CHATHAM HOUSE

An Illustrated History of The Royal Institute of International Affairs

By William P. Litynski

The Royal Institute of International Affairs: An Imperial Intrigue?

The Chatham House in London is the headquarters of the Royal Institute of International Affairs

THE ROYAL INSTITUTE O INTERNATIONAL A AIRS !RIIA" is nothin# $ut the %ilner &rou' (rit lar#e)* It (as founded $y the &rou'+ has $een ,onsistently ,ontrolled $y the &rou'+ and to this day is the %ilner &rou' in its (idest as'e,t) It is the le#itimate ,hild of the Round Ta$le or#ani-ation+ .ust as the latter (as the le#itimate ,hild of the Closer Union* mo/ement or#ani-ed in South Afri,a in 0123) All three of these or#ani-ations (ere formed $y the same small #rou' of 'ersons+ all three re,ei/ed their initial finan,ial $a,4in# from Sir A$e 5ailey+ and all three used the same methods for (or4in# out and 'ro'a#atin# their ideas !the so6 ,alled Round Ta$le method of dis,ussion #rou's 'lus a .ournal") This similarity is not an a,,ident) The ne( or#ani-ation (as intended to $e a (ider as'e,t of the %ilner &rou'+ the 'lan $ein# to influen,e the leaders of thou#ht throu#h The Round Table and to influen,e a (ider #rou' throu#h the RIIA) The real founder of the Institute (as Lionel Curtis+ althou#h this fa,t (as ,on,ealed for many years and he (as 'resented to the 'u$li, as merely one amon# a num$er of founders) In more re,ent years+ ho(e/er+ the fa,t that Curtis (as the real founder of the Institute has $een 'u$li,ly stated $y mem$ers of the Institute and $y the Institute itself on many o,,asions+ and ne/er denied) One e7am'le (ill suffi,e) In the Annual Re'ort of the Institute for 01896018: (e read the follo(in# senten,e; <hen the Institute (as founded throu#h the ins'iration of %r) Lionel Curtis durin# the =ea,e Conferen,e of =aris in 0101+ those asso,iated (ith him in layin# the foundations (ere a #rou' of ,om'arati/ely youn# men and (omen)* > Carroll ?ui#ley+ The Anglo-American Establishment+ ') 0@9 The Institute (as or#ani-ed at a .oint ,onferen,e of 5ritish and Ameri,an e7'erts at the Hotel %a.esti, on :2 %ay 0101) At the su##estion of Lord Ro$ert Ce,il+ the ,hair (as #i/en to &eneral Tas4er 5liss of the Ameri,an dele#ation) <e ha/e already indi,ated that the e7'erts of the 5ritish dele#ation at the =ea,e Conferen,e (ere almost e7,lusi/ely from the %ilner &rou' and Ce,il 5lo,) The Ameri,an #rou' of e7'erts+ the Inquiry+* (as manned almost as ,om'letely $y 'ersons from institutions !in,ludin# uni/ersities" dominated $y A) =) %or#an and Com'any) This (as not an a,,ident) %oreo/er+ the %ilner &rou' has al(ays had /ery ,lose relationshi's (ith the asso,iates of A) =) %or#an and (ith the /arious $ran,hes of the Carne#ie Trust) These relationshi's+ (hi,h are merely e7am'les of the ,losely 4nit ramifi,ations of international finan,ial ,a'italism+ (ere 'ro$a$ly $ased on the finan,ial holdin#s ,ontrolled $y the %ilner &rou' throu#h the Rhodes Trust) The term international finan,ier* ,an $e a''lied (ith full .usti,e to se/eral mem$ers of the %ilner &rou' inner ,ir,le+ su,h as 5rand+ Hi,hens+ and a$o/e all+ %ilner himself) At the meetin# at the Hotel %a.esti,+ the 5ritish #rou' in,luded Lionel Curtis+ =hili' Berr+ Lord Ro$ert Ce,il+ Lord Eusta,e =er,y+ Sir Eyre Cro(e+ Sir Ce,il Hurst+ A) <) Headlam6%orley+ &eoffrey Ca(son+ Harold Tem'erley+ and &) %) &athorne6Hardy) It (as de,ided to found a 'ermanent or#ani-ation for the study of international affairs and to $e#in $y (ritin# a history of the =ea,e Conferen,e) A ,ommittee (as set u' to su'er/ise the (ritin# of this (or4) It had Lord %eston as ,hairman+ Lionel Curtis as se,retary+ and (as finan,ed $y a #ift of D9222 from Thomas <) Lamont of A) =) %or#an and Com'any) This #rou' 'i,4ed Harold Tem'erley as editor of the (or4) It a''eared in si7 lar#e /olumes in the years 019260198+ under the aus'i,es of the RIIA) The 5ritish or#ani-ation (as set u' $y a ,ommittee of (hi,h Lord Ro$ert Ce,il (as ,hairman+ Lionel Curtis (as honorary se,retary and the follo(in# (ere mem$ers; Lord Eusta,e =er,y+ A) A) C) !later Sir Aohn" Tilley+ =hili' Noel65a4er+ Clement Aones+ Harold Tem'erley+ A) L) Smith !,lassmate of %ilner and %aster of 5alliol"+ &eor#e <) =rothero+ and &eoffrey Ca(son) This #rou' dre( u' a ,onstitution and made a list of 'ros'e,ti/e mem$ers) Lionel Curtis and &athorne Hardy dre( u' the $y6la(s) The a$o/e des,ri'tion is $ased on the offi,ial history of the RIIA 'u$lished $y the Institute itself in 01:3 and (ritten $y Ste'hen Bin#6Hall)* > Carroll ?ui#ley+ The Anglo-American Establishment+ ') 0@960@: This 'oint of /ie( (as su''orted $y the se,ond #rou'+ (hi,h (as 4no(n in those days as the Round Ta$le &rou'+ and ,ame later to $e ,alled+ some(hat ina,,urately+ the Cli/eden Set+ after the ,ountry estate of Lord and Lady Astor) It in,luded Lord %ilner+ Leo'old Amery+ and Ed(ard &ri## !Lord Altrin,ham"+ as (ell as Lord Lothian+ EAanF Smuts+ Lord Astor+ Lord 5rand !$rother6in6la( of Lady Astor and mana#in# dire,tor of La-ard 5rothers+ the international $an4ers"+ Lionel Curtis+ &eoffrey Ca(son !editor of The Times"+ and their asso,iates) This #rou' (ielded #reat influen,e $e,ause it ,ontrolled the Rhodes Trust+ the 5eit Trust+ The Times of London+ The Observer+ the influential and hi#hly anonymous quarterly re/ie( 4no(n as The Round Table !founded in 0102 (ith money su''lied $y Sir A$e 5ailey and the Rhodes Trust+ and (ith Lothian as editor"+ and it dominated the Royal Institute of International Affairs+ ,alled Chatham House* !of (hi,h Sir A$e 5ailey and the Astors (ere the ,hief finan,ial su''orters+ (hile Lionel Curtis (as the a,tual founder"+ the Carne#ie United Bin#dom Trust+ and All Souls Colle#e+ O7ford)* > Carroll ?ui#ley+ Tragedy and Hope+ ') G@0 The more moderate Round Ta$le #rou'+ in,ludin# Lionel Curtis+ Leo'old Amery !(ho (as the shado( of Lord %ilner"+ Lord Lothian+ Lord 5rand+ and Lord Astor+ sou#ht to (ea4en the Lea#ue of Nations and destroy all 'ossi$ility of ,olle,ti/e se,urity in order to stren#then &ermany in res'e,t to $oth ran,e and the So/iet Union+ and a$o/e all to free 5ritain from Euro'e in order to $uild u' an Atlanti, $lo,* of &reat 5ritain and the 5ritish Cominions+ and the United States) They 're'ared the (ay for this Union* throu#h the Rhodes S,holarshi' or#ani-ation !of (hi,h Lord %ilner (as the head in 012G6019G and Lord Lothian (as se,retary in 019G60182"+ throu#h the Round Ta$le #rou's !(hi,h had $een set u' in the United States+ India+ and the 5ritish Cominions in 010260103"+ throu#h the Chatham House or#ani-ation+ and a Coun,il on orei#n Relations in Ne( Yor4+ as (ell as throu#h Unoffi,ial Common(ealth Relations Conferen,es* held irre#ularly+ and the Institutes of =a,ifi, Relations set u' in /arious ,ountries as autonomous $ran,hes of the Royal Institutes of International Affairs) This influential #rou' sou#ht to ,han#e the Lea#ue of Nations from an instrument of ,olle,ti/e se,urity to an international ,onferen,e for non'oliti,al* matters li4e dru# ,ontrol or international 'ostal ser/i,es+ to re$uild &ermany as a $uffer a#ainst the So/iet Union and a ,ounter'oise to ran,e+ and to $uild u' an Atlanti, $lo, of 5ritain+ the Cominions+ the United States+ and+ if 'ossi$le+ the S,andina/ian ,ountries)* > Carroll ?ui#ley+ Tragedy and Hope+ ') G@9

British Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne (left a!!ears "ith #nternational $onetary %un& $anaging 'irector Christine Lagar&e &uring a s!eech at Chatham (ouse) the hea&quarters of *he +oyal #nstitute of #nternational ,ffairs) in Lon&on) -nite& .ing&om on /e!tember 0) 1233. Osborne an& Lagar&e atten&e& the 1234 Bil&erberg $eetings hel& at *he Gro5e hotel in Watfor&) Englan& from 6une 780) 1234. (Photo9 WP, Pool:Getty #mages Euro!e

/ecretary General of ;,*O ,n&ers %ogh +asmussen s!eaks at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on 6uly <) 1231. (Photo9 htt!9::""".nato.int:c!s:en:/#'87%=>4?%,83B32?<<C:natoli5e:!hotos@??034.htm

Hillary Clinton+ former United States Se,retary of State+ ans(ers questions from an audien,e at Chatham House in London+ En#land on O,to$er 00+ 920:) Chatham House is the headquarters of the Royal Institute of International Affairs) !=hoto $y =eter %a,diarmidH&etty Ima#es"

Chatham House History

Chatham (ouse) also kno"n as the +oyal #nstitute of #nternational ,ffairs) is base& in the heart of Lon&on. ,s a measure of its im!ortance in the "orl& of international relations) the name AChatham (ouseA 8 the buil&ing 8 is no" commonly use& to refer to the organiBation. *he (ouse has gi5en its name to the famous Chatham (ouse +ule) first establishe& here in 301= an& re5ise& t"ice since. *he +ule is use& aroun& the "orl& to ensure free an& o!en &ebate.

Background

#n 3030 British an& ,merican &elegates to the Paris Peace Conference) un&er the lea&ershi! of Lionel Curtis) concei5e& the i&ea of an ,nglo8,merican #nstitute of foreign affairs to stu&y international !roblems "ith a 5ie" to !re5enting future "ars. #n the e5ent) the British #nstitute of #nternational ,ffairs "as foun&e& se!arately in Lon&on in 6uly 3012 an& recei5e& its +oyal Charter in 3017 to become *he +oyal #nstitute of #nternational ,ffairs. *he ,merican &elegates &e5elo!e& the Council on %oreign +elations in ;e" Cork as a sister institute. Both are no" among the "orl&As lea&ing international affairs think8tanks.

*he +oyal #nstitute of #nternational ,ffairs (Chatham (ouse is an in&e!en&ent international affairs think8tank an& membershi! organiBation. #t is !reclu&e& by its Charter from ex!ressing any institutional 5ie" or !olicy on any as!ect of international affairs. #t &oes not recei5e any statutory go5ernment fun&ing an& is not a go5ernment organiBation) although some go5ernment &e!artments are cor!orate members of Chatham (ouse an& may fun& s!ecific !roDects. $ore about membershi! EE

Base& in /t 6amesA /quare in Lon&on) the liste& buil&ing "as home to three Prime $inisters (William Pitt the El&er) E&"ar& /tanley an& William Gla&stone before being gifte& to "hat "as then the #nstitute of #nternational ,ffairs in 3014. *he book) Chatham (ouse9 #ts (istory an& #nhabitants) !ublishe& in 6uly 122<) is a5ailable to or&er.

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Chatham House Rule

*he Chatham (ouse +ule rea&s as follo"s9

"When a meeting, or part thereof, is held under the Chatham House Rule, participants are free to use the information received, but neither the identity nor the affiliation of the speaker(s), nor that of any other participant, may be revealed"
*he "orl&8famous Chatham (ouse +ule may be in5oke& at meetings to encourage o!enness an& the sharing of information. !"#$%&%'()& of the Rule *he Chatham (ouse +ule originate& at Chatham (ouse "ith the aim of !ro5i&ing anonymity to s!eakers an& to encourage o!enness an& the sharing of information. #t is no" use& throughout the "orl& as an ai& to free &iscussion. $eetings &o not ha5e to take !lace at Chatham (ouse) or be organiBe& by Chatham (ouse) to be hel& un&er the +ule. $eetings) e5ents an& &iscussions hel& at Chatham (ouse are normally con&ucte& Aon the recor&A "ith the +ule occasionally in5oke& at the s!eakerAs request. #n cases "here the +ule is not consi&ere& sufficiently strict) an e5ent may be hel& Aoff the recor&A. *R!+,!&'$- %./!0 +,!.'()&.1 + When 2as the Rule devised3 % #n 301= an& refine& in 3001 an& 1221. + .hould one refer to the Chatham House Rule or the Chatham House Rules3 % *here is only one +ule. + What are the benefits of using the Rule3 % #t allo"s !eo!le to s!eak as in&i5i&uals) an& to ex!ress 5ie"s that may not be those of their organiBations) an& therefore it encourages free &iscussion. Peo!le usually feel more relaxe& if they &onAt ha5e to "orry about their re!utation or the im!lications if they are !ublicly quote&. + Ho2 is the Rule enforced3 % Chatham (ouse can take &isci!linary action against one of its members "ho breaks the +ule. ;ot all organiBations that use the +ule ha5e sanctions. *he +ule then &e!en&s for its success on being seen as morally bin&ing. + (s the Rule used for all meetings at Chatham House3 % ;ot often for $embers E5entsF more frequently for smaller research meetings) for exam!le "here "ork in !rogress is &iscusse& or "hen subDect matter is !olitically sensiti5e. $ost Chatham (ouse conferences are un&er the +ule. + Who uses the Rule these days3 % #t is "i&ely use& in the English8s!eaking "orl& 8 by local go5ernment an& commercial organiBations as "ell as research organiBations.

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#atron, #residents, Council and 0irectors of the Royal (nstitute of (nternational %ffairs
#atron
(er $aDesty *he Gueen

#residents
Chatham (ouse has Presi&ents from each of the three maDor !olitical !arties at Westminster 8 a reflection of our in&e!en&ence from go5ernment9

*he +t (on Lor& ,sh&o"n of ;orton8/ub8(am&on *he +t (on Lor& (ur& of West"ell *he +t (on Lor& +obertson of Port Ellen

Council
*he go5ernance of Chatham (ouse is o5erseen by its Council. *he Council is electe& by members of Chatham (ouse) in a secret ballot. Council members ser5e for three years "ith the !ossibility of re8election for a further three years. *here are three Committees of Council "ith &elegate& authorityF the Executi5e Committee) the %inance Committee an& the #n5estment Committee. Communications to the Council shoul& be a&&resse& to *he /ecretary to the Council Paul Curtin.

'r 'e,nne 6ulius CBE) Chairman !,* /ir Brian Cro"e) 'e!uty Chairman ! E& /mith) (on *reasurer ex-officio !,*,( *ony Bal&ry $P Lyse 'oucet ,n&re" %raser C$G ! +yan Ga"n $artin Giles Clau&ia (amill * 'r 6ohn Lle"ellyn +aD Loomba) CBE * *he +t (on 'r 'enis $ac/hane $P $ichael $oore $P * EliBabeth Pa&more ! ,l!esh Patel ( /tuart Po!ham * *risha +ogers 'i5ya /eshamani * 6onathan /teele ! /eth *homas *

! H $ember of the Executi5e Committee * H $ember of the %inance Committee ( H $ember of the #n5estment Committee

0irectors

'r +obin ;iblett) 'irector Paul Curtin) %inance 'irector

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#anel of .enior %dvisers

*he Panel of /enior ,&5isers "as foun&e& in 122? to !ro5i&e Chatham (ouse "ith an ex!erience& soun&ing boar& for our !olicy conclusions an& hel! communicate our i&eas at the highest le5els in the -. an& abroa&.

Lor& Bro"ne of $a&ingley Presi&ent) +oyal ,ca&emy of EngineeringF an& Chief Executi5e) BP (300>8122= ,rBuhan 'oIan8CalJin&aI Boar& $ember) 'oIan /irketler Grubu (ol&ing /,) *urkey $ary %rancis CBE ;on8Executi5e 'irector) Centrica) ,rri5a an& /t $o&"enF 'irector) Bank of Englan& (122382= ,n&rK (offmann Lice8Chairman) Boar& of +oche (ol&ing Lt& Lor& (ur& of West"ell Presi&ent) Chatham (ouseF -. %oreign /ecretary (30?080> Lor& 6ay of E"elme Permanent -n&er8/ecretary) %oreign Office (1221827 /ir Paul 6u&ge Chairman) /chro&er #ncome Gro"th %un& !lcF 'e!uty Chairman) +oyal /ociety of ,rts Lor& .err of .inlochar& Permanent -n&er8/ecretary) %oreign Office (300=81221 F Lice8Chairman) +oyal 'utch /hell ;emir .ir&ar %oun&er) Executi5e Chairman an& CEO) #n5estcor! $ark Lelan& Presi&ent) $arc E. Lelan& an& ,ssociates) -/,F Co8Chairman) German $arshall %un& of the -nite& /tates +achel Lomax 'e!uty Go5ernor) $onetary Policy) the Bank of Englan& (122482? /ir 'a5i& $anning British ,mbassa&or to the -nite& /tates (122482= F foreign affairs an& &efence a&5iser to Prime $inister *ony Blair (1223824 Baron $arshall of .nightsbri&ge Chairman) ;omura #nternational !lc an& Pirelli -. 'a5i& $ott Chief Executi5e an& Presi&ent) $e&#mmune) -/, /ir $ichael +ake Chairman) B* Lor& +obertson of Port Ellen Presi&ent) Chatham (ouse) /ecretary General) ;,*O (300081224 6ohn C Whitehea& %oun&ing Chairman) Lo"er $anhattan 'e5elo!ment Cor!oration) -/,F former Co8Chairman of Gol&man /achs

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Corporate 4embers $ist of the Royal (nstitute of (nternational %ffairs

, list of current Cor!orate $embers of Chatham (ouse. $ore about Cor!orate $embershi! of Chatham (ouse EE

A5C NE<S INTERCONTINENTAL INC AE&IS CE ENCE SERIICES LTC ABE LTC AL6HAYAT !LONCON" ALLEN J OIERY ALUL5AYT OUNCATION A%ERICAN EK=RESS A%NESTY INTERNATIONAL AN&LO A%ERICAN =LC AN&LO6ARA5 OR&ANISATION ARA5 ACACE%Y OR SCIENCE ANC TECHNOLO&Y ARCELOR%ITTAL ASAHI SHI%5UN !EURO=E" AS=EN INSURANCE UB LTC ASTRALENECA =LC 5ANB O EN&LANC 5ANB O ITALY 5ANB O AA=AN 5ANB O TOBYO6%ITSU5ISHI U A+ LTC 5LANC &ROU= LTC 5REIAN HO<ARC 5RITISH COUNCIL C0: ASSOCIATES LTC CA5INET O ICE C5I C5S NE<S CCC &ROU= CO%=ANIES CENTRE OR &LO5AL ENER&Y STUCIES CHIIAS 5ROTHERS CHU55 INIEST%ENT SERIICES LTC CHU5U ELECTRIC =O<ER CO)+ INC CHURCH O EN&LANC CITI&ROU= &LO5AL %ARBETS LTC CLEARY &OTTLIE5 STEEN J HA%ILTON CO%%ON<EALTH =ARLIA%ENTARY ASSOCIATION CO%%ON<EALTH SECRETARIAT CONOCO=HILLI=S !UB" LI%ITEC CRO<N A&ENTS CRU INTERNATIONAL LTC CAILY %AIL ANC &ENERAL TRUST CE 5EERS &ROU= SERIICES UB LTC CE LA RUE CE ENCE ACACE%Y O THE UNITEC BIN&CO% CE=ART%ENT OR 5USINESS+ ENTER=RISE J RE&ULATORY RE OR% CI=LO%ATIC COUNCIL+ THE E)ON UB EACS UB LTC ECS E%5ASSY O AL&ERIA E%5ASSY O AR&ENTINA E%5ASSY O AR%ENIA E%5ASSY O AUSTRIA E%5ASSY O ALER5AIAAN E%5ASSY O 5AHRAIN E%5ASSY O 5EL&IU% E%5ASSY O 5OLIIIA E%5ASSY O 5OSNIA ANC HERLE&OIINA

