Chapter 15 Key Concepts: Louis XIII with an advisor Richelieu increased the royal administration.

Louis XIV was known as the Sun King, lived at Versailles Palace and led France into several dynastic wars. The Nobles revolted against the royal authority. Conflict called Fronde. Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes Louis XV ineffective, less popular; monarchy no longer considered sacred. Holy Roman Empire was Austria. Habsburg family ruled with Holy Roman Empire with Germanic princes. Hohenzollern family challenged the Habsburgs for dominance and power Russia becomes more powerful, Orthodox, and multiethnic empire. Crue Ivan IV the Terrible enlarges rule of tsars Time of Troubles, many different people tried to claim the throne. Michael Romanov was chosen as Tsar-new Romanov ruling dynasty Serfdom increased due to economic crisis, labor shortages; no representative institutions and few towns to resist. Peter I expanded Russia and struggled against the nobles, controlled the church, encouraged service to state with Table of Ranks, built a new capital(St. Petersburg) new western ideas introduced. Sweden: Protestant monarchy plays important role in 30 years war. Governed through millets Land belongs to sultan, no one increased in rank due to fathers Sultan heads Islamic but tolerated other religions Philip II defeats Ottoman Turks at Lepanto King John III Sobieski of Poland prevents Ottoman Empire from capturing Habsburg capital, Vienna Decline due to military defeats in the Ottoman Empire Denis Diderot: First volume of the Encyclopedia Immanuel Kant: Critique of Pure Reason promotes rational inquiry. Range from Christians to atheists. John Tolan: sets forth deist view of God- watchmaker

David Hume: Miracles cant be proven in human understanding Voltaire: Critizes Catholicism in Candide Gotthold Lessing: wants tolerance of non-christian religions Charles de Montesquieu: promoted constitutional limits on monarchs in The Spirit of the Laws Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Promotes democracy, personal freedom, universal standards of justice, uniform law, not very into women rights. Voltaire: defended persecuted Protestants in France Cesare Beccaria: Protests against torture in On Crimes and Punishments Mary Wollstonecraft: Wants womens rights, wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Mankind as changeable and not locked into social categories John Lock: Called mind a black slate. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, man can learn and improve. Rousseau: In Emile says men can be molded with education and women should be lower to men. Rousseau: Blames worlds problems on uneven property distribution in Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. Adam Smith: Promoted free markets, specialized in labor for The Wealth of Nations. Enlightenment influences enlightened absolutism, blames for causing French Revolution.