ecretary !eneral .nders +o&h Rasmussen attend a ,ress
conference at the #.7; headGuarters in Brussels, Bel&ium on March D, )*'5. -nders Fogh Rasmussen attended the '()@
Bilderberg *eetings conference held in Co!enhagen# 1enmark from *ay '7# '()@ until 0une )# '()@" (Ninhua/!on& Bin&)
. man holds a "oviet <nion fla& as he attends a ,ro8Russian rally at the %rimean ,arliament uildin& in "imfero,ol, %rimea on
March D, )*'5. 7he decree makin& %rimea ,art of Russia is already in force and <krainian troo,s still on its territory will e
treated as occu,iers and forced to surrender or leave, the Russian8controlled re&ionKs de,uty ,rime minister said.
(R6<76R"/David Md-inarishvili)
. fi&ht reaks out etween <krainians and ethnic Russian residents in Donetsk, <kraine on the ni&ht of March '3, )*'5.
Pro8Russian demonstrators take ,art in a rally in Donetsk, <kraine on March '3, )*'5. ;ne ,erson was killed and several were
treated for inHuries in hos,ital on 7hursday when hundreds of <krainian demonstrators clashed in the eastern city of Donetsk, the
local health authority said. "everal hundred ,eo,le chantin& slo&ans ,raisin& Russian President 1ladimir Putin clashed with a
similar8si-ed crowd condemnin& MoscowKs takeover of %rimea on a central sGuare in the mainly Russian8s,eakin& industrial city.
(R6<76R"/"trin&er)
<.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry &reets Prime Minister of <kraine .rseniy $atsenyuk (left) efore their ilateral meetin& at the <.".
De,artment of "tate in Washin&ton, D.%. on March '), )*'5. ("tate De,artment ,hoto/ Pulic Domain)
Barack ;ama (ri&ht), President of the <nited "tates of .merica, shakes hands with Prime Minister of <kraine .rseniy $atsenyuk durin& a
ilateral meetin& in the ;val ;ffice in Washin&ton, D.%., on March '), )*'5. 7he leaders discussed the crisis in <kraine and %rimea, in the
aftermath of the removal of former President of <kraine 1iktor $anukovych from ,ower and RussiaJs occu,ation of %rimea. (<P0/Mike 7heiler)
Minister David %ameron and +orei&n "ecretary William 9a&ue on March '5, )*'5. ("tate De,artment ,hoto/ Pulic Domain)
United 9tates 9enator John Mc7ain 2
nd
left3 meets with Ukrainian )overnment officials in Kiev, Ukraine on March #$, "#$+
John Mc7ain is a member of the 7o%ncil on Forei)n *elations+ 2&hoto: U+9+ :mbassy Kyiv3
<nited "tates "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry, Russian +orei&n Minister "er&ey Lavrov, and their res,ective teams sit down for a ilateral
discussion focused on deescalatin& tensions in <kraine in London, <nited :in&dom on March '5, )*'5. 7he woman on the far left is 1ictoria
#uland, the .ssistant <.". "ecretary of "tate for 6uro,ean and 6urasian .ffairs. ("tate De,artment ,hoto/ Pulic Domain)
<.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn :erry sits in #o. '* Downin& "treet in London, <nited :in&dom, at the outset of a meetin& with British Prime
Minister David %ameron and +orei&n "ecretary William 9a&ue on March '5, )*'5. ("tate De,artment ,hoto/ Pulic Domain)
A )ro%p of b%rea%crats in 9imferopol, 7rimea, Ukraine prepare to co%nt the ballots after residents of 7rimea voted on the
political stat%s of 7rimea on March #J, "#$+ 2&hoto: .%lent 8or%k?Anadol% A)ency via Getty Ama)es3
An election commission official shows a ballot paper for the referend%m at a pollin) station in 9imferopol, 7rimea, Ukraine on
March #I, "#$+ 2*e%ters3
A woman casts her ballot inside a )lass bo0 at a pollin) station d%rin) the 7rimean referend%m, in 9evastopol, 7rimea, Ukraine
on 9%nday, March #J, "#$+ *esidents of Ukraine-s 7rimea re)ion voted in a controversial referend%m on the political stat%s of
7rimea+ *esidents of 7rimea were )iven the GoptionH of stayin) with Ukraine or s%pportin) the *%ssian anne0ation of 7rimea+
2A& &hoto?Andrew =%bimov3
*%ssian residents of 9evastopol wave *%ssian and 9oviet fla)s as fireworks er%pt in the back)ro%nd in 9evastopol on March #,
"#$+ *%ssian residents of 7rimea celebrated the anne0ation of 7rimea by *%ssia+ 2&hoto: 'iktor 8rachev?AF&?Getty Ama)es3
*%ssian residents of 9evastopol wave *%ssian and 9oviet fla)s as fireworks er%pt in the back)ro%nd in 9evastopol on March #,
"#$+ *%ssian residents of 7rimea celebrated the anne0ation of 7rimea by *%ssia+ The stat%e on the left is the mon%ment of
*%ssian naval admiral &avel 1akhimov+
*%ssian residents celebrate in the central s4%are in 9evastopol, 7rimea, Ukraine on late 9%nday, March #J, "#$+ 2A& &hoto3
&resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin 2nd ri)ht, front3, G&rime MinisterH of 7rimea 9er)ei Aksyonov 2left, front3, parliamentary
speaker 'ladimir Konstantinov 2nd left, front3 and 9evastopol Mayor Ale0ei 7haliy attend a si)nin) ceremony at the Kremlin
in Moscow, *%ssia on March #!, "#$+
&resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin 2nd ri)ht3, G&rime MinisterH of 7rimea 9er)ei Aksyonov 2front left3, 7rimean parliamentary
speaker 'ladimir Konstantinov 2back left3 and Mayor of 9evastopol Ale0ei 7haliy 2ri)ht3 shake hands after a si)nin) ceremony
at the Kremlin in Moscow, *%ssia on March #!, "#$+
<krainian ,atriots demonstrate a hu&e yellow8and8lue <krainian fla& durin& a rally in su,,ort of <kraineKs territorial inte&rity in
the eastern city of :harkiv, <kraine in March )*'5.
. <krainian officer leaves as Russian soldiers ,atrol at the <krainian navy headGuarters in "evasto,ol, %rimea, <kraine on March '=, )*'5.
<krainian servicemen filed out of navy headGuarters in "evasto,ol on March '= with tears in their eyes after the ase was sei-ed y ,ro8
Moscow thu&s, Russian troo,s, and %ossack forces. 7he assault e&an when some )** unarmed militants 88 some of them in alaclavas 88
sawed throu&h a fence and overran the ase while the <krainian servicemen arricaded themselves inside. (.+P Photo/ 1iktor Drachev)
<narmed memers of Pro8Russian self8defense forces, left, force themselves throu&h a chain of <krainian military men at the <krainian #avy
headGuarters in "evasto,ol, %rimea, Wednesday, March '=, )*'5. .n .ssociated Press ,hoto&ra,her said several hundred militiamen took
down the &ate and made their way onto the ase. 7hey then raised the Russian fla& on the sGuare y the headGuarters. 7he unarmed militia
waited for an hour in the sGuare efore the move to storm the headGuarters. +ollowin& the arrival of the commander of the Russian Black "ea
fleet, the %rimeans took over the uildin&. (.P Photo/.ndrew Luimov)
<krainian soldiers fold the <krainian fla&, which was removed y a %rimean ,ro8 Russian self8defense force at the <krainian #avy
headGuarters in "evasto,ol, %rimea, Wednesday, March '=, )*'5. .n .ssociated Press ,hoto&ra,her said several hundred militiamen took
down the &ate and made their way onto the ase. 7hey then raised the Russian fla& on the sGuare y the headGuarters. 7he unarmed militia
waited for an hour on the sGuare efore the move to storm the headGuarters. +ollowin& the arrival of the commander of the Russian Black "ea
fleet, the %rimeans took over the uildin&. (.P Photo/.ndrew Luimov)
7he <krainian shi, "lavutich (center) is seen locked y two Russian shi,s at the haror in "evasto,ol, %rimea on March )*,
)*'5. (R6<76R"/1asily +edosenko)
<krainian servicemen stand &uard at a <krainian military ase in Belek, %rimea on March )', )*'5. <.#. "ecretary8!eneral
Ban :i8moon ur&ed <kraine and Russia on +riday March )>, )*'5 to meet for talks to ,revent the crisis etween them ecomin&
PuncontrollaleQ and s,readin& eyond the re&ion. (R6<76R"/1asily +edosenko)
&eople take part in an anti<war rally in Moscow, *%ssia on 9at%rday, March #I, "#$ as *%ssia vetoes the U1 resol%tion on the
referend%m on 7rimea+ 2&hoto: *e%ters3
*%ssian citi>ens and patriots carry G5ands off UkraineH si)n at an anti<war rally in Moscow, *%ssia on 9at%rday, March #I, "#$+
Chousands march in )osco> to 3rotest 2rimea vote
.y =a%ra Mills
Associated &ress
March #I, "#$
M;97;D 2A&3 E Tens of tho%sands of anti<)overnment protesters marched in central Moscow 9at%rday a)ainst a
Kremlin<backed referend%m in 7rimea on whether to break away from Ukraine and ,oin *%ssia+
At was the lar)est anti<)overnment demonstration since "#+ 8emonstrators waved *%ssian and Ukrainian fla)s,
while opposition activists E incl%din) two members of the &%ssy *iot p%nk band E sho%ted O9ay no to warQO and
O&%tin, )o awayQO from the sta)e+
&rotesters also held %p banners that read: OFor yo%r freedom and for o%rsQO ;ne demonstrator held %p a plate of salo
E c%red pork fat that is a staple of Ukrainian c%isine and adored by many *%ssians E alon) with a poster that read:
OMake salo, not warQO
1earby, a rally of several tho%sand was held close to the Kremlin in s%pport of *%ssian intervention in 7rimea+
7rimeaLs referend%m 9%nday has been lo%dly condemned as ille)itimate by m%ch of the international comm%nity+ As
heavily armed forces apparently %nder *%ssian command have effectively taken control of the penins%la, the vote to
,oin *%ssia has been widely critici>ed as a mere formality+
*%ssian s%pport for reclaimin) 7rimea ma,ority has intensified amid weeks of relentless state television covera)e of
p%rported a))ression toward ethnic *%ssians by the new Kiev )overnment, which came to power after UkraineLs
Moscow<friendly president, 'iktor (an%kovych, fled the co%ntry in Febr%ary+
Dhile &resident 'ladimir &%tinLs ratin)s have risen since he anno%nced *%ssiaLs willin)ness to %se force in Ukraine,
the anti<)overnment demonstration 9at%rday showed that not everyone is happy with the decision+
OA love Ukraine E itLs &%tin who needs war and an empire, not me,O said 8mitry Maksimov, a C<year<old lawyer
who held a bo%4%et of flowers dyed bl%e and yellow, the colors of the Ukrainian fla)+
1ade>hda Tolokonnikova, a member of &%ssy *iot, called for defiance a)ainst the a%thorities+
O8onLt believe it when they say that we are few, that we are weak+ To)ether we will chan)e this co%ntry,O she said in a
speech from a sta)e+
1one of *%ssiaLs state<owned news channels showed foota)e from the anti<)overnment protest, and instead showed
live video from the rally near the Kremlin, where lar)e )an)s of men from a )ro%p called O:ssence of TimeO dressed
in %niform red ,ackets and marched to the so%nd of 9oviet<era military m%sic in disciplined col%mns+
9o%rce: http:??news+yahoo+com?tho%sands<march<moscow<protest<crimea<vote<#I"!#"6J+html
Chousands Attend Anti-ar Rally in )osco>
.y ;le) 9%khov@ March #B "#$
Tens of tho%sands of people marched alon) MoscowLs .o%levard *in) on 9at%rday to protest *%ssiaLs action in 7rimea and the
crackdown on independent media they say has accompanied it+ The rally, which some opposition activists said was the lar)est
in a year, was initially e0pected to be aimed a)ainst a potential war with Ukraine+
.%t the appointment of a pro<Kremlin editor at the =enta+r% news site late last week and the blockin) of several opposition sites,
as well as prominent opposition leader Ale0ei 1avalnyLs blo), were added to the eventLs a)enda at the last min%te+
The or)ani>ers estimated the n%mber of participants at B",""", while AF& said I",""" attended the march, and police co%nted
6,""" protesters+
The rally feat%red an %nprecedented n%mber of *%ssian fla)s, as well as Ukrainian ones+ Dhile previo%sly the main symbol
of *%ssiaLs opposition movement had been a white ribbon, national symbols have been %sed more often in recent months E
an apparent nod to protesters from the recent Ukrainian %prisin)+
9ome of the more prominent slo)ans at 9at%rdayLs march also came from the recent protests in Kiev+ These incl%ded O=on) live
Ukraine E lon) live the heroesQ and O=on) live the 5eavenly 5%ndredQO E a reference to the at least #"C protesters who were
killed d%rin) the revol%tion+ 9ome participants of the protest adapted the Ukrainian slo)ans, chantin) O=on) live *%ssia E lon)
live the heroesQO
The theme of peace with Ukraine, a co%ntry with close c%lt%ral and lin)%istic links to *%ssia that is often called Obrotherly,O
dominated at the rally+ ;ne protester all%ded to the biblical story abo%t 7ain killin) Abel, carryin) a poster that read O*%ssia,
where is Abel, thy brotherNO
OUkraine is a brotherly co%ntry, and we will not allow Ythe KremlinZ to dra) %s into a fratricidal war,O Alya (ashin, a leader
of the *&*<&arnas party, said at the protest+ Gashin said the national interests of Russia de3ended on being a 3eaceful
country and res3ecting the sovereignty of other countries+ calling President ;ladimir Putin Lan enemy of Russia0L
ODe are told that &%tin is creatin) a )reat, stron) *%ssia,O he said+ O.%t what is stren)thN An a))ressive, %npredictable,
%nreliable co%ntry that claims territory belon)in) to a nei)hborin) state E is that the ima)e of a stron) *%ssiaNO
A )ro%p of demonstrators held Japanese characters meanin) Opeace,O and the rally also feat%red pict%res of atrocities ca%sed
by military conflicts+ Two protesters carried a poster readin) OMake salo, not warO E a reference to a traditional Ukrainian pork
dish E and had slices of salo laid o%t before them+ They also held si)ns readin) O#C#$<"#$,O comparin) the 7rimean crisis
to Dorld Dar A, and O9ara,evoUKiev,O a reference to the .osnian Dar+
9everal participants also referred to the fact that the *%ssian state had its roots in Kievan *%s+ OKiev is the mother of *%ssian
cities,O said *oman 8obrokhotov, an activist of the 9olidarity movement+ OKiev is where *%ssia comes from and where it will
)et a new lease on life+O Another protester ridic%led &%tinLs recent statement that UkraineLs secession from the 9oviet Union was
not completely le)al, holdin) a placard sayin) O*%ssian principalitiesL secession from Kievan *%s was not 4%ite le)al+O
Putin?s decision to intervene in 2rimea >as seen by some 3rotesters as a sign of madness and by others as a ste3 to>ard
an outright dictatorshi30
Two demonstrators in white coats held a pict%re of &%tin in a strait,acket, while another one carried a placard readin) O&%tin,
yo%r friends 1icolae 7ea%cesc%, M%amar Gaddafi and 9addam 5%ssein are waitin) for yo%+O Apart from the 7rimean crisis,
the rally was also devoted to what protesters saw as the KremlinLs attempts to stifle independent media and introd%ce a more
a%thoritarian re)ime, with some posters sayin) OA do not want to live in 1orth KoreaO and O8own with a throwback to the 9oviet
UnionQO
Anton Ma>%rov, a $I<year<old film critic who attended the protest, said that the apparent crackdown on independent media was
a reaction to the Ukrainian revol%tion+ OThis is a hysterical reaction+ These media posed no threat to the Kremlin,O he said,
addin) that he had come to the rally beca%se of Othe abs%rdity of what is happenin)+O
9o%rce: http:??www+themoscowtimes+com?news?article?tho%sands<attend<anti<war<rally<in<moscow?$CJ66+html
Clinton Tells Ukraine That Door To "ATO #emains O&en
By R+6/RL ERadio +ree 6uro,e/Radio LiertyF
Last u,dated (!M7/<7%)4 *).*?.)*'* 'D4*=
<.". "ecretary of "tate 9illary %linton says P#.7;Js door remains o,en to <kraine,Q des,ite the countryJs retreat from ,ursuin&
memershi, in the loc under President 1iktor $anukoych. "he also said that the notion of a Western8ali&ned <kraine versus a
Russian8ali&ned <kraine was a Pfalse choice.Q
%linton made the remarks today in :yiv, where she met with her <krainian counter,art, :ostyantyn 9ryshchenko, efore
meetin& with $anukovych. "he is also scheduled to meet with o,,osition leader $ulia 7ymoshenko and re,resentatives of civil
society on what is the first sto, of the secretaryJs five8ca,ital tour of 6astern 6uro,e and the %aucasus.
R<kraine is a soverei&n and inde,endent country that has the ri&ht to choose your own alliances,R said
%linton, s,eakin& alon&side 9ryshchenko. R.nd #.7;Ks door remains o,en, ut itKs u, to <kraine to decide whether or not you
wish to ,ursue that or any other course for your own security interest.R
"ince the election in +eruary of $anukoych, the reincarnated villain of the ;ran&e Revolution, <kraine has sou&ht to re,air
severely strained ties with Russia. $anukovychJs ,redecessor, 1iktor $ushchenko, had infuriated Moscow y ,ushin& for #.7;
memershi,. But in .,ril, the new &overnment scra,,ed a state ody set u, to oversee the countryJs eventual accession to the
<.".8led military alliance. ;n 2uly ', on the eve of %lintonJs arrival, <kraineKs ,arliament ,assed in the final readin& a law
formally estalishin& a non8ali&ned status for the country.
%ast/West Dnterests
",eakin& alon&side $anukovych, %linton said that the <.". does not elieve in the conce,t of s,heres of influence. "he
eB,ressed ho,e that <kraine would continue ,ursue constructive relations with the 6< and the <nited "tates, alon& with a
relationshi, with Russia that is Pin <kraineJs interest.Q
R"ome have tried to force <krainians into a choice etween ali&nin& your country with Russia or with the West,R she said. RWe
elieve that is a false choice.R
$anukovych called the <nited "tates a Preliale strate&ic ,artnerQ and ,led&ed to Pmake every effort to stren&then our
,artnershi,.R
.nalysts say that one of the &oals for %lintonJs visit S the first y a senior <.". official to :yiv since $anukovych was elected S
was to hel, ensure that <kraineJs interests do remained alanced.
.lon& with scra,,in& #.7; accession ,lans, the $anukovych &overnment has s,eedily ,ursued other means of reuildin& ties
with Moscow. 0n a decision that s,arked a rawl in the countryJs ,arliament, a measure was ,assed in .,ril to ,rolon& the lease
of the Russian Black "ea +leet in <kraine until )*5).
.lthou&h $anukovych s,ecifically referred to his country a Pnonloc 6uro,ean nation,R the official line is that the country will
continue to ,ursue a Pconstructive ,artnershi,Q with #.7;, and aims to ,artici,ate in military eBercises with 6uro,ean memers
of the loc.
$anukovychJs interest in a different Western8led loc were clearer. P<kraineKs ,ath towards 6uro,ean inte&ration has no
alternative and that has never een in dout,R he said.
0n a reference to the election of $anukovych, deemed fair y international oservers, %linton said, P<kraine has already done a
&reat deal to show that you elon& in the 6uro,ean <nion y settin& a democratic eBam,le for the re&ion.R
9i!eline and 9ress
$anukovych used the occasion to ,ro,ose a new ,i,eline ,roHect to trans,ort Russian &as to the 6< throu&h <kraine, ,otentially
allayin& Western 6uro,ean fears aout the reliaility of <krainian &as shi,ments. . dis,ute last year etween :yiv and Moscow
led to several countries ein& de,rived of ener&y su,,lies.
RWe have our own <krainian conce,t Eof a &as transit systemF that we have ,ro,osed to our ,artners, our collea&ues from the
6uro,ean <nion and from Russia,R said $anukovych. R7his conce,t ,ro,oses the estalishment of a Hoint com,any, with the
,artici,ation of 6< nations, Russia, and <kraine, with the idea of uildin& a &as ,i,eline throu&h <krainian territory that would
,rovide additional &as su,,lies to 6uro,e.R
%linton also eB,ressed <.". su,,ort for <kraineJs stalled id to secure a loan from the 0nternational Monetary +und (0M+).
Last year, the international financial overseer halted its T'D.5 illion loan ,acka&e to <kraine after the ,revious &overnment
violated the 0M+Ks austerity rules. <kraine, attem,tin& to recover from a more than '(8,ercent shrinka&e of the economy in the
wake of the recent financial crisis, has een ,ushin& to restart the flow of loan money.
%linton also said the <nited "tates was Pencoura&edQ y the <krainian &overnmentJs Pcommitment to su,,ort freedom of the
mediaQ and for ensurin& media inde,endence.
"he added, however, that :yiv now needs to turn those commitments into action to ensure ,ress freedoms and other democratic
ri&hts.
"ince the election of $anukovych, ri&hts watchdo&s and international oservers have eB,ressed &rowin& concern over re,orts of
increased ,ressure on Hournalists and a clam,down on the media.
Private television com,anies have recently issued ,etitions com,lainin& of censorshi, in news ,ro&rams, and the <.".
amassador to <kraine last month warned there should e no &oin& ack to the Rold systemR of &overnment ,ressure.
%linton will conclude her visit with a s,eech at :yiv Polytechnic 0nstitute. #eBt on her itinerary is :rakow, followed y Baku,
$erevan, and 7ilisi.
written by Richard Solash, with agency reports
9o%rce: http:??www+rferl+or)?content?7lintonMTellsMUkraineMThatM8oorMToM1AT;M*emainsM;pen?"!C6B+html
&resident of Ukraine 'iktor (an%kovych 2left3 presents a bo%4%et of flowers to U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate 5illary 7linton in Kyiv
YKievZ, Ukraine on J%ly , "#"+
&resident of Ukraine 'ictor (an%kovych meets with United 1ations 9ecretary<General .an Ki<moon at the ;lympic Games in
9ochi, *%ssia on Febr%ary B, "#$+ 2U1 &hoto?&a%lo Fil)%eiras3
Forei)n Minister of *%ssia 9er)ey =avrov 2left3 meets with United 1ations 9ecretary<General .an Ki<moon in Geneva, 9wit>erland
on March 6, "#$+ 2U1 &hoto?:skinder 8ebebe3
United 1ations 9ecretary<General .an Ki<moon 2left3 meets with &resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin in Moscow, *%ssia on
March ", "#$+ 2U1 &hoto?:skinder 8ebebe3
Actin) &resident of Ukraine ;leksandr T%rchynov 2left3 welcomes United 1ations 9ecretary<General .an Ki<moon d%rin) a
meetin) in Kyiv, Ukraine on March #, "#$+ 2A& &hoto3
&rime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy (atseny%k 2left3 shakes hands with United 1ations 9ecretary<General .an Ki<moon at the
United 1ations 5ead4%arters .%ildin) in 1ew (ork 7ity on March #6, "#$+ 2U&A?John An)elillo3
&rime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy (atseny%k 2left3 and :%ropean 7o%ncil &resident 5erman 'an *omp%y e0chan)e doc%ments
at the si)nin) ceremony in .r%ssels, .el)i%m on March #, "#$+
:%ropean 7o%ncil &resident 5erman 'an *omp%y 2far ri)ht3 looks at his papers as 2from ri)ht to left3 &rime Minister of Ukraine
Arseniy (atseny%k, &rime Minister of Great .ritain 8avid 7ameron, &rime Minister of 9weden Fredrik *einfeldt, &rime
Minister of Finland Jyrki Katainen and &rime Minister of 9lovakia *obert Fico appla%d d%rin) a si)nin) ceremony at a
:%ropean Union s%mmit in .r%ssels, .el)i%m on March #, "#$+ 2A& &hoto3
&rime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy (atseny%k 2center3 appears with :%ropean 7ommission &resident Jose Man%el .arroso 2left3
and 7atherine Ashton 2ri)ht3 in .r%ssels, .el)i%m in March "#$+
Geoffrey &yatt 2nd left3, the U+9+ Ambassador to Ukraine, and Dendy 9herman 2center, yellow ,acket3, the U+9+ Under 9ecretary of
9tate for &olitical Affairs, meet with ;leksandr T%rchynov 2ri)ht3, Actin) &resident of Ukraine, at 'erkhovna *ada 2&arliament3 in
Kiev, Ukraine on March ", "#$+ Dendy 9herman is a member of the 7o%ncil on Forei)n *elations+ 2&hoto: U+9+ :mbassy Kyiv3
&resident of the United 9tates of America .arack ;bama 2ri)ht3 meets with &resident of Ka>akhstan 1%rs%ltan 1a>arbayev at the U+9+
Ambassador-s *esidence in The 5a)%e, 1etherlands on T%esday, March I, "#$+ 2A& &hoto?&ablo Martine> Monsivais3
&resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin 2left3 con)rat%lates .rooklyn 1ets owner Mikhail &rokhorov d%rin) a state award ceremony
at the Kremlin in Moscow, *%ssia on Monday, March $, "#$+ 1ets owner Mikhail &rokhorov said on Monday he planned to
relocate his company that r%ns the .rooklyn 1ets basketball team to *%ssia, in keepin) with the Kremlin-s call on *%ssian
b%sinessmen to repatriate their assets to help combat new American sanctions+ The United 9tates and :%ropean Union have
imposed visa bans and asset free>es on officials and b%sinessmen believed to be close to *%ssian &resident 'ladimir &%tin in
protest at Moscow-s anne0ation of Ukraine-s 7rimea re)ion+ 2&hoto: Getty Ama)es3
An this photo provided by *%ssian 8efense Ministry shows, *%ssian 8efense Minister 9er)ei 9hoi)%, third from left, looks at *%ssian
marines as they march with the *%ssian navy 9evastopolLs fla)s at a military base in 9evastopol, 7rimea on Monday, March $, "#$+
9hoi)%Ls visit comes as Ukraine-s provisional )overnment ordered Ukrainian troops to withdraw from 7rimea on Monday, endin) days
of waverin) as *%ssian troops consolidate control over the penins%la+
2A& &hoto?&ress 9ervice of *%ssian 8efense Ministry, 'adim 9avitsky3
An this photo provided by the *%ssian 8efense Ministry, *%ssian 8efense Minister 9er)ei 9hoi)%, left, awards a former Ukrainian
special forces G.erk%tH officer, back to camera, at a military base in 9evastopol, 7rimea, Monday, March $, "#$+ 2A& &hoto?&ress
9ervice of *%ssian 8efense Ministry, 'adim 9avitsky, &ool3
A Ukrainian border )%ard stands at a *%ssian<Ukrainian border crossin) near the villa)e of Uspenka, in eastern Ukraine March
I, "#$+ 2*:UT:*9?(annis .ehrakis3
Actin) 8efence Minister of Ukraine Mykhailo Koval attends a parliament session in Kiev, Ukraine on March I, "#$+
=awmakers elected Koval, head of the Ukrainian border )%ard, to replace actin) 8efence Minister Ahor Teny%kh+
2*:UT:*9?Ale0 K%>min3
An this photo taken on Monday, March $, "#$, ;leh =yashko, center, a lawmaker, who s%pported the protests that o%sted *%ssian<
leanin) president 'iktor (an%kovych and his )overnment, shakes hands with a soldier while visitin) Ukrainian troops near 7rimea,
anne0ed by *%ssia, to s%pport the Ukrainian soldiers- spirit+ 2A& &hoto?;sman Karimov3
Actin) 8efence Minister of Ukraine Ahor Teny%kh 2left3 leaves a parliament session as U8A* 2&%nch3 party head 'italy Klitschko
2bottom3 stands nearby in Kiev, Ukraine on March I, "#$+ &arliament in Ukraine dismissed Teny%kh on T%esday in a second vote,
havin) earlier re,ected his offer to resi)n over his handlin) of *%ssiaLs anne0ation of 7rimea+ 2*:UT:*9?Ale0 K%>min3
*%ssian sailors stand onboard the ship Aleksandrovets at the port of 9evastopol, 7rimea on March I, "#$+ U+9+ &resident .arack
;bama and ma,or ind%strialised allies warned *%ssia on Monday it faced dama)in) economic sanctions if &resident 'ladimir &%tin
takes f%rther action to destabilise Ukraine followin) the sei>%re of 7rimea+ 2*:UT:*9?'asily Fedosenko3
Ukrainian tanks are transported from their base in &erevalnoe, o%tside 9imferopol, 7rimea on Dednesday, March J, "#$+
Ukraine has started withdrawin) its troops and weapons from 7rimea, now controlled by *%ssia+ A 9hell )asoline station can be
seen in the back)ro%nd, on the left side of the photo)raph+ 2A& &hoto?&avel Golovkin3
&rime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy (atseny%k speaks to lawmakers d%rin) a session at the Ukrainian parliament in Kiev,
Ukraine on Th%rsday, March B, "#$+ 2A& &hoto?9er)ei 7h%>avkov3
&eople hold a h%)e Ukrainian, 7rimean and 7rimean Tatar fla)s d%rin) a rally in s%pport of UkraineLs territorial inte)rity in
Andependence 94%are in Kiev, Ukraine on Th%rsday, March B, "#$+ 2A& &hoto?:frem =%katsky3
&eople hold a h%)e Ukrainian, 7rimean and 7rimean Tatar fla)s d%rin) rally in s%pport of UkraineLs territorial inte)rity, in
Andependence 94%are in Kiev, Ukraine on 9%nday, March 6, "#$+ Tho%sands of demonstrators )athered on Andependence
94%are in Kiev on 9%nday for a weekly rally in s%pport of a %nited Ukraine and a)ainst the a))ression of the *%ssian Federation+
2A& &hoto?9er)ei 7h%>avkov3
Activists of the *i)ht 9ector movement and their s%pporters )ather o%tside the parliament b%ildin) to demand the immediate
resi)nation of Anternal Affairs Minister Arsen Avakov, in Kiev, Ukraine on March B, "#$+ A 3rominent A5rainian far-right
activist+ 3art of a hard-line nationalist movement that 3layed a leading role in the overthro> of President ;i5tor
Ganu5ovich+ >as shot dead by 3olice overnight+ authorities said on )arch %@0 Che Interior )inistry said 6le5sander
)u<ych5o+ also 5no>n as 9ash5o Bily+ >as 5illed by officers of the ?9o5ol? s3ecial unit as he tried to esca3e from a cafe in
the >estern A5rainian region of Rivne0 2*:UT:*9?'asily Fedosenko3
Members of the Ukrainian far<ri)ht radical )ro%p *i)ht 9ector stand o%tside the parliament in Kiev, Ukraine on March !, "#$+
Ukrainian a%thorities carried o%t an inspection to%r of Kiev-s bomb shelters on Friday as lawmakers acc%sed *%ssia of
fomentin) tro%ble in the Ukrainian capital after havin) anne0ed the .lack 9ea re)ion of 7rimea+ The slo)an on the face mask
reads G'ictory or deathH+ 2*:UT:*9?'alentyn ;)irenko3
'ice &resident of the United 9tates Joe .iden 2left3 and &rime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy (atseny%k attend a press conference
