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Stress

1. Stress

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Review important principles of statics Use the principles to determine internal resultant loadings in a body Introduce concepts of normal and shear stress Discuss applications of analysis and design of members subjected to an axial load or direct shear

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CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Introduction 2. Equilibrium of a deformable body 3. Stress 4. Average normal stress in an axially loaded bar

5. Average shear stress


6. Allowable stress 7. Design of simple connections

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1.1 INTRODUCTION Mechanics of materials


A branch of mechanics It studies the relationship of External loads applied to a deformable body, and The intensity of internal forces acting within the body Are used to compute deformations of a body

Study bodys stability when external forces are applied to it

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1.1 INTRODUCTION Historical development


Beginning of 17th century (Galileo) Early 18th century (Saint-Venant, Poisson, Lam and Navier) In recent times, with advanced mathematical and computer techniques, more complex problems can be solved

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY External loads Surface forces


Area of contact Concentrated force Linear distributed force Centroid C (or geometric center)

Body force (e.g., weight)

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

Reactions
Surface forces developed at the supports/points of contact between bodies

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

Pin connections allow rotation. Reactions at pins are forces and NOT MOMENTS.

Degrees of Freedom

Chapter 1: Stress

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY Equations of equilibrium


Equilibrium of a body requires :
a balance of forces

= =
10

and
a balance of moments

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

Equations of Equilibrium
For a body with x, y, z coordinate system with origin O,

= , = , = = , = , =
Best way to account for these forces is to draw

the bodys Fee-Body Diagram (FBD).

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

Internal Forces
1. The design of a structural member requires an investigation of the loading acting within the member to be sure the material can resist of carry the load. 2. Internal loadings can be found by the method of sections.

3. Look at simply supported beam on following slide.

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

Example

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

F1

F2

Ax Ay
Free Body Diagram

By

Support Reactions Ax Ay By

External Forces F1 F2

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY


Consider the internal loadings on the cross section at C. Pass an imaginary section cut through C, cutting the beam into two segments. Draw FBD of each part:

C
Internal Internal Forces Forces

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

Fixed Support between two parts


Note: Internal loadings on entire beam appear as external loads on the FBD of the sections.

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY Internal resultant loadings For coplanar loadings:

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

Sign Convention
1. Positive Shear Force will cause a clockwise
rotation of the member on which it acts.

2. Positive Bending Moment will cause


compression on the top surface of the beam.

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

Positive Shear
V
V

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

Positive Moment
M M

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

Positive Moment
M M

Compression

Tension

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

Procedure for Analysis


1. Find the support reactions. 2. Identify critical points. 3. At representative locations between
critical points take a section cut. 4. Find V and M and representative locations between critical points. 5. Use proper sign conventions for V and M. 6. Plot results.

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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY

Critical Points
1. 2. 3. 4.
End of Beam Support Point of application of concentrated load Point of application of concentrated couple moment. 5. Beginning of distributed load. 6. End of distributed load. 7. Change in distributed load definition.

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1.3 STRESS

Concept of stress
Assumptions of material: 1. It is continuous (uniform distribution of matter) 2. It is cohesive (all portions are connected together)

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1.3 STRESS Concept of stress Consider A in figure below Small finite force, F acts on A

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1.3 STRESS Normal stress (: sigma) Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting normal to A z Symbol used for normal stress, is (sigma)

= lim 0

Tensile stress: normal force pulls or stretches the area element A Compressive stress: normal force pushes or compresses area element A
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1.3 STRESS Shear stress (: tau) Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting tangent to A Symbol used for normal stress is (tau)

= lim

= lim

y
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1.3 STRESS General state of stress


Figure shows the state of stress acting around a chosen point in a body

Units (SI system)


Newtons per square meter (N/m2) or a pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/m2) kPa = 103 N/m2 (kilo-pascal) MPa = 106 N/m2 (mega-pascal) GPa = 109 N/m2 (giga-pascal)

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1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR

When a cross-sectional area bar is subjected to

axial force through the centroid, it is only subjected to normal stress. Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.

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1. Stress 1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR

Assumptions

1. Uniform deformation: Bar remains straight before and after load is applied, and cross section remains flat or plane during deformation
2. In order for uniform deformation, the force P should be applied along centroidal axis of cross section

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1. Stress 1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR

Average normal stress distribution


When a bar is subjected to a constant deformation,

= =
= average normal stress P = resultant normal force A = cross sectional area of bar

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1. Stress 1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR

Equilibrium Consider vertical equilibrium of the element = 0 = 0

=
Above analysis applies to members subjected to tension or compression.

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1. Stress 1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR

Maximum average normal stress For problems where internal force P and xsectional A were constant along the longitudinal axis of the bar, normal stress = P/A is also

constant
If the bar is subjected to several external loads along its axis, change in x-sectional area may occur

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1. Stress 1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR

Sign Convention

P is positive (+) if it causes tension in the member P is negative () if it causes compression

tension

compression

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1. Stress 1.4 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR

Procedure for analysis

Axially loaded members Internal Loading: Section member perpendicular to its longitudinal axis at point where normal stress is to be determined Draw free-body diagram Use equation of force equilibrium to obtain internal axial force P at the section

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EXAMPLE 1.6 Bar width = 35 mm, thickness = 10 mm Determine max. average normal stress in bar when subjected to loading shown.

