A Study of Diversity Combining Methods for Wireless Image Transmission System

Li-Der Jeng,
Department of Electronic
Engineering,
Chung Yuan Christian University
Chung-Li, 320 Taiwan
Email address:lider@cycu.edu.tw


Yuan-Hsiang Chang,
Department of Information &
Computer Engineering,
Chung Yuan Christian University
Chung-Li, 320 Taiwan
Email
address:changyh@ice.cycu.edu.tw

Shih-Wei Chen,
Master Program in Communication
Engineering,
Chung Yuan Christian University
Chung-Li, 320 Taiwan
Email address:
g10179019@cycu.edu.tw
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we propose a wireless image
transmission system under partial band noise jamming
(PBNJ). To increase the transmission efficiency, we
adopt the compressed image to our system. In order to
resist the interference for the transmission, we used
frequency-hopping system (FH) to transmit data and
combined it with Reed-Solomon code (RS Code) and
unequal error protection (UEP) to enhance the data
protection. Integrating diversity combining technique
with compressed image, it is effective to reduce
distortion of the received data. We consider three
compression algorithms with different diversity
combiners under additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) and PBNJ. Simulation results showed the
system enhances the performance with diversity
combining techniques.
KEYWORDS
PBNJ; compressed image; FH; RS code; diversity
combining
1. INTRODUCTION
In wireless communication, not only AWGN
but also interference must be considered for
transmission. When the frequency band for
information transmission is interfered, the error
rate will increase greatly. Therefore, to
effectively reduce the interference is an important
research issue. The frequency hopping technique
was originally applied to the military
communication, but it was also adopted for the
ordinary communication systems in recent years
because the frequency hopping system has
excellent anti-interference capability. The
frequency hopping technique is generally used in
the M-ray frequency shift keying (MFSK) system.
Due to the frequency hopping system jumps on
the spread spectrum frequency band in the pseudo
random way, the frequency hopping system can
be used to avoid partial frequency band
interfering. To enhance the performance of the
system, channel coding techniques are added to
the frequency hopping system. The common ones
of channel coding techniques for the frequency
hopping system are Reed-Solomon code [1],
concatenated Reed-Solomon/block code or
concatenated Reed-Solomon/convolutional code
[2].
The performance analysis of RS coded FH
system in the slow frequency hopping BFSK
system under PBNJ is widely studied in the anti-
interference ability analysis [4]. However, most
of those researches considered the analysis of
error rate without optimizing the transmission
data format. In the slow frequency hopping
MFSK system of the Reed-Solomon code under
PBNJ for image processing [5], the correlation
among the image data collocate with the channel
coding debug is utilized to restore the images so
as to improve the transmission quality. This way
is effective to improve the quality of interfered
image transmission, but more communication
resources will be occupied since the transmitted
images are decompressed data completely. The
images are transmitted and compressed based on
this system and the protection mechanism is
adjusted according to the data content so as to
improve the quality of image transmission. The
image compression technique adopted is mainly
the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT)
algorithm, and this method is proposed by A.
Said et al. in [6]. This compression algorithm
divides an image after two-dimensional discrete
wavelet transform into high and low frequency
subimage, which are performed with the
ISBN: 978-0-9891305-4-7 2014 SDIWC 86
embedded zero-tree wavelet (EZW) coding, and
then made the procedures of refining, ordering,
coding by the SPIHT algorithm again. The
algorithm is characterized by low complexity in
operation, high complexity in equivalent
encoding and high efficient in compression.
However, the coded format is poor in
error correction and thus is likely to fail in the
decompressing subsequent data after the
interference.
To correct this defect above mentioned, Chao-
Ping Huang et al. [8] proposed the M-
SPIHT(modified-SPIHT) algorithm which
modified the compression algorithm and increase
the unequivalence of data stream in order to make
it suitable for the operation of UEP mechanism.
This coding puts the important information on the
file header firstly to make the same data pass
through the channel. Although the segments
containing important information are facile to
cause larger information distortion because of
errors, the error rate is relatively low since the
code protection with strong anti-noise ability is
adopted; although other segments of unnecessary
information cause high error rate for the use of
weak anti-noise code, its effect on the
information distortion is limited since its
information content is low. To minimize the size
of the image, we have to consider if the speed of
computer processing could be improved or
not.The MSPIHT method need to be reinforce.
Thus, Jui Hsu and Li-Der Jeng [10] improved this
algorithm in 2012, proposing to restore faster and
more accurate numerical ISPIHT (improved-
SPIHT) algorithm.
In order to enhance the performance of the image
transmission system, we adopt diversity combiner
to the system. We considered two kinds of
diversity combining methods: selective
combining and equal gain combining.
The remaining paper is organized as follows. In
section 2, we introduce the system model of the
proposed scheme. In section 3, there are
introduction of the three compression algorithms.
Two diversity combining methods we used in this
paper in section 4. The simulation results are
displayed in section 5. Finally, the conclusion is
summarized in section 6.
2. SYSTEM MODEL
The system model is shown in Figure 1. The
specifications of the image to be transmitted are
512*512, 8bit gray-level image. A wavelet field
image is generated firstly through the discrete
wavelet transform, and the compression algorithm
is utilized to compress it into a data stream, then
the data stream is encoded by various RS encoder
combines with interleaver, and the codewords
obtained are sent by the MFSK modulation
collocated with FFH-SS system. The transmitted
data will go through the wireless channel and
suffer from the AWGN and PBNJ. Some data
streams containing partial errors will be generated
by the fast frequency hopping modulation and
MFSK modulation. At the receiver, the transmitted
data will be demodulated by FFH and MFSK, and
produce couples of bit streams with different
errors. After the diversity combining and channel
decoding, the data stream will be less errors, many
wavelet field images can be obtained through the
decompression. At last, the received images can be
obtained from the inverse discrete wavelet
transform.