in Kiev, Ukraine on April , "#$+ 2&hoto: 9er)ey 8ol>henko?:&A3
AP Intervie>! Ganu5ovych >as M>rong: on 2rimea
.y 7A*; K*A:= and '=A8AMA* A9A75:1K;'.y 7A*; K*A:= and '=A8AMA* A9A75:1K;'
April , "#$ #:#" &M :T
*;9T;'<;1<8;1, *%ssia 2A&3 E An his first interview since fleein) to *%ssia, UkraineLs o%sted president said Dednesday
that he was Gwron)H to have invited *%ssian troops into 7rimea and vowed to try to pers%ade *%ssia to ret%rn the coveted .lack
9ea penins%la+
8efensive and at times teary<eyed, 'iktor (an%kovych told The Associated &ress and *%ssiaLs state 1T' television that he still
hopes to ne)otiate with *%ssian &resident 'ladimir &%tin to )et the anne0ed re)ion back+
G7rimea is a tra)edy, a ma,or tra)edy,H the J6<year<old (an%kovych said, insistin) that *%ssia-s takeover of 7rimea wo%ldn-t
have happened if he had stayed in power+ 5e fled Ukraine in Febr%ary after three months of protests foc%sed on corr%ption and
on his decision to seek closer ties to *%ssia instead of the :%ropean Union+
(an%kovych denied the alle)ations of corr%ption, sayin) he b%ilt his palatial residence o%tside of Kiev, the Ukrainian capital,
with his own money+ 5e also denied responsibility for the sniper deaths of abo%t !" protesters in Kiev in Febr%ary, for which he
has been char)ed by UkraineLs interim )overnment+
As the world has watched the t%m%lt%o%s events in Ukraine, (an%kovych has been a bit of a )host, even as he has insisted he is
still the co%ntryLs tr%e leader+ Dhile &%tin has been openly dismissive of (an%kovych, the *%ssian president has also described
him as the le)itimate leader and his o%ster as ille)al+
(an%kovych-s statement abo%t 7rimea appeared to represent an attempt to shore %p at least some s%pport in his homeland,
where even his s%pporters have deserted him+
*%ssia anne0ed 7rimea last month followin) a hastily called referend%m held two weeks after *%ssian troops took control of the
re)ion+ Ukraine and the Dest have re,ected the vote and the anne0ation as ille)al+
Dhile *%ssia can hardly be e0pected to roll back its anne0ation, (an%kovych-s statement co%ld widen &%tinLs options in the
talks on settlin) the Ukrainian crisis by creatin) an impression that Moscow co%ld be open for disc%ssions on 7rimeaLs stat%s in
the f%t%re+
(an%kovych has now lost the Ukrainian presidency twice in the past decade+ An ""$, his presidential win was thrown o%t after
the ;ran)e *evol%tion protests ca%sed the fra%d%lent election to be ann%lled+
(an%kovych said he has spoken with &%tin twice by phone and once in person since he arrived in *%ssia E describin) their
talks as Gdiffic%ltH E and hopes to have more meetin)s with the *%ssian leader to ne)otiate 7rimeaLs ret%rn to Ukraine+
GDe m%st search for ways +++ so that 7rimea may have the ma0im%m de)ree of independence possible +++ b%t be part of Ukraine,H
he said+
(an%kovych said the 7rimean referend%m in March E a vote in which residents overwhelmin)ly voted to ,oin *%ssia E was a
response to threats posed by radical nationalists in Ukraine+
&%tin said last month that (an%kovych had asked *%ssia to send its troops to Ukraine to protect its people E a re4%est seen as
treason by many Ukrainians+ Asked abo%t the move, (an%kovych said he had made a mistake+
GA was wron),H he said+ GA acted on my emotions+H
*%ssian troops 4%ickly overran 7rimea, which has an ethnic *%ssian ma,ority, takin) over )overnment and military facilities on
the prete0t of protectin) *%ssians+
(an%kovych did not answer several 4%estions abo%t whether he wo%ld s%pport *%ssia E which has deployed tens of tho%sands
of troops near the Ukrainian border E movin) into Ukraine to protect ethnic *%ssians, the ,%stification &%tin %sed to take
7rimea+
(an%kovych echoed the key Kremlin demand for settlin) the Ukrainian crisis, p%shin) for a referend%m that co%ld t%rn Ukraine
into a loosely knit federation+ 5e said s%ch a referend%m sho%ld be followed by constit%tional reform, and only after that sho%ld
Ukraine have a national election+
The interim )overnment in Kiev that took power after him has sched%led a presidential election for May I+
(an%kovych, who was born in the 8onetsk coal<minin) re)ion of eastern Ukraine, worked at a metal plant before becomin) an
ind%strial mana)er and risin) thro%)h the ranks to become a local )overnor and then prime minister+ 5is critics note his criminal
record and say he lacks a proper ed%cation to 4%alify for the co%ntryLs top ,ob+
After he left the co%ntry, crowds of Ukrainians flocked to view his op%lent co%ntry residence o%tside of Kiev and were shocked
by its e0trava)ant display of wealth amid the co%ntryLs financial r%in+
;n Dednesday, (an%kovych denied any corr%ption s%rro%ndin) the estate+ 5e spoke with pride and affection abo%t his
collection of do>ens of classic cars, sayin) he had bo%)ht them over years+ 5e also said he hadnLt seen or %sed the )olden loaf of
bread fo%nd in his residence that attracted m%ch attention and sarcasm+
5e also insisted that he )ave no advanta)es or special privile)es to his dentist<t%rned<billionaire son Ale0ander, who is said to
have amassed a vast fort%ne d%rin) his fatherLs r%le and an)ered other Ukrainian tycoons by takin) over some of the co%ntry-s
most profitable assets+
(an%kovych insisted he was rel%ctant to %se force a)ainst the protesters who paraly>ed Kiev for months, sayin) he was
critici>ed by his ento%ra)e for takin) too soft an attit%de+
5e firmly denied that he )ave the orders to shoot the demonstrators in downtown Kiev in Febr%ary+ The )overnment now in
power has slapped (an%kovych with criminal char)es in connection with those deaths+
The lon)<time politician said he hopes to ret%rn to Ukraine someday, b%t didnLt offer any details on how he co%ld reclaim power+
Dith tears wellin) in his eyes, (an%kovych said he was ready to sacrifice his life d%rin) the escalatin) protests b%t reali>ed that
doin) so wo%ld be simply a )ift to the Gneo<fascistsH who he said sei>ed power by force+ 5e claimed they machine<)%nned his
convoy as he was leavin) the Ukrainian capital+
GA didnLt want to )ive them my life ,%st for nothin),H he said+
9o%rce: The Associated &ress
Ander Russia+ Life in 2rimea Gro>s 2haotic
.y 1:A= MacFA*/U5A*
A&*A= #, "#$
9AMF:*;&;=, 7rimea E After *%ssia anne0ed 7rimea practically overni)ht, the *%ssian b%rea%crats handlin) passports and
residence permits inhabited the b%ildin) of their Ukrainian predecessors, where *oman 1ikolayev now waits daily with a
seemin)ly m%ndane 4%estion+
5is da%)hter and )randda%)hter were newly arrived from Ukraine when they s%ddenly fo%nd themselves in a different co%ntry,
so he wonders if they can become le)al residents+ .%t he cannot )et inside to ask beca%se he is 1o+ $,$BI on the waitin) list for
passports+ At most, "" people are admitted each day from the crowd ch%rnin) aro%nd the tall, r%sty iron )ate+
GThey set %p hotlines, b%t nobody ever answers,H said Mr+ 1ikolayev, I$, a trim, retired transportation mana)er with a short salt<
and<pepper beard+
G.efore we had a pretty well<or)ani>ed co%ntry E life was smooth,H he said, si)hin)+ GThen, within the space of two weeks, one
co%ntry became another+H 5e added, G:to bardak,H %sin) the *%ssian for bordello and meanin), GThis is a mess+H
;ne month after the li)htnin) anne0ation, residents of this .lack 9ea penins%la find themselves livin) not so m%ch in a different
state, *%ssia, as in a state of perpet%al conf%sion+ 8eclarin) the chan)e, they are findin), was far easier than act%ally carryin) it
o%t+
The chaotic transition comes amid evolvin) tensions in nearby eastern Ukraine, where the possible o%tcomes incl%de a 7rimea<
anne0ation replay+
An 7rimea now, few instit%tions f%nction normally+ Most banks are closed+ 9o are land re)istration offices+ 7o%rt cases have
been postponed indefinitely+ Food imports are hapha>ard+ 9ome forei)n companies, like Mc8onald-s, have sh%t down+
;ther chan)es are more sinister+ G9elf<defense %nits,H with no obvio%s official mandate, swoop down at train stations and other
entry points for s%dden inspections+ 8r%) addicts, political activists, )ays and even Ukrainian priests E all cens%red by either
the )overnment or the *%ssian ;rthodo0 7h%rch E are amon) the most obvio%s )ro%ps fearin) life %nder a far less tolerant
)overnment+
An fact, switchin) co%ntries has bro%)ht disarray to virt%ally all aspects of life+ 7rimeans find themselves needin) new thin)s
every day E driver-s licenses and license plates, ins%rance and prescriptions, passports and school c%rric%l%ms+ The *%ssians
who have flooded in seekin) land deals and other opport%nities have been e4%ally fr%strated by the lo)istical and b%rea%cratic
roadblocks+
GThe radical reconstr%ction of everythin) is re4%ired, so these problems are m%ltiplyin),H said 'ladimir &+ Ka>arin, JJ, a
philolo)y professor at Ta%rida 1ational University+ 2The %niversity-s name, which derives from Greek history, is sched%led to
be chan)ed+3 GAt will take two or three years for all this chaos to be worked o%t, yet we have to keep on livin)+H
;n a deeper level, some 7rimeans str%))le with f%ndamental 4%estions abo%t their identity, a far more tan)led process than
merely chan)in) passports+
GA cannot say to myself, W;+K+, now A will stop lovin) Ukraine and A will love *%ssia,- H said 1atalia Ashchenko, another Ta%rida
professor with roots in both co%ntries+ GA feel like my heart is broken in two parts+ At is really diffic%lt psycholo)ically+H
The 7rimean )overnment dismisses any do%bts or even complaints+
G1onsenseQH said (elena (%rchenko, the minister for to%rism and resorts and the da%)hter of a 9oviet admiral who retired in
7rimea+ These Gare small iss%es that can be resolved as they appear,H she said, addin), GAt mi)ht res%lt in certain tensions for the
la>y people who do not want to make pro)ress+H
=e)ions of *%ssian officials have descended on 7rimea to teach the local people how to become *%ssian+ An to%rism alone, Ms+
(%rchenko said, 7rimea needed advice abo%t *%ssian law, marketin), health care and news media+
G7an yo% ima)ine how many people need to come to work here for ,%st that one sectorNH she said in an interview, e0plainin)
why even her ministry co%ld not help anyone find a hotel room in 9imferopol, the 7rimean capital+ GDe also have
transportation, economy, constr%ction, medicine, c%lt%re and many other thin)s+H
;ther chan)es in national identity elsewhere, like the Gvelvet divorceH of the 7>ech *ep%blic and 9lovakia in #CC6, happened
with more advance plannin)+ 7rimeans feel as if they went thro%)h the entire reverse process in #CC#, when Ukraine left the
9oviet Union, which had transferred the penins%la to Ukraine from *%ssia in #CI$+ 7onf%sedN 9o are they+
For 7rimeans, every day overflows with %ncertainty+
Food imports, for e0ample, have dwindled in the face of m%rky, slapdash r%les+ The 7rimean a%thorities recently banned cheese
and pork from Ukraine, then anno%nced that f%ll *%ssian border controls wo%ld be p%t in effect on Friday+ 9hoppers are
s%ddenly findin) favorite brands of ordinary items like yo)%rt %navailable+
7itin) lo)istical problems, Mc8onald-s closed+ Metro, a )iant German s%permarket chain, also sh%t down+ Most m%ltinational
b%sinesses want to avoid possible sanctions elsewhere for operatin) in 7rimea+
Fli)ht connections have been severed e0cept to *%ssia+ 7rimea officially moved an ho%r ahead to Moscow time, b%t cellphones
a%tomatically revert to Ukrainian time+
An 8>hankoy, abo%t II miles north of this capital city, :dward A+ Fyodorov, 6B, has been sellin) ice cream since he was C years
old+ Those sales event%ally led to a fleet of " refri)erated tr%cks+ 5e %sed to import all manner of food from Ukraine, incl%din)
fro>en b%ns and salad fi0in)s for Mc8onald-s, pl%s vario%s )oods for Metro s%permarkets and 6"" smaller )rocery stores+
.%siness is off C" percent, he said+ Five to seven tr%ckloads a day have diminished to abo%t one a week+ 5e has been lookin) for
*%ssian s%ppliers, b%t prod%cts cost abo%t B" percent more and transportation iss%es are thorny+
7rimea lacks a land border with *%ssia, abo%t 6I" miles away thro%)h Ukraine+ The lone ferry crosses to 7rimea from an
obsc%re corner of the 7a%cas%s+ An e0pensive brid)e promised by the Kremlin is years away+
GAt is impossible to make any plans or forecasts,H said Mr+ Fyodorov, voicin) an almost %niversal lament+ :ven if he fo%nd work,
he said, closed banks make payments impossible+
=on) lines snake o%tside the few *%ssian banks operatin)+ 29ome 7rimeans waitin) in line resorted to a 9oviet<era tactic of
vol%nteerin) to maintain epic lists E at one passport office the list stretched to more than #,""" names+3 &resident 'ladimir '+
&%tin anno%nced Th%rsday that he hoped to have *%ssian banks f%nctionin) normally in 7rimea within a month+
The Kremlin, which has anno%nced plans to make 7rimea a )amblin) mecca, set an official deadline of Jan+ #, "#I, for the
transition+ The initial cost allocated to Gall 7rimean pro)ramsH this year will be F+!I billion, Mr+ &%tin said, b%t )iven the
promises the Kremlin has made re)ardin) infrastr%ct%re and do%bled pensions, amon) other thin)s, the event%al anne0ation bill
is e0pected to climb far beyond that+
&rices are often 4%oted in both Ukrainian hryvnias and *%ssian r%bles, b%t the e0chan)e rate fl%ct%ates constantly+ :ven the
simplest transactions, like payin) ta0i fares, res%lt in ha))lin) by calc%lator+
=and sales, despite s%r)in) demand from *%ssians wantin) seaside dachas, have stalled beca%se land re)istration offices are
closed+
Ma0im and Arina 1efeld, a yo%n) Moscow co%ple, had dreamed abo%t livin) near the sea for so lon) that they were on 7rimea-s
so%thern coast seekin) land on March #!, the day Mr+ &%tin anno%nced the anne0ation+
They fo%nd a pine<covered lot, a third of an acre with a sea view, for FJ","""+ They a)reed to b%y it, b%t co%ld not complete the
deal witho%t the land office, or find a bank to transfer the money+
The ne0t day the owner asked for FB","""+ Mr+ 1efeld went back to Moscow to )et it in cash+ Dhen he ret%rned on April #", the
landowner demanded F#"","""+
*%ssian laws leave some )ro%ps o%t in the cold+ *%ssia bans methadone to treat heroin addiction, for e0ample+ As local s%pplies
dwindle, the daily dosa)e for "" patients at the clinic here has been halved+
GAt is o%r death,H said Ale0ander, $", declinin) to identify himself p%blicly as a recoverin) addict+ Unaware that methadone was
ille)al in *%ssia, he voted for anne0ation+
7rimeans are occasionally alarmed by armed men in %niforms witho%t insi)nia who materiali>e at places like 9imferopol-s train
station, inspectin) l%))a)e and occasionally arrestin) passen)ers+ 'ario%s people detained in protests a)ainst the referend%m a
month a)o have not res%rfaced+
Dhen confronted, the %niformed men tell 7rimeans that they are Gactivists from the peopleH who are Gpreservin) order+H
Archbishop Kliment of the Ukrainian ;rthodo0 7h%rch, vilified by its *%ssian co%nterpart, said *%ssian priests with armed
s%pporters had threatened to confiscate ch%rches in at least two villa)es+ 5is #J priests sent their families and their most val%able
icons to the Ukrainian mainland for protection, he said+
1atalia *%denko, the fo%ndin) principal of the capital-s one Ukrainian school, said city officials fired her shortly after a member
of the self<defense forces visited, demandin) to know why the school was still teachin) Ukrainian and not flyin) the *%ssian
fla)+ Ms+ (%rchenko, the to%rism minister, said the school co%ld contin%e to teach Ukrainian, since the new 7onstit%tion
protected the lan)%a)e, b%t it wo%ld need to add *%ssian classes+
At is hard to tally the many branches of )overnment not f%nctionin)+
7o%rt cases have been fro>en beca%se the ,%d)es do not know what law to apply+ :ssential proced%res like 81A testin) m%st
now be done in Moscow instead of Kiev+
;ne traffic officer confessed he had no idea what law to enforce E he was bein) sent to school two ho%rs a day to learn *%ssian
traffic laws+
=awyers, their previo%s ed%cation now irrelevant, plow thro%)h *%ssian le)al te0tbooks wrestlin) with the %nfamiliar terms+ GA
won-t be able to compete with yo%n) lawyers who come from *%ssia with diplomas in *%ssian law,H said ;l)a 7herevkova, I,
who was previo%sly p%rs%in) a &h+8+ in Ukrainian health care law+
9he is wei)hin) whether to abandon the land of her birth, of her identity+
GMaybe A sho%ld ,%st pack my s%itcase and move to Miami,H she said, la%)hin), then ca%)ht herself+ GA am la%)hin), b%t it is not
really a ,oke+ A want to live in a free co%ntry+ 9till, for me as a lawyer, it is interestin), if a bit stran)e+H
2orrection! A3ril %%+ %&'1
.eca%se of an editin) error, an earlier version of this article misstated the ori)in of the name of Ta%rida 1ational University+ At
derives from Greek history, not 7rimean Tatar history+
1ikolay Khalip contrib%ted reportin)+
A version of this article appears in print on April , "#$, on pa)e A# of the 1ew (ork edition with the headline: Under
*%ssia, =ife in 7rimea Grows 7haotic+ ;rder *eprints\TodayLs &aper\9%bscribe
9o%rce: http:??www+nytimes+com?"#$?"$??world?e%rope?%nder<r%ssia<life<in<crimea<)rows<chaotic+htmlNMrU"
The line o%tside the )overnment office in 9imferopol, the capital of 7rimea, where new *%ssian passports were bein) processed+
2&hoto 7redit: James 5ill for (+e Ne9 :or. (imes3
Mc8onald-s has closed its resta%rants in 7rimea, citin) lo)istical problems after the re)ion was anne0ed by *%ssia+ 2&hoto
7redit: James 5ill for (+e Ne9 :or. (imes3
A :%rasian Union 1o MoreN
Anton .arbashin
The 1ational Anterest
April 6, "#$
For the last few years, *%ssia has ea)erly promoted its )rand G:%rasianH pro,ect, offerin) deeper economic inte)ration with former
9oviet co%ntries+ As proposed by 'ladimir &%tin in "##, a 7%stoms Union, or f%rther, a :%rasian Union, was s%pposed to help the
economies of the re)ion flo%rish by combinin) their individ%al stren)ths and enterin) the )lobal economy as a stron), consolidated
economic entity+ &%tin officially stated that his proposal was based on a new reality, where to be s%ccessf%l was to be open, transparent
and democraticEand had nothin) to do with Gbrin)in) back the 9oviet Union+H
In its original version+ the ,urasian Anion >as su33osed to ta5e a good lesson from the ,uro3ean Anion in bringing different
nations voluntarily under the same roof and most certainly >as not focused on any 5ind of alienation from the rest of the
>orld0
Along >ith the members of the already established 2ustoms AnionNBelarus and Ka<a5hstanNthe 5ey to the success of the
3roBect >as al>ays A5raine0 Putin+ as >ell as his advisers+ clearly understood that >ithout A5raine+ no economic or 3olitical
coo3eration >ould be si<able enough to be considered a global or even regional center of 3o>er0 In addition+ A5raine:s
historical im3ortance to Russia made the case to use every means 3ossible to >in it over0 ith or >ithout its embattled
3resident ;i5tor Ganu5ovych+ A5raine had to be involved in Russia:s ne> ,urasian 3roBect0 Chat is a maBor reason >hy+ >hen
Kyiv:s M)aidan: revolutionists 5ic5ed Ganu5ovych out of 3o>er+ Russia attem3ted to retain its influence in A5raine0
.y the lo)ic of 'ladimir &%tin and his inner circle, the complete loss of Ukraine to the Dest wo%ld be an inc%rable illness that wo%ld
disarm any *%ssian attempt to recover as a )lobal power+ Moreover, &%tin feared that Maidan<style protests co%ld at some point spread
onto *%ssia+ An his eyes there was no possibility that Kyiv-s new leaders co%ld s%cceed in reformin) their economically sta)nant,
corr%ption<riddled state+ Moscow had to react, %sin) all capabilities present: propa)anda, *%ssian minorities in Ukraine, military
presence if necessaryEraisin) the stakes %p to a ma0im%m+
At seems that the Dest has not %nderstood clearly eno%)h that Ukraine is the sin)le most important entity for *%ssian aspirations and,
yes, for &%tin-s le)acy+ The Kremlin is willin) to )o to any len)th necessary not to lose this )ame+
.y p%rs%in) his )oals, anne0in) 7rimea and fi)htin) for eastern Ukraine, &%tin has %ltimately and irrevocably chan)ed the r%les of the
)ame andEmore important for the f%t%re of the re)ionE*%ssia-s inte)ration proposal to its nei)hbors+
&%tin has always been a realpolitik playerEeven when it seemed that he was willin) to cooperate with the Dest+ &atience has always
been his virt%e+ 1ow, when his cards are increasin)ly p%t on the table, we see that &%tin is determined to sec%re his place in *%ssia-s
history+ .y %nleashin) a f%ll<scale media campai)n, &%tin is provin) to *%ssians and the rest of the world that the res%lts of #CC#E
namely, the collapse of the 9oviet UnionEare to be reconsidered+ *%ssia did not lose the war with the Dest@ it merely took a break+
Moreover, &%tin is provin) that the Destern wayEthe liberal )overnin)Eis not the only option+ An order to reassert *%ssia-s )reat<
power stat%s, *%ssia is )oin) back to its imperial roots+ And now, the intensity of the sit%ation with Ukraine is callin) for decisive
actions+ &%tin played a G*%ssian civili>ationH card as an entry pass to the )eo)raphical redrawin) of the re)ion+ An &%tin-s eyes, the
borders and consens%s of #CC# do not work anymore, th%s, *%ssia m%st do everythin) it can to sec%re what it believes belon)s to her+
And the criteria is very tan)ibleEhistory, *%ssian ethnicity or *%ssian lan)%a)e+
For ;ladimir PutinNA5raine is a <ero-sum game0 ,ither he >ins and gets >hat he >ants or nobody >ins and A5raine >ill
remain an unstable+ economically failing and decentrali<ed state0 From the very beginning of the A5raine crisis+ Putin acted
>ith the belief that the est >ould in the end acce3t his alterations to the ,uro3ean ma30 From his fourteen years in 3o>er+
Putin has learned that the estNes3ecially the ,ANis inca3able of acting as a single unit and is not >illing to ma5e high-ris5
moves0 Che Kremlin is convinced that it could act Iuic5er than the est could react0 And the 2rimean saga has 3roven him
correct0 ,ven today+ >hen it is obvious that Russia is dee3ly involved in eastern A5raine+ the est is still inca3able of
res3onding >ith a unified voice or decision0 In the end+ the est >ill unite and act as a single unit+ but it no> seems that it >ill
be too little+ too late0
Che A5raine crisis made Putin reveal the true nature of his as3irations+ no> visible to Russia:s neighbors+ the est and the
rest of the >orld0 Che main agenda of Putin:s third term in office is to bring bac5 a Russian ,m3ire-li5e stateD it is not
,urasian+ it is decisively Russian0 It means that ,urasian integration as designed in the beginning doesn:t >or5 anymore0 For
those nations involved in or invited to Boin the ,urasian Anion+ it is no> clear that there can be no eIual 3artnershi3 >ith
Russia+ only submission0 Che Iuestion is >hether submission is going to be 3leasant and economically beneficial to all sides+ or
rather tough and less 3leasant for the incor3orated entities0
&%tin brilliantly works with history, brin)in) back tho%sand<year<old ima)es of the *%ssian G)atherin) of landsH, which allows him to
sell any political move to the vast ma,ority of the *%ssian or pro<*%ssian pop%lations in nei)hborin) co%ntries and at home, makin)
this conflict a civili>ational iss%e+ Th%s, the new *%ssian proposition to its nei)hbors is to %nite all that is, in a broader sense, *%ssian
2in the re)ion3 %nder the same fla)+ The inte)ration process is no more abo%t the economic benefits, b%t abo%t a civili>ational choice
and historic mission+
This new state of reality, where there is no more stat%s 4%o, has won &%tin an incredible amo%nt of s%pport in *%ssia, where !" percent
voiced their approval of &%tin-s actions and J6 percent a)reed that all power in the co%ntry is in the hands of 'ladimir &%tin and that
this is a )ood thin)+
The other members of the 7%stoms Union, .elar%s and Ka>akhstan, were not prepared or happy to see s%ch a chan)e in *%ssia-s
overall strate)y, as both Minsk and Astana participated for the economic benefit rather than for political reasons or to aid *%ssia-s
aspirations for re)ional dominance+ *%ssia-s closest allies do cherish their political independence and will not easily be convinced to
rethink the lo)ic of the last twenty<three years of their independence and political and instit%tional development+
An the case of Ka>akhstan, where the entire northern part of the co%ntry is lar)ely pop%lated by ethnic *%ssians, the new reality calls
for new policy and the recalibratin) of strate)ic plans+ Ka>akh nationalists have already be)%n voicin) reasonable concerns over
Ka>akhstan-s f%t%re relations with Moscow+ And .elar%s president =%kashenko )ave mi0ed si)nals to both sides+ ;fficially, he has
s%pported *%ssia-s ri)ht to take 7rimea, b%t has spoken %nfavorably abo%t the federali>ation or separation of the Ukrainian state+ .oth
presidents 1a>arbayev and =%kashenko are spooked by the scale and readiness of 'ladimir &%tin to press his a)enda+ An no way will
what &%tin has envisioned for the re)ion well s%it =%kashenko and 1a>arbayev, who have spent decades b%ildin) %p their rep%tations
as Gfathers of their nationsH+ The 4%estion as to how Minsk and Astana will deal with new *%ssian politics is still open and depends
)reatly on how the Ukraine crisis will be resolved+
&%tin-s hi)h stakes )ame risks the lon)<term wealth of the *%ssian stateEthe very asset &%tin has %sed domestically and
internationally to promote his vision over the last fo%rteen years+ At is no secret that for the post<9oviet nations, the attractiveness of
membership in the 7%stoms Union or :%rasian Union was rooted in *%ssia-s financial capabilities and fiscal aid+ .oth Minsk and
Astana )ladly %sed the fr%its of *%ssia-s oil and )as Klondike+ Kyr)y>stan, Ta,ikistan and Armenia were certainly lookin) forward to
)ettin) )ood deals from *%ssia and %sin) &%tin-s G)enerosityH to its f%llest e0tent+
.%t as it seems today, *%ssia-s Ukrainian aspirations are e0pensive and that cost will only increase with time+ :ven before the Ukraine
crisis, the *%ssian economy was slowin), with pro,ected G8& )rowth of only #+I percent+ An official April pro)nosis for "#$-s G8&
)rowth was below # percent+ 1ow it seems that, if the conflict contin%es to escalate and the Dest contin%es to levy sanctions on
*%ssia, the *%ssian economy will start to shrink+
The capital o%tflow from *%ssia over the last three months has reached FBI billion and by the end of the year will most likely top F""
billion+ ;bvio%sly, c%rrent tensions with the Dest and escalatin) sanctions will not brin) new investors to the *%ssian economy+ ;n
top of monies already e0pended for the %pkeep of 9o%th ;ssetia and Abkha>ia, 7rimea is an additional b%rden for the state b%d)et+
The estimated cost for 7rimean inte)ration wo%ld be F$<I billion per year+
Dhat-s more important in the near f%t%re is that *%ssia will face the necessity to rero%te its ener)y e0ports away from the :U, which is
clearly headed towards ac4%irin) independence from *%ssia+ 7%rrently, *%ssia-s b%d)et is II percent dependent on the )as e0ports,
and, since the :U is the main cons%mer of *%ssian ener)y, *%ssia-s financial well<bein) is hi)hly dependent on the :U-s
diversification plans+ Af the :U proceeds with a painf%l and costly isolation of *%ssia, demand for *%ssian ener)y will decrease
s%bstantially+ An this scenario, *%ssia will be forced to look at Asia-s markets for s%rvival+
7onsiderin) that for the last twenty years *%ssia has been foc%sin) on trade with :%rope, a 4%ick economic shift to the :ast is
impossible+ There is no alternative scenario where *%ssia does not s%ffer from its actions in Ukraine, especially in the lon) r%n+ Dhen
the promise of a prospero%s tomorrow for the :%rasian economies is )one, *%ssia will have to rethink its approach to re)ional
inte)ration+ .%t, %ltimately, the price of s%bmission will be hi)her than the price of cooperation+
Ukraine is %ndo%btedly a t%rnin) point that co%ld drastically chan)e the balance of power not only in the re)ion, b%t also
internationally+ The f%t%re of the :%rasian re)ion is more %nclear today that it was twenty years a)o and it will most likely remain
%nclear in the short r%n+
Anton Barbas+in is a Mosco9;based international researc+er and analyst.