E%5ASSY O 5RALIL E%5ASSY O CHILE E%5ASSY O COSTA RICA E%5ASSY O ESTONIA E%5ASSY O ETHIO=IA E%5ASSY O INLANC E%5ASSY O RANCE E%5ASSY O &ER%ANY E%5ASSY O &REECE E%5ASSY O INCONESIA E%5ASSY O IRELANC E%5ASSY O ISRAEL E%5ASSY O ITALY E%5ASSY O AA=AN E%5ASSY O BU<AIT E%5ASSY O LATIIA E%5ASSY O LUKE%5OUR& E%5ASSY O %EKICO E%5ASSY O %OROCCO E%5ASSY O =ORTU&AL E%5ASSY O RO%ANIA E%5ASSY O RUSSIA !London" E%5ASSY O S=AIN E%5ASSY O S<ECEN E%5ASSY O S<ITLERLANC E%5ASSY O THAILANC E%5ASSY O THE ARA5 RE=U5LIC O E&Y=T E%5ASSY O THE 5OLIIARIAN RE=U5LIC O IENELUELA E%5ASSY O THE CLECH RE=U5LIC E%5ASSY O THE CO%INICAN RE=U5LIC E%5ASSY O THE HASHE%ITE BIN&CO% O AORCAN E%5ASSY O THE ISLA%IC RE=U5LIC O IRAN E%5ASSY O THE BIN&CO% O THE NETHERLANCS E%5ASSY O THE =EO=LEMS RE=U5LIC O CHINA E%5ASSY O THE RE=U5LIC O 5UL&ARIA E%5ASSY O THE RE=U5LIC O CROATIA E%5ASSY O THE RE=U5LIC O HUN&ARY E%5ASSY O THE RE=U5LIC O IRA? E%5ASSY O THE RE=U5LIC O BOREA E%5ASSY O THE RE=U5LIC O LITHUANIA E%5ASSY O THE RE=U5LIC O %ACECONIA E%5ASSY O THE RE=U5LIC O %OLCOIA E%5ASSY O THE RE=U5LIC O =OLANC E%5ASSY O THE RE=U5LIC O SER5IA E%5ASSY O THE RE=U5LIC O SLOIENIA E%5ASSY O THE RE=U5LIC O THE SUCAN E%5ASSY O THE RE=U5LIC O TURBEY E%5ASSY O THE RE=U5LIC O UL5EBISTAN E%5ASSY O THE RE=U5LIC O YE%EN E%5ASSY O THE SLOIAB RE=U5LIC E%5ASSY O THE STATE O ?ATAR E%5ASSY O THE SULTANATE O O%AN E%5ASSY O THE SYRIAN ARA5 RE=U5LIC E%5ASSY O THE UNITEC ARA5 E%IRATES E%5ASSY O UBRAINE E%5ASSY+ O THE ROYAL BIN&CO% O SAUCI ARA5IA E%5ASSY+ ROYAL CANISH E%5ASSY+ ROYAL NOR<E&IAN ENER&Y INTELLI&ENCE &ROU= ES6BO INTERNATIONAL INC EURO=EAN 5ANB OR RECONSTRUCTION J CEIELO=%ENT EURO=EAN CO%%ISSION EURO=EAN INIEST%ENT 5ANB EURO=EAN =ARLIA%ENT UB O ICE

INANCIAL SERIICES AUTHORITY INANCIAL TI%ES IN%ECCANICA UB LTC UAISANBEI CO%%UNICATIONS INTL UAITSU &ARCA &CH? &OOC &OIERNANCE &ROU= &ROU= 8 SECURICOR &UARCIAN+ THE HER%ITA&E CA=ITAL %ANA&E%ENT HESS LTC HI&H CO%%ISSION OR THE ISLA%IC RE=U5LIC O =ABISTAN HI&H CO%%ISSION OR THE RE=U5LIC O SIN&A=ORE HI&H CO%%ISSION OR THE RE=U5LIC O SOUTH A RICA HI&H CO%%ISSION OR THE RE=U5LIC O TRINICAC J TO5A&O HI&H CO%%ISSION O AUSTRALIA HI&H CO%%ISSION O 5ELILE HI&H CO%%ISSION O 5RUNEI CARUSSALA% HI&H CO%%ISSION O CANACA HI&H CO%%ISSION O CY=RUS HI&H CO%%ISSION O INCIA HI&H CO%%ISSION O %ALTA HI&H CO%%ISSION O NE< LEALANC HI&H CO%%ISSION O LA%5IA HILL ANC BNO<LTON H% TREASURY HO&AN J HARTSON LL= HON& BON& ECONO%IC J TRACE O ICE HOUSE O CO%%ONS LI5RARY HOUSE O LORCS LI5RARY HU%AN RI&HTS <ATCH HUN&ARIAN CE ENCE ATTACHE O ICE IIEC INCE=ENCENT TELEIISION NE<S INSTITUTE O CHARTEREC ACCOUNTANTS IN EN&LANC ANC <ALES INTERNATIONAL CO%%ITTEE O THE REC CROSS INTERNATIONAL SOS INIESTCOR= INTERNATIONAL LTC AA=AN CENTRE OR INTERNATIONAL INANCE AA=AN OIL+ &AS ANC %ETALS NATIONAL COR=ORATION AARCINE LLOYC THO%=SON AICA UB O ICE ABK OIL J &AS AOHN S<IRE J SONS LTC BANSAI ELECTRIC =O<ER CO INC BOBUSAI ASSET %ANA&E%ENT CO)+ LTC BROLL BU<AIT INIEST%ENT O ICE BYOCO NE<S LEA&UE O ARA5 STATES LINBLATERS LLOYCMS O LONCON LLOYCS TS5 &ROU= =LC %A=LECRO T %ARATHON OIL UB LTC %ARU5ENI EURO=E =LC %ATHESON J CO LTC %5CA %CBINSEY J CO%=ANY %ERRILL LYNCH EURO=E =LC %ITSUI J CO EURO=E =LC %O I5RAHI% OUNCATION %OR&AN STANLEY J CO INTERNATIONAL LTC

NATIONAL SCHOOL O &OIERN%ENT NEKEN =ETROLEU% UB LTC NHB AA=AN 5ROACCAST COR=ORATION NIBBEI INC O ICE OR EURO=EAN A AIRS OK ORC ANALYTICA LTC =A=UA NE< &UINEA ECO6 ORESTRY ORU% =ETRO6CANACA UB LTC =ETRO AC ENER&Y CEIELO=%ENTS ?UABER =EACE ANC SOCIAL <ITNESS ?UE5EC &OIERN%ENT O ICE RE U&EE LE&AL CENTRE RE&AL =ETROLEU% =LC RELIANCE EURO=E LTC RISB ACIISORY &ROU= ROLLS6ROYCE =LC SCHLU%5ER&ER S%ITHS &ROU= =LC S=ECIALIST SCHOOLS ANC ACACE%IES TRUST STANCARC LI E &ROU= STATOIL !UB" LTC STE=HENSON HAR<OOC STREET CHILC A RICA SU%ITO%O %ITSUI 5ANBIN& COR=ORATION TAI=EI RE=RESENTATIIE O ICE TA=ESTRY NET<ORBS LTC TATA LTC TELE&RA=H %ECIA &ROU= THE %C&RA<6HILL CO%=ANIES TI%ES NE<S=A=ERS LTC TOBYO ELECTRIC =O<ER CO%=ANY U5S UNIIERSITIES SU=ERANNUATION SCHE%E LTC IT5 EURO=E <IL%ER CUTLER =ICBERIN& HALE J CORR <ILTON =ARB <ORLC 5ANB YO%IURI SHI%5UN

!Sour,e; htt';HH(((),hathamhouse)or#)u4Hmem$ershi'H,or'orateH,or'orateNmem$ersNlistH"

4a5or Corporate 4embers $ist of the Royal (nstitute of (nternational %ffairs

, list of $aDor Cor!orate $embers of Chatham (ouse. $ore about $aDor Cor!orate $embershi! EE ,CCE;*-+E ,L#L, PLC B,+CL,C/ C,P#*,L BBC BG G+O-P B(P B#LL#*O; #;*E+;,*#O;,L /E+L#CE/ L*' BLOO$BE+G BOOM N CO BP PLC B+#*#/( ,$E+#C,; *OB,CCO B* G+O-P PLC C(EL+O; L*' C#*C O% LO;'O;) *(E CL#%%O+' C(,;CE LLP CO;*+OL +#/./ G+O-P 'EP,+*$E;* %O+ #;*E+;,*#O;,L 'ELELOP$E;* 'E*#C, 'L, P#PE+ -. LLP ECO;O$#/*) *(E E$B,//C O% *(E -;#*E' /*,*E/ O% ,$E+#C, EOOO;$OB#L %O+E#G; ,;' CO$$O;WE,L*( O%%#CE GL,OO/$#*(.L#;E PLC GOL'$,; /,C(/ #;*E+;,*#O;,L (O$E O%%#CE (/BC (OL'#;G/ PLC #*OC(- E-+OPE PLC 6,P,; B,;. %O+ #;*E+;,*#O;,L COOPE+,*#O; 6E*+O LO;'O; .P$G .-W,#* PE*+OLE-$ CO+PO+,*#O; LE($,; B+O*(E+/ $E+C. N CO.) #;C $#;#/*+C O% 'E%E;CE $#*/-B#/(# CO+PO+,*#O; ;,*#O;,L #;*ELL#GE;CE CO-;C#L ;E/*LE (-. P+#CEW,*E+(O-/ECOOPE+/ +E-*E+/ G+O-P PLC +#;.- O% LO;'O; PLC +#O *#;*O PLC +OC,L B,;. O% /CO*L,;' /,-'# PE*+OLE-$ OLE+/E,/ L*' /E+CO /(ELL #;*E+;,*#O;,L L*' /*,;',+' C(,+*E+E' B,;. /*,*E /*+EE* *(,LE/ *;. 8 BP *O*,L (OL'#;G/ -. L*' -;#LELE+ PLC L#+G#; ,*L,;*#C LO',%O;E G+O-P PLC W,+B-+G P#;C-/

!Sour,e; htt';HH(((),hathamhouse)or#)u4Hmem$ershi'H,or'orateHma.orN,or'orateNmem$ersNlistH"

Lady %ar#aret That,her+ former =rime %inister of &reat 5ritain+ e7its Chatham House in London on %ar,h :+ 9202) !=hoto; htt';HH((()fli,4r),omH'hotosH,hathamhouseH091@332239:H"

=resident Ronald Rea#an #i/es a s'ee,h to mem$ers of the Royal Institute of International Affairs at the &uildhall in London+ United Bin#dom on Aune :+ 01@@) !=hoto; Ronald Rea#an =residential Li$rary+ =hoto C83G8O608"

Hillary Clinton+ former United States Se,retary of State+ ans(ers questions from an audien,e at Chatham House in London+ En#land on O,to$er 00+ 920:) Chatham House is the headquarters of the Royal Institute of International Affairs) !=hoto $y =eter %a,diarmidH&etty Ima#es"

La4hdar 5rahimi !left" and former U)S) =resident Aimmy Carter !ri#ht" attend a meetin# at the Chatham House in London on Auly 98+ 920:) !=hoto; htt';HH((()fli,4r),omH'hotosH,hathamhouseH1:O0@0G101H"

%adeleine Al$ri#ht+ former U)S) Se,retary of State+ attends a meetin# at the Chatham House in London on A'ril 01+ 920:) !=hoto; htt';HH((()fli,4r),omH'hotosH,hathamhouseH@OO:93G998H"

Ro$ert E) Ru$in+ the former U)S) Se,retary of the Treasury and former 'artner of &oldman Sa,hs $an4 in Ne( Yor4 City+ s'ea4s at Chatham House in London on %ay 08+ 920:) The title of the meetin# (as Criti,al E,onomi, Challen#es and <hether Cemo,ra,ies Can %eet Them*) !=hoto; htt';HH((()fli,4r),omH'hotosH,hathamhouseH@3:@01@@GGH"

=rofessor Aose'h S) Nye+ the North Ameri,an Chairman of the Trilateral Commission+ s'ea4s at Chatham House in London on %ay @+ 920:) !=hoto; htt';HH((()fli,4r),omH'hotosH,hathamhouseH@392O811:@H"

Aohn R) 5olton+ the former U)S) Re'resentati/e to the United Nations under =resident &eor#e <) 5ush+ s'ea4s at Chatham House in London on Aanuary 90+ 920:) The title of the meetin# (as orei#n =oli,y Challen#es for the O$ama Administration*) !=hoto; htt';HH((()fli,4r),omH'hotosH,hathamhouseH@820:00G23H"

&eneral Raymond T Odierno+ Chief of Staff of the U)S) Army+ s'ea4s at Chatham House in London on Aune O+ 9209) !=hoto; htt';HH((()fli,4r),omH'hotosH,hathamhouseH30O2003O01H"

5ritish %em$er of =arliament Ca/id %ili$and !left"+ former United States Senator &eor#e %it,hell !,enter"+ and Cr) Ro$in Ni$lett 'arti,i'ate in a meetin# at Chatham House in London on O,to$er 03+ 9200) The title of the meetin# (as The %iddle East in the 90st Century; A Con/ersation (ith Ca/id %ili$and and &eor#e %it,hell*) !=hoto; htt';HH((()fli,4r),omH'hotosH,hathamhouseHO9G3830@38H"

Aohn %a.or+ former =rime %inister of &reat 5ritain+ s'ea4s at Chatham House in London on No/em$er 02+ 9200) The title of the meetin# (as; Ameri,a+ 5ritain and Euro'e; An E/ol/in# Relationshi'*) !=hoto; htt';HH((()fli,4r),omH'hotosH,hathamhouseHO:G33:8GO:H"

+obert /. $ueller ###) 'irector of %e&eral Bureau of #n5estigation (%B# P-nite& /tates of ,mericaQ) s!eaks at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on $on&ay) ,!ril =) 122?. $ueller ga5e a s!eech entitle& Global *errorism *o&ay an& the Challenges of *omorro". (,ssociate& Press:.irsty Wiggles"orth

-nite& ;ations /ecretary8General Ban .i8moon &eli5ers a s!eech at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on 6uly 33) 122=. Ban .i8$oon is making his first official 5isit to Britain since he re!lace& .ofi ,nnan as the -nite& ;ations chief at the start of this year. (,ssociate& Press:$att 'unham

Presi&ent of the Euro!ean Central Bank 6ean8Clau&e *richet gi5es a lecture entitle& RCentral banks an& the !ublic9 the im!ortance of communicationR at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on ;o5ember 3?) 122?. (+euters

+"an&aSs Presi&ent Paul .agame &eli5ers a s!eech on RE5olution of Conflict9 Pros!ects for Peace an& 'e5elo!ment in ,fricaR at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on 'ecember 7) 1227. (Photo9 Go5ernment of +"an&a

Cang 6iechi) the Chinese Communist $inister of %oreign ,ffairs) a&&resses guests at Chatham (ouse in central Lon&on on 'ecember >) 122=. (,%P:Getty #mages

%ormer Presi&ent of #ran $ohamma& .hatami gi5es a !ress conference at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on ;o5ember 3) 1227. .hatami face& noisy !rotests from !ro8&emocracy grou!s to&ay ahea& of an a&&ress to a foreign affairs think8tank in Lon&on. $ore than 322 &emonstrators gathere& outsi&e Chatham (ouse in central Lon&on) !rotesting against the clericAs recor& &uring his time in office bet"een 300= an& 122>. (Leon ;eal:,%P:Getty #mages

General Per5eB $usharraf) former Presi&ent of Pakistan (12238122? ) &eli5ers a s!eech at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on %ebruary 3>) 1232. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:<4711=4742:

$ikheil /aakash5ili) Presi&ent of Georgia) &eli5ers a s!eech at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on %ebruary 3=) 1232. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:<477?77073:

(assan /heikh $ohamu&) Presi&ent of the %e&eral +e!ublic of /omalia) s!eaks at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on %ebruary <) 1234. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:?<<7<4?<1=:

,rman&o GuebuBa) Presi&ent of $oBambique) s!eaks at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on $ay 0) 1231. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:=132443<27:

;obel Peace PriBe recie!ient an& longtime Burmese !olitical !risoner ,ung /an /uu .yi) chairman of the ;ational League for 'emocracy (;L' ) &e!arts Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on 6une 11) 1231. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:=<3?0=710?:

.ing ,b&ullah of 6or&an (left a!!ears "ith +obin ;iblett at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on ;o5ember 37) 1233. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:7<47>=<4?0:

Presi&ent of *unisia $oncef $arBouki s!eaks at the Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on ;o5ember 17) 1231. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:?11<2=>101:

;ick Clegg) 'e!uty Prime $inister of Great Britain s!eaks at the Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on ;o5ember 3) 1231. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:?3<<4=27<=:

Presi&ent of *urkey ,b&ullah GTl &eli5ers a s!eech &uring the Chatham (ouse PriBe 1232 e5ent hel& in Lon&on on ;o5ember 0) 1232. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:721<=7=213:

6ohn 'ramani $ahama) Presi&ent of the +e!ublic of Ghana) &eli5ers a s!eech at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on 6une 3<) 1234. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:02<3?07244:siBes:l:in:!hotostream:

*en&ai Biti) $inister of %inance of Mimbab"e) &eli5ers a s!eech at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on ,!ril 1<) 1234. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:?7=?7?<<0?:

+oger Giffor&) Lor& $ayor of Lon&on) &eli5ers a s!eech &uring a meeting title& UO!!ortunities for %inancial /er5ices in ;igeria) ,ngola an& GhanaV hel& at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on 6une 3?) 1234. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:02=>=2<1>?:

/imon Collis) British ,mbassa&or to #raq) &eli5ers a s!eech at the Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on $arch 30) 1234. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:?>=14=41<?:

$ember of Parliament 'a5i& Cameron (left ) Lea&er of the Conser5ati5e Party an& Lea&er of the O!!osition) a!!ears "ith Pauline ;e5ille86ones) Liam %ox an& Chris Grayling at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on 6anuary 3>) 1232. 'a5i& Cameron became the Prime $inister of Great Britain beginning on $ay 33) 1232. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:<1=7<<7271:

$ember of Parliament 'a5i& Cameron (left ) Lea&er of the Conser5ati5e Party) s!eaks at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on 6anuary 3>) 1232. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:<1=7<<>7?2:

$ichael Chertoff (left ) former -./. /ecretary of (omelan& /ecurity) s!eaks at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on /e!tember >) 1233. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:731<41317<:in:!hotostream:

'r. ,nne8$arie /laughter) 'irector of -./. /tate 'e!artment Policy Planning /taff) &iscusses *he Gua&rennial 'i!lomacy an& 'e5elo!ment +e5ie" (G''+ ) for "hich she ser5e& as Executi5e 'irector) at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on %ri&ay) 6anuary 13) 1232. 'r. /laughter is the author of the book A New World Order an& a member of the Council on %oreign +elations) the +oyal #nstitute of #nternational ,ffairSs sister organiBation. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:>4=<71=070:

$arco +ubio (right ) a -nite& /tates /enator re!resenting %lori&a) a!!ears at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on 'ecember 4) 1234.

$arco +ubio) a -nite& /tates /enator re!resenting %lori&a) a!!ears at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on 'ecember 4) 1234.