Figure 1: Block diagram of the proposed image
transmission system.
AWGN and PBNJ in our channel model are
considered for discussion especially. The PBNJ is
one of the most common interference methods in
the frequency hopping system and it is a noise-like
interference source, i.e., it has the same spectral
characteristics as AWGN. As shown in Figure 2,
AWGN causes full-band interference on the
Source
Image
Discrete
Wavelet
Transform
Compression
subimages
Interleaver &
RS encoder
MFSK
Modulation
Diversity
Combination
MFSK
De- Modulation
De-interleaver
& RS decoder
Inverse
Discrete
Wavelet
Transform
Received
Image
Frequency
De-hopper
Frequency
hopper
AWGN
& PBNJ
De-compression
subimages

ISBN: 978-0-9891305-4-7 2014 SDIWC 87
system and its power spectral density (PSD) is
0
N .
On the other hand, PBNJ only causes interference
on partial-band. Assuming that its power signal is
j
P and its bandwidth is
j
W , then the fraction of
PBNJ in the overall spread spectrum bandwidth
ss j
w w / = , and 1 0 s s . If the jumping
frequency spectrum of frequency hopping system
is evenly distributed in
ss
W , then can also
represent the probability of each interference
caused by frequency hopping.

Figure 2: Power Spectral Density of PBNJ (oblique
lines) and AWGN (white)
If is taken as the probability of interference
suffered by each frequency hopping, then the
interference probability of a frequency band can
be shown as follows:
M m
M m
m
=
< <