9o%rce: http:??nationalinterest+or)?commentary?e%rasian<%nion<no<more<#"6#
Che 9lender )argin of 9afety
.y 9ir Anthony :den
From the Jan%ary #CJ# Ass%e of 2oreign Affairs ma)a>ine
9&:AKA1G at a meetin) of (o%n) 7onservatives in =ondon this fall, A said that the free world was conf%sed and in
considerable dan)er<<)reater dan)er, as A believed, than at any time since #C6C+ :vents since that date have reinforced this
warnin)+ Che est is not doing >ell in the cold >ar because fundamentally it is not united0 It has a common 3ur3ose+ but
no common 3lan0 Che initiative is too often >ith the 2ommunist 3o>ers0 It is true that they do not al>ays use it
intelligently+ but >e should not ta5e too much comfort from that0 $e>s of failures on the 3art of 2ommunist
governments does not reach their 3eo3les in the form and >ith the conseIuences a33licable in estern countries0 Che
2ommunist sa33ing and mining >ill go on+ and the frontal attac5 u3on us >ill be re3eated0
Che margin of safety is no> slender0 Che est has not the defense in de3th >hich it had even in the dar5est days of the
>ar0 In '/1&+ >hen *itler:s forces had s>e3t through ,uro3e 3ast the 2hannel 3orts to the Atlantic 6cean+ Britain and
its 2ommon>ealth 3artners stood a33arently alone0 I >rite Ea33arentlyF because >est>ard there >as still a mighty
3o>er+ its faith and its resources unim3aired0 Coday+ the reserves are all engaged+ some 3erha3s not to the best
advantage0 Che free nations have to thin5 and >or5 much more closely together+ and do it soon+ or the free >orld >ill
lose out0 Co be a>are of this danger is not to suggest that it need be acce3tedD but to understand the nature of our 3eril is
a necessary 3reliminary to meeting it0 The p%rpose of this article is to consider how s%ch a state of affairs has come abo%t and
what we can do to mend it+
Che death of 9talin mar5ed the end of an era0 For a time it seemed as if it >ould also mar5 the da>n of a ne> ho3e0
9talin?s rule had been cautious+ 3o>erful and ruthless0 Under his direction the alliance of the 9econd Dorld Dar became the
calc%lated anta)onism of the cold war+ Dhen that r%le ended, it was %ncertain for a while what manner of men wo%ld follow
him, and momentary optimism was stren)thened by events+ The most important of these was the withdrawal of 9oviet forces
from A%stria in the s%mmer of #CII, the only concession of real si)nificance made by the 7omm%nist powers since the war+ At
mi)ht have heralded other chan)es, since the stationin) of troops in 5%n)ary, for instance, had been accepted by *%ssiaLs
wartime allies only while 5%n)ary was the corridor to occ%pied A%stria+
The criticism of 9talin-s cond%ct of affairs ind%l)ed in by Mr+ Khr%shchev, who was the more p%n)ent personality in the
partnership with .%l)anin which s%cceeded 9talin, also enco%ra)ed e0pectation of less ri)id policies in the Kremlin+ At least it
seemed wise to meet the new men and probe the possibilities+ The o%tcome was the first s%mmit, in J%ly #CII+ Apart from some
momentary help in rela0in) tension in the Far :ast, this meetin) marked no s%fficient chan)e in 9oviet temper, while at the
Forei)n 9ecretaries- 7onference which followed in the a%t%mn, Molotov-s embattled ne)atives were a)ain those of the 9talin
era+ 9ince then s%ccessive events, thro%)h 5%n)ary to the predictable fail%re of the second s%mmit, have %nmistakably
reaffirmed 9oviet policies and p%rposes+ There can be no e0c%se for failin) to %nderstand them now+
Khr%shchev believes that the days of the free world, or, as he wo%ld describe them, of the capitalist imperialists, are n%mbered+
5e will do what he can to shorten their term, pressin) e0istin) advanta)es and probin) for new ones in every continent+ Dhen
the Kremlin now speaks of peacef%l coe0istence, we all %nderstand that this means comm%ni>in) the world witho%t war+ At does
not e0cl%de the %se of other methods where non<forcible means do not brin) s%ccess+ To be fair, the aim of the international
7omm%nist movement is not concealed+ At is to overthrow every e0istin) a%thority, reli)ion or economic system which stands in
the way of brin)in) the world %nder 7omm%nist power and control+ An p%rs%it of this ob,ective all tactics are le)itimate and all
do%ble talk is ,%stified+ Th%s it is possible for Khr%shchev to speak at the General Assembly of the United 1ations abo%t the aim
of the democracies, meanin) the totalitarian 7omm%nist powers, to liberate all colonial peoples everywhere+ 5e can do this with
acclaim, despite the fact that the 9oviet Government is itself in political defa%lt to the United 1ations+ Fo%r years a)o that
Government ref%sed to accept any one of the United 1ations resol%tions in respect of 5%n)ary, or even to admit its 9ecretary<
General or his representative onto 5%n)arian territory+ An #CJ" the 5%n)arian dictator, imposed by 9oviet arms at the e0pense of
tho%sands of 5%n)arian lives, )oes to the United 1ations in Khr%shchevLs train and is accepted as that %nhappy co%ntryLs
representative+ At only remains for Mr+ Kadar to make a speech a)ainst colonialism+
As a res%lt of these tactics, the 9oviet leaders hope to pers%ade some easily del%ded persons to for)et inconvenient facts+ 9ince
#C$" the Destern :%ropean powers have vol%ntarily a)reed to the independence of #! different co%ntries with a pop%lation of
more than J"",""",""" people+ 8%rin) the same period the 7omm%nist co%ntries have bro%)ht %nder their r%le # previo%sly
free co%ntries with a pop%lation of more than "",""","""+ The 7omm%nist deed is even more harsh than these fi)%res tell,
beca%se many of these nations had lon) lived their own free and independent lives, contrib%tin) their part in a tolerant
civili>ation+ (et some of the so<called ne%tral )overnments can invei)h %nbl%shin)ly a)ainst Destern colonialism witho%t
reproof, while borrowin) Destern money witho%t hesitation+ An s%ch conditions it is hardly s%rprisin) if newly independent
nations are conf%sed+ There may be conf%sion in o%r tho%)ht too+
An the early days of ;ctober #CIJ, before .ritain and France intervened, the American 9ecretary of 9tate co%ld see colonialism
in the An)lo<French reaction to the sei>%re of an international canal, even tho%)h the plan to restore international control had
been endorsed by the principal maritime nations, incl%din) the United 9tates+ An #CIB Andonesia sei>ed 8%tch shippin) and held
it witho%t compensation+ Today the United 9tates finds itself acc%sed of imperialism in 7%ba and its e0tensive properties are
)rabbed+ *obbery does not cease to be s%ch beca%se it is the )oods of another nation that are sei>ed in the name of
nationali>ation or its e4%ivalent+ There is no present reason to s%ppose that these practices will lack f%t%re imitators elsewhere,
yet we have no determined policies as to how to act towards them+ For instance, the Dorld .ank ri)htly declines to make
advances to nations which are in financial defa%lt, yet no s%ch condition is imposed %pon nations which are in political defa%lt
on their international en)a)ements+
An the last three years, the denial of passa)e thro%)h the 9%e> 7anal, previo%sly enforced ille)ally a)ainst Asraeli shippin), has
been e0tended to Asraeli )oods in transit in the ships of other co%ntries@ this despite the many pled)es )iven by the hi)hest world
a%thorities in #CIB+ Accordin) to these, interference with Asraeli shippin) was not e0pected to contin%e, and, if it did, the United
1ations wo%ld deal with it+ 9%ch optimistic e0pectations have not been f%lfilled+ The lesson is clear to read+ Af breaches of
international cond%ct are condoned in one part of the world, they are s%re to be repeated in another+ To meet these occasions as
they m%ltiply and are enth%siastically cheered on by the 7omm%nist powers, a)reed policies as to financial aid and many other
matters will have to be devised by the victims+
All previo%s e0perience of militant dictatorships shows that they cannot be bribed from their co%rses+ ;n the contrary, the more
lavish this treatment, the more attractive do the smaller b%t h%n)ry a%tocrats become to 7omm%nist dictatorships with ambitions
for world dominion+ But the firmer the resistance to unreasonable demands+ the more res3ect >ill be >on+ and res3ect is a
more 3o>erful magnet than money0
Che free nations must convince themselves that the 2ommunist dictatorshi3s are determined to sei<e every advantage to
increase their 3o>er and 3ress it remorselessly to the end0 For this they >ill abuse any instruments to hand+ including the
Anited $ations0 Che 2ommunist threat to the remaining liberties of the free >orld is absolute0 Anless the est
understands and acce3ts this+ its 3olicies >ill be ineffective and its survival in 3eril0 But even the resources of the est
are not ine#haustible and their 3erci3ient use is essentialD economic a33easement is no more 3ardonable than its 3olitical
counter3art0
A reali<ation of this truth does not mean that >e should refuse di3lomatic contacts or 3olitical discussion >ith 3o>ers
behind the Iron and Bamboo 2urtains+ but it does mean the e#ercise of the utmost caution as to ho> and at >hat level
these contacts should be made0 9ummit conferences should be the e#ce3tion and not the rule0 In certain circumstances
they can be useful for general discussion+ or to set a climate for negotiation0 Chey are not suitable for detailed di3lomacy
or for the negotiation of s3ecific 3roblems0 Chese are tas5s for Foreign 9ecretaries or for the normal methods of
di3lomacy0 Che fact that )osco> is im3atient of such methods does not mean that >e should forego them0 There was
nothin) in the e0perience of the second s%mmit to enco%ra)e a third witho%t detailed preparation and indications of chances of
a)reement, of which there is no si)n+
If the est is to conduct itself to the best advantage against the ne> offensives >hich >e e#3ect from the 2ommunist
3o>ers+ certain essential conditions must be observed0 First+ >e have to abandon >ishful thin5ing as an influence u3on
our action0 It may be that in the course of time differences bet>een the t>o most 3o>erful 2ommunist states+ Russia and
2hina+ >ill gro> and even lead at length to serious 3olitical conflict0 $o man can be sure that this >ill ha33en+ still less
foretell ho> long it >ill ta5e0 It >ould be fatal to freedom to base 3olicies on such an e#3ectation0 Internal conditions in
Russia+ and the demand for a greater share of the im3roved conditions of life >hich the est no> enBoys+ may one day
e#ert an influence u3on the Kremlin?s 3olicies0 $one can tell >hen or ho> im3ortant that influence may 3rove to be0
6nce again it could be fatal to base any 3olicies u3on it0
Che only 3remise u3on >hich the free >orld can 3rudently found its decisions and form its 3ractices is that the cold >ar
>ill continue+ that the 3ur3ose of the 2ommunist rulers is to dominate the >orld+ and that free men every>here must
organi<e their lives and effort to combat that determination+ if the faith they cherish is to survive0 Faced >ith this
challenge+ the free nations must unite and integrate more closely than ever before in >ar or 3eace0 Chis >ill not be easy
to do+ for it reIuires a 3ooling of resources+ economic as >ell as 3olitical+ to an e#tent >e have not yet begun to reali<e0
e have to agree on 3lans and e#ecute them Bointly in every continent+ by methods >hich >e e#3lain together+ if not in
the same >ords+ at least in the same tone and >ith the same 3ur3ose0
It is not 3ossible to limit our Boint 3olicies to estern ,uro3e+ but it is indis3ensable to stand firm there0 If 2ommunist
3o>er >ere to gain control of the human and industrial resources of this area+ its domination of the >orld could hardly
be resisted0 But to be firm and united in ,uro3e is not enough0 Asia and Africa 3resent greater com3le#ities0 *ere it is
necessary to s3ea5 3lainly0 Che bogey of colonialism has done fearful damage to the estern alliance0 It has created
misunderstanding in the Anited 9tates of the 3olicies of the estern allies+ >ho >ere once great colonial 3o>ers0 It has
created an#iety among those allies >hen interests+ >hich seem to them vital not only to themselves but to the free >orld+
a33ear to be regarded as e#3endable by the Anited 9tates0
This state of affairs can be bro%)ht to an end only by some sacrifice of opinion and a%thority on either side of the Atlantic+ My
own co%ntry, to take only one e0ample, has for lon) been workin) on plans in Africa to brin) the peoples there to self<
)overnment+ France has done the same in the )reater part of her former African territories+ Af the policies we have declared and
the s%ccessive actions we have proposed to )ive effect to them are approved in the United 9tates, there sho%ld be the closest
%nity in their e0ec%tion in the remainin) colonial territories+ 1either yo% nor we m%st attempt to forestall the other, nor to )et
credit at the e0pense of the other, nor to belittle the sincerity of the other+ ;%r policies and the help we )ive, financial and
economic, sho%ld be related and complementary+ All this is diffic%lt to do, b%t it has to be done if Africa is to emer)e into a new
life and not be an e0ample of the dis%nity of the Dest, creatin) opport%nities for 7omm%nism+ At has also to be done if the
s%spicions which today weaken the Destern alliance are not to %ndermine it+
First the United 9tates has to consider the policies which the former colonial nations are p%rs%in) to f%rther the self<)overnment
of their territories+ Af there is a)reement %pon these, Destern %nity wo%ld be helped by United 9tates action to work o%t in
company with the colonial nations the de)ree and timin) of economic aid or direct financial assistance+ 7ertainly this wo%ld
have to be related to the activities of the Dorld .ank, b%t there is room for both+ For a former colony to make a s%ccess of its
independence, ed%cation in )overnment, science and ind%stry is indispensable+ .%t this ed%cation cannot be forced beyond a
certain pace and can be paid for only if there is a ta0able capacity in the co%ntry+ This in t%rn means a co]rdinated and
enli)htened investment policy p%rs%ed over the years+ 1either ed%cation nor income alone is eno%)h, as the 7on)o has shown+
.oth are needed and neither can be skimped or we shall have more 7on)os+
The ,oint effort of the United 9tates and .ritain has to be improved in another sphere+ The demand is not e0trava)ant if it is
%nderstood that we are en)a)ed in a contest for the s%rvival of a free civili>ation, callin) for as sa)acio%s and complete a %se of
o%r reso%rces as did the 9econd Dorld Dar+ At that time what we had to say to the world was att%ned+ At sho%ld be now+ A
conf%sion of voices weakens o%r messa)e, which is still f%ndamentally the same, and the s%m of its impact on %ncommitted
nations, if intelli)ently related, can be m%ch more than the infl%ence of o%r separate efforts+ To reali>e this, some central
co]rdination is necessary+
The mechanics called for to )ive effect to closer relationships are important, b%t they are not impossible to contrive+ There
sho%ld be some or)ani>ation, probably in Dashin)ton, perhaps in &aris to be near 1AT;, led at a hi)h level, which wo%ld make
possible the inte)ration of o%r political and economic policies and their propa)anda content and methods, to a )reater e0tent than
is provided by the ,oint standin) )ro%p in military affairs today+ An e0ample of what can be done is the ;r)ani>ation for
:%ropean :conomic 7o]peration, a little advertised b%t most effective promoter of prosperity+ Ats a%thority, scope and
opport%nity will be enlar)ed beyond reckonin) if, as we hope, the United 9tates and 7anada now become f%ll members of its
s%ccessor or)ani>ation+ A closely allied effort in the atomic world and in that which reaches beyond it into space sho%ld be
made, comparable to the one created between the United 9tates, 7anada and o%rselves in the war+ A do%bt whether military
planners on either side of the Atlantic are content with the e0tent and 4%ality of their co]peration@ they sho%ld not be+ The
Destern alliance needs a ,oint )ro%p to plan policy+ That )ro%p sho%ld reappraise military policies and re4%irements now that
there is a balance of n%clear power+ 1AT; sho%ld be associated with this work and the findin)s sho%ld be made available to that
body+ 1o sin)le power can )o it alone as well as it can )o it in company+
Most serio%s is the health of 1AT;, which is not rob%st+ This is in no sense the fa%lt of its politically e0perienced 9ecretary
General, M+ 9paak, or of its 7ommander, General 1orstad@ both men have been attentive and loyal+ The fa%lt lies in events
o%tside their control+ At the time of writin) 21ovember A, #CJ"3, there are fo%r n%clear powers in the world@ there may soon be
more+ The deterrent is possessed individ%ally by two members of 1AT; and seems imminent in a third@ it is not s%rprisin) that
there sho%ld be a desire that the alliance as s%ch sho%ld command some part of it also+ Dith the probable e0tension of n%clear
power o%tside 1AT;, we m%st e0pect this desire to )row, and it is perfectly nat%ral that it sho%ld+ 1AT; needs body, and
wo%ld have it if it co%ld become a n%clear power+ Admittedly, s%ch a proposal presents diffic%lties, not least in the imperative
necessity that may arise for prompt action, which a spread of a%thority co%ld weaken fatally+ 1or m%st the part played by
conventional forces be red%ced, or these allowed to dwindle to an e0tent which wo%ld make the or)ani>ation %nrealistic+
;n the other hand, it sho%ld be possible to work o%t plans which wo%ld )ive to 1AT; membership as a whole the sense that it
has direct control of some n%clear power+ There are indisp%table ob,ections to handin) over the command of formidable n%clear
weapons widely to individ%al 1AT; members, b%t these diffic%lties co%ld be met by inte)rated international n%clear %nits
which mi)ht be recr%ited from different 1AT; co%ntries+ There may be other alternatives+ The essential is to determine methods
which wo%ld )ive the alliance renewed life and meanin)+ This is necessary if we are to deal effectively with a psycholo)ical
weakness which is %nderminin) confidence+ $o single member of $AC6 li5es to feel that for his 3rotection he is de3endent
u3on the decision of one+ t>o or maybe three 3o>ers to come to his aid at the critical hour+ or it could be the critical
minute0 )r0 *enry A0 Kissinger >rites of the 3roblems of 3eacema5ing after the $a3oleonic ars+ and gives a >arning
>hich is a33licable today! ECo be de3endent on the continued good>ill of another sovereign state is demorali<ing+
because it is a confession of im3otence+ an invitation to the irres3onsibility induced by the conviction that events cannot
be affected by one:s >ill0FYiZ
A have no do%bt that some of the feelin) a)ainst the United 9tates, which %nhappily e0ists and is probably )rowin) in a n%mber
of Destern nations, is d%e to the sentiment that the s%rvival of 1AT; members depends %pon action principally by one member
employin), or threatenin) to employ, weapons which most of them have not )ot+ This idea may be %nreasonable, b%t it is
important to be rid of it+ An alliance can only mat%re or decay+ The essential is to )ive 1AT; the body it lacks today, and some
revival of its a%thority is the only way+
,ven more im3ortant than this better 3lanning and better e#ecution of our 3lans is the need for a revival of the faith of
the free >orld0 6ur material resources are still greater than those of the 2ommunist 3o>ers+ and the ultimate result
cannot be in doubt if our belief is as strong0 Chis is not only a crisis of 3olicies for the est0 It is also a crisis of confidence
in its o>n values0 If >e can reinforce this confidence+ >e shall still need the unity to e#3ress it0 If >e do not dra> closer
together Iuic5ly+ >e shall drift until >e are a3art suddenly0 Chis is the choice0 Che alternative is more deadly than any
>e have 5no>n0 Co Iuote the >ords of 9ydney 9mith >ritten in the summer of '=&1! LA greater contest than that in
>hich >e are engaged+ the >orld has never seenD for >e are not fighting the battle of our country alone+ but >e are
fighting to decide the IuestionD >hether there shall be any more freedom u3on the earth0L
YiZ GA Dorld *estored+H .oston: 5o%)hton Mifflin, #CIB, p+ 6#J+
9o%rce: http:??www+forei)naffairs+com?articles?B#ICI?sir<anthony<eden?the<slender<mar)in<of<safety
9rominent Yale ,ni$ersity raduates and 3heir 2ccu!ation in '()@
2ay %arney
B... $ale '=>?
White 9ouse Press
"ecretary ()*''8)*'5)
"amantha Power
B... $ale '==)
<.". Re,resentative to
the <nited #ations
()*'38,resent)
2ohn +ores :erry
B... $ale '=DD
<.". "ecretary of "tate
()*'38,resent)
"te,hen W. Preston
B... $ale '=?=
!eneral %ounsel of the
<.". De,artment of
Defense ()*'38,resent)
Donald 1errilli 2r.
B... $ale '=?=
"olicitor !eneral of the
<nited "tates
(2une =, )*''8,resent)
.leBander R. 1ershow
B... $ale '=?5
De,uty "ecretary8!eneral
of #.7; ()*')8,resent)@
,"S" -mbassador to
Russia 4'(()/'((;5
2effrey Bewkes
B... $ale '=?5
%hairman of the oard of
7ime Warner
()**=8,resent)
+rederick W. "mith
B... $ale '=DD
%hairman of the oard of
+ed6B %or,.
('=?(8,resent)
W. 2ames Mc#erney, 2r.
B... $ale '=?'
%hairman of the oard of
Boein& ()**(8,resent)
William D. #ordhaus
B... $ale '=D3
%hairman of the +ederal
Reserve Bank of Boston
()*'58,resent)
Roert PBoQ Woodward
B... $ale '=D(
Washington Post re,orter
('=?'8,resent) and est8
sellin& author
Roert W. :a&an
B... $ale '=>*
%olumnist for The
Washington Post@ %o8
+ounder of ProHect for the
#ew .merican %entury
!ary Locke
B... $ale '=?)
<.". .massador to
%ommunist %hina
()*''8)*'5)
+areed Cakaria
B... '=>D
6ditor of #ewsweek
0nternational@
Director of %ouncil on
+orei&n Relations
()**58,resent)
.nderson %oo,er
B... $ale '=>=
%## re,orter ()**'8
,resent)@ anchor of
Anderson Cooper 360
()**38,resent)
Bill #elson
B... $ale '=D(
<.". "enator
(D8+lorida, )**'8,resent)
"heldon Whitehouse
B... $ale '=?>
<.". "enator
(D8Rhode 0sland,
)**?8,resent)
"herrod Brown
B... $ale '=?5
<.". "enator
(D8;hio, )**?8,resent)
.my :louchar
B... $ale '=>)
<.". "enator
(D8Minnesota,
)**?8,resent)
Mark Dayton
B... $ale '=D=
!overnor of Minnesota
()*''8,resent)
Prominent $ale <niversity !raduates and 7heir ;ccu,ation durin& the Russo8<krainian War ()*'58,resent)
!overnment ;fficials4
2ohn +ores :erry (B... '=DD, "LB '=DD) S <.". "ecretary of "tate (+eruary ', )*'38,resent)
2ay %arney (B... '=>?) S White 9ouse Press "ecretary ()*''8)*'5)
Donald 1errilli 2r. (B... '=?=) S "olicitor !eneral of the <nited "tates (2une =, )*''8,resent)
"te,hen W. Preston (B... '=?=) S !eneral %ounsel of the <.". De,artment of Defense ()*'38,resent)
"tevan 6. Bunnell (B... '=>)) S !eneral %ounsel of the <.". De,artment of 9omeland "ecurity ()*'38,resent)
!ary Locke (B... '=?)) S <.". .massador to %ommunist %hina (.u&ust ', )*''8+eruary )>, )*'5)
%harles 9. Rivkin (B... '=>5) S .ssistant "ecretary of "tate for 6conomic and Business .ffairs ()*'58,resent)
"amantha Power (B... '==), 2.D. 9arvard '===) S <.". Re,resentative to the <nited #ations (.u&ust ), )*'38,resent)
2ose,h 1erner Reed 2r. (B... '=D') S <nder8"ecretary8!eneral of the <nited #ations ('==)8,resent)
.leBander R. 1ershow (B... '=?5) S De,uty "ecretary8!eneral of #orth .tlantic 7reaty ;r&ani-ation ()*')8,resent)@ <.". .massador to
"outh :orea ()**(8)**>)@ <.". .massador to Russia ()**'8)**()
6llen L. Weintrau (B... '=?=O) S %ommissioner of +ederal 6lection %ommission ()**)8,resent)
Bill #elson (B... '=D() S <.". "enator (Democrat8+lorida, )**'8,resent)
"heldon Whitehouse (B... '=?>) S <.". "enator (Democrat8Rhode 0sland, )**?8,resent)
"herrod Brown (B... '=?5) S <.". "enator (Democrat8;hio, )**?8,resent)
.my :louchar (B... '=>)) S <.". "enator (Democrat8Minnesota, )**?8,resent)
Lamar ". "mith (B... '=D=) S <.". %on&ressman (Re,ulican87eBas, '=>?8,resent)
"heila 2ackson8Lee (B... '=?)) S <.". %on&ressman (Democrat87eBas, '==(8,resent)
2ohn $armuth (B... '=D=) S <.". %on&ressman (Democrat8:entucky, )**?8,resent)
Mark Dayton (B... '=D=) S !overnor of Minnesota ()*''8,resent)
2ohn R2ackR Dalrym,le (B... '=?*) S !overnor of #orth Dakota ()*'*8,resent)
"usan Bysiewic- (B... '=>3) S "ecretary of "tate of %onnecticut ('===8,resent)
Barrin&ton D. Parker 2r. (B... '=D(, LL.B. '=D=) S 2ud&e of the <.". %ourt of .,,eals for the "econd %ircuit ()**'8,resent)
Richard .. Posner (B... '=(=) S 2ud&e of the <.". %ourt of .,,eals for the "eventh %ircuit ('=>'8,resent)
Brett M. :avanau&h (B... '=>?) S 2ud&e of the <.". %ourt of .,,eals for District of %olumia %ircuit ()**D8,resent)
!eor&e B. Daniels (B... '=?() S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the "outhern District of #ew $ork E#ew $ork %ityF ()***8,resent)
6d&ardo Ramos (B... '=>)) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the "outhern District of #ew $ork E#ew $ork %ityF ()*''8,resent)
2ames :noll !ardner (B... '=D)) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the 6astern District of Pennsylvania EPhiladel,hiaF ()**)8,resent)
Dou&las P. Woodlock (B... '=D=, "LB '=D=) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the District of Massachusetts EBostonF ('=>D8,resent)
Roert Michael Dow 2r. (B... '=>?) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the #orthern District of 0llinois E%hica&oF ()**?8,resent)
Richard !. "eeor& (B... '=?>) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the #orthern District of %alifornia E"an +ranciscoF ()*'*8,resent)
William 9orsley ;rrick 000 (B... '=?D) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the #orthern District of %alifornia E"an +ranciscoF ()*'38,resent)
Denise Pa&e 9ood (B... '=?5) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the 6astern District of Michi&an EDetroitF ('==58,resent)
Myron 9erert 7hom,son (B... '=D=, 2.D. '=?)) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the Middle District of .laama ('=>*8,resent)
2ohn W. Lun&strum (B... '=D?) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the District of :ansas ('=='8,resent)
2ames ;. Brownin& (B... '=?>) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the District of #ew MeBico ()**38,resent)
Dora L. 0ri-arry (B... '=?D) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the 6astern District of #ew $ork ()**58,resent)
2ames 6manuel Boaser& (B... '=>(, 2.D. '==*, "LB '=>() S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the District of %olumia ()*''8,resent)
:evin %harles Mc#ulty (B... '=?D) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the District of #ew 2ersey ()*')8,resent)
2esus !ilerto Bernal (B... '=>D) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the %entral District of %alifornia (Decemer '), )*')8,resent)
Raymond Paul Moore (B... '=?(, 2.D. '=?>) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the District of %olorado EDenverF ()*'38,resent)
2effrey .lker Meyer (B... '=>(, 2.D. '=>=) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the District of %onnecticut (+eruary )(, )*'58,resent)
%hristo,her Reid %oo,er (B... '=>>) S 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the District of %olumia (March )>, )*'58,resent)
%or,orate 6Becutives and Bankers4
W. 2ames (2im) Mc#erney, 2r. (B... '=?') S %hairman of the oard of Boein& Eair,lane com,anyF ()**(8,resent)
2effrey L. Bewkes (B... '=?5) S %hairman of the oard of 7ime Warner Emedia com,anyF ()**=8,resent)
+rederick W. "mith (B... '=DD) S %hairman of the oard of +ederal 6B,ress E+ed6B %or,.F ('=?(8,resent)
"te,hen M. %utler (B... '=>), 2.D. '=>() S 6Becutive 1ice President and !eneral %ounsel of 2P Mor&an %hase L %o. EankF ()**?8,resent)
Roderick .. Palmore (B... '=?5) S 6Becutive 1ice President and !eneral %ounsel of !eneral Mills, 0nc. ()**>8,resent)
William D. #ordhaus (B... '=D3, "LB '=D3) S %hairman of the +ederal Reserve Bank of Boston ()*'58,resent)
David Marshall (B... '=?)) S "enior 1ice President of the +ederal Reserve Bank of %hica&o ()**D8,resent)
6li Whitney Deevoise 00 (B... '=?5) S <.". 6Becutive Director of 7he World Bank ()**?8,resent)
2ournalists4