-nite& /tates ,rmy Briga&ier General $ark $artins) a Chief Prosecutor of the -./. $ilitary Commission) atten&s a meeting on U*he -se of $ilitary Commissions for *rials of ,l8Gae&a an& ,ssociate& %orcesV hel& at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on /e!tember 1?) 1231. -nite& /tates ,rmy Briga&ier General $ark $artins atten&e& Oxfor& -ni5ersity on a +ho&es /cholarshi!. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:?277<<7=72:in:!hotostream:

(itoshi *anaka) Chairman of *he 6a!an +esearch #nstitute an& former 'e!uty $inister for %oreign ,ffairs) 6a!an (12218122> ) s!eaks at Chatham (ouse in Lon&on on /e!tember 31) 1231. (itoshi *anaka is a member of the *rilateral Commission. (Photo9 htt!9::""".flickr.com:!hotos:chathamhouse:?277>343?>:

Euro!ean Commission Presi&ent 6ose $anuel Barroso &eli5ers a s!eech at Chatham (ouse. (Photo9 Chatham (ouse 122= ,nnual +e5ie"

(Left an& right !hotos9 Chatham (ouse 1224 ,nnual +e!ort

(/ource9 Chatham (ouse 1224 ,nnual +e!ort

Royal Institute of International Affairs and its sister or#ani-ation Coun,il on orei#n Relations !United States of Ameri,a" > founded on Auly 91+ 0190 Canadian Institute of International Affairs > founded on 0 Aanuary 019@ Australian Institute of International Affairs > founded on 92 e$ruary 01:: Ne( Lealand Institute of International Affairs > founded on 03 Auly 01:0 South Afri,an Institute of International Affairs > founded on 9O %ay 01:8 Indian Coun,il of <orld Affairs > founded on 90 No/em$er 018: =a4istan Institute of International Affairs > founded on :2 %ar,h 018@

=a#e 0: of the 01G9 edition of the Royal Institute of International Affairs annual re'ort

0183 edition of the Royal Institute of International Affairs annual re'ort

=a#e 82 of the 01OG edition of the Royal Institute of International Affairs re'ort

Sir %auri,e Han4ey is sho(n here in ,i/ilian ,lothin#+ to' ro( ,enter+ (ith the Im'erial <ar Ca$inet of 01036010@) Canadian =rime %inister Ro$ert 5orden is seated $eside 5ritish =rime %inister Lloyd &eor#e !front ro(+ third and fourth from left res'e,ti/ely") At the far ri#ht of the same ro( is the South Afri,an &eneral Aan Christian Smuts+ a 4ey 'ro'onent of li$eral internationalism and a ,ham'ion of the soon6to6$e6esta$lished Lea#ue of Nations) Ca/id Lloyd &eor#e (as a mem$er of the Royal Institute of International Affairs)

The Cominion =rime %inisters meet in London in 0188) Standin# from left to ri#ht; Aan Christian Smuts !=rime %inister of South Afri,a" and =eter raser !=rime %inister of Ne( Lealand") Sittin# from left to ri#ht; <) %,Ben-ie6Bin# !=rime %inister of Canada"+ <inston Chur,hill !=rime %inister of the United Bin#dom"+ and Aohn Curtin !=rime %inister of Australia") All fi/e men ser/ed as honorary 'residents of the Royal Institute of International Affairs durin# <orld <ar II)

Librarian of Congress ,rchibal& $acLeish) a member of /kull N Bones) shakes han&s "ith British ,mbassa&or to the -nite& /tates the $arquess of Lothian (Phili! (. .err ) a member of ,lfre& $ilnerSs .in&ergarten) on ;o5ember 1?) 3040. $acLeish "as the foun&er of -;E/COF .err "as the /ecretary of +ho&es *rust at Oxfor& -ni5ersity (301>83040 .

The Chatham House in London+ headquarters of the Royal Institute of International Affairs

The Royal Institute of International Affairs is lo,ated at Chatham House+ 02 St AamesPs Square+ London) Chatham House is lo,ated near the 5u,4in#ham =ala,e and the =i,,adilly Cir,us su$(ay !tu$e" station)

Nota$le %em$ers of the Royal Institute of International Affairs

Bin# &eor#e II+ Iis,ount Astor+ Lionel Curtis+ Sir A$e 5ailey+ ?ueen Eli-a$eth II

Clement Attlee+ <inston S) Chur,hill+ Ca/id Lloyd &eor#e+ Anthony Eden

Her$ert Samuel+ Ro$ert Ce,il+ Cenis Healey+ Ernest 5e/in

THE ROUND TAB E:

!e"il Rhodes # His $aunted %Afri&a 'orps(

A$o/e; Ce,il Rhodes+ (ho esta$lished the diamond ,or'oration Ce5eers and founded the Rhodes S,holarshi'+ is flan4ed $y the fla#s of the a'artheid states of South Afri,a !left" and Rhodesia !ri#ht")

ELord AlfredF %ilner too4 o/er the t(o defeated 5oer re'u$li,s and administered them as o,,u'ied territory until 012G+ usin# a ,i/il ser/i,e of youn# men re,ruited for the 'ur'ose) This #rou'+ 4no(n as %ilnerPs Binder#arten+* reor#ani-ed the #o/ernment and administration of the Trans/aal and Oran#e Ri/er Colony and 'layed a ma.or role in South Afri,an life #enerally) <hen %ilner left 'u$li, in 012G to de/ote himself to international finan,e and the Rhodes enter'rises+ Lord Sel$orne+ his su,,essor as hi#h ,ommissioner+ too4 o/er the Binder#arten and ,ontinued to use it) In 012O a ne( Li$eral #o/ernment in London #ranted self6#o/ernment to the t(o 5oer states) The Binder#arten s'ent the ne7t four years in a su,,essful effort to ,reate a South Afri,an ederation)* > Carroll ?ui#ley+ Tragedy and Hope+ ') 0:@ As soon as South Afri,a (as united in 0102+ the Binder#arten returned to London to try to federate the (hole em'ire $y the same methods) They (ere in a hurry to a,hie/e this $efore the (ar (ith &ermany (hi,h they $elie/ed to $e a''roa,hin#) <ith A$e 5ailey money they founded The Round Table under BerrPs !LothianPs" editorshi'+ met in formal ,on,la/es 'resided o/er $y %ilner to de,ide the fate of the em'ire+ and re,ruited ne( mem$ers to their #rou'+ ,hiefly from Ne( Colle#e+ of (hi,h %ilner (as a fello() The ne( re,ruits in,luded a historian+ ) S) Oli/er+ !Sir" Alfred Limmern+ !Sir" Re#inald Cou'land+ Lord Lo/at+ and <aldorf !Lord" Astor) Curtis and others (ere sent around the (orld to or#ani-e Round Ta$le #rou's n the ,hief 5ritish de'enden,ies) or se/eral years !01026010O" the Round Ta$le #rou's (or4ed des'erately tryin# to find an a,,e'ta$le formula for federatin# the em'ire) Three $oo4s and many arti,les emer#ed from these dis,ussions+ $ut #radually it $e,ame ,lear that federation (as not a,,e'ta$le to the En#lish6s'ea4in# de'enden,ies) &radually+ it (as de,ided to dissol/e all formal $onds $et(een these de'enden,ies+ e7,e't+ 'erha's+ alle#ian,e to the Cro(n+ and de'end on the ,ommon outloo4 of En#lishmen to 4ee' the em'ire to#ether) This in/ol/ed ,han#in# the name 5ritish Em'ire* to Common(ealth of Nations+* as in the title of CurtisPs $oo4 of 010O+ #i/in# the ,hief de'enden,ies+ in,ludin# India and Ireland+ their ,om'lete inde'enden,e !$ut #radually and $y free #ift rather than under duress"+ (or4in# to $rin# the United States more ,losely into this same orientation+ and see4in# to solidify the intan#i$le lin4s of sentiment $y 'ro'a#anda amon# finan,ial+ edu,ational+ and 'oliti,al leaders in ea,h ,ountry)* Carroll ?ui#ley+ Tragedy and Hope+ ') 088

Aan Christian Smuts !left"+ the =rime %inister of South Afri,a+ a''ears (ith Bin# &eor#e II of &reat 5ritain on a #olf ,ourse) !htt';HHaf)(i4i'edia)or#H(i4iHLQC:QAAer;SmutsNenN&eor#e).'#"

<inston Chur,hill !left+ =rime %inister of &reat 5ritain" a''ears (ith Aan Christian Smuts !ri#ht+ =rime %inister of South Afri,a" in London in A'ril 018G) !=hoto; htt';HH((()fli,4r),omH'hotosHhilton6tH8O0O219O98H"

Aan Christian Smuts+ the =rime %inister of South Afri,a+ rides in an o'en motor,ade in Ca'e To(n+ South Afri,a in 018@) !=hoto; htt';HHaf)(i4i'edia)or#H(i4iHLQC:QAAer;SmutsNBaa'stadN018@).'#"

Confession of aith* An essay (ritten $y Ce,il Rhodes+ 0@33

Rhodes originally wrote this on June 2, !"", in O#$ord% &ater, that year in 'imberley ()outh A$rica*, he made some additions and changes% +hat $ollows is that amended statement% The spelling and grammar errors were in the original%

It often stri4es a man to inquire (hat is the ,hief #ood in lifeR to one the thou#ht ,omes that it is a ha''y marria#e+ to another #reat (ealth+ and as ea,h sei-es on his idea+ for that he more or less (or4s for the rest of his e7isten,e) To myself thin4in# o/er the same question the (ish ,ame to render myself useful to my ,ountry) I then as4ed myself ho( ,ould I and after re/ie(in# the /arious methods I ha/e felt that at the 'resent day (e are a,tually limitin# our ,hildren and 'erha's $rin#in# into the (orld half the human $ein#s (e mi#ht o(in# to the la,4 of ,ountry for them to inha$it that if (e had retained Ameri,a there (ould at this moment $e millions more of En#lish li/in#) I ,ontend that (e are the finest ra,e in the (orld and that the more of the (orld (e inha$it the $etter it is for the human ra,e) Aust fan,y those 'arts that are at 'resent inha$ited $y the most des'i,a$le s'e,imens of human $ein#s (hat an alteration there (ould $e if they (ere $rou#ht under An#lo6Sa7on influen,e+ loo4 a#ain at the e7tra em'loyment a ne( ,ountry added to our dominions #i/es) I ,ontend that e/ery a,re added to our territory means in the future $irth to some more of the En#lish ra,e (ho other(ise (ould not $e $rou#ht into e7isten,e) Added to this the a$sor'tion of the #reater 'ortion of the (orld under our rule sim'ly means the end of all (ars+ at this moment had (e not lost Ameri,a I $elie/e (e ,ould ha/e sto''ed the Russian6Tur4ish (ar $y merely refusin# money and su''lies) Ha/in# these ideas (hat s,heme ,ould (e thin4 of to for(ard this o$.e,t) I loo4 into history and I read the story of the Aesuits I see (hat they (ere a$le to do in a $ad ,ause and I mi#ht say under $ad leaders) At the 'resent day I $e,ome a mem$er of the %asoni, order I see the (ealth and 'o(er they 'ossess the influen,e they hold and I thin4 o/er their ,eremonies and I (onder that a lar#e $ody of men ,an de/ote themsel/es to (hat at times a''ear the most ridi,ulous and a$surd rites (ithout an o$.e,t and (ithout an end) The idea #leamin# and dan,in# $efore ones eyes li4e a (ill6of6the6(is' at last frames itself into a 'lan) <hy should (e not form a se,ret so,iety (ith $ut one o$.e,t the furtheran,e of the 5ritish Em'ire and the $rin#in# of the (hole un,i/ilised (orld under 5ritish rule for the re,o/ery of the United States for the ma4in# the An#lo6Sa7on ra,e $ut one Em'ire) <hat a dream+ $ut yet it is 'ro$a$le+ it is 'ossi$le) I on,e heard it ar#ued $y a fello( in my o(n ,olle#e+ I am sorry to o(n it $y an En#lishman+ that it (as #ood thin# for us that (e ha/e lost the United States) There are some su$.e,ts on (hi,h there ,an $e no ar#uments+ and to an En#lishman this is one of them+ $ut e/en from an Ameri,anPs 'oint of /ie( .ust 'i,ture (hat they ha/e lost+ loo4 at their #o/ernment+ are not the frauds that yearly ,ome $efore the 'u$li, /ie( a dis#ra,e to any ,ountry and es'e,ially theirPs (hi,h is the finest in the (orld) <ould they ha/e o,,urred had they remained under En#lish rule #reat as they ha/e $e,ome ho( infinitely #reater they (ould ha/e $een (ith the softenin# and ele/atin# influen,es of En#lish rule+ thin4 of those ,ountless 222Ps of En#lishmen that durin# the last 022 years (ould ha/e ,rossed the Atlanti, and settled and 'o'ulated the United States) <ould they ha/e not made (ithout any 're.udi,e a finer ,ountry of it than the lo( ,lass Irish and &erman emi#rantsS All this (e ha/e lost and that ,ountry loses o(in# to (homS O(in# to t(o or three i#norant 'i#6headed statesmen of the last ,entury+ at their door lies the $lame) Co you e/er feel madS do you e/er feel murderous) I thin4 I do (ith those men) I $rin# fa,ts to 'ro/e my assertion) Coes an En#lish father (hen his sons (ish to emi#rate e/er thin4 of su##estin# emi#ration to a ,ountry under another fla#+ ne/erTit (ould seem a dis#ra,e to su##est su,h a thin# I thin4 that (e all thin4 that 'o/erty is $etter under our o(n fla# than (ealth under a forei#n one) =ut your mind into another train of thou#ht) an,y Australia dis,o/ered and ,olonised under the ren,h fla#+ (hat (ould it mean merely se/eral millions of En#lish un$orn that at 'resent e7ist (e learn from the 'ast and to form our future) <e learn from ha/in# lost to ,lin# to (hat (e 'ossess) <e 4no( the si-e of the (orld (e 4no( the total e7tent) Afri,a is still lyin# ready for us it is our duty to ta4e it) It is our duty to sei-e e/ery o''ortunity of a,quirin# more territory and (e should 4ee' this one idea steadily $efore our eyes that more territory sim'ly means more of the An#lo6Sa7on ra,e more of the $est the most human+ most honoura$le ra,e the (orld 'ossesses) To for(ard su,h a s,heme (hat a s'lendid hel' a se,ret so,iety (ould $e a so,iety not o'enly a,4no(led#ed $ut (ho (ould (or4 in se,ret for su,h an o$.e,t) I ,ontend that there are at the 'resent moment num$ers of the a$lest men in the (orld (ho (ould de/ote their (hole li/es to it) I often thin4 (hat a loss to the En#lish nation in some res'e,ts the a$olition of the Rotten 5orou#h System has $een) <hat thou#ht stri4es a man enterin# the house of ,ommons+ the assem$ly that rule the (hole (orldS I thin4 it is the medio,rity of the men $ut (hat is the ,ause) It is sim'lyTan assem$ly of (ealth of men (hose li/es ha/e $een s'ent in the a,,umulation of money and (hose time has $een too mu,h en#a#ed to $e a$le to s'are any for the study of 'ast history) And yet in hands of su,h

men rest our destinies) Co men li4e the #reat =itt+ and 5ur4e and Sheridan not no( to e7ist) I ,ontend they do) There are men no( li/in# (ith I 4no( no other term the E&ree4 termF of Aristotle $ut there are not (ays for ena$lin# them to ser/e their Country) They li/e and die unused unem'loyed) <hat has the main ,ause of the su,,ess of the Romish Chur,hS The fa,t that e/ery enthusiast+ ,all it if you li4e e/ery madman finds em'loyment in it) Let us form the same 4ind of so,iety a Chur,h for the e7tension of the 5ritish Em'ire) A so,iety (hi,h should ha/e mem$ers in e/ery 'art of the 5ritish Em'ire (or4in# (ith one o$.e,t and one idea (e should ha/e its mem$ers 'la,ed at our uni/ersities and our s,hools and should (at,h the En#lish youth 'assin# throu#h their hands .ust one 'erha's in e/ery thousand (ould ha/e the mind and feelin#s for su,h an o$.e,t+ he should $e tried in e/ery (ay+ he should $e tested (hether he is endurant+ 'ossessed of eloquen,e+ disre#ardful of the 'etty details of life+ and if found to $e su,h+ then ele,ted and $ound $y oath to ser/e for the rest of his life in his County) He should then $e su''orted if (ithout means $y the So,iety and sent to that 'art of the Em'ire (here it (as felt he (as needed) Ta4e another ,ase+ let us fan,y a man (ho finds himself his o(n master (ith am'le means of attainin# his ma.ority (hether he 'uts the question dire,tly to himself or not+ still li4e the old story of /irtue and /i,e in the %emora$ilia a fi#ht #oes on in him as to (hat he should do) Ta4e if he 'lun#es into dissi'ation there is nothin# too re,4less he does not attem't $ut after a time his life 'alls on him+ he mentally says this is not #ood enou#h+ he ,han#es his life+ he reforms+ he tra/els+ he thin4s no( I ha/e found the ,hief #ood in life+ the no/elty (ears off+ and he tires+ to ,han#e a#ain+ he #oes into the far interior after the (ild #ame he thin4s at last IP/e found that in life of (hi,h I ,annot tire+ a#ain he is disa''ointed) He returns he thin4s is there nothin# I ,an do in lifeS Here I am (ith means+ (ith a #ood house+ (ith e/erythin# that is to $e en/ied and yet I am not ha''y I am tired of life he 'ossesses (ithin him a 'ortion of the E&ree4 termF of Aristotle $ut he 4no(s it not+ to su,h a man the So,iety should #o+ should test+ and should finally sho( him the #reatness of the s,heme and list him as a mem$er) Ta4e one more ,ase of the youn#er son (ith hi#h thou#hts+ hi#h as'irations+ endo(ed $y nature (ith all the fa,ulties to ma4e a #reat man+ and (ith the sole (ish in life to ser/e his Country $ut he la,4s t(o thin#s the means and the o''ortunity+ e/er trou$led $y a sort of in(ard deity ur#in# him on to hi#h and no$le deeds+ he is ,om'elled to 'ass his time in some o,,u'ation (hi,h furnishes him (ith mere e7isten,e+ he li/es unha''ily and dies misera$ly) Su,h men as these the So,iety should sear,h out and use for the furtheran,e of their o$.e,t) !In e/ery Colonial le#islature the So,iety should attem't to ha/e its mem$ers 're'ared at all times to /ote or s'ea4 and ad/o,ate the ,loser union of En#land and the ,olonies+ to ,rush all disloyalty and e/ery mo/ement for the se/eran,e of our Em'ire) The So,iety should ins'ire and e/en o(n 'ortions of the 'ress for the 'ress rules the mind of the 'eo'le) The So,iety should al(ays $e sear,hin# for mem$ers (ho mi#ht $y their 'osition in the (orld $y their ener#ies or ,hara,ter for(ard the o$.e,t $ut the $allot and test for admittan,e should $e se/ere" On,e ma4e it ,ommon and it fails) Ta4e a man of #reat (ealth (ho is $ereft of his ,hildren 'erha's ha/in# his mind soured $y some $itter disa''ointment (ho shuts himself u' se'arate from his nei#h$ours and ma4es u' his mind to a misera$le e7isten,e) To su,h men as these the so,iety should #o #radually dis,lose the #reatness of their s,heme and entreat him to thro( in his life and 'ro'erty (ith them for this o$.e,t) I thin4 that there are thousands no( e7istin# (ho (ould ea#erly #ras' at the o''ortunity) Su,h are the heads of my s,heme) or fear that death mi#ht ,ut me off $efore the time for attem'tin# its de/elo'ment I lea/e all my (orldly #oods in trust to S) &) Shi''ard and the Se,retary for the Colonies at the time of my death to try to form su,h a So,iety (ith su,h an o$.e,t)

!Sour,e; htt';HH((()uore#on)eduHU4im$allHRhodes6Confession)htm"

