Chapter 14 Key Concepts: Prester John: Attracted Europeans to the lure of foreign lands with descriptions of mysterious Christian

Kingdoms, the magical kingdom of Preseter John in Africa and Christian community in Southern India that was supposedly founded by Thomas, an apostle of Jesus. The Travels of John Mandeville: Spoke of realm filled with precious stones and gold. Other lands more frightening and less appealing. Talked of foreign lands outside Europe. God, glory, and gold: 3 motives for European Expansion. Expansion of Europe was connects with the growth of centralized monarchies in the Renaissance. Marco Polo: The travels was most informative of all descriptions of Asia by medieval European travelers. Columbus used this. Portolani: Charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians in the 13th and 14th centuries. More useful than medieval maps. Ptolemys Geography: Astronomer, Shows the world as spherical with 3 major land masses. Europe, Asia and Africa. and only 2 oceans. Lateen sails and square rigs: Used to navigate. Helped construct ships mobile enough to sail against the wind and engage in warfare and large enough to have cannons to carry lots of goods. Compass and astrolabe: Only with the assistance of these new navigational aids were they able to explore the high seas with confidence. Prince Henry the Navigator: founded a school for navigators in Portugal (had the lead in European age of exploration when it began to explore the coast of Africa under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator. The Gold Coast: Portuguese gradually crept down the African coast, in 1471, they discovered a new source of gold along the southern coast of the hump of west Africa. Bartholomeu Dias: 1488, he took advantage of westerly winds in the South Atlantic to round the cape of Good hope, but he feared a muting from his crew and returned. Vasco da Gama and Calicut: Fleet under the command of rounded the cape and slopped at several parts controlled by Muslim merchants along the coast of East Africa. Alfonso de Albuquerque: Following gear of Portuguese armada beginning to impose a blockade on the entrance of the red sea to cut off its flow to Muslim rulers in Egypt and Ottoman. Malacca: Short bloody battle, Portuguese seized the city, and mass killed of locals. Spice Islands: Signs a treaty with a local for the purchase and export of closest the European market. Complicated new trading.

Christopher Columbus: Italian convinced that the circumference the Earh was less than contemporaries believed and that Asia was larger than the people thought. Sailing west instead of around Africa. Thought the Americas was India. John Cabot: A venetian seamen. Explored the New England coast line of the Americas under a license from king Henry VII of England. Vasco Nunez de Balboa: Spanish explored an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513. Ferdinand Magellan: (1480-1521) 1519 after passing through the strait named after him at the southern tip of South America. Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494 divided up the newly discovered world into separate Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence and it turned out that most of South America fell within the Spanish sphere. Hernan Cortes and Moctezuma: 1519 spanish expedition, commander, landed at Veza Cruz, on the gulf of Mexico. The Aztecs and Tenochtitlan: Thoguht Herman Cortes was Guetzal Coal, Spanish took Moctzuma hostage pillaged city. The Inca and Pachakuti: Small community in the area of Chieu. Francisco Pizarro: Landed on Pacific coast of South America with 180. Encomienda:System that permitted conqeuring Spaniard to collect tribute from natives and use them as laborers. The viceroy and Audiencias: Spanish developed administration system based on viceroys, aided by advisory groups called abobereias. Boers and Capetown: Dutch Farmers, boers, settled in areas outside Capetown. Slave trade and the Middle Passage: middle leg of triangular trade route, slaves packed into cargo ships 10% mortality rate. The Triangular trade: connected Europe, Africa, and American continents. European merchant ship. Carried European manufactured goods to Africa. Traded cargo for slaves. Sugar factories: Sugar plantations in Caribbean, played an especially prominent role. Dutch East India Company: Established pepper plantaions in Amsterdam, $. Muhgal Empire: Came from mountainous region north fo Nanges river valley. British East India Company: Chief representative- sir Robert Clive who saved them from French and competed with France.

Robert Clive: Saved the British East India company from French capture became their chief representative. Black Hole of Calcutta: Local ruler of Bergal imprisoned the local British population in the black hole. Underground prison for holding prisoners many of whom died. Ming and Qing dynasties: Began an era of greatness in China by the time the Portuguese arrived, extended rule into Mongolia and central Asia, Ming briefly reconquered Vietnam. Lord Macartney and Emperor Qianlong: led a British mission to Beigngz pressed for liberation of trade restrictions. Qianlong- no interests in British products. Tokugawa Shoguns: achieved unification of Japan, 1603- an act of initiated the most powerful and longest lasting of all Japanese shoguns. Nagasaki and the Dutch: Government closed 2 major foreign trade exports on islands of Hirado and Nagasati only a Dutch community was allowed to remain. Britains Navigation Acts: regulated what could be taken from and sold to the colonies, supposed to provide a balance of trade favorable. Samuel de Champlain: Established a settlement of Quebec in 1608 that the French began to take a more interest in Canada as a colony. European trade revolved around Mediterranean in lower southern countries and Baltic region and central empire. The asiento: British were granted the privilege known as asiento of transporting 4,500 slaves a year into Spanish Latin America. Joint-stock trading companies: New forms of commercial organization individuals bought shares in a company and received dividents on their investments. House of Fugger: Branch of banks formed by Jacob Fugger. Mercantilism: Name historians; use to identify a set of economic tendencies that came to dominate economic practices in 17th century. The Columbian Exchange: Reciprocal importations and exportation of plants and animals. Gerardus Mercator: Flemish cartographer, map maker, cantonal progectichtries to show shape of land masses in limited areas.