Roert B. "em,le 2r. (B... '=(=) S .ssociate 6ditor of the 6ditorial Pa&e of The New or! Ti"es ('=>>8,resent)
Roert !reeley :aiser (B... '=D5) S .ssociate 6ditor and "enior %orres,ondent at The Washington Post ('==>8,resent)
Roert <. PBoQ Woodward (B... '=D() S Washington Post re,orter ('=?'8,resent) and est8sellin& author
Roert W. :a&an (B... '=>*, "LB '=>*) S %olumnist for The Washington Post@ %o8+ounder of the ProHect for the #ew .merican %entury
+areed Cakaria (B... '=>D, "L: '=>D) S 6ditor of #ewsweek 0nternational@ Director of %ouncil on +orei&n Relations ()**58,resent)
.nderson %oo,er (B... '=>=) S %## re,orter ()**'8,resent)@ anchor of Anderson Cooper 360 ()**38,resent)
;r&ani-ation 6Becutives4
Richard 6. "alomon (B... '=D5) S 1ice %hairman of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations ()**?8,resent)
"troe 7alott (B... '=D>) S President of 7he Brookin&s 0nstitution ()**)8,resent)
%arl !ershman (B... '=D() S President of the #ational 6ndowment for Democracy ('=>58,resent)
Wall "treet Lawyers4
Roert B. +iske, 2r. (B... '=()) S ;f %ounsel of Davis, Polk L Wardwell ()*'*8,resent)
!uy Miller "truve (B... '=D3, LL.B. 9arvard '=DD) S ;f %ounsel of Davis, Polk L Wardwell ()*'38,resent)
Bradley $. "mith (B... '=?*) S ;f %ounsel of Davis, Polk L Wardwell ()*'38,resent)
Patrick ". :enadHian (B... '=?*) S ;f %ounsel of Davis, Polk L Wardwell ()*'*8,resent)
D. "cott Wise (B... '=?5) S ;f %ounsel of Davis, Polk L Wardwell ()*''8,resent)
Paul W. Bartel, 00 (B... '=?() S ;f %ounsel of Davis, Polk L Wardwell ()*'*8,resent)
2ohn M. Brandow (B... '=?() S Partner of Davis, Polk L Wardwell ('=>=8,resent)
Danforth 7ownley (B... '=?=@ 2.D. '=>() S Partner of Davis, Polk L Wardwell ('==58,resent)
Mario 2. 1erdolini (B... '=>() S Partner of Davis, Polk L Wardwell ('==?8,resent)
9arry Ballan (B... '=>'@ Ph.D. '=>D) S Partner of Davis, Polk L Wardwell ('===8,resent)
Daniel !. :elly, 2r. (B... '=?3) S Partner of Davis, Polk L Wardwell ('===8,resent)
2ean M. McLou&hlin (B... '=>>) S Partner of Davis, Polk L Wardwell ()**'8,resent)
!andolfo 1. DiBlasi (B... '=?(@ 2.D. '=?>) S Partner of "ullivan L %romwell ('=>(8,resent)
David +. Morrison (B... '=?5) S Partner of "ullivan L %romwell ('=>D8,resent)
Roert ". Risoleo (B... '=>*@ 2.D. '=>5) S Partner of "ullivan L %romwell ('==)8,resent)
William +. :roener 000 (B... '=D?) S !eneral %ounsel of +D0% ('==(8)**D)@ %ounsel of "ullivan L %romwell ()**D8,resent)
!re&ory .. Weiss (B... '=DD) S Partner of "im,son 7hacher L Bartlett ('=?D8,resent)
!lenn M. Reiter (B... '=?3, 2.D. '=?D) S Partner of "im,son 7hacher L Bartlett ('=>58,resent)
"arah 6. %o&an (B... '=?>) S Partner of "im,son 7hacher L Bartlett ('=>=8,resent)
David .. "neider (B... '=?=) S Partner of "im,son 7hacher L Bartlett ('==58,resent)
Ro&er 2. Baneman (B... '=?)) S Partner of "hearman L "terlin& ('=>(8,resent)
.ntonia 6. "tol,er (B... '=?=) S Partner of "hearman L "terlin&
Michael 2. :ennedy (B... '=>') S Partner of "hearman L "terlin&
Rory ;. Millson (B... '=?3@ 2.D. '=??, B... ;Bford '=?( (". .frican Rhodes "cholar)) S Partner of %ravath, "waine L Moore ('=>58,resent)
Rachel !. "kaistis (B... '==)) S Partner of %ravath, "waine L Moore ()**(8,resent)
Paul 9. Cumro (B... '==)) S Partner of %ravath, "waine L Moore ()**(8,resent)
.ntony L. Ryan (B... '==)@ 2.D. 9arvard '==() S Partner of %ravath, "waine L Moore ()**38,resent)
!ary .. Bornstein (B... '==5@ 2.D. 9arvard '==?) S Partner of %ravath, "waine L Moore ()**(8,resent)
Roert W. "heehan (B... $ale) S Partner of %urtis, Mallet8Prevost, %olt L Mosle (as of )*'5)
7urner P. "mith (B... $ale) S Partner of %urtis, Mallet8Prevost, %olt L Mosle (as of )*'5)
Matias .. 1e&a (B... $ale) S Partner of %urtis, Mallet8Prevost, %olt L Mosle (as of )*'5)
.lert +rancke (B... '=(D) S Partner ('=D>8O) and ;f %ounsel of %urtis, Mallet8Prevost, %olt L Mosle (as of )*'5)
David +. Williams (B... '=?5) S Partner of %adwalader, Wickersham L 7aft EWashin&ton, D.%. officeF (as of )*'5)
Diana de Brito (B... '=?=) S Partner of %adwalader, Wickersham L 7aft EWashin&ton, D.%. officeF (as of )*'5)
!re&ory P. Patti 2r. (B... $ale) S Partner of %adwalader, Wickersham L 7aft E#ew $ork %ity officeF@ former ,artner at ;JMelveny L Myers
9al ". "haftel (B... '=>D@ 2.D. '=>=) S Partner of %adwalader, Wickersham L 7aft E#ew $ork %ity officeF (as of )*'5)
2onathan M. Wainwri&ht (B... '=D() S "enior %ounsel of %adwalader, Wickersham L 7aft (as of )*'5)
Michael .. Mc%ormack (B... '==') S ",ecial %ounsel of %adwalader, Wickersham L 7aft (as of )*'5)
David W. Rivkin (B... '=??@ 2.D. '=>*) S Partner of Deevoise L Plim,ton ('=>>8,resent)
Michael W. Blair (B... '=??) S Partner of Deevoise L Plim,ton ('=>=8,resent)
"cott .. 6delman (B... $ale@ M... $ale) S Partner (and 1ice %hairman) of Milank, 7weed, 9adley L Mc%loy ('==(8,resent)
.ndrew 6. 7omack (B... $ale, 2.D. $ale) S Partner of Milank, 7weed, 9adley L Mc%loy ('==D8,resent)
7oy ". Myerson (B... '=?') S Partner of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton L !arrison ('=>38'=>=, '==*8,resent)
2erome .. %ohen (B... '=('@ 2.D. '=(() S ;f %ounsel of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton L !arrison ()***8,resent)@ Professor of Law at #ew
$ork <niversity "chool of Law ('==*8,resent)
%harles 9. %ritchlow (B... '=?)) S Partner of Baker L Mc:en-ie Elaw firm in #ew $ork %ityF ()**(8,resent)
7homas 2. Rice (B... '=>)) S Partner of Baker L Mc:en-ie Elaw firm in #ew $ork %ityF (c.)*'38,resent)
.n&ela 2. Walitt (B... '==') S Partner of Baker L Mc:en-ie Elaw firm in #ew $ork %ityF (c.)*'38,resent)
Donald "cha,iro (B... '=55@ LL.B. '=5=) S Partner of %hadourne L Parke Elaw firm in #ew $ork %ityF ('=>>8,resent)
Roert William Brundi&e 2r. (B... '=DD) S Partner of 9u&hes, 9uard L Reed Elaw firm in #ew $ork %ityF ('=>?8,resent)
2ohn M. 7ownsend (B... '=D>, 2.D., '=?') S Partner and %o8%hair of 9u&hes, 9uard L Reed Elaw firm in #ew $ork %ityF
;ther %or,orate Lawyers4
Michael P. Boudett (B... '=>>, 2.D. 9arvard '==') S Partner of +oley 9oa& Elaw firm in BostonF (as of )*'5)
David R. Pierson (B... '=?3, 2.D. 9arvard '=?>) S Partner of +oley 9oa& Elaw firm in BostonF (as of )*'5)
Daniel MarB (B... $ale, 2.D. $ale) S Partner of +oley 9oa& Elaw firm in BostonF (as of )*'5)
Roert 6. 7oone (B... '==', 2.D. '==() S Partner of +oley 9oa& Elaw firm in BostonF (as of )*'5)
Donald R. Ware (B... $ale) S Partner of +oley 9oa& Elaw firm in BostonF (as of )*'5)
+. Davis Dassori (B... '=D3, LL.B. '=D>) S Partner of %hoate 9all L "tewart Elaw firm in BostonF (as of )*'5)
W. Brewster Lee (B... '=?=) S Partner of %hoate 9all L "tewart Elaw firm in BostonF (as of )*'5)
+. Davis Dassori (B... '=D3, LL.B. '=D>) S Partner of %hoate 9all L "tewart Elaw firm in BostonF (as of )*'5)
W. Brewster Lee (B... '=?=) S Partner of %hoate 9all L "tewart Elaw firm in BostonF (as of )*'5)
"cott 2. Davis (B... '=?)) S Partner of Mayer Brown E%hica&oF ('=>38,resent)
David .lan Richards (B... '=D?, 2.D. '=?), "LB '=D?) S Partner of Mc%arter L 6n&lish Elaw firm in #ew $ork %ityF ()**'8,resent)
Donald 6tra (B... '=D>, "LB '=D>) S 9ead of #aw $%%ices o% &onald 'tra in Los .n&eles ('==(8,resent)
2onathan %. Rose (B... '=D3, "LB '=D3) S Partner of 2ones, Day, Reavis L Po&ue EWashin&ton, D.%.F ('=??8'=>', '=>58,resent)
.llen %. !oolsy (B... '=D') S Partner of 9unton L Williams ERichmond, 1ir&iniaF ('=?(8,resent)
.ndrea Bear +ield (B... '=?') S Partner of 9unton L Williams EWashin&ton, D.%.F ('=='8,resent)
:ell Marsh Dams&aard (B... '=?') S Partner of Mor&an, Lewis L Bockius EPhiladel,hiaF ('=>'8,resent)
Roert L. .ramowit- (B... '=?') S Partner of Mor&an, Lewis L Bockius EPhiladel,hiaF ('==*8,resent)
!ene 2. ;shman (B... '=>*, 2.D. '=>3) S Partner of Baker Botts E9ouston, 7eBasF ('==*8,resent)
2. David :irkland 2r. (B... '=>*, 2.D. '=>3) S Partner of Baker Botts E9ouston, 7eBasF
Peter R. 7aft (B... '=(>@ LL.B., '=D', "L: '=(>) S Partner of Mun&er, 7olles L ;lson ELos .n&elesF ('=D=8,resent)
%olle&e .dministrators4
David L. Boren (B... '=D3, "LB '=D3, R") S President of <niversity of ;klahoma ('==58,resent)
Richard 9. Brodhead (B... '=D>, Ph.D. '=?)) S President of Duke <niversity E#orth %arolinaF ()**58,resent)
"teven :na,, (B... '=?3) S President of !eor&e Washin&ton <niversity ()**?8,resent)
Marvin :rislov (B... '=>), 2.D. '=>>) S President of ;erlin %olle&e E;hioF ()**?8,resent)
Michael .. Bernstein (B... '=?D, Ph.D. '=>)) S Provost of 7ulane <niversity ()**?8,resent)
David M. "chi-er (B... '==*@ M... '==*@ 2.D. '==3) S Dean of %olumia Law "chool ()**58,resent)
Mary 6li-aeth Ma&ill (B... '=>>) S Dean of "tanford Law "chool ()*')8,resent)
.vi "oifer (B... '=D=, 2.D. '=?)) S Dean of William ". Richardson "chool of Law at the <niversity of 9awaii ()**38,resent)
Roert 2. "terner& (B... '=?)) S Dean of 7ufts <niversity "chool of .rts and "ciences ()**(8,resent)
.khil Reed .mar (B... '=>*, 2.D. '=>5) S "terlin& Professor of Law at $ale Law "chool ('==38,resent)
0an .yres (B... '=>', 2.D. '=>D) S William :. 7ownsend Professor of Law at $ale Law "chool
Daniel Markovits (B... '==', 2.D. )***) S Professor of Law at $ale Law "chool ()**?8,resent)
Reva "ie&el (B... '=?>@ 2.D. '=>D) S #icholas deB. :at-enach Professor of Law at $ale Law "chool ('===8,resent)
2ames A. Whitman (B... '=>*, 2.D. '=>>) S +ord +oundation Professor of %om,arative and +orei&n Law at $ale Law "chool ('==D8,resent)
2ohn +aian Witt (B... '==5, 2.D. '===, Ph.D. )***) S Professor of Law at $ale Law "chool
Alvin C. Warren (B.A. 1966) Professor of Law at Harvard Law School (1980-present)
2effrey #. !ordon (B... '=?') S .lfred W. Bressler Professor of Law at %olumia Law "chool ('==>8,resent)
Lance Lieman (B... '=D)) S William ". Beinecke Professor of Law at %olumia Law "chool ('==>8,resent)
Brian %. Murchison (B... '=?5, 2.D. '=?=, "LB '=?5) S Professor of Law at Washin&ton and Lee <niversity "chool of Law ('==*8,resent)
UMarvin Conis (B... '=(>) S Professor of Behavioral "ciences at the <niversity of %hica&o ('=>=8,resent)
"usan #. !ary (B... '=??) S ;rlando 2ohn and Marian 9. 9ollis Professor of Law at <niversity of ;re&on "chool of Law ()**>8,resent)
7om Linin&er (B... '=>>) S ;rlando 2ohn and Marian 9. 9ollis Professor of Law at <niversity of ;re&on "chool of Law (c.)**38,resent)
2ose,h .. !rundfest (B... '=?3) S William .. +ranke Professor of Law and Business at "tanford <niversity ('==?8,resent)
Pamela ". :arlan (B... '=>*, 2.D. '=>5) S :enneth and 9arle Mont&omery Professor of Pulic 0nterest Law at "tanford <niv. ('===8,resent)
Paul :ru&man (B... '=?5) S Professor of 6conomics and 0nternational .ffairs at Princeton <niversity ()***8,resent)
Michael Mandelaum (B... '=D>) S %hristian .. 9erter Professor of .merican +orei&n Policy at 7he 2ohns 9o,kins <niversity "chool of
.dvanced 0nternational "tudies ('==*8,resent)
#ote4 "LBV"kull L Bones, R"VRhodes "cholar, "L:V"croll L :ey
David L. Boren
B... $ale '=D3
President of <niversity of
;klahoma ('==58,resent)
"troe 7alott
B... $ale '=D>
President of 7he
Brookin&s 0nstitution
()**)8,resent)
Lamar ". "mith
B... $ale '=D=
<.". %on&ressman
(R87eBas, '=>?8,resent)
David M. "chi-er
B... $ale '==*@
2.D. $ale'==3
Dean of %olumia Law
"chool ()**58,resent)
Mary 6li-aeth Ma&ill
B... $ale '=>>
Dean of "tanford Law
"chool ()*')8,resent)
9rominent *embers of the Council on Foreign Relations
%huck 9a&el
<.". "ecretary of Defense
()*'38,resent)
2ohn +ores :erry
<.". "ecretary of "tate
()*'38,resent)
Skull E Bones
William 2. Burns
De,uty <.". "ecretary of
"tate ()*''8,resent)@
<.". .massador to
Russia ()**(8)**>)
Michael Mc+aul
<.". .massador to
Russia ()*')8)*'5)
Rhodes Scholar
"usan 6. Rice
#ational "ecurity .dvisor
()*'38,resent)
Rhodes Scholar
2ames B. %unnin&ham
<.". .massador to
.f&hanistan ()*')8,res.)@
<.". .massador to 0srael
()**>8)*'')
Richard L. Mornin&star
<.". .massador to
.-eraiHan ()*')8,resent)
(Lt. !en.) Dou&las 6. Lute
<.". Re,resentative to
#.7; ()*'38,resent)
Raymond 6. Maus
"ecretary of the #avy
()**=8,resent)
2ohn Mc%ain
<.". "enator
(Re,ulican8.ri-ona,
'=>?8,resent)
Roert M. !ates
Director of %entral
0ntelli&ence .&ency
('=='8'==3)@
<.". "ecretary of Defense
()**D8)*'')
7imothy +. !eithner
"ecretary of the 7reasury
()**=8)*'3)@ President of
the +ederal Reserve Bank
of #ew $ork ()**38)**=)
Dick %heney
1ice President of the <.".
()**'8)**=)@
<.". "ecretary of Defense
('=>=8'==3)
%ondolee--a Rice
<.". "ecretary of "tate
()**(8)**=)@
#ational "ecurity .dvisor
()**'8)**()
9enry M. Paulson 2r.
%hairman of the oard of
!oldman "achs ('===8
)**D)@ "ecretary of the
7reasury ()**D8)**=)
%arlos 6. Pascual
<.". .massador to
<kraine ()***8)**3)@
<.". .massador to
MeBico ()**=8)*'')
7homas R. Pickerin&
<.". Re,. to the <nited
#ations ('=>=8'==))@
<.". .massador to
Russia ('==38'==D)
2amie Dimon
%hairman of the oard of
2P Mor&an %hase EankF
()**?8,resent)
Randall L. "te,henson
%hairman, %6;, and
President of .7L7
()**?8,resent)
1ir&inia M. Rometty
%hairman, President, and
%6; of 0BM
()*')8,resent)
9rominent 0ewish *embers of the Council on Foreign Relations
9enry .. :issin&er
<.". "ecretary of "tate
('=?38'=??)
"tanley +ischer
1ice %hairman of the
+ederal Reserve
()*'58,resent)@
!overnor of the Bank of
0srael ()**(8)*'3)
2anet L. $ellen
%hairman of the +ederal
Reserve ()*'58,resent)
2aco 2. Lew
"ecretary of the 7reasury
()*'38,resent)
Penny Prit-ker
<.". "ecretary of
%ommerce
()*'38,resent)
Paul D. Wolfowit-
President of 7he World
Bank ()**(8)**?)@
De,uty "ecretary of
Defense ()**'8)**()
Roert 6. Ruin
Partner of !oldman,
"achs L %o. ('=?'8'==))@
"ecretary of the 7reasury
('==(8'===)
Lloyd %. Blankfein
%hairman of the oard of
!oldman "achs EankF
()**D8,resent)
2ames D. Wolfensohn
President of the World
Bank ('==(8)**()
!eor&e "oros
%hairman of "oros +und
Mana&ement ('==D8,res.)
Richard #. 9aass
President of the %ouncil
on +orei&n Relations
()**38,resent)
Ronald ". Lauder
President of World 2ewish
%on&ress ()**?8,resent)
.raham 9. +oBman
#ational Director of the
.nti8Defamation Lea&ue
(.DL) ('=>?8,resent)
Malcolm 9oenlein
6Becutive 1ice %hairman
of %onference of
Presidents of MaHor
.merican 2ewish
;r&ani-ations
Dianne +einstein
<.". "enator
(Democrat8%alifornia,
'==)8,resent)
%harles :rauthammer
"yndicated %olumnist for
The Washington Post
('=>58,resent)
7homas L. +riedman
+orei&n .ffairs %olumnist
of The New or! Ti"es
('==(8,resent)
Roert W. :a&an
%olumnist for The
Washington Post@
husband of -ssistant
,"S" Secretary of State
+ictoria Nuland
Ru,ert Murdoch
%hairman and %6; of
#ews %or,. (+oB #ews)
('=='8,resent)
Lee .. +einstein
<.". .massador to
Poland ()**=8)*'))
9enry :issin&er (left), former <.". "ecretary of "tate, a,,ears with Roert 6. Ruin, %o8%hairman of the %ouncil on +orei&n
Relations and former <.". "ecretary of the 7reasury at a %ouncil on +orei&n Relations meetin&. 9enry :issin&er and Roert 6.
Ruin attended the )*'3 Bilderer& Meetin&s held at 7he !rove in Watford, 6n&land from 2une D8=, )*'3. 9enry :issin&er and
Roert 6. Ruin attended the Bilderer& Meetin&s conferences to&ether from )*'* until )*'5.
(Photo4 %ouncil on +orei&n Relations )*'3 .nnual Re,ort)
%ouncil on +orei&n Relations Memers and 7heir ;ccu,ation durin& the %rimean %risis (+eruary )*'58,resent)
Name CFR *embershi! 4Year5 2ccu!ation
Bankers4
Lloyd %. Blankfein )**=8,resent %hairman of the oard of !oldman "achs ()**D8,resent)
2ames P2amieQ Dimon )***8,resent %hairman of the oard of 2P Mor&an %hase ()**?8,resent)
:enneth M. 2acos )*'*8,resent %hairman of the oard of La-ard +reres ()**=8,resent)
:enneth %henault '=>=8,resent %hairman of the oard of .merican 6B,ress %o. ()**'8,resent)
!eor&e "oros '=>>8,resent %hairman of "oros +und Mana&ement ('==D8,resent)
2anet L. $ellen '=?D8'=>', )**D8,resent %hairman of the +ederal Reserve (+eruary 3, )*'58,resent)
"tanley +ischer '==58,resent 1ice %hairman of the +ederal Reserve (2une 'D, )*'58,resent)
Daniel :. 7arullo )***8,resent Memer of the +ederal Reserve Board ()**=8,resent)
2erome 9. Powell '==(8,resent Memer of the +ederal Reserve Board ()*')8,resent)
Lael Brainard )**(8,resent Memer of the +ederal Reserve Board (2une 'D, )*'58,resent)
Richard W. +isher '=?D8,resent President of the +ederal Reserve Bank of Dallas (.,ril 5, )**(8,resent)
Dennis P. Lockhart )**>8,resent President of the +ederal Reserve Bank of .tlanta (March ', )**?8,resent)
William %. Dudley )*''8,resent President of the +ederal Reserve Bank of #ew $ork (2anuary )?, )**=8,resent)
Ruth Porat )*''8,resent 6Becutive 1ice President and %hief +inancial ;fficer of Mor&an "tanley ()*'*8,res.)
.leBander 7. 6rcklent- '=>>8,resent Partner of Brown Brothers 9arriman L %o. ('=?>8,resent)
9enry R. :ravis '==)8,resent "enior Partner of :ohler& :ravis Roerts L %o. ('=>?8,resent)
"te,hen .. "chwar-man '==)8,resent %hairman and %6; of 7he Blackstone !rou, ('=>(8,resent)
Businessmen4
1ir&inia M. Rometty )*'*8,resent %hairman, President, and %6; of 0BM ()*')8,resent)
Randall L. "te,henson )*'*8,resent %hairman, %6;, and President of .7L7 ()**?8,resent)
0n&e 7hulin )*'38,resent %hairman, President, and %6; of 3M ()*')8,resent)
Muhtar :ent )*'*8,resent %hairman of the oard of 7he %oca8%ola %om,any ()**=8,resent)
+rederick W. "mith )**D8,resent %hairman of the oard of +ed6B %or,. ('=?(8,resent)
William P. Lauder )**D8,resent %hairman of the oard of 6stee Lauder %om,anies EcosmeticsF ()**=8,resent)
+arooG :athwari '==>8,resent %hairman, President, and %6; of 6than .llen 0nteriors 0nc. ('=>>8,resent)
2ames ". 7isch )**58,resent President and %6; of Loews %or,. E#ew,ort ci&arettesF ('===8,resent)
%rai& 2. Mundie )**)8,resent %hief Research and "trate&y ;fficer for Microsoft %or,. ()**D8,resent)
"heryl :. "ander& )**=8,resent %hief ;,eratin& ;fficer of +aceook, 0nc. ()**>8,resent)
Lawyers4
#oah 9anft )*'38,resent !eneral %ounsel of Master%ard ()**'8March 3', )*'5)
Louise M. Parent )***8,resent !eneral %ounsel of .merican 6B,ress %o. ('==38,resent)
"heila %. %heston )**)8,resent !eneral %ounsel of #orthro, !rumman %or,oration ()*'*8,resent)
R. 9ewitt Pate )*')8,resent !eneral %ounsel of %hevron %or,oration ()**=8,resent)
Peter 2. Beshar '==D8,resent !eneral %ounsel of Marsh L McLennan %om,anies ()**58,resent)
Richard .. Drucker '===8,resent Partner of Davis, Polk L Wardwell Elaw firm in #ew $ork %ityF ('=>>8,resent)
.ndres 1. !il '=>=8'==3, )**D8,resent Partner of Davis, Polk L Wardwell Elaw firm in #ew $ork %ityF ('==*8,resent)
2ames 9. %arter '==>8,resent Partner of "ullivan L %romwell Elaw firm in #ew $ork %ityF ('=??8,resent)
Mel M. 0mmer&ut '===8,resent Partner of Milank, 7weed, 9adley L Mc%loy E#ew $ork %ityF ('=>*8,resent)
Richard 0. Beattie '=>(8,resent Partner of "im,son, 7hacher L Bartlett E#ew $ork %ityF ('=?(8'=??, '=>*8,resent)
David W. Rivkin )**(8,resent Partner of Deevoise L Plim,ton E#ew $ork %ityF ('=>>8,resent)
7oy ". Myerson '==38,resent Partner of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton L !arrison ('=>38'=>=, '==*8,resent)
%harlene Barshefsky '===8,resent Partner of Wilmer, %utler, Pickerin&, 9ale L Dorr ()**'8,resent)
2amie !orelick '==?8,resent Partner of Wilmer, %utler, Pickerin&, 9ale L Dorr ()**38,resent)
1ernon 6. 2ordan 2r. '=?>8,resent "enior %ounsel of .kin, !um,, "trauss, 9auer L +eld ()***8,resent)
;r&ani-ation 6Becutives4
2essica 7. Mathews '=?>8'=>*, '=>38,resent President of %arne&ie 6ndowment for 0nternational Peace ('==?8,resent)
2udith Rodin )**D8,resent President of 7he Rockefeller +oundation ()**(8,resent)
Darren Walker )*')8,resent President of the +ord +oundation ()*'38,resent)
Paul L. 2oskow )**>8,resent President of .lfred P. "loan +oundation ()**>8,resent)
Ronald ". Lauder '==>8,resent President of World 2ewish %on&ress ()**?8,resent)
.raham 9. +oBman )**D8,resent #ational Director of the .nti8Defamation Lea&ue (.DL) ('=>?8,resent)
Malcolm 9oenlein '=>D8,resent 6Bec. 1ice %hmn., %onf. of Presidents of MaHor .merican 2ewish ;r&ani-ations
Roert 6. Ruin '==58,resent %o8%hairman of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations ()**?8,resent)
%arla .. 9ills '==38,resent %o8%hairman of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations ()**?8,resent)
Richard #. 9aass '=>*8'=>(, '==58,res. President of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations ()**38,resent)
2ose,h ". #ye 2r. '=?*8,resent #orth .merican %hairman of the 7rilateral %ommission ()**>8,resent)
Ro&er W. +er&uson 2r. )**58,resent %hairman of the 6conomic %lu of #ew $ork ()*')8,resent)
1artan !re&orian '=>58,resent President of %arne&ie %or,oration of #ew $ork ('==?8,resent)
"troe 7alott '=?(8,resent President of 7he Brookin&s 0nstitution ()**)8,resent)
Walter ". 0saacson '=?=8'=>5, '=>?8,res. President of .s,en 0nstitute ()**38,resent)
2ohn 2. 9amre )**'8,resent President of %enter for "trate&ic 0nternational "tudies (%"0") ()***8,resent)
!rover !. #orGuist '===8,resent President of .mericans for 7aB Reform ('=>(8,resent)
Rev. 2esse 2ackson "r. '==*8,resent President of Rainow/P<"9 %oalition ('==D8,resent)
2effrey L. "turchio )*'*8,resent President and %6; of !loal 9ealth %ouncil ()**=8,resent)
2onathan 7.M. Reckford )**=8,resent %6; of 9aitat for 9umanity ()**(8,resent)
Marie82osee :ravis )**(8,resent "enior +ellow of the 9udson 0nstitute ('==58,resent)
Name CFR *embershi! 2ccu!ation
%or,orate Media4
Ru,ert Murdoch '==58,resent %hairman and %6; of #ews %or,. (+oB #ews) ('=='8,resent)
6ric "chmidt )**>8,resent %hairman and %6; of !oo&le 0nc. ()**'8,resent)
2effrey L. Bewkes '==D8,resent %hairman and %6; of 7ime Warner, 0nc. ()**=8,resent)
6d&ar Bronfman 2r. )**?8,resent %hairman and %6; of Warner Music !rou, %or,. ()**58,resent)
Mortimer B. Cuckerman '=>>8,resent 6ditor8in8%hief of ()S) News and World Report ('=>58,resent)
+areed Cakaria )**)8,resent 6ditor of #ewsweek 0nternational ()***8,resent)
+red 9iatt '==?8,resent 6ditorial Pa&e 6ditor of The Washington Post ()***8,resent)
.ndrew M. Rosenthal )**?8,resent 6ditorial Pa&e 6ditor of The New or! Ti"es ()**?8,resent)
7homas L. +riedman '=>(8,resent +orei&n .ffairs %olumnist of The New or! Ti"es ('==(8,resent)
#icholas D. :ristof )**38,resent %olumnist for the New or! Ti"es ()**'8,resent)
%harles :rauthammer '==*8,resent "yndicated %olumnist for The Washington Post ('=>58,resent)
Roert W. :a&an '=>(8'==*, '==D8,res. %olumnist for The Washington Post
Pe&&y #oonan )*'*8,resent %olumnist for the Wall Street *o+rnal
Diane "awyer '=>'8,resent .nchor of .B% World News Tonight ()*'*8,resent)
Brian D. Williams )**38,resent .nchor of #B% Nightly News ()**58,resent)
.ndrea Mitchell )**58,resent %hief +orei&n .ffairs %orres,ondent for #B% ('==58,resent)
Bo L. "chieffer )*'*8,resent Moderator of ,ace The Nation ('=='8,resent)
Barara Walters '=?>8,resent %o8host of The -iew on .B% ('==?8,resent)
!eor&e "te,hano,oulos '=='8'==D, )*'*8,res. .nchor of !ood Mornin& .merica on .B% ()*'*8,resent)
2oe "carorou&h )**=8,resent %o8.nchor of WMornin& 2oeJ on M"#B%
Mika Br-e-inski )*''8,resent %o8.nchor of WMornin& 2oeJ on M"#B%
Lesley R. "tahl )**)8,resent %B" #ews 60 .in+tes corres,ondent ('=='8,resent)
%olle&e Professors4
%hristina 9. PaBson )*')8,resent President of Brown <niversity ()*')8,resent)
Lee %. Bollin&er )**38,resent President of %olumia <niversity ()**)8,resent)
David 2. "korton )**D8,resent President of %ornell <niversity ()**D8,resent)
2ohn 2. De!ioia )**38,resent President of !eor&etown <niversity ()**'8,resent)
%hristo,her B. 9oward )***8)**5, )**D8,res. President of 9am,den8"ydney %olle&e E1ir&iniaF ()**=8,resent)
Donna 6. "halala '=>)8,resent President of <niversity of Miami E+loridaF ()**'8,resent)
David L. Boren '=>=8,resent President of <niversity of ;klahoma ('==58,resent)
Leo Rafael Reif )*')8,resent President of Massachusetts 0nstitute of 7echnolo&y ()*')8,resent)
2ane Dammen Mc.uliffe )**=8,resent President of Bryn Mawr %olle&e ()**>8,resent)
Dennis 9. 9oltschneider )**=8,resent President of DePaul <niversity E%hica&oF ()**58,resent)
2ohn 6dward "eBton )**38,resent President of #ew $ork <niversity ()**)8,resent)
Michael :. $oun& '=>58'=>=, '==(8,res. President of <niversity of Washin&ton E"eattleF ()*''8,resent)
Michael M. %row )**(8,resent President of .ri-ona "tate <niversity ()**)8,resent)
David W. Leeron '==D8,resent President of Rice <niversity E7eBasF ()**58,resent)
Renu :hator )*''8,resent President of <niversity of 9ouston ()**>8,resent)
.dam Weiner& )*')8,resent President of Denison <niversity E;hioF ()*'38,resent)
Linda :och Lorimer )*'38,resent 1ice President for !loal and "trate&ic 0nitiatives at $ale <niversity ()*'38,resent)
!eor&e W. Breslauer '==58,resent Provost of <niversity of %alifornia at Berkeley ()**D8,resent)
2ohn 9. %oatsworth )***8,resent Provost of %olumia <niversity ()*''8,resent)
R. !lenn 9uard )**?8,resent Dean of %olumia Business "chool ()**58,resent)
Merit 6. 2anow '=>(8,resent Dean, "chool of 0nternational and Pulic .ffairs at %olumia <niv. ()*'38,resent)
1ali R. #asr )**(8,resent Dean, #it-e "chool of .dvanced 0ntJl "tudies at 2ohns 9o,kins <niv. ()*')8,resent)
%arol 2. Lancaster '=>D8,resent Dean, Walsh "chool of +orei&n "ervice at !eor&etown <niv. ()**=8,resent)
(.dm.) 2ames !. "tavridis '=>58'=>=, )**(8,res. Dean, +letcher "chool of Law and Di,lomacy at 7ufts <niversity ()*'38,resent)
2ames B. "teiner& '=>>8,resent Dean, MaBwell "chool of %iti-enshi, and Pulic .ffairs at "yracuse <niv. ()*''8,res.)
6ric Paul "chwart- '==)8'==?, )**'8,res. Dean, 9um,hrey "chool of Pulic .ffairs at the <niv. of Minnesota ()*''8,resent)
Roert L. 9utchin&s '==?8,resent Dean, Lyndon B. 2ohnson "chool of Pulic .ffairs at <niv. of 7eBas E.ustinF ()*'*8,r.)
Peter B. 9enry )**>8,resent Dean of #ew $ork <niversity Leonard #. "tern "chool of Business ()*'*8,resent)
Paul !. Mahoney )**58,resent Dean of the <niversity of 1ir&inia "chool of Law ()**>8,resent)
9enry Louis !ates 2r. '==*8,resent W.6.B. Du Bois Professor of the 9umanities at 9arvard <niversity
Drew ". Days 000 '==?8,resent Professor of Law at $ale Law "chool ('=='8,resent)
:ate "tith '==38,resent Lafayette ". +oster Professor of Law at $ale Law "chool ('==>8,resent)
.ndrew Moravcsik )**)8,resent Professor of Politics and 0nternational .ffairs at Princeton <niversity ()**58,resent)
Name CFR *embershi! 2ccu!ation
!overnment ;fficials4
%Fecuti$e Branch=
2ohn +ores :erry '==)8,resent <.". "ecretary of "tate ()*'38,resent)
%huck 9a&el '===8,resent <.". "ecretary of Defense ()*'38,resent)
2aco 2. Lew )**D8,resent <.". "ecretary of the 7reasury ()*'38,resent)
Penny ". Prit-ker '==58'==>, )**58,res. <.". "ecretary of %ommerce ()*'38,resent)
(!en.) 6ric :. "hinseki )***8,resent <.". "ecretary of 1eterans .ffairs (2anuary )', )**=8May 3*, )*'5)
6rnest 2. Moni- )**'8,resent <.". "ecretary of 6ner&y ()*'38,resent)
2eh %harles 2ohnson )**'8,resent <.". "ecretary of 9omeland "ecurity (Decemer )3, )*'38,resent)
"usan 6. Rice '==)8'==?, '===8,res. #ational "ecurity .dvisor (2uly ', )*'38,resent)
Michael B.!. +roman '==D8,resent <.". 7rade Re,resentative ()*'38,resent)
"ylvia Mathews Burwell '==D8,resent <.". "ecretary of 9ealth and 9uman "ervices (2une =, )*'58,resent)
Director of ;ffice of Mana&ement and Bud&et (.,ril )5, )*'382une =, )*'5)
!ene B. ",erlin& )**38,resent Director of #ational 6conomic %ouncil ('==D8)**', )*''8)*'5)
Mary 2o White )**38,resent %hairman of <.". "ecurities and 6Bchan&e %ommission ()*'38,resent)
Mar&aret .nn 9amur& '=>D8'==', '==38,res. %ommissioner of +ood and Dru& .dministration ()**=8,resent)
David %. !om,ert '=??8,resent Princi,al De,uty Director of #ational 0ntelli&ence ()**=8,resent)
Miriam "a,iro '=='8'==D, )***8,res. De,uty <.". 7rade Re,resentative ()**=8,resent)
.ntony 2ohn Blinken '==*8'==(, )**38,res. De,uty #ational "ecurity .dvisor ()*'38,resent)
Lisa ;. Monaco )*'38,resent <nited "tates 9omeland "ecurity .dvisor ()*'38,resent)
6li-aeth "herwood8Randall '=>D8,resent #ational "ecurity %ouncil "enior Director for 6uro,ean .ffairs ()**=8,resent)
William 2. Burns '==58,resent De,uty <.". "ecretary of "tate ()*''8,resent)
Wendy R. "herman '==?8,resent <nder "ecretary of "tate for Political .ffairs ()*''8,resent)
"arah "ewall '==)8,resent <nder "ec. of "tate for %ivilian "ecurity, Democracy, and 9uman Ri&hts ()*'58,r.)