The Cir,le of Initiates and Round Ta$le &rou's; =art 0 E7,er'ts from Carroll ?ui#leyPs $oo4 Tragedy and Hope+ ') 0:260::
The ne( im'erialism after 0@32 (as quite different in tone from that (hi,h the Little En#landers had o''osed earlier) The ,hief ,han#es (ere that it (as .ustified on #rounds of moral duty and of so,ial reform and not+ as earlier+ on #rounds of missionary a,ti/ity and material ad/anta#e) The man most res'onsi$le for this ,han#e (as Aohn Rus4in) Until 0@32 there (as no 'rofessorshi' of fine arts at O7ford+ $ut in that year+ than4s to the Slade $equest+ Aohn Rus4in (as named to su,h a ,hair) He hit O7ford li4e an earthqua4e+ not so mu,h $e,ause he tal4ed a$out fine arts+ $ut $e,ause he tal4ed also a$out the em'ire and En#landMs do(ntrodden masses+ and a$o/e all $e,ause he tal4ed a$out all three of these thin#s as moral issues) Until the end of the nineteenth ,entury the 'o/erty6stri,4en masses in the ,ities of En#land li/ed in (ant+ i#6 noran,e+ and ,rime /ery mu,h as they ha/e $een des,ri$ed $y Charles Ci,4ens) Rus4in s'o4e to the O7ford under#raduates as mem$ers of the 'ri/ile#ed+ rulin# ,lass) He told them that they (ere the 'ossessors of a ma#nifi,ent tradition of edu,ation+ $eauty+ rule of la(+ freedom+ de,en,y+ and self6dis,i'line $ut that this tradition ,ould not $e sa/ed+ and did not deser/e to $e sa/ed+ unless it ,ould $e e7tended to the lo(er ,lasses in En#land itself and to the non6En#lish masses throu#hout the (orld) If this 're,ious tradition (ere not e7tended to these t(o #reat ma.orities+ the minority of u''er6,lass En#lishmen (ould ultimately $e su$mer#ed $y these ma.orities and the tradition lost) To 're/ent this+ the tradition must $e e7tended to the masses and to the em'ire) Rus4inPs messa#e had a sensational im'a,t) His inau#ural le,ture (as ,o'ied out in lon#hand $y one under#raduate+ Ce,il Rhodes+ (ho 4e't it (ith him for thirty years) Rhodes !0@G:60129" fe/erishly e7'loited the diamond and #oldfields of South Afri,a+ rose to $e 'rime minister of the Ca'e Colony !0@1260@1O"+ ,ontri$uted money to 'oliti,al 'arties+ ,ontrolled 'arliamentary seats $oth in En#land and in South Afri,a+ and sou#ht to (in a stri' of 5ritish territory a,ross Afri,a from the Ca'e of &ood Ho'e to E#y't and to .oin these t(o e7tremes to#ether (ith a tele#ra'h line and ultimately (ith a Ca'e6to6Cairo Rail(ay) Rhodes ins'ired de/oted su''ort for his #oals from others in South Afri,a and in En#land) <ith finan,ial su''ort from Lord Roths,hild and Alfred 5eit+ he (as a$le to mono'oli-e the diamond mines of South Afri,a as Ce 5eers Consolidated %ines and to $uild u' a #reat #old minin# enter'rise as Consolidated &old ields) In the middle 0@12Ms Rhodes had a 'ersonal in,ome of at least a million 'ounds sterlin# a year !then a$out fi/e million dollars" (hi,h (as s'ent so freely for his mysterious 'ur'oses that he (as usually o/erdra(n on his a,,ount) These 'ur'oses ,entered on his desire to federate the En#lish6s'ea4in# 'eo'les and to $rin# all the ha$ita$le 'ortions of the (orld under their ,ontrol) or this 'ur'ose Rhodes left 'art of his #reat fortune to found the Rhodes S,holarshi's at O7ford in order to s'read the En#lish rulin# ,lass tradition throu#hout the En#lish6 s'ea4in# (orld as Rus4in had (anted) Amon# Rus4inPs most de/oted dis,i'les at O7ford (ere a #rou' of intimate friends in,ludin# Arnold Toyn$ee+ Alfred !later Lord" %ilner+ Arthur &la-e$roo4+ &eor#e !later Sir &eor#e" =ar4in+ =hili' Lyttelton &ell+ and Henry !later Sir Henry" 5ir,henou#h) These (ere so mo/ed $y Rus4in that they de/oted the rest of their li/es to ,arryin# out his ideas) A similar #rou' of Cam$rid#e men in,ludin# Re#inald 5aliol 5rett !Lord Esher"+ Sir Aohn 5) Seeley+ Al$ert !Lord" &rey+ and Edmund &arrett (ere also aroused $y Rus4inMs messa#e and de/oted their li/es to e7tension of the 5ritish Em'ire and u'lift of En#landMs ur$an masses as t(o 'arts of one 'ro.e,t (hi,h they ,alled e7tension of the En#lish6s'ea4in# idea)* They (ere remar4a$ly su,,essful in these aims $e,ause En#landMs most sensational .ournalist <illiam T) Stead !0@8160109"+ an ardent so,ial reformer and im'erialist+ $rou#ht them into asso,iation (ith Rhodes) This asso,iation (as formally esta$lished on e$ruary G+ 0@10+ (hen Rhodes and Stead or#ani-ed a se,ret so,iety of (hi,h Rhodes had $een dreamin# for si7teen years) In this se,ret so,iety Rhodes (as to $e leaderR Stead+ 5rett !Lord Esher"+ and %ilner (ere to form an e7e,uti/e ,ommitteeR Arthur !Lord" 5alfour+ !Sir" Harry Aohnston+ Lord Roths,hild+ Al$ert !Lord" &rey+ and others (ere listed as 'otential mem$ers of a Cir,le of Initiates*R (hile there (as to $e an outer ,ir,le 4no(n as the Asso,iation of Hel'ers* !later or#ani-ed $y %ilner as the Round Ta$le or#ani-ation") 5rett (as in/ited to .oin this or#ani-ation the same day and %ilner a ,ou'le of (ee4s later+ on his return from E#y't) 5oth a,,e'ted (ith enthusiasm) Thus the ,entral 'art of the se,ret so,iety (as esta$lished $y %ar,h 0@10) It ,ontinued to fun,tion as a formal #rou'+ althou#h the outer ,ir,le (as+ a''arently+ not or#ani-ed until 01216010:) This #rou' (as a$le to #et a,,ess to RhodesMs money after his death in 0129 and also to the funds of loyal Rhodes su''orters li4e Alfred 5eit !0@G:6012O" and Sir A$e 5ailey !0@O860182") <ith this $a,4in# they sou#ht to e7tend and e7e,ute the ideals that Rhodes had o$tained from Rus4in and Stead) %ilner (as the ,hief Rhodes Trustee and =ar4in (as Or#ani-in# Se,retary of the Rhodes Trust after 0129+ (hile &ell and 5ir,henou#h+ as (ell as others (ith similar ideas+ $e,ame offi,ials of the 5ritish South Afri,a Com'any) They (ere .oined in their efforts $y other Rus4inite friends of SteadPs li4e Lord &rey+ Lord Esher+ and lora Sha( !later Lady Lu#ard") In 0@12+ $y a strata#em too ela$orate to des,ri$e here+ %iss Sha( $e,ame Head of the Colonial Ce'artment of The Times (hile still remainin# on the 'ayroll of SteadMs ,all -all .a/ette+ In this 'ost she 'layed a ma.or role in the ne7t ten years in ,arryin# into e7e,ution the im'erial s,hemes of Ce,il Rhodes+ to (hom Stead had introdu,ed her in 0@@1)

In the meantime+ in 0@@8+ a,tin# under Rus4inMs ins'iration+ a #rou' (hi,h in,luded Arnold Toyn$ee+ %ilner+ &ell+ &rey+ Seeley+ and %i,hael &la-e$roo4 founded the first settlement house+* an or#ani-ation $y (hi,h edu,ated+ u''er6,lass 'eo'le ,ould li/e inM the slums in order to assist+ instru,t+ and #uide the 'oor+ (ith 'arti,ular em'hasis on so,ial (elfare and adult edu,ation) The ne( enter'rise+ set u' in East London (ith =) L) &ell as ,hairman+ (as named Toyn$ee Hall after Arnold Toyn$ee (ho died+ a#ed :0+ in 0@@:) This (as the ori#inal model for the thousands of settlement houses+ su,h as Hull House in Chi,a#o+ no( found throu#hout the (orld+ and (as one of the seeds from (hi,h the modern mo/ement for adult edu,ation and uni/ersity e7tension #re() As #o/ernor6#eneral and hi#h ,ommissioner of South Afri,a in the 'eriod 0@136012G+ %ilner re,ruited a #rou' of youn# men+ ,hiefly from O7ford and from Toyn$ee Hall+ to assist him in or#ani-in# his administration) Throu#h his influen,e these men (ere a$le to (in influential 'osts in #o/ernment and international finan,e and $e,ame the dominant influen,e in 5ritish im'erial and forei#n affairs u' to 01:1) Under %ilner in South Afri,a they (ere 4no(n as %ilnerPs Binder#arten until 0102) In 01216 010: they or#ani-ed semise,ret #rou's+ 4no(n as Round Ta$le &rou's+ in the ,hief 5ritish de'enden,ies and the United States) These still fun,tion in ei#ht ,ountries) They 4e't in tou,h (ith ea,h other $y 'ersonal ,orres'onden,e and frequent /isits+ and throu#h an influential !quarterly ma#a-ine+ The Round Table+ founded in 0102 and lar#ely su''orted $y Sir A$e 5aileyMs money) In 0101 they founded the Royal Institute of International Affairs !Chatham House" for (hi,h the ,hief finan,ial su''orters (ere Sir A$e 5ailey and the Astor family !o(ners of The Times") Similar Institutes of International Affairs (ere esta$lished in the ,hief 5ritish dominions and in the United States !(here it is 4no(n as the Coun,il on orei#n Relations" in the 'eriod 01016 0193) After 019G a some(hat similar stru,ture of or#ani-ations+ 4no(n as the Institute of =a,ifi, Relations+ (as set u' in t(el/e ,ountries holdin# territory in the =a,ifi, area+ the units in ea,h 5ritish dominion e7istin# on an interlo,4in# $asis (ith the Round Ta$le &rou' and the Royal Institute of International Affairs in the same ,ountry) In Canada the nu,leus of this #rou' ,onsisted of %ilnerPs under#raduate friends at O7ford !su,h as Arthur &la-e$roo4 and &eor#e =ar4in"+ (hile in South Afri,a and India the nu,leus (as made u' of former mem$ers of %ilnerMs Binder#arten) These in,luded !Sir" =atri,4 Cun,an+ 5) B) Lon#+ Ri,hard eetham+ and !Sir" Cou#al %al,olm in South Afri,a and !Sir" <illiam %arris+ Aames !Lord" %eston+ and their friend %al,olm !Lord" Hailey in India) The #rou's in Australia and Ne( Lealand had $een re,ruited $y Stead !throu#h his ma#a-ine The Review o$ Reviews" as early as 0@1260@1:R $y =ar4in+ at %ilner insti#ation+ in the 'eriod 0@@160102+ and $y Lionel Curtis+ also at %ilnerPs request+ in 010260101) The 'o(er and influen,e of this Rhodes6%ilner #rou' in 5ritish im'erial affairs and in forei#n 'oli,y sin,e 0@@1+ althou#h not (idely re,o#ni-ed+ ,an hardly $e e7a##erated) <e mi#ht mention as an e7am'le that this #rou' dominated The Times from 0@12 to 0109 and has ,ontrolled it ,om'letely sin,e 0109 !e7,e't for the years 010160199") 5e,ause The Times has $een o(ned $y the Astor family sin,e 0199+ this Rhodes6%ilner #rou' (as sometimes s'o4en of as the Cli/eden Set+* named after the Astor ,ountry house (here they sometimes assem$led) Numerous other 'a'ers and .ournals ha/e $een under the ,ontrol or influen,e of this #rou' sin,e 0@@1) They ha/e also esta$lished and influen,ed numerous uni/ersity and other ,hairs of im'erial affairs and international relations) Some of these are the 5eit ,hairs at O7ford+ the %onta#ue 5urton ,hair at O7ford+ the Rhodes ,hair at London+ the Ste/enson ,hair at Chatham House+ the <ilson ,hair at A$eryst(yth+ and others+ as (ell as su,h im'ortant sour,es of influen,e as Rhodes House at O7ford) rom 0@@8 to 010G the mem$ers of this #rou' (or4ed /aliantly to e7tend the 5ritish Em'ire and to or#ani-e it in a federal system) They (ere ,onstantly har'in# on the lessons to $e learned from the failure of the Ameri,an Re/olution and the su,,ess of the Canadian federation of 0@O3+ and ho'ed to federate the /arious 'arts of the em'ire as seemed feasi$le+ then ,onfederate the (hole of it+ (ith the United Bin#dom+ into a sin#le or#ani-ation) They also ho'ed to $rin# the United States into this or#ani-ation to (hate/er de#ree (as 'ossi$le) Stead (as a$le to #et Rhodes to a,,e't+ in 'rin,i'le+ a solution (hi,h mi#ht ha/e made <ashin#ton the ,a'ital of the (hole or#ani-ation or allo( 'arts of the em'ire to $e,ome states of the Ameri,an Union)

The Cir,le of Initiates and Round Ta$le &rou's; =art 9 E7,er'ts from Carroll ?ui#leyPs $oo4 Tragedy and Hope+ ') 1G261G9
There does e7ist+ and has e7isted for a #eneration+ an international An#lo'hile net(or4 (hi,h o'erates+ to some e7tent+ in the (ay the radi,al Ri#ht $elie/es the Communists a,t) In fa,t+ this net(or4+ (hi,h (e may identify as the Round Ta$le &rou's+ has no a/ersion to ,oo'eratin# (ith the Communists+ or any other #rou's+ and frequently does so) I 4no( of the o'erations of this net(or4 $e,ause I ha/e studied it for t(enty years and (as 'ermitted for t(o years+ in the early 01O2Ps+ to e7amine its 'a'ers and se,ret re,ords) I ha/e no a/ersion to it or to most of its aims and ha/e+ for mu,h of my life+ $een ,lose to it and to many of its instrumentsVthe Ameri,an $ran,h of this or#ani-ation !sometimes ,alled the WEastern Esta$lishmentW" has 'layed a /ery si#nifi,ant role in the history of the United States in the last #eneration) The Round Ta$le &rou's (ere semi6se,ret dis,ussion and lo$$yin# #rou's or#ani-ed $y Lionel Curtis+ =hili' H) Berr !Lord Lothian"+ and !Sir" <illiam S) %arris in 012@60100) This (as done on $ehalf of Lord %ilner+ the dominant Trustee of the Rhodes Trust in the t(o de,ades 012G6019G) The ori#inal 'ur'ose of these #rou's (as to see4 to federate the En#lish6s'ea4in# (orld alon# lines laid do(n $y Ce,il Rhodes !0@G:60129" and <illiam T) Stead !0@8160109"+ and the money for the or#an6 i-ational (or4 ,ame ori#inally from the Rhodes Trust) 5y 010G Round Ta$le #rou's e7isted in se/en ,ountries+ in,ludin# En#land+ South Afri,a+ Canada+ Australia+ Ne( Lealand+ India+ and a rather loosely or#ani-ed #rou' in the United States !&eor#e Louis 5eer+ <alter Li''mann+ ran4 Aydelotte+ <hitney She'ardson+ Thomas <) Lamont+ Aerome C) &reene+ Er(in C) Canham of the Christian S,ien,e %onitor+ and others") The attitudes of the /arious #rou's (ere ,oordinated $y frequent /isits and dis,ussions and $y a (ell6informed and totally anonymous quarterly ma#a-ine+ The Round Ta$le+ (hose first issue+ lar#ely (ritten $y =hili' Berr+ a''eared in No/em$er 0102) The leaders of this #rou' (ere; %ilner+ until his death in 019G+ follo(ed $y Curtis !0@39601GG"+ Ro$ert H) !Lord" 5rand !$rother6in6la( of Lady Astor" until his death in 01O:+ and no( Adam C) %arris+ son of Sir <illiam and 5randMs su,,essor as mana#in# dire,tor of La-ard 5rothers $an4) The ori#inal intention had $een to ha/e ,olle#ial leadershi'+ $ut %ilner (as too se,reti/e and headstron# to share the role) He did so only in the 'eriod 010:60101 (hen he held re#ular meetin#s (ith some of his ,losest friends to ,oordinate their a,ti/ities as a 'ressure #rou' in the stru##le (ith <ilhelmine &ermany) This they ,alled their &in#er &rou')* After %ilnerMs death in 019G+ the leadershi' (as lar#ely shared $y the sur/i/ors of %ilnerMs Binder#arten+* that is+ the #rou' of youn# O7ford men (hom he used as ,i/il ser/ants in his re,onstru,tion of South Afri,a in 012060102) 5rand (as the last sur/i/or of the Binder#arten*R sin,e his death+ the #reatly redu,ed a,ti/ities of the or#ani-ation ha/e $een e7er,ised lar#ely throu#h the Editorial Committee of The Round Ta$le ma#a-ine under Adam %arris) %oney for the (idely ramified a,ti/ities of this or#ani-ation ,ame ori#inally from the asso,iates and follo(ers of Ce,il Rhodes+ ,hiefly from the Rhodes Trust itself+ and from (ealthy asso,iates su,h as the 5eit $rothers+ from Sir A$e 5ailey+ and !after 010G" from the Astor family) Sin,e 019G there ha/e $een su$stantial ,ontri$utions from (ealthy indi/iduals and from foundations and firms asso,iated (ith the international $an4in# fraternity+ es'e,ially the Carne#ie United Bin#dom Trust+ and other or#ani-ations asso,iated (ith A) =) %or#an+ the Ro,4efeller and <hitney families+ and the asso,iates of La-ard 5rothers and of %or#an+ &renfell+ and Com'any) The ,hief $a,4$one of this or#ani-ation #re( u' alon# the already e7istin# finan,ial ,oo'eration runnin# from the %or#an 5an4 in Ne( Yor4 to a #rou' of international finan,iers in London led $y La-ard 5rothers) At the end of the (ar of 0108+ it $e,ame ,lear that the or#ani-ation of this system had to $e #reatly e7tended) On,e a#ain the tas4 (as entrusted to Lionel Curtis (ho esta$lished+ in En#land and ea,h dominion+ a front or#ani-ation to the e7istin# lo,al Round Ta$le &rou') This front or#ani-ation+ ,alled the Royal Institute of International Affairs+ had as its nu,leus in ea,h area the e7istin# su$mer#ed Round Ta$le &rou') In Ne( Yor4 it (as 4no(n as the Coun,il on orei#n Relations+ and (as a front for A) =) %or#an and Com'any in asso,iation (ith the /ery small Ameri,an Round Ta$le &rou') The Ameri,an or#ani-ers (ere dominated $y the lar#e num$er of %or#an e7'erts+* in,ludin# Lamont and 5eer+ (ho had #one to the =aris =ea,e Conferen,e and there $e,ame ,lose friends (ith the similar #rou' of En#lish We7'ertsW (hi,h had $een re,ruited $y the %ilner #rou') In fa,t+ the ori#inal 'lans for the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the Coun,il on orei#n Relations (ere dra(n u' at =aris) The Coun,il of the RIIA !(hi,h+ $y CurtisMs ener#y ,ame to $e housed in Chatham House+ a,ross St) AamesMs Square from the Astors+ and (as soon 4no(n $y the name of this headquarters" and the $oard of the Coun,il on orei#n Relations ha/e ,arried e/er sin,e the mar4s of their ori#in)