35 mm 10 mm

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EXAMPLE 1.6 (SOLN) Internal loading

Normal force diagram


By inspection, largest loading area is BC, where PBC = 30 kN

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EXAMPLE 1.6 (SOLN) Average normal stress

PBC 30(103) N = 85.7 MPa BC = = (0.035 m)(0.010 m) A

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EXAMPLE 1.8 Specific weight st = 80 kN/m3 Determine average compressive stress acting at points A and B.

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EXAMPLE 1.8 (SOLN)


Internal loading Based on free-body diagram, weight of segment AB determined from Wst = stVst

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EXAMPLE 1.8 (SOLN) Average normal stress + Fz = 0;

P Wst = 0 P = 8.042 kN

P (80 kN/m3)(0.8 m)(0.2 m)2 = 0

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EXAMPLE 1.8 (SOLN) Average compressive stress Cross-sectional area at section:

A = (0.2)m2 P
8.042 kN = (0.2 m)2

= 64.0 kN/m2

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1.5 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS Shear stress is the stress component that act in the plane of the sectioned area. Consider a force F acting to the bar For rigid supports, and F is large enough, bar will deform and fail along the planes identified by AB and CD Free-body diagram indicates that shear force, V = F/2 be applied at both sections to ensure equilibrium

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1.5 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS


Average shear stress over each section is:

avg = average shear stress at section,


assumed to be same at each pt on the section

V = internal resultant shear force at


section determined from equations of equilibrium

A = area of section

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1.5 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS Case discussed above is example of simple or

direct shear
Caused by the direct action of applied load F

Occurs in various types of simple connections, e.g., bolts, pins, welded material

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1.5 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS Single shear Steel and wood joints shown below are examples of single-shear connections, also known as lap joints. Since we assume members are thin, there are no moments caused by F

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1.5 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS Single shear For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and bonding surface between the two members are subjected to single shear force, V = F The average shear stress equation can be applied to determine average shear stress acting on colored section in (d).

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1.5 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS Double shear The joints shown below are examples of double-shear connections, often called double lap joints. For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and bonding surface between two members subjected to double shear force, V = F/2 Apply average shear stress equation to determine average shear stress acting on colored section in (d).

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1.5 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS


2 different types of shear:
Single Shear Double Shear

= =

= = 2

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1.5 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS Procedure for analysis Internal shear 1. Section member at the pt where the avg is to be determined 2. Draw free-body diagram 3. Calculate the internal shear force V Average shear stress 1. Determine sectioned area A 2. Compute average shear stress avg = V/A

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EXAMPLE 1.10 Depth and thickness = 40 mm Determine average normal stress and average shear stress acting along (a) section planes a-a, and (b) section plane b-b.

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EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN) Part (a) Internal loading Based on free-body diagram, Resultant loading of axial force, P = 800 N

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EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN) Part (a) Average stress Average normal stress,

P 800 N = 500 kPa = = A (0.04 m)(0.04 m)

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EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN) Part (a) Internal loading No shear stress on section, since shear force at section is zero. avg = 0

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EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN) Part (b) Internal loading


+ +

Fx = 0; 800 N + N sin 60 + V cos 60 = 0 Fy = 0;

V sin 60 N cos 60 = 0

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EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN) Part (b) Internal loading Or directly using x, y axes,
+ +

Fx = 0; Fy = 0;

N 800 N cos 30 = 0

V 800 N sin 30 = 0

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EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN) Part (b) Average normal stress

N 692.8 N = = 375 kPa = A (0.04 m)(0.04 m/sin 60)

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EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN) Part (b) Average shear stress

V 400 N avg = = 217 kPa = A (0.04 m)(0.04 m/sin 60)


Stress distribution as shown below:

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1.6 ALLOWABLE STRESS


When designing a structural member or mechanical element, the stress in it must be restricted to safe level Choose an allowable load that is less than the load the member can fully support One method used is the factor of safety (F.S.)

. . =

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1.6 ALLOWABLE STRESS


If load applied is linearly related to stress developed within member, then F.S. can also be expressed as:

. . =

. . =

In all the equations, F.S. is chosen to be greater than 1, to avoid potential for failure Specific values will depend on types of material used and its intended purpose

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1.7 DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS To determine area of section subjected to a normal force, use

P A= allow
To determine area of section subjected to a shear force, use

V A= allow

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1.7 DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Cross-sectional area of a tension member

Condition: The force has a line of action that passes through the centroid of the x-section.

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1.7 DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Cross-sectional area of a connecter subjected to shear

Assumption: If bolt is loose or clamping force of bolt is unknown, assume frictional force between plates to be negligible.

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1.7 DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Required area to resist bearing Bearing stress is normal stress produced by the compression of one surface against another. Assumptions: 1. (b)allow of concrete < (b)allow of base plate 2. Bearing stress is uniformly distributed between plate and concrete

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1.7 DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Required area to resist shear caused by axial load Although actual shear-stress distribution along rod difficult to determine, we assume it is uniform. Thus use A = V / allow to calculate l, provided d and allow is known.

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1.7 DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Procedure for analysis When using average normal stress and shear stress equations, consider first the section over which the critical stress is acting Internal loading 1. Section member through x-sectional area 2. Draw a free-body diagram of segment of member 3. Use equations of equilibrium to determine internal resultant force

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1.7 DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Procedure for analysis Required area Based on known allowable stress, calculate required area needed to sustain load from :

or

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