Richard "ten&el '=>=8'==), )*'*8,res. <nder "ecretary of "tate for Pulic Di,lomacy and Pulic .ffairs ()*'58,resent)
David Mc:ean )*'*8,resent Director of Policy Plannin& "taff ()*'38,resent)
(Lt. !en.) Dou&las Lute )*''8,resent <.". Re,resentative to #.7; ()*'38,resent)
Michael Mc+aul )**'8,resent <.". .massador to Russia (+eruary )), )*')8+eruary )D, )*'5)
#ancy 2o Powell )*'*8,resent <.". .massador to 0ndia ()*')8,resent)
Richard L. Mornin&star )**58,resent <.". .massador to .-eraiHan ()*')8,resent)
2ames B. %unnin&ham )**'8,resent <.". .massador to .f&hanistan ()*')8,resent)
Mari %armen .,onte '==(8,resent <.". .massador to 6l "alvador ()*'*8,resent)
Mark +. Br-e-inski '==?8)**', )**38,res. <.". .massador to "weden ()*''8,resent)
!ina .ercromie8Winstanley '==>8,resent <.". .massador to Malta ()*')8,resent)
%aroline :ennedy )**)8,resent <.". .massador to 2a,an ()*'38,resent)
Raymond 6. Maus '==D8,resent "ecretary of the #avy ()**=8,resent)
"te,hen W. Preston )**)8,resent !eneral %ounsel of the <.". De,artment of Defense ()*'38,resent)
Derek %hollet '==>8,resent .ssistant "ecretary of Defense for 0nternational "ecurity .ffairs ()*')8,resent)
!en. Lloyd 2. .ustin 000 )*'38,resent %ommander of <.". %entral %ommand (March )), )*'38 ,resent)
!en. %harles 9. 2acoy 2r. )*''8,resent %ommander, #orth .merican .eros,ace Defense %ommand (#;R.D)()*''8,res.)
Lt. !en. Michelle D. 2ohnson )**?8,resent "u,erintendent of <.". .ir +orce .cademy ()*'38,resent)
%yrus .mir8Mokri )*')8,resent .ssistant "ecretary of the 7reasury for +inancial 0nstitutions ()*''8,resent)
+rancisco 2. "anche- )*''8,resent <nder "ecretary of %ommerce for 0nternational 7rade ()**=8,resent)
%ameron +. :erry )*')8,resent !eneral %ounsel of the <.". De,artment of %ommerce ()**=8,resent)
.lan D. Bersin '===8,resent .sst. "ec. of 9omeland "ecurity for 0nternational .ffairs ()**=8)*'', )*')8,resent)
Daniel B. Poneman '=>D8,resent De,uty "ecretary of 6ner&y ()**=8,resent)
8egislati$e Branch=
"en. 2ohn D. Rockefeller 01 '=?>8,resent <.". "enator (Democrat8West 1ir&inia, '=>(8,resent)
"en. 2ohn ". Mc%ain 000 '==?8,resent <.". "enator (Re,ulican8.ri-ona, '=>?8,resent)
"en. 2ack Reed )**'8,resent <.". "enator (Democrat8Rhode 0sland, '==?8,resent)
"en. Dianne +einstein )**38,resent <.". "enator (Democrat8%alifornia, '==)8,resent)
"en. Mark Warner )**(8,resent <.". "enator (Democrat81ir&inia, )**=8,resent)
"en. "usan M. %ollins )*'38,resent <.". "enator (Re,ulican8Maine, '==?8,resent)
7homas 6. Petri '=>=8,resent <.". %on&ressman (Re,ulican8Wisconsin, '=?=8,resent)
2im McDermott '==(8,resent <.". %on&ressman (Democrat8Washin&ton, '=>=8,resent)
2ames 9. ". P2imQ %oo,er '==(8,resent <.". %on&ressman (Democrat87ennessee, '=>38'==(, )**38,resent)
%harles W. Boustany 2r. )**?8,resent <.". %on&ressman (Re,ulican8Louisiana, )**(8,resent)
William M. PMacQ 7hornerry )**>8,resent <.". %on&ressman (Re,ulican87eBas, '==(8,resent)
:ay !ran&er )*'*8,resent <.". %on&ressman (Re,ulican87eBas, '==?8,resent)
#ita M. Lowey )*'*8,resent <.". %on&ressman (Democrat8#ew $ork, '=>=8,resent)
:eith 6llison )*'38,resent <.". %on&ressman (Democrat8Minnesota, )**?8,resent)
0udicial Branch=
Ruth Bader !insur& '=?38,resent 2ustice of the <.". "u,reme %ourt ('==38,resent)
"te,hen !. Breyer '=>38,resent 2ustice of the <.". "u,reme %ourt ('==58,resent)
Pauline #ewman )**)8,resent 2ud&e of the <.". %ourt of .,,eals for the +ederal %ircuit ('=>58,resent)
:eith P. 6llison '=?=8,resent 2ud&e of the <.". District %ourt for the "outhern District of 7eBas ('===8,resent)
hatever *a33ened to the 2ouncil on Foreign Relations?
.y *obert 8+ 9ch%l>in)er
From Diplomatic 'istory ma)a>ine, Fall #C!# edition, p+ BB<!C
The 7o%ncil on Forei)n *elations occ%pies a stately five<story mansion on the so%thwest comer of 9i0ty<ei)hth 9treet and &ark
Aven%e in one of the most fashionable districts of Manhattan+ ;nce the home of 5arold &ratt, a partner of John 8+ *ockefeller,
it was )iven by his widow to the co%ncil in #C$I+ An these comfortable head4%arters the or)ani>ation ho%ses a staff of
researchers and writers on every aspect of contemporary American forei)n policy, holds )eneral meetin)s for the appro0imately
two tho%sand caref%lly chosen bankers, lawyers, ,o%rnalists, p%blic officials, and academics who belon) to it, and convenes
speciali>ed st%dy )ro%ps on the world-s problems+ At is from offices in this b%ildin) that it also p%blishes its infl%ential 4%arterly
,o%rnal, 2oreign Affairs.
The work of the co%ncil attracts the attention of ma,or newspapers and periodicals, which profile its leaders+ Dritin) in
*ommentary in J%ly #C!", 7arl Gershman called the co%ncil: GThe old internationalist establishment which presided over
American policy d%rin) the era of the 7old Dar and which collapsed as a res%lt of AmericaLs defeat in 'ietnam+H Government
officials often heed what the co%ncil has to say+ 8%rin) the 9econd Dorld Dar the 8epartment of 9tate hired the co%ncil to
prepare plans for the postwar world+ Dhile no official connection has e0isted between the )overnment and the co%ncil since
Dorld Dar AA, the a)encies of the Onational sec%rity stateO have all solicited the co%ncil-s advice+
7ritics from the *i)ht and =eft have taken a hard look at the co%ncil, which they believe has conspired to deprive ordinary
citi>ens of control of forei)n affairs+ Kent and &hoebe 7o%rtney, two members of the radical *i)ht, entitled their #CJ e0pose of
the co%ncil America<s 0nelected Rulers. Two new leftists, =awrence 9ho%p and Dilliam Minter, wrote in ,mperial Brain (rust&
(+e *ouncil on 2oreign Relations and 0.S. 2oreign /olicy 2#CBB3 that Othe res%lts Yof the co%ncilLs workZ have been and are
a)ainst the interests of both the ma,ority of the American people and the people of the world+H
Dhether or not the co%ncil e0erts the sinister power attrib%ted to it by its critics, the men who formed the or)ani>ation after the
First Dorld Dar and the men 2and, m%ch later, women3 who ,oined it in s%bse4%ent years did so beca%se they wanted to affect
the co%rse of American forei)n policy+ 7reated at the &aris &eace 7onference in #C#C, the co%ncil be)an slowly in the #C"s as
a social cl%b for the 1ew (ork financial and le)al elite+ .y the #C6"s the or)ani>ation had become the centerpiece for the battles
over the proper role for the United 9tates in the impendin) war in :%rope+ 8%rin), the thirties, when a lar)e portion of the p%blic
opposed the *oosevelt administrationLs efforts to draw the co%ntry closer to .ritain and France, the co%ncil forthri)htly
advocated intervention on the side of the allies+
An the first two decades of the co%ncil-s e0istence, its leadership developed a weary contempt for the p%blic-s ability to
%nderstand international relations+ For the co%ncil, the p%blic was always st%pid and %s%ally wron)+ ;%tsiders, who had played
no part in creatin) American forei)n policy, had prevented the 9enate-s consentin) to the &aris &eace Treaty in #C#C<"+
A)norant An)lophobes had forced the *ep%blican administrations of the #C"s to steer clear of a political ali)nment with the
.ritish d%rin) the twenties+ The co%ncil tho%)ht that the American p%blic had behaved even worse thro%)ho%t the Great
8epression, when it forced the *oosevelt administration into a virt%al silent partnership with the 1a>is, thereby abettin)
Germany-s drive to s%b,%)ate the entire :%ropean continent+
Dhen war broke o%t in :%rope in 9eptember #C6C, the co%ncil came into its own as the plannin) staff for the 8epartment of
9tate+ The editor of 2oreign Affairs7 5amilton Fish Armstron), who had feared a new world war for the previo%s five years, met
in Dashin)ton on #6 9eptember with Assistant 9ecretary of 9tate Geor)e Messersmith to offer the services of the co%ncil to the
)overnment for the d%ration of the war+ The two men developed a scheme for the co%ncil to ask the *ockefeller Fo%ndation for
the money to %nderwrite secret research for the 9tate 8epartment, an %ndertakin) known as the Dar and &eace 9t%dies &ro,ect of
the 7o%ncil on Forei)n *elations+ An h%ndreds of confidential memoranda to the 9tate 8epartment, Dar and &eace 9t%dies drew
%p plans for the postwar economic reconstr%ction of :%rope, the )eneral international or)ani>ation that wo%ld follow the war,
and postwar disarmament+ The pro,ect %tili>ed the talents of many men who later rose to the top of the forei)n affairs
establishment: Allen D+ 8%lles, later director of the 7entral Antelli)ence A)ency@ 5anson D+ .aldwin, chief military
correspondent for the Ne9 :or. (imes= and Grayson Kirk, later president of 7ol%mbia University+
The war years also saw the co%ncil emer)e as the foremost private st%dy )ro%p on forei)n policy in the United 9tates+ At easily
eclipsed the Forei)n &olicy Association, a )ro%p that Armstron) and bankin) members of the co%ncil like *%ssell 7+ =effin)well
critici>ed for lettin) in too many %nimportant men and, even worse, women+ The co%ncil appeared more in to%ch with the act%al
powers in Dashin)ton and less concerned with tellin) the p%blic what went on there than did the Forei)n &olicy Association+
Che council al>ays has 3referred to >or5 behind the scenes0 The discreet telephone call, the h%rried meetin), the s%mmons
to the capital to brief the secretary of state were more its way of doin) b%siness than the p%blic informational meetin)s of the
Forei)n &olicy Association+ :ven the most p%blic or)an of the co%ncil, 2oreign Affairs7 adopted a format and style of d%ll )ray
di)nity, which Armstron) calc%lated wo%ld repel a pop%lar a%dience as m%ch as it wo%ld attract the attention of the s%bstantial
molders of opinion+
Altho%)h the co%ncil had the field almost to itself d%rin) the late forties, it co%ld not en,oy its position of dominance for lon)+
.y the mid<#CI"s entreprene%rs in the %niversities discovered that the )overnment wo%ld pay them to train f%nctionaries to
wa)e the 7old Dar, and the %niversities had the lionLs share of the e0perts on international relations on their staffs+ The
)overnment be))ed them to accept contracts for st%dies of international iss%es, and the 7o%ncil on Forei)n *elations lost its
preeminence in the field of forei)n policy advice+
8%rin) the si0ties the co%ncil en,oyed an Andian s%mmer of a%thority when it became the recr%itin) arm for forei)n policy
specialists for John F+ KennedyLs 1ew Frontier, and more members of the 7o%ncil on Forei)n *elations accepted hi)h<level
positions in KennedyLs administration than had ,oined any previo%s )overnment+ That record was later s%rpassed d%rin) *ichard
M+ 1i0onLs ten%re in the Dhite 5o%se+ 1onetheless, the co%ncil saw its infl%ence slide as the si0ties wore on+ The war in
'ietnam, which many co%ncil members ardently backed in its early years, dist%rbed the peace of the co%ncil as it shattered the
consens%s on forei)n policy b%ilt %p in the 7old Dar years+
Altho%)h the co%ncil did not represent an especially wide ran)e of opinion on the 'ietnam Dar 2few members advocated either
f%ll<scale war or immediate withdrawal3, the differences over 'ietnam that er%pted aro%sed s%ch intense emotion that the
co%ncil divided over what advice to )ive the )overnment and the p%blic+ These fiss%res were reported in the newspapers in
a%t%mn #CB# when the co%ncil appointed a new editor of 2oreign Affairs. Armstron) was retirin) in #CB, and the search
committee recommended as his s%ccessor Dilliam &+ .%ndy, onetime 7AA analyst, assistant secretary of state %nder Kennedy
and Johnson, and one of the ma,or architects of AmericaLs involvement in 'ietnam+ ;pponents of the war in 'ietnam who
belon)ed to the co%ncil tho%)ht .%ndy a terrible choice since 2oreign Affairs presented the co%ncil-s face to the p%blic+ =ed by
*ichard Falk, a professor of international law at &rinceton, critics complained that the co%ncil had abandoned any claim to
impartiality when it offered the editorship to .%ndy+
Another problem pla)%in) the co%ncil d%rin) the sevent#es was a p%blic ventin) of an internal disp%te over membership+ 7ritics,
a)ain led by Falk, char)ed that the or)ani>ation drew solely on rich, tired, old men who shared a narrow conservative<
internationalist o%tlook on world politics+ They demanded that membership be offered to women and yo%n) men who mi)ht
someday become the leaders of American forei)n affairs+
These attempts to democrati>e the co%ncil en,oyed modest s%ccess+ Domen ,oined, and the avera)e a)e of members dropped
from the mid<fifties to the late forties+ .%t s%ccess in lowerin) barriers to admission necessarily made the co%ncil far less
e0cl%sive than it had been twenty years before+ 9ome co%ncil leaders decided in #CB that the or)ani>ation mi)ht never recover
from its loss of p%blic esteem+ 8avid *ockefeller, chairman of the board of the 7hase Manhattan .ank, who had served as
chairman of the co%ncil since #CB#, tho%)ht the co%ncil had simply )rown too lar)e to f%nction effectively+ An #CB6 he helped
or)ani>e a m%ch smaller version of the co%ncil, the Trilateral 7ommission, which had only I" members from 1orth America,
:%rope, and Japan+
ith its international membershi3+ the Crilateral 2ommission fulfilled the dreams of the founders of the council >ho
had met at the *otel )aBestic in Paris in )ay '/'/0 There, abo%t forty members of the American and .ritish dele)ations to
the peace talks, led by banker Thomas =amont and &resident of the American Geo)raphical 9ociety Asaiah .owman for the
Americans, and =ord *obert 7ecil and =ionel 7%rtis for the .ritish, planned to establish a research or)ani>ation on international
affairs with branches in .ritain and America+ Members of both dele)ations had worked closely to)ether at the peace conference
preparin) technical papers for their political chiefs+ They had discovered that their s%perior knowled)e of international affairs
provided a common )ro%nd of %nderstandin)+ An fact, their Le0pertise )ave them more familiarity with one another than with
politicians of their own co%ntries+ F%rthermore, they feared that the .ritish and American p%blics wo%ld lose interest in world
affairs once the peace treaty was adopted+ =amont and .owman believed that the Dorld Dar represented a welcome rise in
p%blic interest in international relations, b%t they do%bted that the p%blic wo%ld maintain that interest witho%t leadership from
more knowled)eable men+ The new or)ani>ation wo%ld keep the internationalist spirit alive+
At the first meetin) of the An)lo<American research or)ani>ation, speakers from both dele)ations con)rat%lated themselves on
havin) transcended petty nationalism in order to provide the knowled)e necessary for their s%periors+ (et they feared that the
peace conference mi)ht represent a hi)h<water mark in An)lo<American %nderstandin)+ The new or)ani>ation wo%ld have to
en)a)e in heroic efforts to preserve the esprit that had to%ched the technical e0perts d%rin) the conference+ :ven with the best
intentions in the world, the members of the new or)ani>ation mi)ht be %nable to ins%late the e0perts from the i)norant
nationalism of their co%ntrymen+ This meetin) set a pattern that was followed thro%)ho%t the s%bse4%ent history of the 7o%ncil
on Forei)n *elations+ Ats leaders maintained a commitment to cooperation with similar<minded forei)n affairs specialists
overseas, believed that American forei)n policy sho%ld be Ointernationalist,O and feared that the American p%blic lacked the
knowled)e and patience to %nderstand forei)n affairs+
The idea of a sin)le international research or)ani>ation never bore fr%it+ The 9enate debate over the treaty at 'ersailles tapped a
well of anti<.ritish sentiment, and the American members of the ,oint research or)ani>ation decided to start their )ro%p
independently of the .ritish+ .y the mid<#C"s two )ro%ps emer)ed+ An .ritain, 7%rtis s%cceeded in #C in )ainin) a charter
from Kin) Geor)e ' for the *oyal Anstit%te of Anternational Affairs+ The Americans incorporated as the 7o%ncil on Forei)n
*elations %nder the laws of 1ew (ork 9tate in J%ly #C#+ An s%bse4%ent years the American co%ncil and the .ritish instit%te
p%rs%ed the basic )oals of the #C#C meetin): the collection of knowled)e on international relations, the dampenin) of >ealo%s
nationalism, and the enlistment of e0perts into the creation of forei)n policy+
Unfort%nately, han)in) over all the co%ncil-s work was a moralism borderin) on self<ri)hteo%sness+ The men who formed the
co%ncil at the peace conference in #C#C and led it before the 9econd Dorld Dar were, for the most part, followers of Doodrow
Dilson+ Armstron), John D+ 8avis, 1orman 5+ 8avis, 8%lles, and .owman had all accompanied Dilson to &aris, and they all
had felt betrayed when the 9enate had t%rned down the 'ersailles Treaty+
Members of the co%ncil acc%sed their co%ntrymen of wishin) to withdraw from the world beca%se they did not feel comfortable
dealin) with forei)ners, resentin) Americans who had a fac%lty for )ettin) alon) with aliens, and maskin) these sentiments of
inferiority by claimin) it wo%ld be better if the co%ntry stayed o%t of forei)n affairs+ An a #CJ 2oreign Affairs article on Dilliam
:+ .orah of Adaho, the new chairman of the 9enate Forei)n *elations 7ommittee, Dalter =ippmann said: G;rdinarily +++ he
wo%ld be labelled a chronic knocker and dismissed from the society of the ri)hteo%s and efficient+ .%t, like the weather, the only
thin) to know abo%t .orah is to accept him+H =ippmann wrote similar articles in 2oreign Affairs abo%t other noninterventionists
in the early #C6"s %ntil he eloped with Armstron)Ls wife in #C6! and ended his participation in the b%siness of the co%ncil+
A few co%ncil leaders wanted to open the or)ani>ation to more p%blic e0pos%re in the years #C6!<$I+ These Gdemocrati>ers,H led
by 7ol%mbia University &rofessor of Anternational *elations James T+ 9hotwell, lost their bid to make the co%ncil more
accessible+ An the process 9hotwell inf%riated Armstron) and .owman, who acc%sed him of )randstandin) for the p%blic+ The
bankers on the co%ncil became even more a)itated by visions of sittin) down to dinner with local *otarians, school<board
members, hardware proprietors, and ch%rch women+ As =effin)well e0pressed it when the s%b,ect arose of competin) directly
with the Forei)n &olicy Association for the p%blicLs attention, Gif ALd wanted to sit down with those people, A wo%ld have ,oined
them+H Therefore, the local committees on Forei)n *elations spread aro%nd the United 9tates f%nctioned as compromises
between the desires of the bankers and men of affairs to keep the co%ncil a small infl%ential elite in 1ew (ork and the fears of
9hotwell that no one listened to what the co%ncil had to say+
8%rin) the war more committees on Forei)n *elations )rew %p across the co%ntry+ They meas%red p%blic attit%des toward the
important iss%es of the war: the f%t%re of Germany and Japan, American participation in the postwar international or)ani>ation,
and sentiments toward Great .ritain, France, and the 9oviet Union+ These reports went to the co%ncilLs head4%arters on :ast
9i0ty<fifth 9treet, where Armstron) and Dalter Mallory, the e0ec%tive director, %sed them to plan strate)ies for leadin)
American p%blic opinion toward internationalism+
The co%ncil achieved its )reatest infl%ence over American forei)n policy d%rin) the 9econd Dorld Dar+ The Dar and &eace
9t%dies &ro,ect provided the 8epartment of 9tate over three h%ndred memoranda on territorial 4%estions, the f%t%re of
armaments, the postwar economic world, and )eneral international or)ani>ation+ An all fo%r cate)ories the co%ncil-s e0perts
so%)ht to e0pand and modify Doodrow DilsonLs internationalism+
The co%ncilLs 9econd Dorld Dar recommendations presented a very special internationalism, which reco)ni>ed the interests of
other co%ntries while placin) those of the United 9tates first+ The Dar and &eace 9t%dies staff believed in international
cooperation, as lon) as both Americans and forei)ners acknowled)ed certain obvio%s facts+ First, the United 9tates was clearly
the most powerf%l nation on the )lobe+ 9econd, too m%ch nationalism, especially from small, Odisr%ptiveO powers, threatened
international sec%rity+ Third, a )eneral international or)ani>ation that reco)ni>ed the preponderance of the United 9tates was the
best means of keepin) the peace+ And fo%rth, international sec%rity depended %pon a thrivin) international economy+ An
economic affairs, ,%st as in political and military ones, American participation and direction were essential+
After the 9econd Dorld Dar the co%ncil remained involved in p%blic controversies over American forei)n policy, %s%ally sidin)
with the )overnment in power, and always insistin) that the Oe0pertsO deal with forei)n policy+ The stress on e0pertise derived
from a fear that the p%blic, once aro%sed to the need for American participation in world politics, wo%ld want to take char)e of
diplomacy+ 7o%ncil members believed that any position the )eneral p%blic took on forei)n affairs was ins%fficiently Gn%ancedH
to be %sef%l to the )overnment+
8%rin) the early years of the 7old Dar the co%ncil %r)ed a stiffer position a)ainst the 9oviet Union+ From #C$$ to #C$J a st%dy
)ro%p chaired by Dilliam 9ch%bart, a banker, and havin) as members some of the foremost *%ssian scholars workin) in the
United 9tates investi)ated the 4%estion of U+9+<9oviet relations+ The rapporte%r of the )ro%p, Geor)e 9+ Franklin, had been
introd%ced to the co%ncil by 8avid *ockefeller in #C$$+ Franklin, a lawyer who hated to practice, stayed on at the co%ncil in one
capacity or another for twenty<nine years, leavin) in #CB6 to become the e0ec%tive director of the new Trilateral 7ommission+
The co%ncil-s break with the alliance with the 9oviet Union coincided with the Tr%man administrationLs )reater animosity
toward that nation+ .%t ,%st as the Tr%man administration fo%nd itself at odds with former isolationists over how to wa)e the
7old Dar, the co%ncil, too, concl%ded that in the three years from #C$B to #CI" a policy of war with the 9oviets co%ld prove
disastro%s+ The most famo%s of the co%ncilLs prescriptions for how to deal with the 9oviet Union came in the J%ly #C$B iss%e of
2oreign Affairs7 in which Geor)e F + Kennan, the 9tate 8epartmentLs chief of plannin), writin) %nder the pse%donym GT,H
e0amined GThe 9o%rces of 9oviet 7ond%ct+H
For the ne0t thirty years and more forei)n policy analysts wo%ld disa)ree abo%t what Kennan had in mind when he called for
containment of the 9oviet Union+ Kennan chan)ed his mind over what he said in GThe 9o%rces of 9oviet 7ond%ct,H and by the
late #CI"s denied he had meant that the United 9tates sho%ld confront the 9oviets militarily+ At the time the GT articleH
appeared, however, shrewd observers of American forei)n policy believed that an alliance with the :%ropeans was the nat%ral
conse4%ence of the doctrine of containment+
8%rin) the second Tr%man administration, when containment became a dirty word on the lips of *ep%blicans, the co%ncil tried
to defend KennanLs ideas and rekindle some of the old sense of internationalism+ 7o%ncil members ar)%ed that the Asia Firsters
of the *ep%blican party were only the post<Dorld Dar AA remnants of the prewar isolationists+ Accordin) to Armstron) and
8%lles, the 7hina =obby of Dilliam Knowland, Dalter J%dd, and Dilliam Jenner missed the point of the nat%re of the
competition between the United 9tates and the 9oviet Union+ The Asia Firsters desired a O4%ick fi0O to the 9oviet threat, strikin)
at the 9oviet rear in Asia+ .y formin) an alliance with the 7hinese nationalists and the 9o%th Koreans, the 7hina =obby tho%)ht
that the United 9tates wo%ld ac4%ire friends who wo%ld accept American t%tela)e more readily than the wily diplomats of
:%rope+ .%t the co%ncil denied that the conflict with the 9oviet Union co%ld be solved easily or 4%ickly+
At re4%ired ine0ha%stible patience as well as limitless self<confidence to believe, as the co%ncil did, that the United 9tates
event%ally wo%ld overwhelm the 9oviet Union in a conflict that wo%ld last nearly forever+ 1ot that havin) the 7old Dar r%n on
forever wo%ld necessarily be bad, for a war witho%t end wo%ld mean that the forei)n affairs e0perts of the co%ncil and the other
research bodies co%ld contin%e to dominate the cond%ct of American forei)n policy+ A contin%in) str%))le with the 9oviet Union
co%ld point %p the need for e0pert diplomats to the American p%blic, while at the same time dampen the p%blicLs %r)e to
complain abo%t forei)n policy+ Af the United 9tates stood in constant peril, there wo%ld be less likelihood that carpin) critics like
the 7hina =obby co%ld make headway discreditin) the co%ntryLs leaders+ Under a state of sie)e, the Tr%man administration and
its s%ccessors all ar)%ed that too m%ch p%blic criticism of their forei)n policies made it harder for them to do their ,obs+ The
critics themselves mi)ht even be convinced, as happened when the *ep%blicans took over in #CI6+ 9ome %nhappy forei)n policy
critics even toned down their attacks on AmericaLs diplomatic establishment, reasonin) that while the leadership mi)ht not be the
best, it was the only leadership available+
8%rin) the fifties the co%ncil reiterated its ar)%ments abo%t the need to defer to the wisdom of the men in char)e+ This attempt to
)enerate wide p%blic s%pport for an eliteLs e0cl%sive control of forei)n policy co%ld s%cceed only if the critics of containment
co%ld be made more patient than radicals traditionally had been+ The Asia Firsters co%ld not tolerate the slow pace of the 7old
Dar, and they be)an to do%bt whether the American forei)n policy e0perts in the co%ncil and in the )overnment really cared if
the United 9tates o%tlasted the 9oviet Union+
At the time of the Al)er 5iss case, 9enator Joseph Mc7arthy-s press%re to p%r)e the 9tate 8epartment, and the )rowth of the
John .irch 9ociety some members of the radical *i)ht came to believe that the forei)n policy establishment act%ally worked for
the 9oviet Union and looked forward to the day when the revol%tion wo%ld van4%ish the Dest+ The 7o%ncil on Forei)n
*elations stood o%t in this demonolo)y+ An Roc.efeller <ntemationalist<& (+e Man W+o Misrules t+e World7 p%blished in #CI,
the location of the co%ncilLs head4%arters at the corner of 9i0ty<ei)hth 9treet and &ark Aven%e took on sinister si)nificance
beca%se it faced the 9oviet UnionLs mission to the United 1ations+ ;n the frontispiece was printed a pict%re of the co%ncil and
the 9oviet mission, and the te0t spec%lated that the a)ents of the Kremlin met the staff of the co%ncil in the steam t%nnels %nder
9i0ty<ei)hth 9treet and handed over ba)s of )old and lists of instr%ctions from the politb%ro in Moscow+ The book also char)ed
that the co%ncil fronted for the *ockefellers and that they had collaborated with the .olsheviks since #C#B+
*adicals of the =eft in the si0ties ,oined the den%nciation of the forei)n policy establishment for havin) a hidden a)enda+ For the
leftists, the ob,ect of the 7old Dar was the advancement of the careers of the forei)n policy e0perts in the co%ncil and the
)overnment and the creation of profits for international bankers and m%nitions man%fact%rers+ Under these ass%mptions the 7old
Darriors wanted the conflict neither to end nor t%rn bloody+ 1either 9oviet capit%lation nor a shootin) war wo%ld diminish the
a%thority of the mana)ers of national sec%rity+ The end of the threat wo%ld lift the sie)e mentality+ As lon) as .oein),
Mc8onnell<8o%)las, General 8ynamics, or 7hrysler prepared for some va)%e f%t%re battle, they co%ld happily )ear themselves
for any type of war+ Deapons 4%ickly became obsolete and had to be replaced with newer, more sophisticated, and profitable
tools of destr%ction+ .%t let an act%al war break o%t, and the merchants of death wo%ld have to satisfy their )reed by s%pplyin)
the basic materiel K rifles, tanks, and transports+ F%rthermore, manpower levels wo%ld increase in wartime, and the &enta)on
wo%ld have to spend more of its b%d)et payin), feedin), and s%pplyin) G+A+s+ =ess money wo%ld remain to develop hi)hly
profitable hardware+
For the leftists the internationalism of the co%ncil represented the interests of bi) b%siness+ The radical *i)ht also hated the bi)
b%siness sympathies of many of the co%ncilLs leaders+ For the =eft the bi) b%siness interests represented a betrayal of the
Oworkin) class,O while the *i)ht deplored an internationalism that dissolved the traditional val%es of the nation state+ *i)ht<win)
radicals like *obert Delch or Moon M%llins of the John .irch 9ociety spoke of the co%ncilLs helpin) bi) b%siness sap the vitality
of the United 9tates and believed that it %ndermined reli)ion and mocked the fla)+
To both the =eft and the *i)ht, the co%ncil proclaimed itself the sole repository of wisdom on international iss%es+ For an)ry
political activists, as well as for common citi>ens who lacked access to the )reat and powerf%l, the co%ncil appeared to elevate
e0pertise in order to e0cl%de the )eneral p%blic from thinkin) abo%t forei)n policy+ The radicals also complained that the
co%ncilLs elevation of e0pertise left no room for morality in the cond%ct of international relations+ Accordin) to the radicals, the
co%ncil was either made %p of OamoralistsO who tho%)ht that ethics had no place in international relations, or its members posed
as bein) indifferent to morality in order to force the p%blic to acknowled)e it had no b%siness applyin) its childish notions of
)ood and evil to forei)n policy+
;fficers of the co%ncil like 8avid *ockefeller co%ld shr%) off the attacks of the radicals as the bitter r%minations of fr%strated,
lonely so%ls+ .%t in the si0ties and seventies a third wave of criticism assailed the co%ncil from the very internationalists who
earlier had been amon) its s%pporters+ 9ome liberals too5 aim at the organi<ation as a dull collection of self-im3ortant
gentlemen >ho had very little to say about >hat really >ent on in the >orld0 -ohn Kenneth Galbraith+ the liberal
*arvard economist >ho had actively 3artici3ated in the council?s study grou3 on 3ost>ar 3lanning in '/1@ and '/1.+
resigned out of boredom in the late '/.&s0 *e described the council:s membershi3 as Ethe biggest grou3 of meatheads in
America+F and the organi<ation as a >hole as the Eseat of boredom0F A yo%n)er man, John 7ampbell, a Forei)n 9ervice
officer who came to work at the co%ncil on a fellowship in #CJC, chimed in with a scathin) attack in Ne9 :or. Maga4ine in
9eptember #CB#+ 5e called the co%ncil a cl%b of tired, old men, sippin) tea and drowsin) off at meetin)s while none0perts
e0po%nded on nonproblems of international relations+ 5e also took on 2oreign Affairs7 claimin) it was the d%llest, not the most
infl%ential, ma)a>ine in the world+
7ampbell took his challen)e to 2oreign Affairs serio%sly eno%)h to become the first mana)in) editor of a rival ,o%rnal, 2oreign
/olicy7 sponsored by the 7arne)ie :ndowment for Anternational &eace+ 2oreign /olicy so%)ht to carve a place for itself as t+e
or)an of the forei)n policy establishment by bein) livelier than 2oreign Affairs. The new ma)a>ine tried to find a%thors who
wo%ld disa)ree in print with one another+ J%st as 2oreign Affairs so%)ht to distin)%ish itself by lookin) di)nified with a )rave,
)ray cover and a colophon of the horse .%cephal%s ridin) off in tri%mph, 2oreign /olicy tried to appear trendy+ The ma)a>ine
was only two and one<half inches wide and nine inches lon)+ A reader was s%pposed to slip it into a pocket and p%ll it o%t to
4%ote at appropriate moments in forei)n policy debates+
Che ;ietnam ar 3araly<ed the council:s thin5ing on America:s role in the >orld0 ;ri)inally most co%ncil members were
%nited in s%pport of the war, b%t as the conflict contin%ed the members split alon) the same lines that divided other forei)n
affairs leaders+ :ven the promotion of one of the co%ncilLs most o%tstandin) fi)%res, 5enry Kissin)er, to the premier post in the
)overnmentLs forei)n affairs b%rea%cracy did not polish the ima)e of the co%ncil+ Too many liberal members of the forei)n
affairs establishment despised Kissin)er as an amoral self<promoter+ Kissin)er did, however, provide the or)ani>ation with a
new president@ Dinston =ord, a former aide on the 1ational 9ec%rity 7o%ncil, took over in 9eptember #CBB+ As Kissin)erLs
dep%ty in Dashin)ton, =ord had prepared the openin) to 7hina in #CB#, written papers on the 'ietnamese ne)otiations with
T%an Th%y, and swallowed his personal mis)ivin)s over the secret bombin) of 7ambodia in #CJC and the invasion of =aos in
#CB"+ After ei)ht years of p%ttin) in seventy<ho%r weeks for a demandin) boss, =ord, still in his early forties, took over the
co%ncil to rec%perate, reflect, and reb%ild the or)ani>ation+
=ord-s administration of the co%ncil followed the terms of two men who departed %nder lar)e clo%ds+ Grayson Kirk served as
president of the co%ncil from #CJ$ to #CB 6 and was s%cceeded by .ayliss Mannin), the dean of the 9tanford University =aw
9chool, who ran the co%ncil from #CB6 to #CBB+ Kirk had advanced with the co%ncil, servin) as secretary for some of the Dar
and &eace 9t%dies reports d%rin) Dorld Dar AA and becomin) an active member while he was professor of international relations
at 7ol%mbia University+ 5e s%cceeded 8wi)ht :isenhower as president of 7ol%mbia, resi)nin) in dis)race after the st%dent
%prisin) in #CJ!+ 5is years at the 5arold &ratt 5o%se coincided with the ar)%ments over 'ietnam and the row over the choice of
an editor for 2oreign Affairs. Dhen he left in #CB 6 the board of directors was pi4%ed that he had allowed the scandal of the
replacement of Armstron) with .%ndy to become p%blic+
The board selected Mannin) beca%se he had helped make the 9tanford =aw 9chool one of the three top places for trainin)
lawyers in the co%ntry+ Unfort%nately, he co%ld not brin) his or)ani>ational )eni%s east with him to the co%ncil+ 5is presidency
was pla)%ed with declinin) reven%e and, even more distressin), a massive p%blic lack of interest in what the co%ncil did+ Dhen
Mannin) stepped down in sprin) #CBB, Ne9s9ee. reported that 8avid *ockefeller, chairman of the board of directors,
considered Mannin) a la>y leader who had not so%)ht o%t the bi) donors and had let the co%ncil slide+
The tro%bles with the co%ncil d%rin) the seventies, however, went far beyond inade4%acies of its staff+ :ven the most ener)etic
f%nd raiser, the most dynamic editor, the most provocative director of st%dies co%ld not have reversed the sl%mp in the co%ncilLs
p%blic rep%tation+ After 'ietnam, the p%blic no lon)er listened deferentially to the Ge0pertsH on forei)n affairs+ At hardly mattered
that the co%ncil had not spoken with a sin)le voice on 'ietnam, as it had on the need for American involvement in the war
a)ainst 1a>i Germany+ Dhat st%ck in the p%blic mind was that the co%ncil, alon) with )overnment officials, had been so
spectac%larly wron) for so lon) and in so many ways over 'ietnam+
Dhen it became clear to the leaders of the co%ncil in the early #CB"s that the war had to end 4%ickly, they did their best to shove
it o%t of the p%blic disco%rse on forei)n policy+ The p%blic, however, was not fooled by the avoidance of a painf%l s%b,ect+ 0t
concl%ded ri)htly that the co%ncil fo%nd 'ietnam a ma,or embarrassment that it wished wo%ld disappear+ The p%blic may not
have been very sophisticated and, accordin) to most members of the co%ncil, it was downri)ht naive, b%t it did not have to be
very shrewd to reali>e that the co%ncil had yielded its nat%ral ri)ht to tell everyone else the tr%th abo%t forei)n affairs+
Aronically, the co%ncil a)ain became the tar)et of the wrath of radicals in American politics ,%st as its infl%ence seemed to ebb+
8%rin) the election campai)n of #C!", radicals conf%sed the rather tired co%ncil with the Trilateral 7ommission and vilified
both+ ;n the *ep%blican side the co%ncil and the commission became tar)ets for the 1ew *i)ht, which wanted to deny a spot on
the ticket to Geor)e .%sh+ The 1ew *i)ht reviled .%sh as a member of the eastern forei)n policy establishment+ 1one of his
%nappealin) campai)n techni4%es<his s4%eaky voice, his addiction to sports metaphors, or his resol%te ref%sal to take a stand on
iss%es<rankled the *i)ht as m%ch as his connection with the co%ncil and the commission+ Amon) a few 8emocrats the co%ncil
and the commission also became iss%es+ =yndon =a*o%che, former head of the U+9+ =abor party, so%)ht the 8emocratic
nomination for president on a platform that raised the spectre of a conspiracy amon) the co%ncil, the Trilateral 7ommission, the
Moslem .rotherhood, and the Aranian revol%tionaries+ These sinister elements, accordin) to =a*o%che, ran the politics of the
United 9tates thro%)h their stoo)e in the Dhite 5o%se, Jimmy 7arter+
The people at the &ratt 5o%se la%)hed at these char)es+ 8avid *ockefeller called them Gfoolish attacks on false iss%es+H The
Ne9 :or. (imes also tho%)ht that the conspiracy theorists had taken leave of their senses+ An a way the attacks from the frin)e
comforted the co%ncil, for they made its leaders think that some of the old dominance of p%blic debate still worked+ To believe
that, however, the leadership of the co%ncil wo%ld have had to close their eyes to what had happened to their or)ani>ation+
Fo%nded to provide forei)n affairs information to important people and offer a private for%m to diplomats and statesmen, the
co%ncil had en,oyed enormo%s s%ccesses from #C# %ntil the #CJ"s+ From then %ntil #C!" it lost its way+ Ats confidence became
arro)ance ,%st as the rest of the world discovered that it had little new to say+ An this, as in so many other ways, the history of the
co%ncil mirrored the history of American forei)n policy since the First Dorld Dar+
:18
#ina L. :hrushcheva, the &reat8&randdau&hter of "oviet Premier #ikita :hrushchev,
is a memer of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations.