E7,er'ts from Carroll ?ui#leyPs $oo4 The Anglo-American Establishment

This or#ani-ation Ethe %ilner &rou'F has $een a$le to ,on,eal its e7isten,e quite su,,essfully+ and many of its most influential mem$ers+ satisfied to 'ossess the reality rather than the a''earan,e of 'o(er+ are un4no(n e/en to ,lose students of 5ritish history) This is the more sur'risin# (hen (e learn that one of the ,hief methods $y (hi,h this &rou' (or4s has $een throu#h 'ro'a#anda) It 'lotted the Aameson Raid of 0@1GR it ,aused the 5oer <ar of 0@1160129R it set u' and ,ontrols the Rhodes TrustR it ,reated the Union of South Afri,a in 012O60102R it esta$lished the South Afri,an 'eriodi,al The )tate in 012@R it founded the 5ritish Em'ire 'eriodi,al The Round Table in 0102+ and this remains the mouth'ie,e of the &rou'R it has $een the most 'o(erful sin#le influen,e in All Souls+ 5alliol+ and Ne( Colle#es at O7ford for more than a #enerationR it has ,ontrolled The Times for more than fifty years+ (ith the e7,e'tion of the three years 010160199R it 'u$li,i-ed the idea of and the name 5ritish Common(ealth of Nations* in the 'eriod 012@6010@R it (as the ,hief influen,e in Lloyd &eor#eMs (ar administration in 01036 0101 and dominated the 5ritish dele#ation to the =ea,e Conferen,e of 0101R it had a #reat deal to do (ith the formation and mana#ement of the Lea#ue of Nations and of the system of mandatesR it founded the Royal Institute of International Affairs in 0101 and still ,ontrols itR it (as one of the ,hief influen,es on 5ritish 'oli,y to(ard Ireland+ =alestine+ and India in the 'eriod 01036018GR it (as a /ery im'ortant influen,e on the 'oli,y of a''easement of &ermany durin# the years 019260182R and it ,ontrolled and still ,ontrols+ to a /ery ,onsidera$le e7tent+ the sour,es and the (ritin# of the history of 5ritish Im'erial and forei#n 'oli,y sin,e the 5oer <ar) It (ould $e e7'e,ted that a &rou' (hi,h ,ould num$er amon# its a,hie/ements su,h a,,om'lishments as these (ould $e a familiar su$.e,t for dis,ussion amon# students of history and 'u$li, affairs) In this ,ase+ the e7'e,tation is not reali-ed+ 'artly $e,ause of the deli$erate 'oli,y of se,re,y (hi,h this &rou' has ado'ted+ 'artly $e,ause the &rou' itself is not ,losely inte#rated $ut rather a''ears as a series of o/erla''in# ,ir,les or rin#s 'artly ,on,ealed $y $ein# hidden $ehind formally or#ani-ed #rou's of no o$/ious 'oliti,al si#nifi,an,e)* 6 Carroll ?ui#ley+ The Anglo-American Establishment+ ') 86G The Times (as to $e a 'a'er for the 'eo'le (ho are influential+ and not for the masses) The Times (as influential+ $ut the de#ree of its influen,e (ould ne/er $e reali-ed $y anyone (ho e7amined only the 'a'er itself) The #reater 'art of its influen,e arose from its 'osition as one of se/eral $ran,hes of a sin#le #rou'+ the %ilner &rou') 5y the intera,tion of these /arious $ran,hes on one another+ under the 'retense that ea,h $ran,h (as an autonomous 'o(er+ the influen,e of ea,h $ran,h (as in,reased throu#h a 'ro,ess of mutual reinfor,ement) The unanimity amon# the /arious $ran,hes (as $elie/ed $y the outside (orld to $e the result of the influen,e of a sin#le Truth+ (hile really it (as the result of the e7isten,e of a sin#le #rou') Thus+ a statesman !a mem$er of the &rou'" announ,es a 'oli,y) A$out the same time+ the Royal Institute of International Affairs 'u$lishes a study on the su$.e,t+ and an O7ford don+ a ello( of All Souls !and a mem$er of the &rou'" also 'u$lishes a /olume on the su$.e,t !'ro$a$ly throu#h a 'u$lishin# house+ li4e &) 5ell and Sons or a$er and a$er+ allied to the &rou'") The statesmanMs 'oli,y is su$.e,ted to ,riti,al analysis and final a''ro/al in a leader* in The Times+ (hile the t(o $oo4s are re/ie(ed !in a sin#le re/ie(" in The Times &iterary )upplement) 5oth the leader* and the re/ie( are anonymous $ut are (ritten $y mem$ers of the &rou') And finally+ at a$out the same time+ an anonymous arti,le in The Round Table stron#ly ad/o,ates the same 'oli,y) The ,umulati/e effe,t of su,h ta,ti,s as this+ e/en if ea,h ta,ti,al mo/e influen,es only a small num$er of im'ortant 'eo'le+ is $ound to $e #reat) If ne,essary+ the strate#y ,an $e ,arried further+ $y arran#in# for the se,retary to the Rhodes Trustees to #o to Ameri,a for a series of informal dis,ussions* (ith former Rhodes S,holars+ (hile a 'rominent retired statesman !'ossi$ly a former Ii,eroy of India" is 'ersuaded to say a fe( (ords at the un/eilin# of a 'laque in All Souls or Ne( Colle#e in honor of some de,eased <arden) 5y a ,urious ,oin,iden,e+ $oth the informal dis,ussions* in Ameri,a and the un/eilin# s'ee,h at O7ford tou,h on the same to'i,al su$.e,t) An analo#ous 'ro,edure in re/erse ,ould $e used for 'oli,ies or $oo4s (hi,h the &rou' did not a''ro/e) A ,uttin# editorial or an unfriendly $oo4 re/ie(+ follo(ed $y a suffo,atin# $lan4et of silen,e and ne#le,t+ (as the $est that su,h an offerin# ,ould e7'e,t from the instruments of the %ilner &rou')* 6 Carroll ?ui#ley+ The Anglo-American Establishment+ ') 008600G rom this 'oint on(ard !early 01:@"+ the %ilner &rou' in,reasin#ly em'hasi-ed the ne,essity for $uildin# u' this O,eani, $lo,) In En#land the $asi, 'ro'a#anda (or4 (as done throu#h The Round Table and Lionel Curtis+ (hile in the United States it (as done throu#h the Rhodes S,holarshi' or#ani-ation+ es'e,ially throu#h Claren,e Streit and ran4 Aydelotte) In En#land+ Curtis (rote a series of $oo4s and arti,les ad/o,atin# a ne( federal or#ani-ation $uilt around the En#lish6s'ea4in# ,ountries) The ,hief (or4 of this nature (as his 0ivitas 1ei+ (hi,h a''eared in three /olumes in 01:8601:3) A one /olume edition (as issued in 01:@+ (ith the title The 0ommonwealth o$ .od) The first t(o /olumes of this (or4 are nothin# more than a rehash and e7'ansion of the older (or4 The 0ommonwealth o$ 2ations !010O") 5y a su'erfi,ial and frequently erroneous re(ritin# of (orld history+ the author sou#ht to re/ie( the e/olution of the ,ommon(ealth* idea and to sho( that all of history leads to its fulfillment and a,hie/ement in federation) Ultimately+ this federation (ill $e (orld(ide+ $ut en route it must 'ass throu#h sta#es+ of (hi,h the ,hief is federation of the En#lish6s'ea4in# 'eo'les)* 6 Carroll ?ui#ley+ The Anglo-American Establishment+ ') 9@9

THE SOCIETY O THE ELECT

<illiam T) Stead+ Ce,il Rhodes+ Lord Alfred %ilner

Lord Al$ert &rey+ Lord Esher !Re#inald 5rett"+ Lord Arthur 5alfour

The So,iety of the Ele,t*+ Ce,il RhodesPs se,ret so,iety+ (as esta$lished $y Ce,il Rhodes in e$ruary 0@10) The ideal arran#ement* for the so,iety as 'ro'osed $y Ce,il Rhodes; 0) &eneral of the So,iety; Rhodes 9) Aunta of Three; Stead+ 5rett+ %ilner :) Cir,le of Initiates; Cardinal %annin#+ &eneral 5ooth+ 5ram(ell 5ooth+ Little* Aohnston+ Al$ert &rey+ Arthur 5alfour 8) The Asso,iation of Hel'ers A Colle#e+ under =rofessor Seeley+ to $e esta$lished to train 'eo'le in the En#lish6s'ea4in# idea)*

Institutions ,ontrolled $y the %ilner &rou' Royal Institute of International Affairs !Chatham House" All Souls Colle#e at O7ford Uni/ersity O7ford Uni/ersity The &ondon Times !ne(s'a'er" The Round Table !ma#a-ine" Rhodes Trust !Rhodes S,holarshi'" %inistry of Information

LORC AL REC %ILNERPS BINCER&ARTEN

As Hi#h Commissioner+ %ilner $uilt u' a $ody of assistants 4no(n in history as %ilnerPs Binder#arten)* The follo(in# list #i/es the ,hief mem$ers of the Binder#arten+ their dates of $irth and death !(here 'ossi$le"+ their under#raduate ,olle#es !(ith dates"+ and the dates in (hi,h they (ere ello(s of All Souls) NA%E =atri,4 Cun,an !later Sir =atri,4" =hili' Berr !later Lord Lothian" Ro$ert Henry 5rand !later Lord 5rand" Lionel Curtis &eoffrey Ca(son !until 0103 Ro$inson" Aohn 5u,han !later Lord T(eedsmuir" Cou#al Orme %al,olm !later Sir Cou#al" <illiam Lionel Hi,hens Ri,hard eetham Aohn Co/e 5asil <illiams Lord 5asil 5la,4(ood Hu#h A) <yndham &eor#e I) iddes !later Sir &eor#e" Aohn Han$ury6<illiams !later Sir Aohn" %ain S) O) <alrond a$ian <are !later Sir a$ian" <illiam la/elle %ony'enny NA%E !Sir" =atri,4 Cun,an =hili' Berr !Lord Lothian" Ro$ert Henry 5rand !Lord 5rand" Lionel Curtis &eoffrey Ca(son !Ro$inson" Aohn 5u,han !Lord T(eedsmuir" !Sir" Cou#al Orme %al,olm <illiam Lionel Hi,hens Ri,hard eetham Aohn Co/e 5asil <illiams Lord 5asil 5la,4(ood Hu#h A) <yndham !Sir" &eor#e Iandeleur iddes !Sir" Aohn Han$ury6<illiams %ain S) O) <alrond !Sir" a$ian <are <illiam la/elle %ony'enny CATES 0@326018O 0@@960182 0@3@601O: 0@39601GG 0@3860188 0@3G60182 0@33601GG 0@3860180 0@38601OG 0@39601:8 0@O3601G2 0@3260103 0@33 6 S 0@G@6019G 0@G16018O 0@326 S 0@O160181 0@OO60109 COLLE&E 5alliol 0@1260@18 Ne( 0@1360120 Ne( 0@1360120 Ne( 0@106012G %a#dalen 0@1:60@13 5rasenose 0@1G60@11 Ne( 0@1G60@11 Ne( 0@1860@1@ Ne( 0@1:60@1@ Ne( 0@1060@1G Ne( 0@@O60@10 5alliol 0@106 S Ne( 0@1O60122 5rasenose 0@@260@@8 <ellin#ton+ Ne( Lealand 5alliol Uni/ersity of =aris 5alliol 0@@@60@12 ALL SOULS Ne/er Ne/er 01206 01906 0@1@6012GR 010G60188 Ne/er 0@11601GG Ne/er Ne/er Ne/er 01986019G Ne/er Ne/er Ne/er Ne/er Ne/er Ne/er Ne/er

CESCRI=TION Treasurer of the Trans/aal !0120"R Colonial Se,retary of the Trans/aal !012:6 012O" 5randPs assistant on the Inter,olonial Coun,il and on the Committee of Central South Afri,an Rail(ays !012G6012@" Se,retary of the Inter,olonial Coun,il of the Trans/aal and Oran#e Ri/er Colony To(n Cler4 of Aohannes$ur# under %ilner Editor of the Johannesburg )tar !012G60102" Alfred %ilnerPs 'ri/ate se,retary !01206012:" 'ri/ate se,retary to Lord Sel$orne in South Afri,a !012G60102" Treasurer of Aohannes$ur# !012060129"R Colonial Treasurer of the Trans/aal and Treasurer of the Inter,olonial Coun,il !012960123" To(n Cler4 of Aohannes$ur# !01296012G" Cler4 of Aohannes$ur# !012:60123"R Chairman of the Trans/aal Land Settlement 5oard !012360121" Se,retary of the Trans/aal Edu,ation Ce'artment Assistant Colonial Se,retary of Oran#e Ri/er Colony !012060123" mem$er of the South Afri,an Union =arliament !010260192" Alfred %ilnerPs se,retary !0@1360122"R Se,retary to the Trans/aal Administration !012260129" Alfred %ilnerPs military se,retary !0@1360122" Alfred %ilnerPs 'ri/ate se,retary Cire,tor of Edu,ation in the Trans/aalR editor of the -orning ,ost !South Afri,an ne(s'a'er" !012G60100" editor of the Aohannes$ur# )tar in the Trans/aal

Lord Alfred %ilnerPs Binder#arten a''ears in front of a ,amera) Standin# !$a,4 ro("; Ro$ert H) 5rand+ =atri,4 Cun,an+ Her$ert 5a4er+ and Lionel Hi,hens) Seated !middle ro("; Hu#h <yndham+ Ri,hard eetham+ Lionel Curtis+ ) !=eter" =erry+ and Cou#al O) %al,olm) Sittin# on the #round !front ro("; Aohn Co/e+ =hili' Berr+ and &eoffrey Ro$inson Lord Alfred %ilner himself does not a''ear in this 'hoto) Lord %ilner (as the Hi#h Commissioner to South Afri,a durin# the 5oer <ar) %ilnerPs Binder#arten* (ere his assistants (ho had #raduated from O7ford) This 'hoto (as 'u$lished in a $oo4 ,alled -ilner3s young men4 the 56indergarten7 in Edwardian 8mperial a$$airs $y <alter Nimo,4s !'u$lished in 01O@ $y Cu4e Uni/ersity =ress+ Curham+ North Carolina")

Aohn 5u,han+ =hili' H) Berr !Lord Lothian"+ Lord Alfred %ilner+ Lionel Curtis

All Souls Colle#e at O7ford Uni/ersity

Until the time of Cisraeli+ the ,reation of the em'ire has $een a ha'ha-ard and+ it (as said+ an a$sent6minded affair) Cisraeli #a/e it #lamour and fo,used attention on it) Comin# after(ard+ Amery and his friends in the %ilner ,ir,le+ (ho had (or4ed in ,on,ert (ith Ce,il Rhodes and Aose'h Cham$erlain+ (ere amon# its deli$erate #lorifiers) %any amon# them ad/o,ated the ,reation of an em'ire6(ide e,onomi, system+ ,losed to outsiders $y tariffs) Others+ (ho re,o#ni-ed that /arious 'arts of the em'ire often a''eared to o,,u'y e,onomi, 'ositions in ,onfli,t (ith one another+ ad/o,ated ,loser 'oliti,al asso,iation) Lionel Curtis+ a founder of their 'u$li,ation+ the Round Table+ ,laimed that the 5ritish Em'ire had no ,hoi,e $ut federation or disinte#ration) He s'o4e for those in the %ilner ,ir,le (hose 'ro#ram (as or#ani,+ 'oliti,al union of the em'ire+ (ith an im'erial 'arliament ele,ted from the Cominions as (ell as from 5ritain+ #i/in# rise to an im'erial Ca$inet (hi,h (ould rule the em'ire as a (hole)* A =ea,e To End All =ea,e; Creatin# The %odern %iddle East+ 010860199 $y Ca/id rom4in+ ') 9@2) Ca/id rom4in is a mem$er of the Coun,il on orei#n Relations)

A Tentati/e Roster of the %ilner &rou'

rom the A''endi7 se,tion of The Anglo-American Establishment $y Carroll ?ui#ley+ ') :006:0G
THE OLLO<IN& LISTS are tentati/e in the sense that they are in,om'lete and erroneous) The errors are more li4ely in the attri$ution of 'ersons to one ,ir,le of the &rou' rather than another+ and are less li4ely in the attri$ution to the &rou' of 'ersons (ho are not mem$ers at all) or the names #i/en I ha/e suffi,ient e/iden,e to ,on/in,e me that they are mem$ers of the &rou'+ althou#h I (ould not in many ,ases feel ,om'etent to insist that the 'ersons ,on,erned 4ne( that they (ere mem$ers of a se,ret #rou') The e/iden,e on (hi,h this list is $ased is deri/ed from do,umentary e/iden,e+ from 'ri/ate information+ and from ,ir,umstantial e/iden,e) =ersons are listed in ea,h #rou' on the $asis of #eneral im'ression rather than e7a,t demar,ation+ $e,ause the distin,tion $et(een the t(o is rather /a#ue and /aries from time to time) or e7am'le+ I 4no( for a fa,t that Sir Alfred Limmern and Lord Ce,il of Chel(ood attended meetin#s of the inner ,ir,le in the 'eriod $efore 0192+ $ut I ha/e attri$uted them to the outer ,ir,le $e,ause this a''ears to $e the more a,,urate desi#nation for the lon# 'eriod sin,e 0192) <ithin ea,h list I ha/e 'la,ed the names of the /arious indi/iduals in order of ,hronolo#y and of im'ortan,e) In some ,ases (here I sus'e,ted a 'erson of $ein# a mem$er (ithout ha/in# any /ery ,on/in,in# e/iden,e+ I ha/e en,losed the name in $ra,4ets)* > Carroll ?ui#ley

The So,iety of the Ele,t Ce,il Aohn Rhodes Nathan !Natty*" Roths,hild+ 5aron Roths,hild Sir Harry Aohnston <illiam T) Stead Re#inald 5rett+ Iis,ount Esher Alfred %ilner+ Iis,ount %ilner 5) ) Ha(4sley Thomas 5rassey+ Lord 5rassey Edmund &arrett ESir Ed(ard Coo4F Alfred 5eit Sir A$e 5ailey Al$ert &rey+ Earl &rey Ar,hi$ald =rimrose+ Earl of Rose$ery Arthur Aames 5alfour Sir &eor#e R) =ar4in =hili' Lyttelton &ell Sir Henry 5ir,henou#h Sir Re#inald Sothern Holland Arthur Lionel Smith Her$ert A) L) isher <illiam <alde#ra/e =almer+ Earl of Sel$orne ESir Alfred LytteltonF Sir =atri,4 Cun,an Ro$ert Henry 5rand+ 5aron 5rand =hili' Berr+ %arquess of Lothian Lionel Curtis &eoffrey Ca(son Ed(ard &ri##+ 5aron Altrin,ham Aan C) Smuts Leo'old Amery <aldorf Astor+ Iis,ount Astor Nan,y Astor+ Lady Astor

The Asso,iation of Hel'ers 6 The Inner Cir,le Sir =atri,4 Cun,an Ro$ert Henry 5rand+ 5aron 5rand =hili' Berr+ %arquess of Lothian Lionel Curtis <illiam L) Hi,hens &eoffrey Ca(son Ed(ard &ri##+ 5aron Altrin,ham Her$ert A) L) isher Leo'old Amery Ri,hard eetham Hu#h A) <yndham Sir Cou#al %al,olm 5asil <illiams 5asil Bellett Lon# Sir A$e 5ailey Aan C) Smuts Sir <illiam %arris Aames S) %eston+ 5aron %eston %al,olm Hailey+ 5aron Hailey lora Sha(+ Lady Lu#ard Sir Re#inald Cou'land <aldorf Astor+ Iis,ount Astor Nan,y Astor+ Lady Astor %auri,e Han4ey+ 5aron Han4ey Arnold A) Toyn$ee Lauren,e ) Rush$roo4 <illiams Henry Iin,ent Hodson Iin,ent Todd Harlo(

The Asso,iation of Hel'ers > The Outer Cir,le Aohn 5u,han+ 5aron T(eedsmuir Sir a$ian <are Sir Alfred Limmern &il$ert %urray Ro$ert Ce,il+ Iis,ount Ce,il of Chel(ood Sir Aames <) Headlam6%orley rederi,4 A) N) Thesi#er+ Iis,ount Chelmsford Sir Ialentine Chirol Ed(ard ) L) <ood+ Earl of Halifa7 Sir EAamesF Arthur Salter Sir Arthur H) C) R) Steel6%aitland <illiam &) A) Orms$y6&ore+ 5aron Harle,h Came Edith Lyttelton+ %rs) Alfred Lyttelton rederi,4 Lu#ard+ 5aron Lu#ard Sir ELeanderF Starr Aameson Henry <) C) Ca/is Aohn A) Simon+ Iis,ount Simon Samuel A) &) Hoare+ Iis,ount Tem'le(ood %auri,e =) A) Han4ey+ 5aron Han4ey <ilson Harris E ran,is Clar4eF <illiam &) S) Adams E<illiam B) Han,o,4F Ernest L) <ood(ard Sir Harold 5utler Benneth N) 5ell Sir Conald 5) Somer/ell Sir %auri,e L) &(yer Charles R) S) Harris Sir Ed(ard R) =ea,o,4 Sir Cyril A) Rad,liffe Aohn <) <heeler65ennett Ro$ert A) Sto'ford Ro$ert %) 5arrin#ton6<ard EBenneth C) <heareF Ed(ard H) Carr %al,olm %a,Conald &odfrey Elton+ 5aron Elton Sir Neill %al,olm reeman reeman6Thomas+ Iis,ount <illin#don Isaiah 5erlin Ro#er %) %a4ins Sir Arthur <illert I/ison S) %a,adam