0
0
,
, 0
, 1

Where m refers to the number of channels
suffering from interference in the M-ary frequency
band. And we will use such a pseudo random
model as the foundation of channel simulation.
3. Compression Algorithm
In this paper, we used three compression
algorithm SPIHT, modified-SPIHT(MSPIHT) and
improved-SPIHT(ISPIHT)[8] for our system. The
MSPIHT is modified from the SPIHT compression
algorithm, the main principle is to put the most
important information into the header, it is easy
that the header and other important information
together for strict protection. ISPIHT selected the
middle of the threshold value as the new threshold
as to be closer the original value of the pixel in the
refining process to enhance the quality of the
image.
The following is a brief introduction to SPIHT
MSPIHT and ISPIHT algorithms. Therefore
introduce the SPIHT compression algorithm and
its background, and then analyzed according to its
original structural characteristics of the
development of improved encoding, and then
analyze the improved format and break through
development.
Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is a
transformation method of a signal from space
domain into the frequency domain. They have
embedded coding features, compressed data
arranged in accordance with the importance of the
bitstream, and then the decoding part is according
to their order of importance. Data conversion of its
various values to do addition or subtraction
operation to obtain the wavelet coefficients in the
frequency domain; the sum of the part will be
growing, on behalf of the covering important
information that is content. Instead, subtract the
part of the representative of the difference between
the pixel in the image edge part of the difference
will become larger.
SPIHT is improved EZW algorithm, the EZW
algorithm has three concepts:
1. Zerotree: 2D-DWT structure shows that four
in the last layer of the point called the point
of sub-band in the lower strata of the point,
which point extending out of the children and
grandchildren with a tree structure to
construct. If this is the more descendants with
compression, you can save even more space.
2. Scan order: Discrete wavelet transform the
band of the proceeds of a zigzag manner, the
order of storage. Stored in the order in
accordance with the most important low-
frequency to intermediate frequency to the
last and most important high-frequency.
3. Using threshold to split the results after the
DWT into several layers, and stored.
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Figure 3: Relationship of the tree structure
we summary the steps of SPIHT algorithm as
follow.
1. Initialization:
set T=2
n
, n=[log
2
( max
(i, j)
{C(i, j)} ) ].
set LSP as null list.
add H to LIP.
add H as D-type to LIS
2. Sorting Pass:
2.1 do with all the positions of LIP:
2.1.1 output S
n
(i, j)
2.1.2 if S
n
(i, j)=1, move (i, j) to LSP and
output the sign.
2.2 do with all the sets of LIS:
2.2.1 if the set is D-type
output S
n
(i, j)
if S
n
(i, j)=1
do with ) , ( ) , ( j i O l k e :
output S
n
(k, l)
if S
n
(k, l)=1, add (k, l) to LSP and output
the sign.
if S
n
(k, l)=0, add (k, l) to LIP
if L(i, j) exist, add L(i, j) to LIS
else, remove (i, j) from LIS
2.2.2 if the set is L-type
output S
n
(i, j)
if S
n
(i, j)=1
add each D(k, l) to LIS, ) , ( ) , ( j i O l k e
remove (i, j) from LIS
3. Refinement Pass:
refinement each point in LSP besides the
points added in this threshold.
4. Quantization-Step Update:
decrease n by 1, go to next threshold stage.
In accordance with the rules of the original
SPIHT bitstream can be expressed in Figure 5, the
header contains the initial threshold valueDWT
class number, image size information, subsequent
data string
3 2 1
, , T T T etc respectively different the
threshold value of the output of the stage.
Header Srt. Pass Ref. Pass
Srt. Pass Ref. Pass Srt. Pass Ref. Pass
t1 = 32
t2 = 16 t3 = 8
Dont care .
Srt. Pass Ref. Pass Srt. Pass Ref. Pass
t4 = 4 t5 = 2
compressed size
Srt. Pass Ref. Pass
t6 = 1
Figure 4: SPIHT output data stream content location
schematic
A new encoding format MSPIHT, can make an
important content of the stream to focus front, so
can avoid inadequate protection of important
interference suffered damage. And MSPIHT
compression algorithm can be expressed in Figure
5.
Header Srt. Pass Ref. Pass
Srt. Pass Ref. Pass Srt. Pass Ref. Pass
t1 = 32
t2 = 16 t3 = 8
Dont care .
Srt. Pass Ref. Pass Srt. Pass Ref. Pass
t4 = 4 t5 = 2
compressed size
Srt. Pass Ref. Pass
t6 = 1
H
Figure 5MSPIHT output data stream content location
schematic
MSPIHT[10] format can effectively
concentrate the information stream front, easy
and file information of prime importance with
rigorous protection.
ISPIHT[11] algorithm important content of
the stream to focus front, and for the
characteristics of compression techniques for
improvement, whichever two intermediate
threshold value to the refining process, for the
original values can be achieved more accurately,
and can maintain the image quality. With this
method, you can achieve image compression
ISBN: 978-0-9891305-4-7 2014 SDIWC 89
restoring, maintaining the original image quality
in order to achieve the purpose of image
compression. And ISPIHT compression
algorithm can be expressed in Figure 6.
Header Srt. Pass Srt. Pass Ref. Pass
Srt. Pass Ref. Pass Srt. Pass Ref. Pass
t0 = 48 t1 = 24
t2 = 12 t3 = 6
Dont care .
Srt. Pass Ref. Pass Srt. Pass Ref. Pass
t4 = 3 t5 = 2
compressed size
Srt. Pass Ref. Pass
t6 = 1
H

Figure 6ISPIHT output data stream content location
schematic
4. Diversity Combiner
We introduce the diversity combining methods
that we used in our system.
1. Selective combining :
There are two methods of the selective combining:
a. Maximum Energy Choosing
The principle of this method is that in a number of
branch channels, using energy detectors to detect
each signal power, choosing a maximum signal
energy as the primary signal to represent all of the
received signal, ignoring the other branches of the
signal source, the basic structure is shown in
Figure 7.