*o> the A5raine crisis ends
.y 5enry A+ Kissin)er, &%blished: March I, "#$
'enry A. Kissinger 9as secretary of state from #>? to #>>.
&%blic disc%ssion on Ukraine is all abo%t confrontation+ .%t do we know where we are )oin)N An my life, A have seen fo%r wars
be)%n with )reat enth%siasm and p%blic s%pport, all of which we did not know how to end and from three of which we withdrew
%nilaterally+ The test of policy is how it ends, not how it be)ins+
Far too often the Ukrainian iss%e is posed as a showdown: whether Ukraine ,oins the :ast or the Dest+ .%t if Ukraine is to
s%rvive and thrive, it m%st not be either side-s o%tpost a)ainst the other E it sho%ld f%nction as a brid)e between them+
*%ssia m%st accept that to try to force Ukraine into a satellite stat%s, and thereby move *%ssia-s borders a)ain, wo%ld doom
Moscow to repeat its history of self<f%lfillin) cycles of reciprocal press%res with :%rope and the United 9tates+
The Dest m%st %nderstand that, to *%ssia, Ukraine can never be ,%st a forei)n co%ntry+ *%ssian history be)an in what was called
Kievan<*%s+ The *%ssian reli)ion spread from there+ Ukraine has been part of *%ssia for cent%ries, and their histories were
intertwined before then+ 9ome of the most important battles for *%ssian freedom, startin) with the .attle of &oltava in #B"C,
were fo%)ht on Ukrainian soil+ The .lack 9ea Fleet E *%ssia-s means of pro,ectin) power in the Mediterranean E is based by
lon)<term lease in 9evastopol, in 7rimea+ :ven s%ch famed dissidents as Aleksandr 9ol>henitsyn and Joseph .rodsky insisted
that Ukraine was an inte)ral part of *%ssian history and, indeed, of *%ssia+
The :%ropean Union m%st reco)ni>e that its b%rea%cratic dilatoriness and s%bordination of the strate)ic element to domestic
politics in ne)otiatin) Ukraine-s relationship to :%rope contrib%ted to t%rnin) a ne)otiation into a crisis+ Forei)n policy is the art
of establishin) priorities+
The Ukrainians are the decisive element+ They live in a co%ntry with a comple0 history and a poly)lot composition+ The Destern
part was incorporated into the 9oviet Union in #C6C , when 9talin and 5itler divided %p the spoils+ 7rimea, J" percent of whose
pop%lation is *%ssian , became part of Ukraine only in #CI$ , when 1ikita Khr%shchev, a Ukrainian by birth, awarded it as part
of the 6""th<year celebration of a *%ssian a)reement with the 7ossacks+ The west is lar)ely 7atholic@ the east lar)ely *%ssian
;rthodo0+ The west speaks Ukrainian@ the east speaks mostly *%ssian+ Any attempt by one win) of Ukraine to dominate the
other E as has been the pattern E wo%ld lead event%ally to civil war or break %p+ To treat Ukraine as part of an :ast<Dest
confrontation wo%ld sc%ttle for decades any prospect to brin) *%ssia and the Dest E especially *%ssia and :%rope E into a
cooperative international system+
Ukraine has been independent for only 6 years@ it had previo%sly been %nder some kind of forei)n r%le since the #$th cent%ry+
1ot s%rprisin)ly, its leaders have not learned the art of compromise, even less of historical perspective+ The politics of post<
independence Ukraine clearly demonstrates that the root of the problem lies in efforts by Ukrainian politicians to impose their
will on recalcitrant parts of the co%ntry, first by one faction, then by the other+ That is the essence of the conflict between 'iktor
(an%kovych and his principal political rival, (%lia Tymoshenko+ They represent the two win)s of Ukraine and have not been
willin) to share power+ A wise U+9+ policy toward Ukraine wo%ld seek a way for the two parts of the co%ntry to cooperate with
each other+ De sho%ld seek reconciliation, not the domination of a faction+
*%ssia and the Dest, and least of all the vario%s factions in Ukraine, have not acted on this principle+ :ach has made the
sit%ation worse+ *%ssia wo%ld not be able to impose a military sol%tion witho%t isolatin) itself at a time when many of its
borders are already precario%s+ For the Dest, the demoni>ation of 'ladimir &%tin is not a policy@ it is an alibi for the absence of
one+
&%tin sho%ld come to reali>e that, whatever his )rievances, a policy of military impositions wo%ld prod%ce another 7old Dar+
For its part, the United 9tates needs to avoid treatin) *%ssia as an aberrant to be patiently ta%)ht r%les of cond%ct established by
Dashin)ton+ &%tin is a serio%s strate)ist E on the premises of *%ssian history+ Understandin) U+9+ val%es and psycholo)y are
not his stron) s%its+ 1or has %nderstandin) *%ssian history and psycholo)y been a stron) point of U+9+ policymakers+
=eaders of all sides sho%ld ret%rn to e0aminin) o%tcomes, not compete in post%rin)+ 5ere is my notion of an o%tcome
compatible with the val%es and sec%rity interests of all sides:
#+ Ukraine sho%ld have the ri)ht to choose freely its economic and political associations, incl%din) with :%rope+
+ Ukraine sho%ld not ,oin 1AT;, a position A took seven years a)o, when it last came %p+
6+ Ukraine sho%ld be free to create any )overnment compatible with the e0pressed will of its people+ Dise Ukrainian leaders
wo%ld then opt for a policy of reconciliation between the vario%s parts of their co%ntry+ Anternationally, they sho%ld p%rs%e a
post%re comparable to that of Finland+ That nation leaves no do%bt abo%t its fierce independence and cooperates with the Dest in
most fields b%t caref%lly avoids instit%tional hostility toward *%ssia+
10 It is incom3atible >ith the rules of the e#isting >orld order for Russia to anne# 2rimea0 But it should be 3ossible to
3ut 2rimea:s relationshi3 to A5raine on a less fraught basis0 Co that end+ Russia >ould recogni<e A5raine:s sovereignty
over 2rimea0 A5raine should reinforce 2rimea:s autonomy in elections held in the 3resence of international observers0
Che 3rocess >ould include removing any ambiguities about the status of the Blac5 9ea Fleet at 9evasto3ol0
These are principles, not prescriptions+ &eople familiar with the re)ion will know that not all of them will be palatable to all
parties+ The test is not absol%te satisfaction b%t balanced dissatisfaction+ Af some sol%tion based on these or comparable elements
is not achieved, the drift toward confrontation will accelerate+ The time for that will come soon eno%)h+
9o%rce: http:??www+washin)tonpost+com?opinions?henry<kissin)er<to<settle<the<%kraine<crisis<start<at<the<
end?"#$?"6?"I?$Jdad!J!<a$CJ<##e6<!$JJ<d6$c$I#BJ"bCMstory+html
William 2. Burns (left), the <.". .massador to Russia, and <.". "ecretary of "tate %ondolee--a Rice attend a workin& lunch with +orei&n
Minister of Russia "er&ey Lavrov at the "emifreddo8Mulina--o Restaurant in Moscow, Russia on ;ctoer )', )**D. William 2. Burns and
%ondolee--a Rice are memers of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations. William 2. Burns served as the <.". .massador to Russia from
#ovemer >, )**( until May '), )**>. ("tate De,artment ,hoto y Melissa 9. Russell)
hat is to be done? Putin:s aggression in A5raine needs a res3onse
.y Rbi)niew .r>e>inski
March "#6
*e)ardin) the *%ssian a))ression a)ainst Ukraine, m%ch depends on what 'ladimir &%tin does ne0t+ .%t what &%tin does
depends on not only his calc%lation of the likely 1AT; 2and especially the U+9+3 response b%t also his estimate of how fiercely
the Ukrainian people wo%ld respond to any f%rther escalation by *%ssia+ And, to complete the circle, the Ukrainian response
wo%ld be infl%enced by citi>ens- reaction to any repetition of &%tin-s 7rimean a))ression and by whether the nation believes that
the United 9tates and 1AT; are tr%ly s%pportive+
Putin:s thuggish tactics in sei<ing 2rimea offer some hints regarding his 3lanning0 *e 5ne> in advance that his thinly
camouflaged invasion >ould meet >ith 3o3ular su33ort from the Russian maBority in 2rimea0 *e >as not sure ho> the
thin and light A5rainian military units stationed there >ould react+ so he >ent in mas5ed li5e a )afia gangster0 In the
event of serious A5rainian resistance+ he could diso>n the initiative and 3ull bac50
5is initial s%ccess may tempt him to repeat that performance more directly in the far eastern provinces of Ukraine+ Af s%ccessf%l,
the concl%sive third phase co%ld then be directed, thro%)h a combination of political %nrest and increasin)ly overt %se of *%ssian
forces, to overthrow the )overnment in Kiev+ The res%lt wo%ld th%s be similar to the two phases of 5itler-s sei>%re of the
9%detenland after M%nich in #C6! and the final occ%pation of &ra)%e and 7>echoslovakia in early #C6C+
M%ch depends on how clearly the Dest conveys to the dictator in the Kremlin E a partially comical imitation of M%ssolini
and a more menacin) reminder of 5itler E that 1AT; cannot be passive if war er%pts in :%rope+ Af Ukraine is cr%shed while
the Dest is simply watchin), the new freedom and sec%rity in borderin) *omania, &oland and the three .altic rep%blics wo%ld
also be threatened+
This does not mean that the Dest, or the United 9tates, sho%ld threaten war+ .%t *%ssia-s %nilateral and menacin) acts mean the
Dest sho%ld promptly reco)ni>e the c%rrent )overnment of Ukraine as le)itimate+ Uncertainty re)ardin) its le)al stat%s co%ld
tempt &%tin to repeat his 7rimean charade+ The Dest also sho%ld convey E privately at this sta)e, so as not to h%miliate *%ssia
E that the Ukrainian army can co%nt on immediate and direct Destern aid so as to enhance its defensive capabilities+ There
sho%ld be no do%bt left in &%tin-s mind that an attack on Ukraine wo%ld precipitate a prolon)ed and costly en)a)ement, and
Ukrainians sho%ld not fear that they wo%ld be left in the l%rch+
Meanwhile, 1AT; forces, consistent with the or)ani>ation-s contin)ency plannin), sho%ld be p%t on alert+ 5i)h readiness for
some immediate airlift to :%rope of U+9+ airborne %nits wo%ld be politically and militarily meanin)f%l+ Af the Dest wants to
avoid a conflict, there sho%ld be no ambi)%ity in the Kremlin as to what mi)ht be precipitated by f%rther advent%rist %se of force
in the middle of :%rope+
An addition, s%ch efforts to avert miscalc%lations that co%ld lead to a war sho%ld be matched by a reaffirmation of the Dest-s
desire for a peacef%l accommodation with *%ssia re)ardin) a ,oint effort to help Ukraine recover economically and stabili>e
politically+ The Dest sho%ld reass%re *%ssia that it is not seekin) to draw Ukraine into 1AT; or to t%rn it a)ainst *%ssia+
Ukrainians themselves can define the depth of their closeness to :%rope and the scope of their economic cooperation with
*%ssia, to the benefit of peace and stability in :%rope+ And after their May elections, they can revise some of the arran)ements
for a special stat%s for 7rimea, b%t they sho%ld not do so %nder d%ress or attack from a nei)hbor driven by imperial or personal
ambitions+
8bignie9 Br4e4ins.i 9as national security ad1iser from #>> to #!.
"ource4 htt,4//www.washin&ton,ost.com/o,inions/-i&niew8r-e-inski8after8,utins8a&&ression8in8ukraine8the8west8must8e8
ready8to8res,ond/)*'5/*3/*3/)(3f=)>8a)f(8''e38>5d58e(='?*=)))cMstory.html
Russia needs to be offered a MFinland o3tion: for A5raine
by Rbi)niew .r>e>inski
Febr%ary , "#$
As chaos e0plodes in Ukraine and as the threat of *%ssian intervention mo%nts the responsibility of the west for the attainment
of a constr%ctive o%tcome becomes more self<evident+
*%ssia can pl%n)e Ukraine into a bitter, destr%ctive, and internationally dan)ero%s civil war+ At can prompt the secession of
7rimea and of some of the ind%strial eastern portions of the co%ntry+ .%t that wo%ld )%arantee that a ma,ority of Ukrainians
wo%ld become *%ssia-s end%rin) enemies, irrespective of the short<r%n o%tcome of any civil war abetted by Moscow+
An t%rn, that wo%ld mean that *%ssian president 'ladimir &%tin-s nostal)ic dream of a G:%rasian UnionH headed by the *%ssian
president himself wo%ld be e0posed as an enterprise based on intimidation and coercion, not e0actly an attractive vision for any
of the recently soverei)n components of the former 9oviet Union+
The west, however, can play a constr%ctive role in containin) the e0plodin) violence+ That will take concerted action by the U9
and the :U+ The U9 co%ld and sho%ld convey clearly to Mr &%tin that it is prepared to %se its infl%ence to make certain that a
tr%ly independent and territorially %ndivided Ukraine p%rs%es policies towards *%ssia similar to those so effectively practised by
Finland: m%t%ally respectf%l nei)hbo%rs, wide<ran)in) economic relations both with *%ssia and the :U, b%t no participation in
any military alliance viewed by Moscow as directed at itself K while also e0pandin) its :%ropean connectivity+ An brief, the
Finnish model as the ideal e0ample for Ukraine, and the :U, and *%ssia+
.%t to be credible to the Kremlin, the U9 needs also to spell o%t privately that attempts to destabilise the emer)in) democracy in
Kiev and?or to detach parts of Ukraine K not to mention even overt or covert *%ssian participation in its nei)hbo%r-s domestic
conflicts K wo%ld compel Dashin)ton to %se its infl%ence internationally to prompt steps that wo%ld be economically costly to
Moscow+
;ptions to that effect can ran)e from %nilateral individ%al as well state<to<state financial sanctions, as well as a review of
*%ssia-s stat%s in the Dorld Trade ;r)anisation, the Dorld .ank, and its role in the G!+ ;bvio%sly, the :U wo%ld need to be a
solid partner in s%ch an effort, since it is a si)nificant trader with *%ssia+
.%t even more %r)ent and important is the imperative need for the :U to form%late a si)nificant financial emer)ency packa)e
for Ukraine+ ;therwise, the co%ntry will pl%n)e into a destr%ctive financial chaos+ The lead in :%rope sho%ld be taken in that
re)ard especially by Germany and the UK+ The latter-s role as haven for *%ssian and Ukrainian financial oli)archs )ives =ondon
special levera)e+ .%t every :U co%ntry sho%ld make some sacrifice in a an effort to avert a potentially catastrophic Ukrainian
economic collapse+
;bvio%sly, the U9 and the :U hopef%lly with *%ssia-s help sho%ld contin%e to press the dominant democratic forces in Kiev to
adopt a stance not of reven)e and retrib%tion b%t of national %nification and political moderation+ That is do<able and the leaders
who emer)ed in Maidan are moderates+
9o, irrespective of what happens in the near f%t%re, A contin%e to believe: G9ooner rather than later, Ukraine will be tr%ly a part of
democratic :%rope+ =ater rather than sooner, *%ssia will follow %nless it self<isolates itself and becomes a semi<sta)nant
imperialistic relicH+
(+e 9riter 9as national security ad1iser to 0S president @immy *arter and 9rote AStrategic 5ision& America and t+e
*risis of Blobal /o9erC
9o%rce: http:??www+ft+com?intl?cms?s?"?e!II$"!c<CbfJ<##e6<afe6<""#$$feabBde+html^a0>>wTb8Ris1
George 9oros Predicts A5raine 2ould Ruin Che ,A
1ico 5ines
The 8aily .east
March #$, "#$
(+e billionaire financier says in its tepid response to RussiaCs *rimea land grab7 t+e E0 flubbed a
.ey c+ance to breat+e ne9 life into t+e stale union.
Geor)e 9oros, one of the world-s leadin) investors, has warned that the :%ropean Union is in dan)er of fallin) apart if it fails to
confront 'ladimir &%tin-s naked a))ression in Ukraine+
The billionaire financier told The 8aily .east that :%ropean )overnments sho%ld have sei>ed on *%ssia-s land )rab in 7rimea to
breathe new life into a %nion that is disinte)ratin) and st%mblin) towards oblivion+ Anstead, he ar)%ed, s4%abblin) :%ropean
nations have failed to meet the challen)e and contin%ed to act in their own narrow self<interest+ G:%rope was totally %nprepared
for this crisis and &%tin o%tmane%vered :%rope with no diffic%lty,H he said+
9oros, who became known as the Man Dho .roke the .ank of :n)land after makin) F# billion by bettin) a)ainst :%rope-s
previo%s financial %nion, has lon) insisted that the :%ro was bein) fatally mismana)ed+ 5is latest book, p%blished this week, is
entitled (+e (ragedy of t+e European 0nion+ A lo%d s%pporter at the la%nch of the :%ro c%rrency and a cheerleader for a %nited
:%rope, 9oros has been confo%nded by what he calls the Gni)htmareH reality #I years after its introd%ction+
9peakin) in =ondon, he said it was heart<breakin) to see :%ropean )overnments shr%) their sho%lders at the precise moment the
continent was finally witnessin) an %nprecedented pop%lar %prisin) in the name of the :%ropean Union+ GUkrainians have
effectively proved that they are willin) to sacrifice their lives to )et closer to a :%rope that is, at the same time, in the process of
disinte)ration,H he said+
Dith &%tin-s troops in 7rimea and a referend%m on ,oinin) *%ssia d%e to be held over the weekend, 9oros said there was still
time for :%rope to act, and reinvi)orate the :%ropean Union-s witherin) so%l+
GA wo%ld ar)%e passionately that Ythe :%ropean UnionZ sho%ld not be a failed e0periment and events in Ukraine are a wake<%p
call to face that iss%e,H he said+ GAt-s a challen)e, and A hope that :%rope will respond to it and act%ally really rediscover its
ori)inal mission beca%se that-s what )ot lost in this distortion that has occ%rred+H
An)ela Merkel, the German chancellor, indicated that :%rope was willin) to increase press%re on the Kremlin on Th%rsday
d%rin) her most emotional and strident speech since the start of the Ukrainian crisis+ 9he said a referend%m orchestrated by
7rimea-s pro<*%ssia parliament wo%ld be a Gcatastrophe,H and indicated that the :U was willin) to impose travel bans and asset
free>es on people and firms acc%sed of helpin) to violate Ukraine-s territorial inte)rity as soon as Monday+
9oros ar)%ed that it was more important for :%rope to offer positive assistance to the str%))lin) Ukrainian )overnment+ GAt-s
very important to respond and respond the ri)ht way, which is not necessarily to impose sanctions on *%ssia, b%t to act%ally help
Ukraine financially, and also with technical assistanceEsomethin) like a :%ropean Marshall &lan for UkraineEthat wo%ld be
the ri)ht response,H he said+
An his new book, which asks GAs it too late to save the :%ropean UnionNH 9oros ar)%es that &%tin-s attempt to b%ild a new :astern
bloc in Ukraine and beyond co%ld event%ally ,olt :%rope back to life+ GDe have ,%st witnessed a dramatic test of stren)th
between *%ssia and the :%ropean Union+ *%ssia came o%t ahead,H he said+ G*%ssia has benefited from the fact that :%rope is
dis%nited+ .%t now that *%ssia is emer)in) as a threat to :%rope, it may once a)ain become a force that brin)s :%rope closer
to)ether+ A pin my hopes on 7hancellor Merkel S one m%st never )ive %p hope+H
5e is hardly holdin) his breath, however+ 9oros blames the Germans for erodin) :%rope-s fra)ile %nion by enforcin) policies of
a%sterity and allowin) so%thern :%ropean nations to b%ild %p debts they will never be able to repay+ 5e acc%sed .erlin of doin)
G,%st eno%)hH to keep the :%ro afloat: GThis confirms my worst fears+ At-s the ni)htmare A-ve been talkin) abo%t and there is little
chance we-ll wake %p soon+H
Germany-s economic stren)th makes it the :%ro>one-s drivin) forceE.ritain is not part of the c%rrency %nionEb%t the nation-s
history has t%rned it into a rel%ctant leader+ GGermany has emer)ed as the imperial power, the he)emon of :%rope, b%t the
German p%blic does not want to be in that position e0actly beca%se of the painf%l memory of 5itler+ At is in denial and is
%nwillin) to live %p to the responsibilities,H he said+
8espite its %nwillin)ness to ass%me a stron) leadership role, 9oros ar)%es that .erlin-s fiscal ri)idity has created a two<tier
:%rope where debtor co%ntries are at a permanent disadvanta)e+ Af that does not chan)e, he said: GDe will have a :%rope in
which Germany is seen not as a leader b%t as an oppressor and e0ploiter+ At will not be loved and admired by the rest of :%rope it
will be hated and resisted+H
That resistance has already be)%n in a swathe of co%ntries where pop%lar anti<:%ropean sentiment has been seen on the street
and at the ballot bo0+ :%rope<wide elections in May are e0pected to send a record n%mber of politicians to .r%ssels who are
hostile to the very instit%tions they will be pop%latin)+ An .ritain, the )overnin) 7onservative &arty has promised a referend%m
on leavin) the :%ropean Union alto)ether+ GThat wo%ld be a bi) step forward in the disinte)ration of the :%ropean Union,H
9oros said+ G.ritain-s absence wo%ld )reatly diminish the wei)ht of the :U in the world S The world badly needs :%rope-s soft
power+H
9o%rce: http:??www+thedailybeast+com?articles?"#$?"6?#$?)eor)e<soros<predicts<%kraine<co%ld<r%in<the<e%+html
Che A090 has treated Russia li5e a loser since the end of the 2old ar0
.y Jack F+ Matlock Jr+, &%blished: March #$, "#$
@ac. 2. Matloc. @r.7 ambassador to t+e 0.S.S.R. from #!> to ##7 is t+e aut+or of DReagan and Borbac+e1& 'o9 t+e *old
War Ended.E
;ne afternoon in 9eptember #C!B, 9ecretary of 9tate Geor)e 9h%lt> settled in a chair across the table from 9oviet Forei)n
Minister :d%ard 9hevardnad>e in a 1ew (ork conference room+ .oth were in the city for the United 1ations General Assembly+
As he habit%ally did at the start of s%ch meetin)s , 9h%lt> handed 9hevardnad>e a list of reported h%man ri)hts ab%ses in the
9oviet Union+ 9hevardnad>e-s predecessor, Andrei Gromyko, had always received s%ch lists )r%d)in)ly and wo%ld lect%re %s for
interferin) in 9oviet internal affairs+
This time, tho%)h, 9hevardnad>e looked 9h%lt> in the eye and said thro%)h his interpreter: GGeor)e, A will check this o%t, and if
yo%r information is correct, A will do what A can to correct the problem+ .%t A want yo% to know one thin): A am not doin) this
beca%se yo% ask me to@ A am doin) it beca%se it is what my co%ntry needs to do+H
9h%lt> replied: G:d%ard, that-s the only reason either of %s sho%ld do somethin)+ =et me ass%re yo% that A will never ask yo% to
do somethin) that A believe is not in yo%r co%ntry-s interest+H
They stood and shook hands+ As A watched the scene, with as m%ch emotion as ama>ement, it dawned on me that the 7old Dar
was over+ The ,ob of American ambassador in Moscow was )oin) to be a lot easier for me than it had been for my predecessors+
A tho%)ht back to that moment as talks between 9ecretary of 9tate John Kerry and *%ssia-s top diplomat this past week failed to
resolve the crisis in Ukraine+ At-s strikin) that the lan)%a)e bein) %sed p%blicly now is so m%ch more strident than o%r lan)%a)e,
p%blic or private, was then+ GAt can )et %)ly fast if the wron) choices are made,H Kerry declared Dednesday, threatenin)
sanctions+
A don-t believe that we are witnessin) a renewal of the 7old Dar+ The tensions between *%ssia and the Dest are based more on
mis%nderstandin)s, misrepresentations and post%rin) for domestic a%diences than on any real clash of ideolo)ies or national
interests+ And the iss%es are far fewer and m%ch less dan)ero%s than those we dealt with d%rin) the 7old Dar+
.%t a fail%re to appreciate how the 7old Dar ended has had a profo%nd impact on *%ssian and Destern attit%des E and helps
e0plain what we are seein) now+
The common ass%mption that the Dest forced the collapse of the 9oviet Union and th%s won the 7old Dar is wron) + The fact is
that the 7old Dar ended by ne)otiation to the advanta)e of both sides+
At the 8ecember #C!C Malta s%mmit, Mikhail Gorbachev and &resident Geor)e 5+D+ .%sh confirmed that the ideolo)ical basis
for the war was )one, statin) that the two nations no lon)er re)arded each other as enemies + ;ver the ne0t two years, we worked
more closely with the 9oviets than with even some of o%r allies+ To)ether, we halted the arms race, banned chemical weapons
and a)reed to drastically red%ce n%clear weapons+ A also witnessed the raisin) of the Aron 7%rtain, the liberation of :astern
:%rope and the vol%ntary abandonment of comm%nist ideolo)y by the 9oviet leader+ Ditho%t an arms race r%inin) the 9oviet
economy and perpet%atin) totalitarianism, Gorbachev was freed to foc%s on internal reforms+
.eca%se the collapse of the 9oviet Union happened so soon afterward, people often conf%se it with the end of the 7old Dar+ .%t
they were separate events, and the former was not an inevitable o%tcome of the latter+
Moreover, the break%p of the U+9+9+*+ into #I separate co%ntries was not somethin) the United 9tates ca%sed or wanted+ De
hoped that Gorbachev wo%ld for)e a vol%ntary %nion of 9oviet rep%blics, min%s the three .altic co%ntries+ .%sh made this clear
in A%)%st #CC# when he %r)ed the non<*%ssian 9oviet rep%blics to adopt the %nion treaty Gorbachev had proposed and warned
a)ainst Gs%icidal nationalism+H *%ssians who re)ret the collapse of the 9oviet Union sho%ld remember that it was the elected
leader of *%ssia, .oris (eltsin, who conspired with his Ukrainian and .elar%sian co%nterparts to replace the U+9+9+*+ with a
loose and powerless Gcommonwealth+H
:ven after the U+9+9+*+ ceased to e0ist, Gorbachev maintained that Gthe end of the 7old Dar is o%r common victory+H (et the
United 9tates insisted on treatin) *%ssia as the loser+
G.y the )race of God, America won the 7old Dar,H .%sh said d%rin) his #CC 9tate of the Union address+ That rhetoric wo%ld
not have been partic%larly dama)in) on its own+ .%t it was reinforced by actions taken %nder the ne0t three presidents+
&resident .ill 7linton s%pported 1AT;-s bombin) of 9erbia witho%t U+1+ 9ec%rity 7o%ncil approval and the e0pansion of
1AT; to incl%de former Darsaw &act co%ntries+ Those moves seemed to violate the %nderstandin) that the United 9tates wo%ld
not take advanta)e of the 9oviet retreat from :astern :%rope+ The effect on *%ssians- tr%st in the United 9tates was devastatin)+
An #CC#, polls indicated that abo%t !" percent of *%ssian citi>ens had a favorable view of the United 9tates@ in #CCC, nearly the
same percenta)e had an %nfavorable view+
'ladimir &%tin was elected in """ and initially followed a pro<Destern orientation+ Dhen terrorists attacked the United 9tates
on 9ept+ ##, ""#, he was the first forei)n leader to call and offer s%pport+ 5e cooperated with the United 9tates when it invaded
Af)hanistan, and he vol%ntarily removed *%ssian bases from 7%ba and 7am *anh .ay in 'ietnam+
Dhat did he )et in ret%rnN 9ome meanin)less praise from &resident Geor)e D+ .%sh, who then delivered the diplomatic
e4%ivalent of swift kicks to the )roin: f%rther e0pansion of 1AT; in the .altics and the .alkans, and plans for American bases
there@ withdrawal from the Anti<.allistic Missile Treaty@ invasion of Ara4 witho%t U+1+ 9ec%rity 7o%ncil approval@ overt
participation in the Gcolor revol%tionsH in Ukraine, Geor)ia and Kyr)y>stan@ and then, probin) some of the firmest red lines any
*%ssian leader wo%ld draw, talk of takin) Geor)ia and Ukraine into 1AT;+ Americans, heritors of the Monroe 8octrine, sho%ld
have %nderstood that *%ssia wo%ld be hypersensitive to forei)n<dominated military alliances approachin) or to%chin) its
borders+
&resident ;bama famo%sly attempted a GresetH of relations with *%ssia, with some s%ccess: The 1ew 9TA*T treaty was an
important achievement, and there was increased 4%iet cooperation on a n%mber of re)ional iss%es+ .%t then 7on)ress-s penchant
for mindin) other people-s b%siness when it cannot cope with its own be)an to take its toll+ The Ma)nitsky Act , which sin)led
o%t *%ssia for h%man ri)hts violations as if there were none of comparable )ravity elsewhere, inf%riated *%ssia-s r%lers and
confirmed with the broader p%blic the ima)e of the United 9tates as an implacable enemy+
The sad fact is that the cycle of dismissive actions by the United 9tates met by overreactions by *%ssia has so poisoned the
relationship that the sort of 4%iet diplomacy %sed to end the 7old Dar was impossible when the crisis in Ukraine b%rst %pon the
world-s conscio%sness+ At-s why $6 percent of *%ssians are ready to believe that Destern actions are behind the crisis and that
*%ssia is %nder sie)e+
&%tin-s military occ%pation of 7rimea has e0acerbated the sit%ation+ Af it leads to the incorporation of 7rimea in the *%ssian
Federation , it may well res%lt in a period of m%t%al recrimination and economic sanctions reminiscent of the 7old Dar+ An that
scenario, there wo%ld be no winners, only losers: most of all Ukraine itself, which may not s%rvive in its present form, and
*%ssia, which wo%ld become more isolated+ *%ssia may also see a rise in terrorist acts from anti<*%ssian e0tremists on its
periphery and more resistance from nei)hborin) )overnments to membership in the economic %nion it is promotin)+
Meanwhile, the United 9tates and :%rope wo%ld lose to the e0tent that a resentf%l *%ssia wo%ld make it even more diffic%lt to
address )lobal and re)ional iss%es s%ch as the Aranian n%clear pro)ram, 1orth Korea and the 9yrian civil war, to name a few+
*%ssian policy in these areas has not always been all the United 9tates desired, b%t it has been more helpf%l than many
Americans reali>e+ And enco%ra)in) a more obstr%ctive *%ssia is not in anyone-s interest+
Read more from )utloo.7 friend us on 2aceboo.7 and follo9 us on (9itter.