The Asso,iation of Hel'ers > The Outer Cir,le Canada; Arthur A) &la-e$roo4 Sir &eor#e =ar4in Iin,ent %assey &eor#e =) de T) &la-e$roo4 =er,y Cor$ett ESir Aose'h la/elleF United States; &eor#e Louis 5eer ran4 Aydelotte Aerome &reene EClaren,e SteitF South Afri,a; Aan C) Smuts Sir =atri,4 Cun,an Sir A$e 5ailey 5asil B) Lon# Ri,hard eetham ESir Aames Rose6InnesF Australia; Sir Thomas 5a/in Sir rederi, E##leston ECudley C) 5rahamF Ne( Lealand; Sir Aames Allen <illiam Co(nie Ste(art Arthur R) At4inson &ermany; Helmuth Aames /on %olt4e Adam /on Trott -u Sol-

Note; The %ilner &rou' is also 4no(n as the Cli/eden Set*+ the Round Ta$le &rou'+ the All Souls #rou'+ The Times ,ro(d+ and Rhodes se,ret so,iety)* %ilnerPs Binder#arten* (ould inte#rate (ith the %ilner &rou' after the ,reation of the Union of South Afri,a in 0102) The %ilner &rou' is the name used $y Carroll ?ui#ley in his $oo4 The Anglo-American Establishment to des,ri$e Ce,il RhodesPs and Alfred %ilnerPs se,ret so,iety)

5IO&RA=HICAL SU%%ARY
Ce,il Rhodes and his Afri4a Bor's*
Cecil +ho&es Lean&er /tarr 6ameson William *. /tea& Lor& Esher (+eginal& Brett /ir ,be Bailey Lor& ,lbert Grey /ir (enry 6ohnston ,lfre& Beit /ir (ercules +obinson /ir %rancis 'rummon& Percy Cha!lin BenDamin 'israeli Lor& +obert /alisbury Lor& (Lionel Walter +othschil& Gueen Lictoria .ing E&"ar& L## Prime $inister of the Ca!e Colony (3?0283?07 F foun&er of 'e Beers &iamon& com!anyF foun&er of the +ho&es /cholarshi!F born on 6uly >) 3?>4F &ie& on $arch 17) 3021 ,&ministrator of /outhern +ho&esia (3?0<83?07 F Prime $inister of the Ca!e Colony (302<8302? F the comman&er of the infamous 6ameson +ai& E&itor of The Times of Lon&on 'e!uty Constable an& Lieutenant8Go5ernor of Win&sor Castle (30238301? F Constable an& Go5ernor of Win&sor Castle (301?83042 $ember of Ca!e Parliament (30218302= F $ember of /outh ,frican -nion Parliament (303>8301< $ember of Parliament (3??283??7 F ,&ministrator of /outhern +ho&esia (3?0783?0? F Go5ernor General of Cana&a (302<83033 first British commissioner to the ;yasalan& Protectorate (!resent8&ay $ala"i (3?0383?0> F British Consul8General of -gan&a (3?0083023 born in (amburg) GermanyF former Lice Presi&ent of the British /outh ,frican Com!any Go5ernor of (ong .ong (3?>083?7> F Go5ernor of ;e" /outh Wales (3?=183?=0 F Go5ernor of ;e" Mealan& (3?=083??2 F Go5ernor of Ca!e Colony an& (igh Commissioner to /outh ,frica (3??38 3??0) 3?0>83?0= ,&ministrator of /outhern +ho&esia (303<83014 F ,&ministrator of ;orthern +ho&esia (301383014 F +esi&ent 'irector of the British /outh ,frica Com!any (301483044 Prime $inister of Great Britain (3?=<83??2 F Chancellor of the Exchequer (3?>?83?>0) 3?7783?7? Prime $inister of Great Britain (3??>83??7) 3??783?01) 3?0>83021 F Chancellor of the -ni5ersity College at Oxfor& (3?7083024 $ember of Parliament (3?0083032 F member of the (ouse of Lor&s (303>8304= Gueen of Great Britain (3?4=83023 an& Em!ress of #n&ia .ing of Great Britain (302383032 an& Em!eror of #n&ia

O7ford A,ademians and Aournalists

6ohn +uskin /ir #saiah Berlin /ir (enry Birchenough Lalentine Chirol Go&frey Elton Phili! Lyttelton Gell ,rthur GlaBebrook $ichael GlaBebrook /ir 6ames W. (ea&lam8$orley (enry Lincent (o&son La&y Lugar& /ir #5ison /te5enson $aca&am Gilbert $urray /ir George Parkin ,rnol& *oynbee (3?>183??4 ,rnol& 6. *oynbee 6ohn Wheeler8Bennett /ir ,rthur Willert Laurence %.+. Williams ,lfre& Mimmern /la&e Professor of %ine ,rt at Oxfor& -ni5ersity (3?7083?=0 Chichele Professor of /ocial an& Political *heory at the -ni5ersity of Oxfor& (30>=8307= F first Presi&ent of Wolfson College at Oxfor&F Presi&ent of the British ,ca&emy (30=<830=? &irector of the British /outh ,frica Com!any (ea& of the %oreign 'e!artment at The Times (Lon&on (3?0=83031 F The Times corres!on&ent in Berlin (3?0183?07 F minister "ithout !ortfolioF member of the British &elegation at the Paris Peace Conference /ecretary of the +ho&es *rust (3040830>0 first chairman of *oynbee (all (3??<83?07 F &irector of British /outh ,frica Com!any (3?008301> foun&er an& chief lea&er of the Cana&ian branch of the $ilner Grou! Canon of Ely (302>83017 F (ea&master of Clifton College (3?038302> Professor of Greek an& ,ncient (istory at GueenAs College) Lon&on (3?0<83022 F ,ssistant 'irector of the Political #ntelligence Bureau in the 'e!artment of #nformation (303=8303? E&itor of The Round Table (304<83040 F E&itor of The Sunday Times (30>283073 F 'irector of the Em!ire 'i5ision of the $inistry of #nformation (3040830<3 (ea& of the Colonial 'e!artment of The Times (3?02 F close frien& of Cecil +ho&es former 'irector General of the +oyal #nstitute of #nternational ,ffairs !rofessor of Greek at Oxfor&F chairman of the League of ;ations -nion (30148304? F first !resi&ent of the general council of the -nite& ;ations ,ssociation /ecretary of the +ho&es *rust (302183011 lecturer in !olitical economy at Oxfor& -ni5ersityF author of The Industrial Revolution in En land 'irector of /tu&ies at the +##, (301>830>> F Professor of $o&ern Greek an& ByBantine (istory at .ingSs College Lon&onF ne!he" of ,rnol& *oynbee (3?>183??4 official biogra!her of .ing George L#F a ;aBi sym!athiBer Chief corres!on&ent for The Times in Washington '.C. (303283012 E&itorial ,&5iser of *he Pakistan /ociety (Lon&on F Lice Presi&ent of #n&o8British (istorical ,ssociation author of The !ree" #ommonwealthF former $ontague Burton Professor of #nternational +elations at Oxfor&

Lord Alfred %ilner and his Afri4a Bor's

Lor& ,lfre& $ilner Lionel Curtis Phili! (. .err (Lor& Lothian Lor& +obert (enry Bran& 6ohn Buchan Geoffrey 'a"son 6ohn 'o5e /ir Patrick 'uncan +ichar& %eetham /ir 6ohn (anbury8 Williams William L. (ichens /ir 'ougal $alcolm William %la5elle $ony!enny $ain /.O. Walron& /ir %abian Ware (ugh ,. Wyn&ham Leo!ol& ,mery (erbert ,lbert Laurens %isher /ir E&"ar& Grigg (Lor& ,ltrincham Basil .. Long /ir William /. $arris 6ames $eston William Wal&egra5e Palmer (1n& Earl of /elborne E&"ar& %.L. Woo& (Lor& (alifax 6an Christian /muts Go5ernor of Ca!e Colony an& (igh Commissioner for /outh ,frica (3?0=8302> F /ecretary of /tate for the Colonies (303083013 F Chancellor of the -ni5ersity College at Oxfor& (301> Go&father an& %oun&er of the +oyal #nstitute of #nternational ,ffairs -n&er8/ecretary of /tate for #n&ia (304383041 F E&itor of The Round Table (303283037 F /ecretary of the +ho&es *rust (301>83040 F British ,mbassa&or to the -./. (3040830<2 /ecretary of the #ntercolonial Council of the *rans5aal an& Orange +i5er Colony un&er $ilnerF a fello" at ,ll /oulSs College at Oxfor&F a managing &irector of LaBar& BrothersF marrie& to ;ancy ,storSs sister Go5ernor8General of Cana&a (304>830<2 E&itor of The Times of Lon&on (303183030) 3011830<3 F E&itor of the $ohannesbur Star (302>83032 Clerk of 6ohannesburg (30248302= F Chairman of the *rans5aal Lan& /ettlement Boar& (302=83020 F E&itor of The Round Table (30138304< Go5ernor8General of /outh ,frica (304=830<4 *o"n Clerk of 6ohannesburg (30218302> F 6u&ge of the /u!reme Court of /outh ,frica (301483042) 30408W Chief of the British $ilitary $ission to +ussia (303<8303= F military secretary to (igh Commissioner to /outh ,frica ,lfre& $ilner (3?0=83022 *reasurer of 6ohannesburg (302383021 F Colonial *reasurer of the *rans5aal an& *reasurer of the #ntercolonial Council (30218302= !ri5ate secretary to Lor& /elborne in /outh ,frica (302>83032 F former Presi&ent of British /outh ,frica Com!any (304?8W E&itor of the 6ohannesburg Star in the *rans5aal ,lfre& $ilnerSs !ri5ate secretary &uring the Boer War 'irector of E&ucation in the *rans5aalF e&itor of the %ornin &ost (/outh ,frican ne"s!a!er (302>8 3033 member of the /outh ,frican -nion Parliament (303283012 e&itor of *he *imes (istory of the /outh ,frican WarF $ember of Parliament (3032830<< F /ecretary of /tate for Colonies (301<83010 F /ecretary of /tate for 'ominion ,ffairs (301>83010 F /ecretary of /tate for #n&ia an& Burma (30<2830<> F %irst Lor& of the ,&miralty (30118301< War&en of ;e" College at Oxfor& -ni5ersity (3017830<2 F $ember of Parliament (303783017 F Presi&ent of the Boar& of E&ucation (303783011 Go5ernor of .enya (301>83042 F British $ember of Parliament (30118301>) 3044830<> $ember of Ca!e Parliament) /outh ,frica (302?83020 F E&itor of The State P.in&ergartenSs !ro!agan&a DournalQ (302083031 F $ember of /outh ,frican -nion Parliament (303283034 F E&itor of the #a'e Times (30138304> Go5ernor of the -nite& Pro5inces (#n&ia (30118301? F Ci5il /er5ice Commissioner of *rans5aal un&er $ilner a&5iser to the Ca!e Colony an& *rans5aal on ci5il ser5ice reform (302<83027 F Lieutenant Go5ernor of the -nite& Pro5inces (of #n&ia (30318303= (igh Commissioner to /outh ,frica (302>83032 British ,mbassa&or to the -./. (30<2830<7 F Liceroy of #n&ia (301783043 F %oreign /ecretary (304?8 30<2 F Chancellor of the -ni5ersity College at Oxfor& (30448W Prime $inister of /outh ,frica (30308301<) 3040830<?

5ritish =oliti,ians
Lor& ;athan U;attyV +othschil& ,rthur 6. Balfour ,rchibal& Primrose (Earl of +osebery Wal&orf ,stor (1n& Liscount ,stor Lor& *homas Brassey Lor& +obert Cecil George ;athaniel CurBon (3st $arquess CurBon of .e&leston /ir %reeman %reeman8*homas (3st $arquess of Willing&on /ir $aurice L. G"yer $alcolm (ailey $aurice P.,. (ankey /amuel 6. G. (oare (Liscount *em!le"oo& /ir %re&erick Lugar& ,lfre& Lyttelton +oger $. $akins $alcolm $ac'onal& $ember of Parliament (3?7>83??> F (ouse of Lor&s (3??>8303> Prime $inister of Great Britain (30218302> F %oreign /ecretary (303783030 Prime $inister of Great Britain (3?0<83?0> F %oreign /ecretary (3??7) 3?0183?0< $ember of the (ouse of Lor&s (3030830>1 F $ember of Parliament (303283030 Go5ernor of Lictoria (,ustralia (3?0>83022 F $ember of Parliament (3?7?83??7 $inister of Blocka&e (30378303? F $ember of Parliament (302783014 Liceroy of #n&ia (3?008302> F $ember of Parliament (3??783?0? F Lea&er of the (ouse of Lor&s (30378301< F %oreign /ecretary (30308301< Go5ernor General of Cana&a (301783043 F Liceroy of #n&ia (304383047 F Go5ernor of Bombay (30348303? Chief 6ustice of the %e&eral Court of #n&ia (304=830<4 Go5ernor of the PunDab (301<8301? F Go5ernor of the -nite& Pro5inces (#n&ia (301?8 304< /ecretary of the Cabinet (30378304? F Paymaster8General (30<3830<1 $ember of Parliament (3032830<< F British ,mbassa&or to /!ain (30<2830<< F /ecretary of /tate for #n&ia (30438304> Go5ernor of (ong .ong (302=83031 F Go5ernor8General of ;igeria (303<83030 $ember of Parliament (3?0>83034 F /ecretary of /tate for the Colonies (30248302> British ,mbassa&or to the -./. (30>4830>7 -... (igh Commissioner to Cana&a (30<3830<7 F Go5ernor8General of $alaya (30<78 30>4 F Go5ernor8General of .enya (30748307< F /ecretary of /tate for the Colonies (304?8 30<2 F /ecretary of /tate for 'ominion ,ffairs (304>83040 F $ember of Parliament (30108 30<> (igh Commissioner to /outh ,frica (30<3830<< F $ember of Parliament (30328304? Commissioner of the #n&ia8Pakistan Bor&er Commission (30<= $ember of Parliament (304=830>4 $ember of Parliament (3043830<> F ,ttorney General for Englan& an& Wales (3047830<> $ember of Parliament (30278303?) 3011830<2 F Chancellor of the Exchequer (304=830<2 F %oreign /ecretary (30438304> F Lor& Chancellor (30<2830<> $ember of Parliament (30328304> F $inister of Labour (301<83010 Go5ernor of Gueenslan& (302>83020 F Go5ernor of ;e" /outh Wales (302083034 F Liceroy of #n&ia (303783013

William G. ,. Ormsby8Gore (Baron (arlech /ir Cyril +a&cliffe 6ames ,. /alter /ir 'onal& B. /omer5ell 6ohn ,. /imon (Liscount /imon /ir ,rthur /teel8$aitlan& %re&erick 6. ;. *hesiger (Liscount Chelmsfor&

orei#n mem$ers of the %ilner &rou'

%rank ,y&elotte Clarence .. /treit George Louis Beer 6erome '. Greene Percy Corbett Lincent $assey /ir 6ose!h W. %la5elle /ir *homas Ba5in /ir %re&eric W. Eggleston 'u&ley 'israeli Braham /ir 6ames ,llen William 'o"nie /te"art (elmuth 6ames 5on $oltke ,&am 5on *rott Bu /olB Presi&ent of /"arthmore College (3013830<2 F a +ho&es /cholar author of (nion Now an& an a&5ocate of an ,tlantic -nionF a +ho&es /cholar a !artici!ant at the Paris Peace Conference an& a member of the #nquiry /ecretary of the +ockefeller %oun&ation (30348303= Cana&ian +ho&es /cholarF Professor of +oman La" at $cGill -ni5ersity (301<8304= F Professor of Go5ernment an& 6uris!ru&ence at Cale (30<<8W F Chairman of the 'e!artment of Political /cience at Cale (30<<8W Cana&ian ,mbassa&or to the -./. (301=83042 F Go5ernor General of Cana&a (30>1830>0 former Chairman of the Bank of Commerce (Cana&a F Chairman of the #m!erial $unitions Boar& &uring Worl& War # Premier of ;e" /outh Wales (301=83042 ,ustralian $inister to China (30<3830<< F ,ustralian $inister to the -./. (30<<830<7 %oreign corres!on&ent of The Times (3?0=8302= F E&itor of the )aily Tele ra'h in /y&ney ;e" Mealan& $inister of 'efense (303183012 F (igh Commissioner for ;e" Mealan& (30128 3017 $ember of ;e" Mealan& Parliament (303<8304> F ;e" Mealan& $inister of %inance (301>8301? German +ho&es /cholar

Nota$le %em$ers of the %ilner &rou'

Lord Alfred %ilner+ Ce,il Rhodes+ Lionel Curtis

Lord Esher !Re#inald 5rett"+ =hili' H) Berr !Lord Lothian"+ Aohn 5u,han+ Lord Halifa7+

Lord Al$ert &rey+ Sir A$e 5ailey+ Leander Starr Aameson+ Alfred 5eit+ <illiam T) Stead

Arthur 5alfour+ Aan Christian Smuts+ Natty Roths,hild+ Ar,hi$ald =rimrose !Earl of Rose$ery"+ Lord Thomas 5rassey

Ro$ert Ce,il+ %auri,e =)A) Han4ey+ Sir <illiam S) %arris+ Sir &eor#e =ar4in+ Sir Henry 5ir,henou#h+

Sir Aames <y,liffe Headlam6%orley+ Sir I/ison %a,adam+ Isaiah 5erlin+ Sir reeman reeman6Thomas+ Sir Cyril Rad,liffe

Samuel Hoare+ Sir rederi,4 Lu#ard+ Sir Arthur Steel6%aitland+ Sir Ialentine Chirol+ &il$ert %urray

Arnold A) Toyn$ee+ Alfred Lyttelton+ <aldorf Astor+ Lady Nan,y Astor+ Leo'old Amery

Sir Harry Aohnston+ Sir a$ian <are+ Alfred Limmern+ Sir Re#inald Cou'land+ Iis,ount Aohn Simon orei#n %em$ers;

Claren,e B) Streit+ Sir rederi, <) E##leston+ Sir Thomas 5a/in+ <illiam Co(nie Ste(art+ ran4 Aydelotte

Sir Aames Allen+ Helmuth Aames /on %olt4e+ Adam /on Trott -u Sol-+ Iin,ent %assey+ Sir Aose'h <esley la/elle

Aohn Rus4in and His Cis,i'les

Arnold Toyn$ee !0@G960@@:"+ Lord Alfred %ilner+ Aohn Rus4in+ Sir Henry 5ir,henou#h+ Sir &eor#e =ar4in %ISSIN&; Arthur &la-e$roo4 and =hili' Lyttelton &ell

Ce,il RhodesP riends and A,quaintan,es

5en.amin Cisraeli+ ?ueen Ii,toria+ Lord Lionel <alter Roths,hild+ Bin# Ed(ard III+ Lord Ro$ert Salis$ury

Sir Her,ules Ro$inson+ Sir ran,is Crummond =er,y Cha'lin+ 5arney 5arnato+ Lord &eor#e Nathaniel Cur-on

THE IRST 5OARC O CIRECTORS O THE 5RITISH SOUTH A RICA CO%=ANY+ 0@@1) To' Ro(; Hora,e arquhar+ Esq)R Al$ert &rey+ Esq)R Alfred 5eit+ Esq) %iddle Ro(; His &ra,e the Cu4e of ife+ B)T)+ =)C)R Hon) Ce,il A) Rhodes ! ounder and %ana#in# Cire,tor in South Afri,a"R His &ra,e the Cu4e of A$er,orn+ B)&)+ =)C) 5ottom Ro(; Lord &rifford+ I)C)R Her$ert Cannin#+ Esq) !Se,retary"R &eor#e Ca(ston+ Esq)

Ce,il RhodesP #ra/e in Lim$a$(e !formerly Rhodesia"

&roote S,huur Estate+ Ce,il RhodesPs home in South Afri,a !from the slo'es of Ta$le %ountain"

To' =hoto; The S,anlen Ca$inet+ 0@@8; Aohn %erriman+ Aa,o$us Sauer+ Aames Leonard+ Ce,il Rhodes+ Thomas S,anlen !Si$$ett Colle,tion"

5ottom =hoto; =lannin# the ,onquest of trans6Lam$e-ia+ 0@12) Sittin#; Aames Ro,hfort %a#uire+ Henry Hamilton Aohnston+ Ce,il Rhodes+ Ar,hi$ald R) Colquhoun) Standin#; Aames &rant+ Aohn %oir+ Aose'h Thomson) !Si$$ett Colle,tion"

In front of the &o/ernment House in Salis$ury+ Rhodesia !,) 0@13"; Ce,il Rhodes+ A) <eston Aar/is+ Sir Charles %et,alfe+ and Al$ert &rey !Ce 5eers ar,hi/es"

Ro$ert Coryndon+ Ce,il Rhodes+ and Aohnny &rimmer in London in 0@13)

Bim$erley %ine+ 0@3G) <or4ers at the end of a shift) !&old ields Colle,tion"

Ce 5eers %ine+ 0@10) !Ce 5eers ar,hi/es"

Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902):

Organized Crime?