Figure 7: Maximum Energy Choosing Receive
Schematic
b. Maximum probability Choosing
We consider that channel is power limited. To
solve this problem, we calculate the probability of
each data from MFSK modulation and find the
largest one to be the final received signal, it can be
known that the Probability Density Function (PDF)
is distributed in indexes and its mathematical
expression is shown as follows:

()

()
Wherein

represents the average bit-noise ratio

received by each branch,

represents the bit-

noise ratio of the i
th
branch and x represents the
bit-noise ratio received.
According to the principles of SC, it is learned that
the effective SNR is

(2)
The diversity channels in a number of the received
signal, the selective assembly of a larger energy
signal selected to represent all of the received
signal, this method can avoid the phase shift
caused by the bit error, but the use of this method
in bandwidth on efficiency and poor, and will
ignore the other channel signals may be effective.
2. Equal gain combining
MFSK in our system because of the M channel
noise energy and have varying degrees of
interference, we will receive the averaged data for
each channel, and for decoding after entering;
equal gain combining is due add up the data of
each channel, the channel number, the more
amount of information can be obtained more, after
the experiment that the information obtained after
a few more samples (M larger), and the resulting
image PSNR value is also higher.
5. Simulation Results
As shown in Figure 8, the original image is
transmitted at 512*512, single-color 8bits. The
experiment from the original image was simulated
in FFH/256-FSK system for transmission in
channels under the AWGN and PBNJ in which the
interference ratio of frequency band is . We use
two Extended RS codes of RS(256,130) and
RS(32,16) to protect our compressed data.

Figure 8: Original Image
Choose the
Maximum
Energy
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In order to compare the performances of different
transmission mechanism in non-diversity
combining, selective combining and equal gain
combining, the three mechanisms were performed
with the same original image in SPIHT, MSPIHT
and ISPIHT algorithms, respectively. The
parameters of simulation environment were
SNR=12dB, SJR=6dB, =0.8, the results of three
transmission mechanisms were obtained in
different compression ratio (step in 0.05 bpp) by
SPIHT, MSPIHT, ISPIHT, respectively. The
results shown as in Figure 9 were obtained in
which the PSNR of NON (non-diversity
combining) was 24.15dB, the PSNR of SC
(selective combining) was 28.54dB and the PSNR
of EGC (equal gain combining) was 30.58dB by
SPIHT algorithm. Next, in Figure 10, the results
were presented by MSPIHT algorithms, their
PSNRs of NON, SC and EGC were 24.93dB,
29.72dB, 32.01dB, respectively. Finally, in Figure
10, the results were presented by ISPIHT
algorithms, their PSNRs of NON, SC and EGC
were 24.60dB, 29.69dB, 32.33dB

NON, PSNR=24.15dB SC, PSNR=28.54dB EGC, PSNR=30.58dB
Figure 9: SPIHT,
bpp=0.8:NON(PSNR=24.15dB),SC(PSNR=28.54dB),E
GC(PSNR=30.58dB)

NON, PSNR=24.93db SC, PSNR=29.72Db EGC, PSNR=32.01dB
Figure 10: MSPIHT,
bpp=0.8:NON(PSNR=24.93dB),SC(PSNR=29.72dB),E
GC(PSNR=32.01dB)
NON, PSNR=24.60dB SC, PSNR=29.69dB EGC, PSNR=32.33dB
Figure 11: ISPIHT,
bpp=0.8:NON(PSNR=24.60dB),SC(PSNR=29.69dB),E
GC(PSNR=32.33dB)
In addition, the different PSNRs of three
transmission mechanisms were indicated by
SPIHT, MSPIHT, ISPIHT algorithms in
SNR=12dB, SJR=6dB, =0.8, and different
compression ratio (step in 0.05 bpp), as shown in
Figure 12. The differences are insignificant,
display in red circle in Figure 12, as compression
ratio decreases. However, as compression ratio
increases, the difference of NON is still
unobvious. On contrast, both differences of SC
and EGC are remarkable. Especially, EGC is
better than other two, displayed in blue circle in
Figure 12.

Figure 12:Comparison the different PSNR of three
transmission mechanisms by
SPIHT,MSPIHT,ISPIHT(SNR=12,SJR=6,=0.8,bpp=0
.05~0.95)
6. Conclusion
In this paper, we present a wireless transmission
system by using three compression algorithms
integrated with two diversity combining methods
under AWGN and PBNJ. Owing to the diversity
combining, simulation results show that the
performance of our system had effective
ameliorated. Therefore, the diversity combining
method is suitable for image transmission under
jamming environments.
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