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1. Stress
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Review important principles of statics Use the principles to determine internal resultant loadings in a body Introduce concepts of normal and shear stress Discuss applications of analysis and design of members subjected to an axial load or direct shear
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Introduction 2. Equilibrium of a deformable body 3. Stress 4. Average normal stress in an axially loaded bar
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Reactions
Surface forces developed at the supports/points of contact between bodies
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Pin connections allow rotation. Reactions at pins are forces and NOT MOMENTS.
Degrees of Freedom
Chapter 1: Stress
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= =
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and
a balance of moments
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Equations of Equilibrium
For a body with x, y, z coordinate system with origin O,
= , = , = = , = , =
Best way to account for these forces is to draw
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Internal Forces
1. The design of a structural member requires an investigation of the loading acting within the member to be sure the material can resist of carry the load. 2. Internal loadings can be found by the method of sections.
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Example
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F1
F2
Ax Ay
Free Body Diagram
By
Support Reactions Ax Ay By
External Forces F1 F2
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C
Internal Internal Forces Forces
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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY Internal resultant loadings For coplanar loadings:
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Sign Convention
1. Positive Shear Force will cause a clockwise
rotation of the member on which it acts.
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Positive Shear
V
V
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Positive Moment
M M
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Positive Moment
M M
Compression
Tension
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Critical Points
1. 2. 3. 4.
End of Beam Support Point of application of concentrated load Point of application of concentrated couple moment. 5. Beginning of distributed load. 6. End of distributed load. 7. Change in distributed load definition.
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1.3 STRESS
Concept of stress
Assumptions of material: 1. It is continuous (uniform distribution of matter) 2. It is cohesive (all portions are connected together)
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1.3 STRESS Concept of stress Consider A in figure below Small finite force, F acts on A
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1.3 STRESS Normal stress (: sigma) Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting normal to A z Symbol used for normal stress, is (sigma)
= lim 0
Tensile stress: normal force pulls or stretches the area element A Compressive stress: normal force pushes or compresses area element A
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1.3 STRESS Shear stress (: tau) Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting tangent to A Symbol used for normal stress is (tau)
= lim
= lim
y
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axial force through the centroid, it is only subjected to normal stress. Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.
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Assumptions
1. Uniform deformation: Bar remains straight before and after load is applied, and cross section remains flat or plane during deformation
2. In order for uniform deformation, the force P should be applied along centroidal axis of cross section
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= =
= average normal stress P = resultant normal force A = cross sectional area of bar
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=
Above analysis applies to members subjected to tension or compression.
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Maximum average normal stress For problems where internal force P and xsectional A were constant along the longitudinal axis of the bar, normal stress = P/A is also
constant
If the bar is subjected to several external loads along its axis, change in x-sectional area may occur
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Sign Convention
tension
compression
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Axially loaded members Internal Loading: Section member perpendicular to its longitudinal axis at point where normal stress is to be determined Draw free-body diagram Use equation of force equilibrium to obtain internal axial force P at the section
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EXAMPLE 1.6 Bar width = 35 mm, thickness = 10 mm Determine max. average normal stress in bar when subjected to loading shown.
35 mm 10 mm
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EXAMPLE 1.8 Specific weight st = 80 kN/m3 Determine average compressive stress acting at points A and B.
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P Wst = 0 P = 8.042 kN
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A = (0.2)m2 P
8.042 kN = (0.2 m)2
= 64.0 kN/m2
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1.5 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS Shear stress is the stress component that act in the plane of the sectioned area. Consider a force F acting to the bar For rigid supports, and F is large enough, bar will deform and fail along the planes identified by AB and CD Free-body diagram indicates that shear force, V = F/2 be applied at both sections to ensure equilibrium
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A = area of section
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direct shear
Caused by the direct action of applied load F
Occurs in various types of simple connections, e.g., bolts, pins, welded material
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1.5 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS Single shear Steel and wood joints shown below are examples of single-shear connections, also known as lap joints. Since we assume members are thin, there are no moments caused by F
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1.5 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS Single shear For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and bonding surface between the two members are subjected to single shear force, V = F The average shear stress equation can be applied to determine average shear stress acting on colored section in (d).
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1.5 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS Double shear The joints shown below are examples of double-shear connections, often called double lap joints. For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and bonding surface between two members subjected to double shear force, V = F/2 Apply average shear stress equation to determine average shear stress acting on colored section in (d).
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= =
= = 2
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1.5 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS Procedure for analysis Internal shear 1. Section member at the pt where the avg is to be determined 2. Draw free-body diagram 3. Calculate the internal shear force V Average shear stress 1. Determine sectioned area A 2. Compute average shear stress avg = V/A
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EXAMPLE 1.10 Depth and thickness = 40 mm Determine average normal stress and average shear stress acting along (a) section planes a-a, and (b) section plane b-b.
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EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN) Part (a) Internal loading Based on free-body diagram, Resultant loading of axial force, P = 800 N
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EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN) Part (a) Average stress Average normal stress,
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EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN) Part (a) Internal loading No shear stress on section, since shear force at section is zero. avg = 0
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V sin 60 N cos 60 = 0
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EXAMPLE 1.10 (SOLN) Part (b) Internal loading Or directly using x, y axes,
+ +
Fx = 0; Fy = 0;
N 800 N cos 30 = 0
V 800 N sin 30 = 0
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. . =
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. . =
. . =
In all the equations, F.S. is chosen to be greater than 1, to avoid potential for failure Specific values will depend on types of material used and its intended purpose
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1.7 DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS To determine area of section subjected to a normal force, use
P A= allow
To determine area of section subjected to a shear force, use
V A= allow
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Condition: The force has a line of action that passes through the centroid of the x-section.
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Assumption: If bolt is loose or clamping force of bolt is unknown, assume frictional force between plates to be negligible.
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1.7 DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Required area to resist bearing Bearing stress is normal stress produced by the compression of one surface against another. Assumptions: 1. (b)allow of concrete < (b)allow of base plate 2. Bearing stress is uniformly distributed between plate and concrete
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1.7 DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Required area to resist shear caused by axial load Although actual shear-stress distribution along rod difficult to determine, we assume it is uniform. Thus use A = V / allow to calculate l, provided d and allow is known.
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1.7 DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Procedure for analysis When using average normal stress and shear stress equations, consider first the section over which the critical stress is acting Internal loading 1. Section member through x-sectional area 2. Draw a free-body diagram of segment of member 3. Use equations of equilibrium to determine internal resultant force
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1.7 DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Procedure for analysis Required area Based on known allowable stress, calculate required area needed to sustain load from :
or