Cire,tors of Ce 5eers Consolidated %ines in Bim$erley+ South Afri,a in 0@1O) Ce,il Rhodes is seated at ,enter+ and Aohn %orro#h is seated third from ri#ht)

5ritish minin# ma#nates Ce,il Aohn Rhodes !left" and Alfred 5eit (ere instrumental in laun,hin# the Aameson Raid in South Afri,a)

Ce,il Rhodes at the ,enter of a #rou' of 'oliti,al su''orters in Bim$erley+ South Afri,a in 0@1@) !Si$$ett Colle,tion"

A$e 5ailey (ith fello( dire,tors of RhodesP Consolidated &old ield minin# ,om'any in 0@1G) 5a,4 ro( from left; Aohn Hays Hammond+ un4no(n ser/ant+ &eor#e arrar) ront from left; Alfred 5eit+ Lionel =hilli's+ ran4 Rhodes !$rother of Ce,il"+ and A$e 5ailey) This #rou' (as to form the ,ore of the Reform Committee+ instrumental in the notorious Aameson Raid)

Sir Leander Starr Aameson !se,ond from left" is arrested near Aohannes$ur# $y 5oer soldiers durin# the failed Aameson Raid in Aanuary 0@1O) Sir Leander Starr Aameson and his fello( raiders attem'ted to o,,u'y Aohannes$ur# and o/erthro( the #o/ernment of the Trans/aal Re'u$li, led $y =resident =aul Bru#er) Sir Leander Starr Aameson ser/ed as the =rime %inister of the Ca'e Colony from e$ruary 99+ 0128 until e$ruary 9+ 012@) The failed Aameson Raid !Ce,em$er 91+ 0@1G>Aanuary 9+ 0@1O" (as an attem'ted ,ou' dPetat a#ainst the Trans/aal Re'u$li,)

Ce,il Rhodes ma4es his 'resen,e at the Sie#e of Bim$erley durin# the 5oer <ar in 0122) !Ce 5eers ar,hi/es"

5ritish infantry !some of the quarter million troo's" (ere sent to South Afri,a to ,rush 5oer inde'enden,e) The 5oer <ar lasted from O,to$er 00+ 0@11 until %ay :0+ 0129) ?ueen Ii,toria of the United Bin#dom of &reat 5ritain died on Aanuary 99+ 0120) Ce,il Rhodes died in South Afri,a on %ar,h 9O+ 0129) !TRH =i,tures+ London"

This or#ani-ation Ethe %ilner &rou'F has $een a$le to ,on,eal its e7isten,e quite su,,essfully+ and many of its most influential mem$ers+ satisfied to 'ossess the reality rather than the a''earan,e of 'o(er+ are un4no(n e/en to ,lose students of 5ritish history) This is the more sur'risin# (hen (e learn that one of the ,hief methods $y (hi,h this &rou' (or4s has $een throu#h 'ro'a#anda) It lotted t!e "ame#on $aid o% 189&' it ca(#ed t!e Boer War o% 1899-1902' it #et ( and control# t!e $!ode# )r(#t' it created t!e *nion o% So(t! A%rica in 190+-1910' it esta$lished the South Afri,an 'eriodi,al The )tate in 012@R it founded the 5ritish Em'ire 'eriodi,al The Round Table in 0102+ and this remains the mouth'ie,e of the &rou'R it has $een the most 'o(erful sin#le influen,e in All Souls+ 5alliol+ and Ne( Colle#es at O7ford for more than a #enerationR it has ,ontrolled The Times for more than fifty years+ (ith the e7,e'tion of the three years 010160199R it 'u$li,i-ed the idea of and the name 5ritish Common(ealth of Nations* in the 'eriod 012@6010@R it (as the ,hief influen,e in Lloyd &eor#eMs (ar administration in 010360101 and dominated the 5ritish dele#ation to the =ea,e Conferen,e of 0101R it had a #reat deal to do (ith the formation and mana#ement of the Lea#ue of Nations and of the system of mandatesR it founded the Royal Institute of International Affairs in 0101 and still ,ontrols itR it (as one of the ,hief influen,es on 5ritish 'oli,y to(ard Ireland+ =alestine+ and India in the 'eriod 01036018GR it (as a /ery im'ortant influen,e on the 'oli,y of a''easement of &ermany durin# the years 019260182R and it ,ontrolled and still ,ontrols+ to a /ery ,onsidera$le e7tent+ the sour,es and the (ritin# of the history of 5ritish Im'erial and forei#n 'oli,y sin,e the 5oer <ar) It (ould $e e7'e,ted that a &rou' (hi,h ,ould num$er amon# its a,hie/ements su,h a,,om'lishments as these (ould $e a familiar su$.e,t for dis,ussion amon# students of history and 'u$li, affairs) In this ,ase+ the e7'e,tation is not reali-ed+ 'artly $e,ause of the deli$erate 'oli,y of se,re,y (hi,h this &rou' has ado'ted+ 'artly $e,ause the &rou' itself is not ,losely inte#rated $ut rather a''ears as a series of o/erla''in# ,ir,les or rin#s 'artly ,on,ealed $y $ein# hidden $ehind formally or#ani-ed #rou's of no o$/ious 'oliti,al si#nifi,an,e)* > The Anglo-American Establishment $y Carroll ?ui#ley+ ') 86G

5oer (omen and ,hildren in a 5ritish ,on,entration ,am' durin# the 5oer (ar) =hoto#ra'h ta4en ,ir,a 0120) O/er 9O+222 5oer (omen and ,hildren and an additional :G+222 nati/e Afri,ans died in the ,on,entration ,am's durin# the 5oer <ar) !=hoto; htt';HHen)(i4i'edia)or#H(i4iH ile;5oer,am'0).'#" !Summary; htt';HH((()$(m)or#)auHsiteHAnNAustralianN=ers'e,ti/e)as'"

One 5ritish res'onse to the #uerrilla (ar (as a Ms,or,hed earthM 'oli,y to deny the #uerillas su''lies and refu#e) In this ima#e 5oer ,i/ilians (at,h their house as it is $urned) !=hoto; htt';HHen)(i4i'edia)or#H(i4iH ile;Iers4roeideAarde0).'#"

5ritish troo's attem't to am$ush 5oer 'atrols durin# the 5oer <ar !TRH =i,tures+ London"

5oer artillerymen o'erate a ho(it-er durin# the 5oer <ar) !=hoto; Ro#er6Iiollet"

5oer ,ommandos 'ose for a #rou' 'ortrait !South Afri,an Information Ser/i,e"

5oer infantryman a(ait the arri/al of the 5ritish army in South Afri,a !Olym'ia6=u$lifoto"

5oer &eneral Cron.eMs surrender to the 5ritish army !The 5ettman Ar,hi/e"

Aan Christian Smuts !,enter+ later =rime %inister of South Afri,a" and 5oer #uerrillas 'ose for a #rou' 'ortrait durin# the Se,ond 5oer <ar in ,ir,a 0120)

5ritish soldiers lie dead in the fields of S'ion Bo' in Natal 'ro/in,e+ South Afri,a on Aanuary 98+ 0122 durin# the 5oer <ar) The 5attle of S'ion Bo' (as fou#ht from 9:698 Aanuary 0122)

5ritish soldiers 'ose for a #rou' 'ortrait a$oard R%S 1unottar 0astle in Auly 0122+ after returnin# from the 5oer <ar) Standin# left to ri#ht; Sir 5yron Lei#hton+ Claud &renfel+ %a.or rederi,4 Russell 5urnham+ Ca'tain &ordon or$es+ A$e 5ailey !his son Aohn (ould marry Ciana Chur,hill in 01:9"+ ne7t t(o unidentified+ Lord Aohn <eston 5roo4e) Seated left to ri#ht; %a.or 5o$$y <hite+ Lord Co(ne+ &eneral Sir Henry Ed(ard Col/ille !a year later Chur,hill as %= (ould demand an enquiry o/er his dismissal from South Afri,a"+ %a.or Harry <hite+ %a.or Aoe Lay,o,4+ Win#ton C!(rc!ill+ Sir Charles 5entin,4) Sittin# L6R; unidentified+ Col) %auri,e &ifford) <inston Chur,hill+ later =rime %inister of &reat 5ritain+ (as a 'risoner6of6(ar durin# the 5oer <ar and su,,essfully es,a'ed from 'rison durin# the 5oer <ar)

=aul Bru#er+ =resident of the Trans/aal Re'u$li, !%ay 1+ 0@@:>Se'tem$er 02+ 0122"

Sir Alfred %ilner !se,ond from left+ seated" and Lord rederi,4 Ro$erts !se,ond from ri#ht+ seated"+ Commander in Chief of the 5ritish or,es in South Afri,a+ (ith some of their Staff Offi,ers)

5y 0@1G the Trans/aal Re'u$li, 'resented an a,ute 'ro$lem) All 'oliti,al ,ontrol (as in the hands of a rural+ $a,4(ard+ 5i$le6 readin#+ ra,ist minority of 5oers+ (hile all e,onomi, (ealth (as in the hands of a /iolent+ a##ressi/e ma.ority of forei#ners !Uitlanders"+ most of (hom li/ed in the ne( ,ity of Aohannes$ur#) The Uitlanders+ (ho (ere t(i,e as numerous as the 5oers and o(ned t(o6thirds of the land and nine6tenths of the (ealth of the ,ountry+ (ere 're/ented from 'arti,i'atin# in 'oliti,al life or from $e,omin# ,iti-ens !e7,e't after fourteen yearsM residen,e" and (ere irritated $y a series of minor 'in'ri,4s and e7tortions su,h as ta7 differentials+ a dynamite mono'oly+ and trans'ortation restri,tions" and $y rumors that the Trans/aal 'resident+ =aul Bru#er+ (as intri#uin# to o$tain some 4ind of &erman inter/ention and 'rote,tion) At this 'oint in 0@1G+ Rhodes made his 'lans to o/erthro( Bru#erMs #o/ernment $y an u'risin# in Aohannes$ur#+ finan,ed $y himself and 5eit+ and led $y his $rother ran4 Rhodes+ A$e 5ailey+ and other su''orters+ follo(ed $y an in/asion of the Trans/aal $y a for,e led $y Aameson from 5e,huanaland and Rhodesia) lora Sha( used The Times to 're'are 'u$li, o'inion in En#land+ (hile Al$ert &rey and others ne#otiated (ith Colonial Se,retary Aose'h Cham$erlain for the offi,ial su''ort that (as ne,essary) Unfortunately+ (hen the re/olt fi--led out in Aohannes$ur#+ Aameson raided any(ay in an effort to re/i/e it+ and (as easily ,a'tured $y the 5oers) The 'u$li, offi,ials in/ol/ed denoun,ed the 'lot+ loudly 'ro,laimed their sur'rise at the e/ent+ and (ere a$le to (hite(ash most of the 'arti,i'ants in the su$sequent 'arliamentary inquiry) A tele#ram from the &erman Baiser to =resident Bru#er of the Trans/aal+ ,on#ratulatin# him on his su,,ess Win 'reser/in# the inde'enden,e of his ,ountry (ithout the need to ,all for aid from his friends+W (as $uilt u' $y The Times into an e7am'le of $ra-en &erman interferen,e in 5ritish affairs+ and almost e,li'sed AamesonMs a##ression) Rhodes (as sto''ed only tem'orarily+ $ut he had lost the su''ort of many of the 5oers) or almost t(o years he and his friends stayed quiet+ (aitin# for the storm to $lo( o/er) Then they $e#an to a,t a#ain) =ro'a#anda+ most of it true+ a$out the 'li#ht of Uitlanders in the Trans/aal Re'u$li, flooded En#land and South Afri,a from lora Sha(+ <) T) Stead+ Edmund &arrett+ and othersR %ilner (as made hi#h ,ommissioner of South Afri,a !0@13"R 5rett (or4ed his (ay into the ,onfiden,e of the monar,hy to $e,ome its ,hief 'oliti,al ad/iser durin# a 'eriod of more than t(enty6fi/e years !he (rote almost daily letters of ad/i,e to Bin# Ed(ard durin# his rei#n+ 012060102") 5y a 'ro,ess (hose details are still o$s,ure+ a $rilliant+ youn# #raduate of Cam$rid#e+ Aan Smuts+ (ho had $een a /i#orous su''orter of Rhodes and a,ted as his a#ent in Bim$erley as late as 0@1G and (ho (as one of the most im'ortant mem$ers of the Rhodes6%ilner #rou' in the 'eriod 012@601G2+ (ent to the Trans/aal and+ $y /iolent anti65ritish a#itation+ $e,ame state se,retary of that ,ountry !althou#h a 5ritish su$.e,t" and ,hief 'oliti,al ad/iser to =resident Bru#erR %ilner made 'ro/o,ati/e troo' mo/ements on the 5oer frontiers in s'ite of the /i#orous 'rotests of his ,ommandin# #eneral in South Afri,a+ (ho had to $e remo/edR and+ finally+ (ar (as 're,i'itated (hen Smuts dre( u' an ultimatum insistin# that the 5ritish troo' mo/ements ,ease and (hen this (as re.e,ted $y %ilner) )!e Boer War (1899-1902) ,a# one o% t!e mo#t im ortant e-ent# in Briti#! im erial !i#tor./ )!e a0ilit. o% 102000 Boer %armer# to !old o%% ten time# a# man. Briti#! %or t!ree .ear#2 in%licting a #erie# o% de%eat# on t!em o-er t!at eriod2 de#tro.ed %ait! in Briti#! o,er/ Althou#h the 5oer re'u$li,s (ere defeated and anne7ed in 0129+ 5ritainMs ,onfiden,e (as so sha4en that it made a treaty (ith Aa'an in the same year 'ro/idin# that if either si#ner $e,ame en#a#ed in (ar (ith t(o enemies in the ar East the other si#ner (ould ,ome to the res,ue) This treaty+ (hi,h allo(ed Aa'an to atta,4 Russia in 0128+ lasted for t(enty years+ $ein# e7tended to the %iddle East in 0109) At the same time &ermanyMs o$/ious sym'athy (ith the 5oers+ ,om$ined (ith the &erman na/al ,onstru,tion 'ro#ram of 0122+ alienated the 5ritish 'eo'le from the &ermans and ,ontri$uted #reatly to(ard the An#lo6 ren,h entente of 0128) 3ilner too4 o-er t!e t,o de%eated Boer re (0lic# and admini#tered t!em a# occ( ied territor. (ntil 190&2 (#ing a ci-il #er-ice o% .o(ng men recr(ited %or t!e (r o#e/ )!i# gro( 2 4no,n a# 53ilner6# 7indergarten28 reorganized t!e go-ernment and admini#tration o% t!e )ran#-aal and Orange $i-er Colon. and la.ed a ma9or role in So(t! A%rican li%e generall./ W!en 3ilner le%t (0lic li%e in 190& to de-ote !im#el% to international %inance and t!e $!ode# enter ri#e#2 :ord Sel0orne2 !i# #(cce##or a# !ig! commi##ioner2 too4 o-er t!e 7indergarten and contin(ed to (#e it/ In 190+ a ne, :i0eral go-ernment in :ondon granted #el%-go-ernment to t!e t,o Boer #tate#/ )!e 7indergarten # ent t!e ne;t %o(r .ear# in a #(cce##%(l e%%ort to create a So(t! A%rican <ederation/ The tas4 (as not an easy one+ e/en (ith su,h 'o(erful $a,4in# as Sel$orne+ Smuts !(ho (as no( the dominant 'oliti,al fi#ure in the Trans/aal+ althou#h 5otha held the 'osition of 'rime minister"+ and Aameson !(ho (as the 'rime minister of the Ca'e Colony in 01286012@") The su$.e,t (as $roa,hed throu#h a 'rearran#ed 'u$li, inter,han#e of letters $et(een Aameson and Sel$orne) Then Sel$orne 'u$lished a memorandum+ (ritten $y =hili' Berr !Lothian" and Lionel Curtis+ ,allin# for a union of the four ,olonies) Berr founded a 'eriodi,al !The State+ finan,ed $y Sir A$e 5ailey" (hi,h ad/o,ated federation in e/ery issueR Curtis and others s,urried a$out or#ani-in# WCloser UnionW so,ietiesR Ro$ert H) !Lord" 5rand and !Sir" =atri,4 Cun,an laid the #round(or4 for the ne( ,onstitution) At the Cur$an ,onstitutional ,on/ention !(here Cun,an and 5) B) Lon# (ere le#al ad/isers" the Trans/aal dele#ation (as ,ontrolled $y Smuts and the Binder#arten) This dele#ation+ (hi,h (as hea/ily finan,ed+ ti#htly or#ani-ed+ and 4ne( e7a,tly (hat it (anted+ dominated the ,on/ention+ (rote the ,onstitution for the Union of South Afri,a+ and su,,eeded in ha/in# it ratified !0102") Lo,al animosities (ere ,om'romised in a series of in#enious arran#ements+ in,ludin# one $y (hi,h the le#islati/e+ e7e,uti/e+ and .udi,ial $ran,hes of the ne( #o/ernment (ere 'la,ed in three different ,ities) The Rhodes6%ilner #rou' re,o#ni-ed that 5oer nationalism and ,olor intoleran,e (ere threats to the future sta$ility and loyalty of South Afri,a+ $ut they had faith in the 'oliti,al influen,e of Smuts and 5otha+ of RhodesMs allies+ and of the four mem$ers of the Binder#arten (ho stayed in South Afri,a to hold off these 'ro$lems until time ,ould moderate the irre,on,ila$le 5oers) In this they (ere mista4en+ $e,ause+ as men li4e Aameson !0103"+ 5otha !0101"+ Cun,an !018:"+ Lon# !018:"+ and Smuts !01G2" died off+ they (ere not re'la,ed $y men of equal loyalty and a$ility+ (ith the result that the 5oer e7tremists under C) ) %alan ,ame to 'o(er in 018@) The first Ca$inet of the Union of South Afri,a (as formed in 0102 $y the South Afri,an =arty+ (hi,h (as lar#ely 5oer+ (ith