9o%rce: The Dashin)ton &ost
arry Kas!aro$= Cut 2ff the Russian 2ligarchs and 3heyGll 1um! 9utin
Target their assets abroad, their "ansions and /P$s in #ondon, their yachts) (se ban!s, not tan!s)
.y Garry Kasparov
March B, "#$
The Dall 9treet Jo%rnal
For the second time in si0 years, *%ssian &resident 'ladimir &%tin has ordered *%ssian troops across an internationally
reco)ni>ed border to occ%py territory+ This fact m%st be stated plainly before any disc%ssion of motives or conse4%ences+
*%ssian troops have taken 7rimea and they are not leavin), despite the Ukrainian )overnmentLs protests+ Five h%ndred
kilometers so%theast across the .lack 9ea, *%ssian soldiers still occ%py parts of Geor)iaE9o%th ;ssetia and Abkha>iaEwhere
they have been since Mr+ &%tin-s ""! invasion and de facto anne0ation+
Mr+ &%tin belon)s to an e0cl%sive cl%b, alon) with 9addam 5%ssein and 9lobodan Milo_evic, as one of the very few leaders to
invade a nei)hborin) nation in the n%clear a)e+ 9%ch raw e0pansionist a))ression has been o%t of fashion since the time of Adolf
5itler, who event%ally failed, and Joseph 9talin, who s%cceeded+ 9talin-s *ed Army had its share of battlefield )lory, b%t his real
tri%mph came at the (alta 7onference in Febr%ary #C$I, three months before the end of the war in :%rope+ There 9talin b%llied a
feeble Franklin *oosevelt and a powerless Dinston 7h%rchill, redrawin) the &olish borders and promisin) elections in &oland
when he knew that the 7omm%nist )overnment the 9oviets were installin) was there to stay+
Although it is a 3oignant coincidence+ there is more to this loo5 bac5 to orld ar II than the fact that Galta is located
in 2rimea0 )r0 Putin:s tactics are easily+ and accurately+ com3ared to those of the Austrian Anschluss and the $a<i
occu3ation and anne#ation of the 9udetenland in 2<echoslova5ia in '/(=0 Chere is the same rhetoric about 3rotecting a
threatened 3o3ulation+ the same 3ro3aganda filled >ith lies+ Bustifications+ and accusations0 )ost of the Kremlin:s
statements about 2rimea could have been translated from German+ >ith EFatherlandF re3laced by E)otherland0F )r0
Putin is also follo>ing the 9talin model on Poland in Galta! First invade+ then negotiate0 2rimea >ill be forced to hold a
referendum on Boining Russia in Bust '& days+ a vote on the Kremlin?s 3referred terms+ at the 3oint of a gun0
Mr+ &%tin-s move in 7rimea came ,%st ho%rs after now<former Ukrainian &resident 'iktor (an%kovych scrambled %p his p%ppet
strin)s from Kiev to his masterLs hand in *%ssia+ 5e left behind tho%sands of papers and a few palaces, evidence of the vast scale
of his personal and political corr%ption+ 5is e,ection, bo%)ht in blood by the co%ra)eo%s people of Ukraine, made Mr+ &%tin look
weak+ =ike any schoolyard b%lly or crime boss, he immediately fo%nd a way to look and feel to%)h a)ain+ The historically
pivotal 7rimean penins%la, with its lar)e *%ssia<leanin) pop%lation and )eo)raphic v%lnerability 2and a *%ssian naval base3,
was the obvio%s choice+
As A have said for years, it is a waste of time to attempt to discern deep strate)y in Mr+ &%tin-s actions+ There are no comple0
national interests in a dictatorLs calc%lations+ There are only personal interests, the interests of those close to him who keep him
in power, and how best to consolidate that power+ Ditho%t real elections or a free media, the only way a dictator can
comm%nicate with his s%b,ects is thro%)h propa)anda, and the only way he can validate his power is with re)%lar shows of force+
Anside *%ssia, that force comes with repression a)ainst dissidents and civil ri)hts that only accelerated d%rin) the distraction of
the 9ochi ;lympics+ Abroad, force in the form of military action, trade sanctions or nat%ral<)as e0tortion is applied wherever
Mr+ &%tin thinks he can )et away with it+
;n Monday, the markets pl%mmeted in response to the news that *%ssia had invaded a :%ropean nation+ J%st a few days later, as
ca%tio%s statements emanated from the Dhite 5o%se and the :%ropean Union, most markets had rebo%nded f%lly+ This was d%e
to an ill%sion of a resol%tion, as if it matters little to the fate of the )lobal economy that a h%)e n%clear power can cas%ally snap
off a piece of a nei)hborin) co%ntry+
Chan5s to their unfettered access to estern mar5ets+ )r0 Putin and his gang have e#3loited estern engagement >ith
Russia in a >ay that the 9oviet Anion:s leaders never dreamed of0 But this also means that they are vulnerable in a >ay
the 9oviets >ere not0 If the est 3unishes Russia >ith sanctions and a trade >ar+ that might be effective eventually+ but it
>ould also be cruel to the '1& million Russians >ho live under )r0 Putin:s rule0 And it >ould be unnecessary0 Instead+
sanction the '1& oligarchs >ho >ould dum3 )r0 Putin in the trash tomorro> if he cannot 3rotect their assets abroad0
Carget their visas+ their mansions and IP6s in London+ their yachts and 9>iss ban5 accounts0 Ase ban5s+ not tan5s0
Chursday+ the A090 announced such sanctions+ but they must be matched by the ,uro3ean Anion to be truly effective0
6ther>ise+ all 9treet:s loss is London:s gain+ and )r0 Putin?s divide-and-conIuer tactics >or5 again0
Af Mr+ &%tin s%cceedsEand if there is no %nited Destern response, he will have s%cceeded re)ardless of whether or not *%ssian
troops stay in 7rimeaEthe world, or at least the world order, as we know it will have ended+ The post<#C$I %niverse of
territorial inte)rity has been ripped as%nder and it will have a far<reachin) impact no matter what the markets and p%ndits say
over the ne0t few days+
For those who ask what the conse4%ences will be of inaction by the free world over Ukraine, A say yo% are lookin) at it+ This is
the price for inaction in Geor)ia, for inaction in 9yria+ At means the same thin) happenin) a)ain and a)ain %ntil finally it cannot
be i)nored+ The price of inaction a)ainst a dictatorLs a))ression is always havin) a ne0t time+ And in this market, the lon)er yo%
wait, the hi)her that price )ets+
Mr. Kasparo1 is c+airman of t+e 'uman Rig+ts 2oundation in Ne9 :or..
9o%rce: http:??online+ws,+com?news?articles?9.#"""#$$"IB"6"6!$"$IBC$CB#JI##"#!"
:0cerpts from Ne9 Lies for )ld by Anatoliy Golitsyn, p+ #"<#B
GThe pattern of disinformation %sed d%rin) the implementation of a lon)<ran)e policy may be called the Lweakness and
evol%tionL pattern, or the pattern of Lcalc%lated ideolo)ical moderation+L Ats aim is to calm the fears of the adversaries of
international comm%nism by %nderstatin) real comm%nist stren)th and to confo%nd the policies of those adversaries by maskin)
the realities of comm%nist policy+ Dhen followin) this pattern, therefore, disinformation reflects real or ima)inary weaknesses,
splits, and crises in the comm%nist world and pro,ects an ima)e of evol%tion away from an ideolo)ical toward a conventional,
national system+ The intention is that the nations of the noncomm%nist world, acceptin) the alle)ed dis%nity and evol%tion of the
comm%nist world as )en%ine, will fail to respond effectively to comm%nist offensive strate)y and, in their conf%sion, will be
ind%ced to make practical miscalc%lations and mistakes in their dealin)s with the comm%nist world+ The ma,or role of
disinformation in the weakness and evol%tion pattern is to conceal and misrepresent the real nat%re, ob,ectives, tactics, and
techni4%es of comm%nist policy+
An order to )ain and e0ploit temporary, tactical political allies and to avoid alarmin) them, efforts are made to conceal or
%nderstate the act%al stren)th and a))ressiveness of comm%nism+ Fact%al information favorable to comm%nist re)imes is
withheld or down)raded@ %nfavorable information is disclosed, leaked, or invented+ Given that comm%nist, %nlike democratic,
)overnments are not concerned abo%t their electoral prospects, they can afford to reveal tr%e or false information %nfavorable to
themselves+ 8%rin) a period of policy implementation, real and artificial weaknesses in the system are emphasi>ed@
read,%stments and sol%tions are presented as fail%res@ ideolo)ical differences between comm%nist and noncomm%nist systems
are played down@ calc%lated moderation in, and even some depart%res from, comm%nist do)ma are permitted@ common feat%res
and common interests between comm%nist and democratic systems are overemphasi>ed or e0a))erated@ lon)<ran)e comm%nist
ob,ectives and coordinated action in p%rs%it of them are hidden+ .%t the ma,or feat%re of this pattern is the pro,ection of alle)ed
splits and crises in the comm%nist world and the alle)ed evol%tion of comm%nist states into independent, conventional nation<
states motivated like any others primarily by national interests+ The pattern determines the forms and means+ 9pecial
disinformation operations play the leadin) part@ propa)anda is rele)ated to a s%pportin) role+
Che Precedent of the $,P
The weakness and evol%tion pattern was %sed s%ccessf%lly by =enin in the #C"s+ An #C# 9oviet *%ssia faced imminent
collapse+ And%stry lay r%ined by the war@ a)ric%lt%re was in crisis+ The *%ssian people, disill%sioned by the ri)id policy of Lwar
comm%nism,L were on the brink of revolt@ the policy of terror was provin) ineffective@ there were peasant %prisin)s in 9iberia
and alon) the 'ol)a@ nationalist movements in the Ukraine, Geor)ia, Armenia, and 7entral Asia were openly proclaimin)
separatism and posed a serio%s threat to national %nity@ the sailors at the Kronstadt 1aval .ase revolted+ Abroad, the hopes of
world revol%tion had faded after comm%nist defeats in Germany, &oland, and 5%n)ary+ The ma,or :%ropean powers, altho%)h
not %nited, were individ%ally hostile to comm%nism and to the new 9oviet state@ a h%)e *%ssian emi)re movement, spread across
:%rope, was plottin) the overthrow of the re)ime+ 9oviet *%ssia was in complete political and economic isolation+
At was in this sit%ation, facin) a hi)hly %nfavorable balance of power vis<a<vis the Dest, that =enin conceived and la%nched a
lon)<ran)e policy that, over the followin) ei)ht years, was to show spectac%lar s%ccess+ At was )iven the deliberately misleadin)
title of the 1ew :conomic &olicy, or 1:&+ An fact, it ran)ed far beyond the economy, definin) also the principal political and
ideolo)ical ob,ectives and tactics for the re)ime internally and e0ternally and the strate)y for the international comm%nist
movement+ Dithin the terms of the 1:&, the 9oviet leaders were to eliminate separatism by creatin) a federation of national
rep%blics, the U99*+ They were to introd%ce national lon)<term economic plannin)+ They were to plan and b%ild an electric
power system to cover and bind to)ether the whole co%ntry+ They were to start to chan)e the world balance of power in
comm%nist favor+
To the world at lar)e, the 1:& meant that forei)n ind%strialists were offered concessions in 9oviet ind%stry and invited to open
b%sinesses in 9oviet *%ssia@ that 9oviet ind%strial enterprises were to be reor)ani>ed as tr%sts and operated on a profit basis@ that
smaller enterprises and properties co%ld be owned by cooperatives or private individ%als@ that money was back in %se and private
trade permitted@ that restrictions on travel were rela0ed@ that emi)res were enco%ra)ed to ret%rn %nder amnesty, while some
9oviet citi>ens were allowed to emi)rate@ and that 9oviet diplomacy was seekin) peacef%l coe0istence with the Dest+
The 9oviet leaders saw it differently+ They intended that the 1:& wo%ld not only brin) abo%t economic recovery, b%t wo%ld also
serve to prevent internal revolt, e0pand forei)n trade, attract forei)n capital and e0pertise, )ain diplomatic reco)nition from non<
comm%nist co%ntries, prevent ma,or conflict with the Destern powers, help to e0ploit the contradictions in and between the
capitalist co%ntries, ne%trali>e the emi)re movement, and help to promote world revol%tion thro%)h the comm%nist movement+
=enin believed that this f%ndamentally a))ressive and ideolo)ical policy co%ld prove effective if it was accompanied by the
systematic %se of misrepresentation and deception, or, to %se the c%rrent word, disinformation+ The characteristics of this
disinformation were an apparent moderation in comm%nist ideolo)y, the avoidance of references to violence in comm%nist
methods, the e0a))eration of the de)ree of the restoration of capitalism in 9oviet *%ssia, the %se of a sober and b%sinesslike
style in diplomatic and commercial ne)otiations with the Dest, and emphasis on disarmament and peacef%l coe0istence+ All of
this was intended to ind%ce the belief in the o%tside world that the comm%nist system was weak and losin) its revol%tionary
ardor+ =eft to itself, it wo%ld either disinte)rate or come to terms with the capitalist system+
The 9oviet sec%rity service was reor)ani>ed, renamed the ;G&U, and )iven new political tasks+ At was directed to mo%nt
disinformation and political operations+ False opposition movements were set %p and controlled secretly by the ;G&U+ They
were desi)ned to attract to their ranks )en%ine opponents of the re)ime inside and o%tside the co%ntry+ These innocent persons
co%ld then be %sed by the re)ime in vario%s ways+ They co%ld act as channels for disinformation@ they co%ld be blackmailed and
recr%ited as a)ents@ they co%ld be arrested and )iven p%blic trials+ A characteristic, b%t not %ni4%e, e0ample of this techni4%e is
provided by the so<called LTr%stL operation+ An #C#, as the 1:& was bein) la%nched, the ;G&U created inside 9oviet *%ssia a
false anti<9oviet or)ani>ation, the Monarchist Alliance of 7entral *%ssia+ At had once been a )en%ine or)ani>ation, fo%nded by
7>arist )enerals in Moscow and =enin)rad b%t li4%idated by the 9oviet sec%rity service in #C#C<"+ Former members of this
or)ani>ation, amon) them 7>arist )enerals and members of the old aristocracy who had come over to the 9oviet side, nominally
led the movement+ Their new loyalty to the 9oviet re)ime was not in do%bt, for they had betrayed their former friends in the
anticomm%nist %nder)ro%nd+ They were the 7>arist )enerals .r%silov and Raynchkovskiy@ the 7>arist military attache in
(%)oslavia, General &otapov@ and the 7>arist transport official (ak%shev+ The most active a)ent in the Tr%st was a former
intelli)ence officer of the General 9taff in 7>arist *%ssia whose many names incl%ded ;pperp%t+ A)ents of the Tr%st traveled
abroad and established confidential contact with )en%ine anticomm%nist emi)re leaders in order 2ostensibly3 to coordinate
activity a)ainst the 9oviet re)ime+ Amon) the important emi)res they met were .oris 9avinkov and Generals Dran)el and
K%tepov+
These a)ents confided in their contacts that the anti<9oviet monarchist movement that they represented was now well established
in 9oviet *%ssia, had penetrated into the hi)her levels of the army, the sec%rity service, and even the )overnment, and wo%ld in
time take power and restore the monarchy+ They convinced the emi)re leaders that the re)ime had %nder)one a radical chan)e+
7omm%nism had completely failed@ ideolo)y was dead@ the present leaders had nothin) in common with the fanatical
revol%tionaries of the past+ They were nationalists at heart, and their re)ime was evolvin) into a moderate, national re)ime and
mi)ht soon collapse+ The 1:& sho%ld be seen as the first important concession on the road to restorin) capitalism in *%ssia+
9oon political concessions wo%ld follow+ .eca%se of this, said the Tr%st a)ents, any intervention or )est%re of hostility from the
:%ropean powers or the emi)re movements wo%ld be ill<advised, if not tra)ic, since it wo%ld only %nite the *%ssian people
aro%nd their )overnment and so e0tend its s%rvival+ The :%ropean )overnments and the emi)re leaders sho%ld p%t a stop to anti<
9oviet terrorist activities and chan)e their attit%de from hostility toward the 9oviet re)ime to one of passive acceptance+ They
sho%ld )rant diplomatic reco)nition and increase trade+ An this way they wo%ld have a better opport%nity to contrib%te to the
evol%tionary process+ The emi)re leaders sho%ld ret%rn to *%ssia to make their contrib%tion+ 1at%rally there were do%bters
amon) the emi)res, b%t the presti)e of the leaders of the or)ani>ation 2partic%larly, of General .r%silov3 convinced the ma,ority+
They accepted at face val%e the Tr%stLs disinformation and passed it on to their infl%ential friends in the :%ropean intelli)ence
services+ .y the time it had been circ%lated to )overnments as LsecretL intelli)ence it so%nded most impressive, and when as time
went on the same story was confirmed by so%rce after so%rce, it became Lsecret and reliable+L The intelli)ence services of :%rope
were committed and it was %nthinkable that they co%ld all be wron)+
Dhile the Tr%st was thrivin) the ;G&U took control, wholly or partially, of two other movements calc%lated to infl%ence the
political climate in s%pport of the 1:&+ They were the L7han)e of 9i)npostsL movement and the L:%rasianL movement+ The first
was %sed by the 9oviet sec%rity service to mislead emi)res and intellect%als in :%rope into believin) that the stren)th of
comm%nist ideolo)y was on the wane and that the 9oviet re)ime was evolvin) into a more moderate, national state+ The
movement p%blished, with %nofficial )overnment assistance, a weekly ma)a>ine in &ra)%e and &aris, The 7han)e of 9i)nposts,
and in .erlin a paper, ;n the :ve+ An #C, at some risk, the 9oviet )overnment allowed two ma)a>ines to be p%blished in
=enin)rad and Moscow, 1ew *%ssia and *%ssia+ They were intended to e0ert a similar infl%ence on intellect%als inside the
co%ntry+
.y #CJ all p%blications of the 7han)e of 9i)nposts movement had been wo%nd %p, the movement disbanded, and some of its
leaders in the 9oviet Union arrested+ An official 9oviet p%blication partially confirms the e0ploitation of the movement and
describes its end+ 9hortly afterward, operation Tr%st was terminated with the arrest of those opponents of the re)ime who had
been %nwise eno%)h to reveal themselves as s%ch by associatin) with the Tr%st+ The 1:& was officially ended by 9talin in #CC
with what was called La socialist offensive on all fronts+L The concessions to forei)n ind%strialists were canceled@ private
enterprise in the 9oviet Union was prohibited@ private property was confiscated@ a)ric%lt%re was collectivi>ed@ repression of
political opposition was intensified+ The 1:& mi)ht never have been+
Che Results of the $,P
A)ric%lt%re, ind%stry, and trade all improved dramatically %nder the 1:&+ Altho%)h the 1:& failed to attract lar)e credits from
the Dest, it bro%)ht technolo)y and efficient new e4%ipment+ Tho%sands of Destern technicians helped to ind%striali>e the
9oviet Union, and Destern firms b%ilt essential factories there+ At is fair to say that the fo%ndations of 9oviet heavy and military
ind%stry were laid in the #C"s with American, .ritish, 7>echoslovak, and, after the Treaty of *apallo 2#C3, German help+
Germany played an especially si)nificant role in the 9oviet militari>ation+ Accordin) to the secret cla%ses of the treaty, Germans
helped to b%ild modern aviation and tank factories in the U99*+ 7omm%nists spoke cynically of forei)n concessionaires and
b%sinessmen as Lassistants of socialism+L =on)ran)e plannin) and ind%striali>ation were la%nched+ 8e ,%re reco)nition of the
9oviet Union by the Dest helped the re)ime to ne%trali>e internal opposition and so to stabili>e itself politically+ The remnants
of other political parties 29ocialist *evol%tionaries, Mensheviks, Rionists3 were s%ppressed, li4%idated, or e0iled+ The peasants
were pacified+ The independence of the ch%rches was broken and new, controlled Llivin) ch%rchesL accepted the re)ime+ The
nationalist and separatist movements in Geor)ia, the Ukraine, Armenia, and the Asian rep%blics were cr%shed and their nations
f%lly incorporated into the federal %nion+ 1o new or)ani>ed political opposition to the re)ime emer)ed d%rin) the 1:&+ *e)%lar
p%r)es of comm%nist party membership kept ideolo)ical p%rity intact@ a minority of members s%cc%mbed to the temptations of
capitalism and were e0pelled+ The party and sec%rity service )ained e0perience in activist methods and in controllin) contacts
with the Dest+ The sec%rity service be)an to e0ercise effective control over 9oviet society+
The :%ropean bloc that it was anticipated wo%ld be formed a)ainst the 9oviet Union did not materiali>e+ 8e ,%re reco)nition was
)ranted by all ma,or co%ntries e0cept the U9A+ The *%ssian emi)re movement was s%ccessf%lly penetrated, discredited, and left
to disinte)rate+ The Treaty of *apallo, si)ned with Germany in #C 2the crownin) achievement of =eninLs activist diplomacy3,
raised 9oviet presti)e, helped to increase 9oviet military stren)th, precl%ded a %nited anticomm%nist front in :%rope, and
weakened the Deimar *ep%blic+
.etween #C# and #CC twelve new comm%nist parties ,oined the 7omintern, brin)in) the total to forty<si0+ .y the %se of le)al
tactics, comm%nist parties increased their infl%ence in trade %nions and parliaments+ Tho%)h the bid to form a %nited front with
the 9ocialist Anternationals failed, some socialist partiesEthe German, French, 9panish, and 7>echoslovakEsplit %nder the
infl%ence of the comm%nist approach@ the left<win) )ro%ps ,oined comm%nist parties or formed new ones+ 'al%able e0perience
was )ained by the 7omintern in the sim%ltaneo%s %se of revol%tionary as well as le)al tactics, in its readiness to switch from the
one to the other, and in its ability to coordinate with 9oviet diplomacy+ United front tactics were s%ccessf%lly %sed by the
comm%nists in 1ationalist 7hina+ Mon)olia became the first 9oviet satellite+
Che Lesson of the $,P
The disinformation of the 1:& period had been s%ccessf%l+ 9een thro%)h Destern eyes, the threat of comm%nism %nder the 1:&
seemed to have become diff%sed+ Fear of .olshevism waned+ The position of anticomm%nists was %ndermined+ :0pectations of
rapprochement were aro%sed+ The Destern p%blic, rel%ctant to make sacrifices, %r)ed their )overnments toward f%rther
accommodation with the 9oviet re)ime+ An reality, of co%rse, the challen)e of comm%nism had been reinforced: Destern
e0pectations were later to be r%dely shattered+ .%t the comm%nist strate)ists had learned the lesson that Destern leaders co%ld be
deceived and ind%ced to make mistakes in their assessments of, and policy toward, the 9oviet Union+ 8isinformation had in fact
created favorable conditions for the s%ccess of 9oviet internal policy, activist diplomacy, and 7omintern activity+H
GIF A 26))A$I9C R,GI), I9 I$ A 9CAC, 6F 2RI9I9+ if the regime is >ea5+ if its leadershi3 is s3lit or com3romised+
the logical 3attern for disinformation is to conceal the crisis and its dimensions+ to attract attention to other areas and
3roblems+ and to 3resent the situation both domestically and to the outside >orld in as favorable a light as 3ossible0 This is the
Gfacade and stren)th,H or &otemkin villa)e, pattern of disinformation+ At has been applied in all comm%nist co%ntries, incl%din), for
e0ample, 7hina and *omania as well as the 9oviet Union+ The )eneral pattern of disinformation determines the forms it takes and the
techni4%es %sed+ In the facade and strength 3attern+ information damaging to the regime is su33ressed and information
favorable to it is e#aggerated0 Che real issues are reflected vaguely+ if at all+ in the 3ress0 9tatistics are >ithheld or inflated0
Pro3aganda 3lays a leading role to the e#tent that it becomes in itself the main form of disinformation0 93ecial dece3tions are
carried out to su33ort the credibility of the 3ro3aganda0 Che failures and >ea5ness of the regime are 3resented as its successes
and strengths0 Political and ideological 3assivity and retreat are 3resented as 3olitical and ideological victories0 2oncern about
the future is 3resented as confidence0 The fears of the o%tside world at comm%nist stren)th are deliberately aro%sed and the
comm%nist threat is e0a))erated o%t of proportion to its act%al potential in order to disco%ra)e e0ternal intervention in comm%nist
affairs+H K Ne9 Lies for )ld by Anatoliy Golitsyn, p+ #!
9k%ll V .ones Members and The *%ssian Antri)%e: ;r)ani>ed 7rimeN
%harles Bohlen (left) watches <.". .massador to "oviet <nion .verell 9arriman (center) shake hands with "oviet %ommissar
2osef "talin durin& a meetin& at $alta %onference in +eruary '=5(. .verell 9arriman was a Wall "treet anker (,artner of
Brown Brothers 9arriman L %o. ankin& firm in #ew $ork %ity), a memer of the %ouncil on +orei&n Relations from '=)3 until
his death in '=>D, and a memer of "kull L Bones at $ale <niversity.
.l,honso 7aft
B... $ale '>33
<.". Minister to the
Russian 6m,ire
('>>58'>>()
.ndrew D. White
B... $ale '>(3
<.". Minister to the
Russian 6m,ire
('>=)8'>=5)@
inau&ural President of
%ornell <niversity
('>DD8'>>()
W. .verell 9arriman
B... $ale '='3
<.". .massador to the
"oviet <nion ('=538'=5D)
!eor&e 9.W. Bush
B... $ale '=5>
President of the <nited
"tates ('=>=8'==3)
2ohn +ores :erry
B... $ale '=DD
<.". "ecretary of "tate
()*'38,resent)
*%sso<Ukrainian Dar: An Their ;wn Dords
Gen+ 9medley 8+ .%tler
GDar is a racket+ At always has been+ At is possibly the oldest, easily the most profitable, s%rely the
most vicio%s+ At is the only one international in scope+ At is the only one in which the profits are
reckoned in dollars and the losses in lives+ A racket is best described, A believe, as somethin) that is
not what it seems to the ma,ority of the people+ ;nly a small GinsideH )ro%p knows what it is abo%t+
At is cond%cted for the benefit of the very few, at the e0pense of the very many+ ;%t of war a few
people make h%)e fort%nes+H
K 9medley 8+ .%tler, *etired Ma,or General of the U+9+ Marine 7orps, War is a Rac.et
5ermann Goerin)
GDhy, of co%rse the people don-t want war+ Dhy wo%ld some poor slob on a farm want to risk his
life in a war when the best that he can )et o%t of it is to come back to his farm in one pieceN
1at%rally, the common people don-t want war@ neither in *%ssia nor in :n)land, nor in America, nor
for that matter in Germany+ That is %nderstood+ .%t, after all, it is the leaders of the co%ntry who
determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to dra) the people alon) whether itLs a
democracy, a fascist dictatorship, a parliament, or a comm%nist dictatorship+ Sb%t voice or no voice,
the people can always be bro%)ht to the biddin) of the leaders+ That is easy+ All yo% have to do is tell
them they are bein) attacked, and deno%nce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and e0posin) the
co%ntry to dan)er+ At works the same way in any co%ntry+H
K 5ermann Goerin), in a conversation with U+9+ Army 7aptain G%stave Gilbert in a prison cell
d%rin) the 1%rember) trials, on April #!, #C$J+ from Nuremberg Diary, by G%stave M+ Gilbert
John Jay
G.%t the safety of the people of America a)ainst dan)ers from foreign force depends not only on
their forbearin) to )ive Fust ca%ses of war to other nations, b%t also on their placin) and contin%in)
themselves in s%ch a sit%ation as not to in1ite hostility or ins%lt@ for it need not be observed that there
are pretended as well as ,%st ca%ses of war+ At is too tr%e, however dis)racef%l it may be to h%man
nat%re, that nations in )eneral will make war whenever they have a prospect of )ettin) anythin) by it@
nay, absol%te monarchs will often make war when their nations are to )et nothin) by it, b%t for the
p%rposes and ob,ects merely personal, s%ch as thirst for military )lory, reven)e for personal affronts,
ambition, or private compacts to a))randi>e or s%pport their partic%lar families or partisans+ These
and a variety of other motives, which affect only the mind of the soverei)n, often lead him to en)a)e
in wars not sanctified by ,%stice or the voice and interests of his people+H
K John Jay, 2ederalist 1o+ $
James Madison
G;f all the enemies to p%blic liberty war is, perhaps, the most to be dreaded, beca%se it comprises
and develops the )erm of every other+ Dar is the parent of armies@ from these proceed debts and
ta0es@ and armies, and debts, and ta0es are the known instr%ments for brin)in) the many %nder the
domination of the few+ An war, too, the discretionary power of the :0ec%tive is e0tended@ its
infl%ence in dealin) o%t offices, honors, and emol%ments is m%ltiplied@ and all the means of sed%cin)
the minds, are added to those of s%bd%in) the force, of the people+ The same mali)nant aspect in
rep%blicanism may be traced in the ine4%ality of fort%nes, and the opport%nities of fra%d, )rowin)
o%t of a state of war, and in the de)eneracy of manners and of morals en)endered by both+ 1o nation
co%ld preserve its freedom in the midst of contin%al warfare+H
K U+9+ 7on)ressman James Madison, from /olitical )bser1ations, April ", #BCI

Russian $eo-2ommunist Creachery and
Cerrorism in the A5raine
&ro<*%ssian rebels sc%ffle with Ukrainian police officers near the re)ional )overnment b%ildin) in 8onetsk, Ukraine on April J,
"#$+ 2*:UT:*9?Mikhail Maslovsky3
&ro<*%ssian th%)s sc%ffle with the police near the re)ional )overnment b%ildin) in 8onetsk, Ukraine on April J, "#$+
2*:UT:*9?Mikhail Maslovsky3
A pro<*%ssian th%) breaks a window as they storm the re)ional )overnment b%ildin) in 8onetsk, Ukraine on April J, "#$+
Aro%nd #"" pro<*%ssian protesters stormed the re)ional )overnment b%ildin) in the eastern Ukrainian city of 8onetsk on
9%nday and h%n) %p a *%ssian fla) in defiance of KievLs pro<:%ropean )overnment+ 9i)ns on a banner read 8onetsk *ep%blic+
2*:UT:*9?Mikhail Maslovsky3
&ro<*%ssian th%)s 2top3 stand in front of riot police near the re)ional )overnment b%ildin) in 8onetsk, Ukraine on April J, "#$+
Aro%nd #"" pro<*%ssian protesters stormed the re)ional )overnment b%ildin) in the eastern Ukrainian city of 8onetsk on
9%nday and h%n) %p a *%ssian fla) in defiance of KievLs pro<:%ropean )overnment+ 2*:UT:*9?Mikhail Maslovsky3
&ro<*%ssian th%)s stand behind a banner as they storm the re)ional )overnment b%ildin) in 8onetsk, Ukraine on April J, "#$+
The banner reads, O8onetsk *ep%blic+O 2*:UT:*9?Mikhail Maslovsky3
&ro<*%ssian protesters take part in a rally in front of the re)ional )overnment b%ildin) in 8onetsk, Ukraine on April J, "#$+
Aro%nd #"" pro<*%ssian protesters stormed the re)ional )overnment b%ildin) in the eastern Ukrainian city of 8onetsk on
9%nday and h%n) %p a *%ssian fla) in defiance of KievLs pro<:%ropean )overnment+ 2*:UT:*9?9trin)er3
&ro<*%ssian rebels hold a h%)e *%ssian national fla) in front of the re)ional administration b%ildin) in 8onetsk, Ukraine on
9%nday, April J, "#$+ An 8onetsk a lar)e )ro%p of people s%r)ed into the provincial )overnment b%ildin) and smashed
windows+ A )atherin) of several h%ndred, many of them wavin) *%ssian fla)s, then listened to speeches delivered from a
balcony embla>oned with a banner readin) a O8onetsk *ep%blicO+ 2A& &hoto?Andrey .asevich3
A pro<*%ssian th%) sc%ffles with the police officers near the re)ional )overnment b%ildin) in 8onetsk, Ukraine on April J,
"#$+ 2*:UT:*9?9trin)er3
A pro<*%ssian protester sets on fire an effi)y depictin) 9tepan .andera, one of the fo%nders of the ;r)ani>ation of Ukrainian
1ationalists, d%rin) a rally in 8onetsk, Ukraine on April J, "#$+ 2*:UT:*9?9trin)er3
&ro<*%ssian rebels walk at a barricade in front an entrance of the Ukrainian re)ional office of the 9ec%rity 9ervice in =%hansk,
6" kilometers 2" miles3 west of the *%ssian border, Ukraine, Monday, April B, "#$+ 2A& &hoto?A)or Golovniov3
&ro<*%ssian protesters )ather inside the offices of the state sec%rity service in =%hansk, Ukraine April B, "#$+
2*:UT:*9?9trin)er3
7omm%nist lawmakers sc%ffle with ri)ht<win) 9voboda 2Freedom3 &arty lawmakers d%rin) a parliament session of 'erkhovna
*ada, the Ukrainian parliament, in Kiev, Ukraine on T%esday, April !, "#$+ 2A& &hoto?'ladimir 9tr%mkovsky3
7omm%nist lawmakers sc%ffle with ri)ht<win) 9voboda 2Freedom3 &arty lawmakers d%rin) a parliament session of 'erkhovna
*ada, the Ukrainian parliament, in Kiev, Ukraine on T%esday, April !, "#$+ 2A& &hoto?'ladimir 9tr%mkovsky3
A view thro%)h a broken window of the re)ional administration b%ildin) shows a cordon of Anterior Ministry members blockin)
a )ro%p of pro<*%ssian protesters in Kharkiv, Ukraine on April !, "#$+ 2*:UT:*9?9trin)er3
Members of a 9pecial police %nit )%ard the re)ional administration b%ildin) in Kharkiv, Ukraine on T%esday, April !, "#$+
T%esday mornin) the re)ional administration b%ildin) of Kharkiv re)ion was completely cleared of separatists+ 8%rin) the
liberation of the b%ildin), )%ns and hand )renades were %sed a)ainst police+ 9everal policemen were badly in,%red+ 8%rin) the
liberation of the re)ional administration seventy criminals were detained+ 2A& &hoto?;l)a Avashchenko3
&ro<*%ssian rebels )ather in front of an entrance of the Ukrainian re)ional office of the 9ec%rity 9ervice in =%hansk, Ukraine on
T%esday, April !, "#$+ The 8onetsk and Kharkiv re)ions and a third *%ssian<speakin) city besie)ed by pro<Moscow activists
over the weekend, =%hansk have a combined pop%lation of nearly #" million o%t of Ukraine-s $J million, and acco%nt for the
b%lk of the co%ntryLs ind%strial o%tp%t+ 2A& &hoto?A)or Golovniov3
A masked pro<*%ssian th%) poses for a photo in front of barricades at the Ukrainian re)ional office of the 9ec%rity 9ervice in
=%hansk, eastern Ukraine on Dednesday, April C, "#$+ Anterior Minister of Ukraine Arsen Avakov anno%nced that the standoff
in =%hansk and eastern re)ions of 8onetsk and Kharkiv m%st be resolved within two days+
2A& &hoto?A)or Golovniov3
&ro<*%ssian rebels b%ild a barricade in front of the re)ional administration b%ildin) in 8onetsk, Ukraine on Th%rsday, April #",
"#$+ The actin) president of Ukraine on Th%rsday promised pro<*%ssian activists occ%pyin) )overnment b%ildin)s in the
co%ntry-s east that they will not be prosec%ted if they lay down their arms, as protests contin%e to flare %p across Ukraine-s
ind%strial heartland+ 2A& &hoto?:frem =%katsky3
8emonstrators carry *%ssian fla)s in s%pport of pro<*%ssian protesters in eastern Ukraine, in 9imferopol, 7rimea on Th%rsday,
April #", "#$+ 8emonstrators marched and held a rally in s%pport of pro<*%ssian protesters occ%pyin) )overnment b%ildin)s in
the eastern Ukrainian cities of 8onetsk and =%hansk+ 2A& &hoto?Ma0 'etrov3
A Ukrainian military convoy travels alon) a road near the city of 8onetsk on April #", "#$+ 1AT; presented satellite
photo)raphs on Th%rsday it said showed *%ssian deployments of $",""" troops near the Ukrainian frontier alon) with tanks,
armored vehicles, artillery and aircraft ready for action+ 2*:UT:*9?Maks =evin3
&rime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy (atseny%k, center, speaks d%rin) his meetin) with re)ional leaders in 8onetsk, Ukraine on
Friday, April ##, "#$+ (atseny%k on Friday told leaders in the co%ntry-s restive east that he is committed to allowin) re)ions to
have more powers+ (atseny%k Friday mornin) flew into 8onetsk, where pro<*%ssian separatists are occ%pyin) the re)ional
administration b%ildin) and callin) for a referend%m that co%ld prefi)%re seekin) anne0ation by *%ssia+
2A& &hoto?:frem =%katsky3
Masked pro<*%ssian rebels look o%t of a window of the re)ional prosec%torLs office they sei>ed and barricaded inside, as riot
police stand, in 8onetsk, Ukraine on 9at%rday, April #, "#$+ 9at%rday mornin) a )ro%p of pro<*%ssian activists armed with
metal sticks sei>ed the office+ They have left the b%ildin) after talks with police@ nobody was arrested+
2A& &hoto?:frem =%katsky3
A pro<*%ssian rebel holds a 9oviet fla) in front of the sei>ed office of the 9.U state sec%rity service in =%hansk, Ukraine on
April #6, "#$+ Armed separatists took control of a city in eastern Ukraine on 9at%rday and Kiev prepared troops to tackle what
it called an Gact of a))ression by *%ssiaH, p%shin) the conflict between the nei)hbors into a dan)ero%s new phase+
2*:UT:*9?9hamil Rh%matov3
9%spected *%ssian soldiers in dis)%ise occ%py the police station in 9lovyansk, eastern Ukraine as they carry riot shields on
9at%rday, April #, "#$+ &ro<Moscow protesters have sei>ed a n%mber of )overnment b%ildin)s in the east over the past week,
%nderminin) the a%thority of the interim )overnment in the capital, Kiev+ 2A& &hoto?:frem =%katsky3
A pro<*%ssian )%nman stands )%ard at a sei>ed police station in 9lovyansk, Ukraine on 9%nday, April #6, "#$+ &ro<Moscow
protesters have sei>ed a n%mber of )overnment b%ildin)s in the east over the past week, %nderminin) the a%thority of the interim
)overnment in the capital, Kiev+ 2A& &hoto?:frem =%katsky3
&ro<*%ssian th%)s beat a pro<Destern activist who lies on the stairs d%rin) a pro<*%ssian rally in Kharkiv, Ukraine on 9%nday,
April #6, "#$+ Two rival rallies in Kharkiv t%rned violent after a )ro%p of pro<*%ssian protesters followed several pro<
Ukrainian activists, beatin) them with baseball bats and sticks+ 2A& &hoto? ;l)a Avashchenko3
A masked pro<*%ssian rebel discards a Ukrainian fla) after replacin) it with a *%ssian fla) on a led)e above a police station
stormed by a mob in 5orlivka, eastern Ukraine on Monday, April #$, "#$+ The te0t reads: OUkrainian police station in
5orlivkaO+ UkraineLs actin) &resident ;leksandr T%rchynov on Monday called for the deployment of United 1ations
peacekeepin) troops in the east of the co%ntry, where pro<*%ssian ins%r)ents have occ%pied b%ildin)s in nearly #" cities+
2A& &hoto?:frem =%katsky3
&ro<*%ssian rebels storm a police station in 5orlivka, eastern Ukraine on Monday, April #$, "#$+ UkraineLs actin) &resident
;leksandr T%rchynov on Monday called for the deployment of United 1ations peacekeepin) troops in the east of the co%ntry,
where pro<*%ssian ins%r)ents have occ%pied b%ildin)s in nearly #" cities+ 2A& &hoto?:frem =%katsky3
The head of the local police station 5erman &rist%pa brandishes firearms at the entrance to a police head4%arters stormed by pro<
*%ssian activists in 5orlivka, Ukraine on Monday, April #$, "#$+ UkraineLs actin) &resident ;leksandr T%rchynov on Monday
called for the deployment of United 1ations peacekeepin) troops in the east of the co%ntry, where pro<*%ssian ins%r)ents have
occ%pied b%ildin)s in nearly #" cities+ 2A& &hoto?:frem =%katsky3
7ommander of the 9laviansk self<defence battalion 'yacheslav &onomaryov addresses the media at the mayor-s office in
9laviansk, Ukraine on April #$, "#$+ &ro<*%ssian separatists who said they were part of a new O8onetsk &eopleLs *ep%blicO in
eastern Ukraine appealed on Monday for *%ssian &resident 'ladimir &%tin to help defend them a)ainst Ukrainian )overnment
forces+ 2*:UT:*9?Gleb Garanich3
&ro<*%ssia protesters ro%)h %p an Ukrainian General, Genady Kr%tov 2center<ri)ht3, in front of a Ukrainian airbase in
Kramatorsk, in eastern Ukraine April #I, "#$+ Ukrainian armed forces on T%esday la%nched a Ospecial operationO a)ainst
militiamen in the co%ntryLs *%ssian speakin) east, a%thorities said, recapt%rin) a military airfield from pro<Moscow separatists+
2*:UT:*9?Marko 8,%rica3
Ukrainian border )%ards stand on )%ard at a base close to the *%ssian border near 8onetsk on April #I, "#$+ Ukrainian armed
forces on T%esday la%nched a Ospecial operationO a)ainst militiamen in the co%ntryLs *%ssian speakin) east, a%thorities said,
recapt%rin) a military airfield from pro<Moscow separatists+ 2*:UT:*9?Konstantin 7hernichkin3
A fi)hter ,et flies above as Ukrainian soldiers sit on an armo%red personnel carrier in Kramatorsk, in eastern Ukraine on April
#J, "#$+ Ukrainian )overnment forces and separatist pro<*%ssian militia sta)ed rival shows of force in eastern Ukraine on
Dednesday amid escalatin) rhetoric on the eve of cr%cial fo%r<power talks in Geneva on the former 9oviet co%ntryLs f%t%re+
2*:UT:*9?Marko 8,%rica3
9oldiers of the Ukrainian Army sit atop combat vehicles as they are blocked by people on their way to the town of Kramatorsk,
Ukraine on Dednesday, April #J, "#$+ &ro<*%ssian ins%r)ents commandeered si0 Ukrainian armored vehicles alon) with their
crews and hoisted *%ssian fla)s over them Dednesday, dampenin) the central )overnmentLs hopes of re<establishin) control
over restive eastern Ukraine+ 2A& &hoto?Man% .rabo3
Ukrainian soldiers clash with pro<*%ssian protesters in a field near Kramatorsk, in eastern Ukraine on April #J, "#$+ Ukrainian
forces ti)htened their )rip on the eastern town of Kramatorsk on Dednesday after sec%rin) control over an airfield from pro<
*%ssian separatist militiamen, promptin) *%ssian &resident 'ladimir &%tin to warn of the risk of civil war+
2*:UT:*9?Marko 8,%rica3
A combat vehicle with s%spected *%ssian soldiers in dis)%ise on top r%ns thro%)h downtown 9lovyansk, Ukraine on Dednesday,
April #J, "#$+ The troops on those vehicles wore )reen camo%fla)e %niforms, had a%tomatic weapons and )renade la%nchers
and at least one had the 9t+ Geor)e ribbon attached to his %niform, which has become a symbol of the pro<*%ssian ins%r)ency in
eastern Ukraine+ 2A& &hoto?:frem =%katsky3
A combat vehicle with s%spected *%ssian soldiers in dis)%ise on top r%ns thro%)h downtown 9lovyansk, Ukraine on Dednesday,
April #J, "#$+ The troops on those vehicles wore )reen camo%fla)e %niforms, had a%tomatic weapons and )renade la%nchers
and at least one had the 9t+ Geor)e ribbon attached to his %niform, which has become a symbol of the pro<*%ssian ins%r)ency in
eastern Ukraine+ 2A& &hoto?:frem =%katsky3
A col%mn of combat vehicles with a *%ssian fla) on the front one makes its way to the town of Kramatorsk on Dednesday,
April #J, "#$+ An Associated &ress reporter said he saw a col%mn of combat vehicles in an eastern Ukrainian city, occ%pied by
pro<*%ssian ins%r)ents and flyin) *%ssian fla)s+ 2A& &hoto? :v)eniy Maloletka3
A policeman 2ri)ht3 stands ne0t to st%dents attendin) a pro<Ukrainian rally in =%hansk, eastern Ukraine on April #B, "#$+
Ukrainian, *%ssian and Destern diplomats arrived for the emer)ency talks in 9wit>erland, b%t there was little hope of any
pro)ress in resolvin) a crisis that has seen armed pro<*%ssian fi)hters sei>e whole swathes of Ukraine+
2*:UT:*9?9hamil Rh%matov3
U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate John Kerry, left, shakes hands with *%ssian Forei)n Minister 9er)ey =avrov for a bilateral meetin) to
disc%ss the on)oin) sit%ation in Ukraine as diplomats from the U+9+, Ukraine, *%ssia and the :%ropean Union )ather for
disc%ssions in Geneva, 9wit>erland on Th%rsday, April #B, "#$+ Ukraine is hopin) to placate *%ssia and calm hostilities with
its nei)hbor even as the U+9+ prepares a new ro%nd of sanctions to p%nish Moscow for what it re)ards as fomentin) %nrest+
2A& &hoto?Jim .o%r), &ool3
U+9+ 9ecretary of 9tate John Kerry, left, meets with Ukrainian Forei)n Minister Andrii 8eshchytsia for a bilateral meetin) to
disc%ss the on)oin) sit%ation in Ukraine as diplomats from the United 9tates, Ukraine, *%ssia and the :%ropean Union )ather for
disc%ssions in Geneva, 9wit>erland on Th%rsday, April #B, "#$+ 2A& &hoto?Jim .o%r), &ool3
<nited "tates "ecretary of "tate 2ohn +ores :erry, .ssistant <.". "ecretary of "tate 1ictoria #uland, +orei&n Minister of Russia "er&ey
Lavrov, and +orei&n Minister of <kraine .ndrii Deshchytsia a,,ear efore a Guadrilateral meetin& focused on <kraine durin& a conference in
!eneva, "wit-erland on .,ril '?, )*'5. ("tate De,artment ,hoto/ Pulic Domain)
<.". "ecretary of "tate 2ohn +ores :erry, +orei&n Minister of Russia "er&ey Lavrov, +orei&n Minister of <kraine .ndrii Deshchytsia, and
6uro,ean <nion 9i&h Re,resentative %atherine .shton sit across from one another in !eneva, "wit-erland, on .,ril '?, )*'5, efore a
Guadrilateral meetin& focused on <kraine. ("tate De,artment ,hoto y 6ric Bridiers/ Pulic Domain)
. &rou, of ethnic Russian &uest workers carry a anner ,roclaimin& a so8called PDonetsk Peo,leKs Re,ulicQ in Donetsk, <kraine in .,ril )*'5.
<krainian soldiers stand &uard at a check,oint not far from "lavyansk, <kraine in May )*'5.
Ukrainian )overnment troops )%ard a checkpoint ,%st o%tside 9lovyansk, eastern Ukraine on May , "#$+ Ukraine la%nched
what appeared to be its first ma,or assa%lt a)ainst pro<*%ssian 2pro<Kremlin3 th%)s who have sei>ed )overnment b%ildin)s in
eastern Ukraine, with fi)htin) breakin) o%t in a city that has become the foc%s of the ins%r)ency+ 2A& &hoto?Andrei &etrov3
A protester throws a petrol bomb at the trade %nion b%ildin) in ;dessa May , "#$+ At least 6! people were killed in a fire on Friday
in the trade %nion b%ildin) in the centre of UkraineLs so%thern port city of ;dessa, re)ional police said+ 2*:UT:*9?(ev)eny 'olokin3
A pro<*%ssian activist aims a pistol at s%pporters of the Kiev )overnment d%rin) clashes in the streets of ;dessa May , "#$+ &olice
said a man was shot dead in clashes between a crowd backin) Kiev and pro<*%ssian activists in the lar)ely *%ssian<speakin) so%thern
port of ;dessa, which lies west of 7rimea, anne0ed by Moscow in March+ 2*:UT:*9?(ev)eny 'olokin3
Ukrainian Anterior Ministry sec%rity forces members block participants of a rally o%tside a city police department in the .lack 9ea port
of ;dessa, Ukraine on May $, "#$+ Ukrainian &rime Minister Arseny (atseni%k acc%sed *%ssia on 9%nday of en)ineerin) clashes in
;dessa that led to the deaths of more than $" pro<*%ssian activists in a bla>in) b%ildin) and p%shed the co%ntry closer to civil war+
2*:UT:*9?Gleb Garanich3
Forei)n Minister of Germany Frank<Dalter 9teinmeier 2third from left3 and &rime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy (atseny%k 2ri)ht3
attend a meetin) in Kiev, Ukraine on May #6, "#$+ 9teinmeier flew to Ukraine T%esday to help start talks between the Ukrainian
)overnment and its foes followin) the declaration of independence by two eastern re)ion+ 2A& &hoto?Andrew Kravchenko, &ool3
Ukrainian oli)arch and b%sinessman *inat =eonidovych Akhmetov 2left3 appears with 'iktor (an%kovych 2center, later
dis)raced &resident of Ukraine3, and 'iktor 7hernomyrdin+ Akhmetov opposes the attempted partition of eastern Ukraine+
Dorkers of Allich Aron V 9teel Dorks factory )ather to)ether holdin) posters OMarch+ 8iscipline+O d%rin) an anti<war rally in
Mari%pol, eastern Ukraine on T%esday, May ", "#$+ Ukrainian metals tycoon *inat Akhmetov, ridin) a wave of p%blic dismay with
the fi)htin), iss%ed a stron) call a)ainst the m%tiny in the east, which he described as a Gfi)ht a)ainst the citi>ens of o%r re)ionH that
has devastated Ukraine-s ind%strial heartland+ =ast week, his company or)ani>ed citi>en patrols of steelworkers who worked alon)side
police in Mari%pol to improve sec%rity+ The move forced ins%r)ents to vacate the )overnment b%ildin)s they had sei>ed in the key
.lack 9ea port+ 2A& &hoto?:v)eniy Maloletka3
:mployees of the A>ovstal Aron and 9teel Dorks hold a rally to protest a)ainst actions of armed separatists, in Mari%pol, eastern
Ukraine on May ", "#$+ Factories so%nded their sirens in two cities of eastern Ukraine on T%esday and steel workers held a
peace rally in s%pport of a call by UkraineLs richest man, *inat Akhmetov, for protests a)ainst armed separatists who plan to
disr%pt a May I presidential election+ 2*:UT:*9?Ma0im Rmeyev3
Ukrainians stand in line to receive their ballots at a pollin) station d%rin) presidential and mayoral elections in Kiev, Ukraine on
9%nday, May I, "#$+ 2:v)eniy Maloletka A&3
&ro<*%ssian separatist th%)s smash ballot bo0es in front of the sei>ed re)ional administration b%ildin) in 8onetsk, Ukraine on
9%nday, May I, "#$+
&ro<*%ssian )ro%p 'ostok .attalion sei>ed control of the head4%arters of 8onetsk &eopleLs *ep%blic, another pro<*%ssian
entity, in 8onetsk, Ukraine on May C, "#$+ 2Ama)e: :v)eny Feldman, Mashable3
9moke billows from 8onetsk international airport d%rin) heavy fi)htin) between Ukrainian and pro<*%ssian forces May J,
"#$+ Three Ukrainian helicopter )%nships mo%nted a heavy attack on the rebel<held international airport terminal at 8onetsk on
Monday, firin) rockets and cannon and throwin) o%t decoy flares as militants shot at them from the )ro%nd+
2*:UT:*9?(annis .ehrakis3
=eft to ri)ht: Andriy 9hevchenko, &etro &oroshenko, =eader of the Ukrainian 8emocratic Alliance for *eform party 2U8A*3
'italy Klitschko, &rime Minister of Great .ritain 8avid 7ameron, and .ritish Forei)n 9ecretary Dilliam 5a)%e meet at #"
8ownin) 9treet in =ondon, :n)land on March J, "#$+ 7ameron and Klitschko held a meetin) at #" 8ownin) 9treet to
disc%ss the latest developments in the Ukraine and 7rimea ahead of the presidential elections which was held on May I, "#$+
2&hoto: &ool?Getty Ama)es :%rope3
Ukrainian president<elect &etro &oroshenko pa%ses, d%rin) a press conference, in Kyiv, Ukraine on Monday, May J, "#$+
Petro Poroshen5o served as )inister of Foreign Affairs of A5raine from 6ctober /+ %&&/ until )arch ''+ %&'&0 Petro
Poroshen5o served as )inister of Crade of A5raine from )arch %(+ %&'% until 4ecember %1+ %&'%0 Petro Poroshen5o
>as formally inaugurated as President of A5raine on -une J+ %&'10 2:frem =%katsky A&3
&resident<elect of Ukraine &etro &oroshenko 2nd left3 meets with 7hancellor of Germany An)ela Merkel 2left3 and &resident of
*%ssia 'ladimir &%tin after a )ro%p photo d%rin) the B"th anniversary of the 8<8ay landin)s in .eno%ville, France on J%ne J,
"#$+
&resident<elect of Ukraine &etro &oroshenko 2left3 and U+9+ &resident .arack ;bama shake hands d%rin) a meetin) in Darsaw,
&oland on J%ne $, "#$+ 2:&A?Jacek T%rcys>k3
&resident of *%ssia 'ladimir &%tin disc%sses Gb%sinessH at his residence in March "#$+ 2*AA 1ovosti?7o%rtesy *e%ters3
hat the Kremlin Is Chin5ing
&%tin-s 'ision for :%rasia
.y Ale0ander =%kin
From the J%ly?A%)%st "#$ Ass%e of 2oreign Affairs
9oon after the 9oviet Union-s collapse in #CC#, Destern leaders be)an to think of *%ssia as a partner+ Altho%)h Dashin)ton and its
friends in :%rope never considered Moscow a tr%e ally, they ass%med that *%ssia shared their basic domestic and forei)n policy )oals
and wo%ld )rad%ally come to embrace Destern<style democracy at home and liberal norms abroad+ That road wo%ld be b%mpy, of
co%rse+ .%t Dashin)ton and .r%ssels attrib%ted Moscow-s distinctive politics to *%ssia-s national pec%liarities and lack of e0perience
with democracy+ And they blamed the disa)reements that arose over the former (%)oslavia, Ara4, and Aran on the short time *%ssia had
spent %nder Destern infl%ence+ This line of reasonin) characteri>ed what co%ld be termed the Dest-s post<9oviet consens%s view of
*%ssia+
The on)oin) crisis in Ukraine has finally p%t an end to this fantasy+ An anne0in) 7rimea, Moscow decisively re,ected the Dest-s r%les
and in the process shattered many flawed Destern ass%mptions abo%t its motivations+ 1ow U+9+ and :%ropean officials need a new
paradi)m for how to think abo%t *%ssian forei)n policy << and if they want to resolve the Ukraine crisis and prevent similar ones from
occ%rrin) in the f%t%re, they need to )et better at p%ttin) themselves in Moscow-s shoes+
.A7K T; T5: .:GA11A1G
From *%ssia-s perspective, the seeds of the Ukraine crisis were planted in the 7old Dar-s immediate aftermath+ After the 9oviet Union
collapsed, the Dest essentially had two options: either make a serio%s attempt to assimilate *%ssia into the Destern system or wrest
away piece after piece of its former sphere of infl%ence+ Advocates of the first approach, incl%din) the U+9+ diplomat Geor)e Kennan
and *%ssian liberals, warned that an anti<*%ssian co%rse wo%ld only provoke hostility from Moscow while accomplishin) little,
winnin) over a few small states that wo%ld end %p sidin) with the Dest anyway+
A=:TA18:* =UKA1 is 'ice &resident of the 8iplomatic Academy of the *%ssian Ministry of Forei)n Affairs and 8irector of the
7enter for :ast Asian and 9han)hai 7ooperation ;r)ani>ation 9t%dies at the Moscow 9tate Anstit%te of Anternational *elations+
9o%rce: Forei)n Affairs