Louis 5otha as 'rime minister) The real master of the #o/ernment (as Smuts+ (ho held three out of nine 'ortfolios+ all im'ortant ones+ and ,om'letely dominated 5otha) Their 'oli,y of re,on,iliation (ith the En#lish and of loyal su''ort for the 5ritish ,onne,tion (as /iolently o''osed $y the 5oer Nationalists (ithin the 'arty led $y A) 5) %) Hert-o#) =ertzog ,a# eager to get inde endence %rom Britain and to re#er-e olitical control in a So(t! A%rican re (0lic to Boer# onl./ =e o0tained gro,ing #( ort 0. agitating on t!e lang(age and ed(cational i##(e#2 in#i#ting t!at all go-ernment o%%icial# m(#t # ea4 A%ri4aan# and t!at it 0e a com (l#or. lang(age in #c!ool#2 ,it! >ngli#! a -ol(ntar.2 #econd lang(age/ The o''osition 'arty+ 4no(n as Unionist+ (as lar#ely En#lish and (as led $y Aameson su''orted $y Cun,an+ Ri,hard eetham+ Hu#h <yndham+ and Lon#) inan,ed $y %ilnerMs allies and the Rhodes Trust+ its leaders ,onsidered that their ,hief tas4 (as Wto su''ort the 'rime minister a#ainst the e7tremists of his o(n 'arty)W Lon#+ as the $est s'ea4er+ (as ordered to atta,4 Hert-o# ,onstantly) <hen Hert-o# stru,4 $a,4 (ith too /iolent lan#ua#e in 0109+ he (as dro''ed from the Ca$inet and soon se,eded from the South Afri,an =arty+ .oinin# (ith the irre,on,ila$le 5oer re'u$li,ans li4e Christiaan Ce <et to form the Nationalist =arty) The ne( 'arty ado'ted an e7tremist anti6En#lish and anti6nati/e 'latform) AamesonMs 'arty+ under his su,,essor+ Sir Thomas Smartt !a 'aid a#ent of the Rhodes or#ani-ation"+ had dissident elements $e,ause of the #ro(th of (hite la$or unions (hi,h insisted on anti6nati/e le#islation) 5y 0108 these formed a se'arate La$our =arty under ) H) =) Cres(ell+ and (ere a$le to (in from Smuts a la( e7,ludin# nati/es from most semis4illed or s4illed (or4 or any hi#h6'a/in# 'ositions !0100") The nati/es (ere ,om'elled to (or4 for (a#es+ ho(e/er lo(+ $y the need to o$tain ,ash for ta7es and $y the inadequa,y of the nati/e reser/es to su''ort them from their o(n a#ri,ultural a,ti/ities) 5y the Land A,t of 010: a$out 3 'er,ent of the land area (as reser/ed for future land 'ur,hases $y nati/es and the other 1: 'er,ent for 'ur,hase $y (hites) At that time the nati/e 'o'ulation e7,eeded the (hites $y at least fourfold) As a result of su,h dis,riminations+ the (a#es of nati/es (ere a$out one6 tenth those of (hites) This dis,re'an,y in remuneration 'ermitted (hite (or4ers to earn salaries ,om'ara$le to those earned in North Ameri,a+ althou#h national in,ome (as lo( and 'rodu,ti/ity 'er ,a'ita (as /ery lo( !a$out X09G 'er year") The 5otha6 Smuts #o/ernment of 010260198 did little to ,o'e (ith the almost insolu$le 'ro$lems (hi,h fa,ed South Afri,a) As it $e,ame (ea4er+ and the Hert-o# Nationalists #re( stron#er+ it had to rely (ith in,reasin# frequen,y on the su''ort of the Unionist 'arty) In 0192 a ,oalition (as formed+ and three mem$ers of the Unionist 'arty+ in,ludin# Cun,an+ too4 seats in SmutsMs Ca$inet) In the ne7t ele,tion in 0198 Cress(ellMs La$ourites and Hert-o#Ms Nationalists formed an a#reement (hi,h dro''ed the re'u$li,an6 im'erial issue and em'hasi-ed the im'ortan,e of e,onomi, and nati/e questions) This allian,e defeated SmutsMs 'arty and formed a Ca$inet (hi,h held offi,e for nine years) It (as re'la,ed in %ar,h 01:: $y a Smuts6Hert-o# ,oalition formed to deal (ith the e,onomi, ,risis arisin# from the (orld de'ression of 0191601:G) The defeat of the Smuts #rou' in 0198 resulted from four fa,tors+ $esides his o(n im'erious 'ersonality) These (ere !0" his /iolen,e to(ard la$or unions and stri4ersR !9" his stron# su''ort for the im'erial ,onne,tion+ es'e,ially durin# the (ar of 01086010@R !:" his refusal to sho( any enthusiasm for an anti6 nati/e 'ro#ram+ and !8" the e,onomi, hardshi's of the 'ost(ar de'ression and the drou#hts of 01016019:) A minersM stri4e in 010: (as follo(ed $y a #eneral stri4e in 0108R in $oth+ Smuts used martial la( and ma,hine6#un $ullets a#ainst the stri4ers and in the latter ,ase ille#ally de'orted nine union leaders to En#land) This 'ro$lem had hardly su$sided $efore the #o/ernment entered the (ar a#ainst &ermany and a,ti/ely 'arti,i'ated in the ,onquest of &erman Afri,a as (ell as in the fi#htin# in ran,e) O''osition from 5oer e7tremists to this e/iden,e of the En#lish ,onne,tion (as so /iolent that it resulted in o'en re/olt a#ainst the #o/ernment and mutiny $y /arious military ,ontin#ents (hi,h sou#ht to .oin the small &erman for,es in South(est Afri,a) The re$els (ere ,rushed+ and thousands of their su''orters lost their 'oliti,al ri#hts for ten years) 5otha and+ e/en more+ Smuts 'layed ma.or roles in the Im'erial <ar Ca$inet in London and at the =ea,e Conferen,e of 0101) The former died as soon as he returned home+ lea/in# Smuts+ as 'rime minister+ to fa,e the a,ute 'ost(ar 'ro$lems) The e,onomi, ,olla'se of 01926019: (as es'e,ially hea/y in South Afri,a as the ostri,h6feather and diamond mar4ets (ere (i'ed out+ the #old and e7'ort mar4ets (ere $adly in.ured+ and years of drou#ht (ere 're/alent) Efforts to redu,e ,osts in the mines $y in,reased use of nati/e la$or led to stri4es and e/entually to a re/olution on the Rand !0199") O/er 922 re$els (ere 4illed) As a result+ the 'o'ularity of Smuts in his o(n ,ountry rea,hed a lo( e$$ .ust at the time (hen he (as $ein# 'raised almost daily in En#land as one of the (orldMs #reatest men) These 'oliti,al shifts in South Afri,aMs domesti, affairs did little to relie/e any of the a,ute e,onomi, and so,ial 'ro$lems (hi,h fa,ed that ,ountry) On the ,ontrary these #re( (orse year $y year) In 0190 the Union had only 0)G million (hites+ 8)3 million nati/es+ G8G thousand mulattoes !W,olouredW"+ and 0OO thousand Indians) 5y 01:O the (hites had in,reased $y only half a million+ (hile the num$er of nati/es had #one u' almost t(o million) )!e#e nati-e# li-ed on inade?(ate and eroded re#er-e# or in !orri0le (r0an #l(m#2 and ,ere dra#ticall. re#tricted in mo-ement#2 re#idence2 or economic o ort(nitie#2 and !ad almo#t no olitical or e-en ci-il rig!t#/ B. 19&0 mo#t o% t!e nati-e ,or4er# o% "o!anne#0(rg li-ed in a di#tant #(0(r0 ,!ere 902000 A%rican# ,ere cro,ded onto +00 acre# o% #!ac4# ,it! no #anitation2 ,it! almo#t no r(nning ,ater2 and ,it! #(c! inade?(ate 0(# #er-ice t!at t!e. !ad to #tand in line %or !o(r# to get a 0(# into t!e cit. to ,or4/ In t!i# ,a. t!e nati-e# ,ere #teadil. @detri0alized2@ a0andoning allegiance to t!eir o,n c(#tom# and 0elie%# (incl(ding religion) ,it!o(t a##(ming t!e c(#tom# or 0elie%# o% t!e ,!ite#/ Indeed2 t!e. ,ere generall. e;cl(ded %rom t!i# 0eca(#e o% t!e o0#tacle# laced in t!eir at! to ed(cation or ro ert. o,ner#!i / )!e re#(lt ,a# t!at t!e nati-e# ,ere #teadil. gro(nd do,n,ard to t!e oint ,!ere t!e. ,ere denied all o ort(nit. e;ce t %or animal #(r-i-al and re rod(ction/ Almost half of the (hites and many of the $la,4s (ere farmers+ $ut agric(lt(ral ractice# ,ere #o de lora0le t!at ,ater #!ortage# and ero#ion gre, ,it! %rig!tening ra idit.2 and ri-er# ,!ic! !ad %lo,ed #teadil. in 1880 largel. di#a eared 0. 19&0/ A# land# 0ecame too dr. to %arm2 t!e. ,ere t(rned to grazing2 e# eciall. (nder t!e # (r o% !ig! ,ool rice# d(ring t!e t,o great ,ar#2 0(t t!e #oil contin(ed to dri%t a,a. a# d(#t/ Beca(#e o% lo, #tandard# o% li-ing %or t!e 0lac4#2 t!ere ,a# little

dome#tic mar4et eit!er %or %arm rod(ct# or %or ind(#trial good#/ A# a re#(lt2 mo#t rod(ct# o% 0ot! 0lac4 and ,!ite la0or ,ere e; orted2 t!e recei t# 0eing (#ed to a. %or good# ,!ic! ,ere locall. (na-aila0le or %or l(;(rie# %or ,!ite#/ B(t mo#t o% t!e e; ort trade ,a# recario(#/ )!e gold mine# and diamond mine# !ad to dig #o dee l. (0elo, A2000-%oot le-el#) t!at co#t# aro#e #!ar l.2 ,!ile t!e demand %or 0ot! rod(ct# %l(ct(ated ,idel.2 #ince neit!er ,a# a nece##it. o% li%e/ Nonetheless+ ea,h year o/er half of the UnionMs annual 'rodu,tion of all #oods (as e7'orted+ (ith a$out one6third of the total re'resented $y #old) The $asi, 'ro$lem (as la,4 of la$or+ not so mu,h the la,4 of hands $ut the lo( le/el of 'rodu,ti/ity of those hands) This in turn resulted from la,4 of ,a'itali-ation and from the ,olor $ar (hi,h refused to allo( nati/e la$or to $e,ome s4illed) %oreo/er+ the ,hea'ness of uns4illed la$or+ es'e,ially on the farms+ meant that most (or4 (as left to $la,4s+ and many (hites fell into la-y ha$its) Uns4illed (hites+ un(illin# and una$le to ,om'ete as la$or (ith the $la,4s+ $e,ame indolent W'oor (hites)W %ilnerMs Binder#arten had+ at the end of the 5oer <ar+ the sum of D: million 'ro/ided $y the 'ea,e treaty to $e used to restore 5oer families from ,on,entration ,am's to their farms) They (ere sho,4ed to dis,o/er that one6tenth of the 5oers (ere W'oor (hites+W had no land and (anted none) The Binder#arten de,ided that this sad ,ondition resulted from the ,om'etition of ,hea' $la,4 la$or+ a ,on,lusion (hi,h (as in,or'orated into the re'ort of a ,ommission esta$lished $y Sel$orne to study the 'ro$lem)* > Tragedy and Hope $y Carroll ?ui#ley+ =art 8+ Cha'ter 1 !The 5ritish Im'erial Crisis; Afri,a+ Ireland+ and India to 019O"

Rus4inMs messa#e had a sensational im'a,t) His inau#ural le,ture (as ,o'ied out in lon#hand $y one under#raduate+ Ce,il Rhodes+ (ho 4e't it (ith him for thirty years) $!ode# (18&B-1902) %e-eri#!l. e; loited t!e diamond and gold%ield# o% So(t! A%rica2 ro#e to 0e rime mini#ter o% t!e Ca e Colon. (1890-189+)2 contri0(ted mone. to olitical artie#2 controlled arliamentar. #eat# 0ot! in >ngland and in So(t! A%rica2 and #o(g!t to ,in a #tri o% Briti#! territor. acro## A%rica %rom t!e Ca e o% Cood =o e to >g. t and to 9oin t!e#e t,o e;treme# toget!er ,it! a telegra ! line and (ltimatel. ,it! a Ca e-to-Cairo $ail,a./ Rhodes ins'ired de/oted su''ort for his #oals from others in South Afri,a and in En#land) Wit! %inancial #( ort %rom :ord $ot!#c!ild and Al%red Beit2 !e ,a# a0le to mono olize t!e diamond mine# o% So(t! A%rica a# De Beer# Con#olidated 3ine# and to 0(ild ( a great gold mining enter ri#e a# Con#olidated Cold <ield#/ In t!e middle 18906# $!ode# !ad a er#onal income o% at lea#t a million o(nd# #terling a .ear (t!en a0o(t %i-e million dollar#) ,!ic! ,a# # ent #o %reel. %or !i# m.#terio(# (r o#e# t!at !e ,a# (#(all. o-erdra,n on !i# acco(nt/ )!e#e (r o#e# centered on !i# de#ire to %ederate t!e >ngli#!-# ea4ing eo le# and to 0ring all t!e !a0ita0le ortion# o% t!e ,orld (nder t!eir control/ <or t!i# (r o#e $!ode# le%t art o% !i# great %ort(ne to %o(nd t!e $!ode# Sc!olar#!i # at O;%ord in order to # read t!e >ngli#! r(ling cla## tradition t!ro(g!o(t t!e >ngli#!-# ea4ing ,orld a# $(#4in !ad ,anted/ * > Tragedy and Hope $y Carroll ?ui#ley+ =art 8+ Cha'ter 1 !The 5ritish Im'erial Crisis; Afri,a+ Ireland+ and India to 019O"

The Astor )amily # The !li*eden +et

Cli5e&en (ouse an& Estate in Buckinghamshire) Englan&) former home of the ,stor family

Left to right9 George +oose5elt) society millionaire Lincent ,stor) ;e" Cork Go5ernor an& 'emocratic Party !resi&ential can&i&ate %ranklin '. +oose5elt) an& former 'emocratic Party national chairman 6ohn 6. +askob a!!ear at the Go5ernorAs luncheon at the executi5e mansion in ,lbany) ;e" Cork on ,ugust <) 3041. George +oose5elt "as a member of the Council on %oreign +elations. (Bettmann:CO+B#/

,my 6ohnson (secon& from left stan&s arm in arm "ith ,merican actor Charlie Cha!lin "hile La&y ,stor) George Bernar& /ha" (!etting a greyhoun& &og ) an& Lor& ,stor (hol&ing a hat stan& together in Lon&on in 3043. (#mage9 X (ulton8'eutsch Collection:CO+B#/

+oose5elts an& ,stors !ose for a !hotogra!h after church ser5ice at (y&e Park) ;e" Cork) -./.,. on ;o5ember 12) 3041. Left to right9 Lor& ,stor) La&y ,stor) +e5eren& %rank Wilson) Eleanor +oose5elt) Go5ernor %ranklin '. +oose5elt) an& an assistant are !icture& outsi&e the /t. 6ames E!isco!al Church in (y&e Park) ;e" Cork) -./., on the morning of ;o5ember 12) 3041) after they ha& atten&e& church ser5ices. Lor& an& La&y ,stor) the latter an ,merican8born British $ember of Parliament) are "eeken& guests at the (y&e Park home of the Presi&ent8elect an& his "ife. (#mage9 X Bettmann:CO+B#/

(/ource9 The Astors by Lirginia Co"les

(/ource9 The Astors by Lirginia Co"les

Lady Nan,y Astor !ri#ht" and her son <illiam <aldorf !se,ond from ri#ht" entertain Henry ord and his (ife at Cli/eden) !=hoto; The House o$ -organ $y Ron Cherno("

(/ource9 )ynasty* The Astors and Their Times by 'a5i& /inclair

(/ource9 )ynasty* The Astors and Their Times by 'a5i& /inclair

(/ource9 )ynasty* The Astors and Their Times by 'a5i& /inclair

(/ource9 )ynasty* The Astors and Their Times by 'a5i& /inclair

(/ource9 )ynasty* The Astors and Their Times by 'a5i& /inclair

(/ource9 )ynasty* The Astors and Their Times by 'a5i& /inclair

(/ource9 The Astors by Lirginia Co"les

(/ource9 The Astors by Lirginia Co"les

Cli5e&en (ouse an& Estate in Buckinghamshire) Englan&) former home of the ,stor family

5ritish East India Com'any ,oin 'rodu,ed in 0@2@

The An#lo6Ameri,an Allian,e

6.P. $organ an& .ing E&"ar& L## atten& a house !arty at the (arcourtsS ;uneham Park estate in 302=.

6.P. U6ackV $organ 6r. a&5ises .ing George L# (left at an embassy tea gar&en !arty in Washington '.C. in 6une 3040. 6.P. U6ackV $organ 6r.Ss father "as 6.P. $organ. (Photo9 The +ouse of %or an by +on Cherno"

,merican 6e"ish financier Bernar& Baruch (far right a!!ears "ith (from left to right Louis Loucheur (%rench &i!lomat ) $ember of Parliament Winston Churchill (stan&ing ) an& British Prime $inister 'a5i& Lloy& George at the Paris Peace Conference in 3030. 'a5i& Lloy& George "as the Prime $inister of Great Britain from 'ecember =) 3037 to October 11) 3011.

British Prime $inister Gor&on Bro"n (L ans"ers a question from former -./. *reasury /ecretary +obert +ubin (+ at the Council on %oreign +elations in ;e" Cork City on ;o5ember 3<) 122?. (+euters

%e&eral +eser5e Chairman ,lan Greens!an is gi5en his honorary knighthoo& from BritainAs Gueen EliBabeth ## (left "ith his "ife ,n&rea $itchell at his si&e at Balmoral castle in the /cottish (ighlan&s on *hurs&ay) /e!tember 17) 1221. Both ,lan Greens!an an& ,n&rea $itchell are members of the Council on %oreign +elationsF Greens!an an& $itchell atten&e& the 1221 Bil&erberg $eetings together. (,P Photo: 'a5i& Cheskin

%e&eral +eser5e Chairman ,lan Greens!an (center an& $er5yn .ing (right ) Go5ernor of *he Bank of Englan&) !ose "ith Chancellor of the Exchequer Gor&on Bro"n after collecting their honorary &octorate &egrees in the !resence of *he 'uke of E&inburgh on %ebruary =) 122> in E&inburgh) /cotlan&. Greens!an) .ing) an& Bro"n ha5e atten&e& the Bil&erberg $eetings in the !ast. (Photo by Christo!her %urlong:Getty #mages

BritainSs Prime $inister Gor&on Bro"n (left greets %e&eral +eser5e Bank Chairman Ben Bernanke at 32 'o"ning /treet in Lon&on on 6anuary 34) 1220. (+euters

%ormer /ecretary of /tate (enry .issinger (center talks to 6ames 'imon (left ) Chairman an& CEO of 6P $organ Chase) an& former British Prime $inister *ony Blair (right at the en& of the o!ening !ress conference by the co8chairs of the Worl& Economic %orum ,nnual $eeting 122? in 'a5os) /"itBerlan& on 6anuary 14) 122?. (enry .issinger an& 6ames 'imon are members of the Council on %oreign +elations an& members of the *rilateral Commission. (,%P:Getty #mages

+u!ert $ur&och) ;e"s Cor!oration Chairman an& CEO) s!eaks "ith British Prime $inister Gor&on Bro"n (left in Lon&on on 6une 3>) 122=. *he t"o met at +u!ert $ur&ochSs annual /ummer Party "hich "as hel& at the /er!entine Gallery in Lon&onAs (y&e Park. (Photo by *om /to&&art:Getty #mages

,n ,nglo8,merican meeting takes !lace aboar& -// Williamsburg in 6anuary 30>1. /eate& from left to right9 British %oreign $inister ,nthony E&en) Winston Churchill) Presi&ent (arry *ruman) /ecretary of /tate 'ean ,cheson) *reasury /ecretary 6ohn W. /ny&er) an& 'efense /ecretary +obert Lo5ett. /tan&ing from left to right9 ,mbassa&or to Great Britain Walter Giffor&) Gen. Omar ;. Bra&ley) /ir Oli5er %ranks) Lor& Cher"ell) Lor& #smay) an& ,5erell (arriman. ,cheson) Giffor&) Lo5ett) an& (arriman "ere members of the Council on %oreign +elations. (Photo9 (arry /. *ruman Presi&ential Library

'a5i& +ockefeller (left chats "ith British Prime $inister $argaret *hatcher as she greets 6oshua Le&erberg (secon& from right .

-./. /ecretary of /tate 6ohn %oster 'ulles shakes han&s "ith British Prime $inister Winston Churchill.

British Prime $inister (arol& Wilson (left an& -./. Presi&ent Lyn&on 6ohnson take time out from their talks on the Lietnam War to !ose for !ictures in 6ohnsonAs office at the White (ouse in Washington) '.C.) -./.,. on %ebruary ?) 307?. (Photo9 X Bettmann:CO+B#/

%ormer British Prime $inister /ir ,nthony E&en (3?0=830== ) the Earl of ,5on) 5isits ,merican Presi&ent Lyn&on Baines 6ohnson at the White (ouse in Washington) '.C. on $arch ?) 307?. /ir ,nthony E&en "as the Prime $inister of Great Britain from ,!ril =) 30>> to 6anuary 32) 30>=. /ir ,nthony E&en "as the /ecretary of /tate for %oreign ,ffairs on three se!arate occasions9 'ecember 11) 304>8%ebruary 12) 304?) 'ecember 11) 30<286uly 17) 30<>) October 1?) 30>38,!ril =) 30>>. (#mage9 X Bettmann:CO+B#/

/ecretary of 'efense +obert $. Gates !oses for a !hotogra!h "ith Prime $inister *ony Blair (left at BlairSs resi&ence in Lon&on) Englan& on 6anuary 3<) 122=. (-./. 'e!artment of 'efense !hoto by Cherie ,. *hurlby

British Prime $inister Gor&on Bro"n an& former -./. Presi&ent Bill Clinton sit &o"n for the first "orking session of the Progressi5e Go5ernance /ummit in (ertfor&shire) Englan& on ,!ril >) 122?. (Getty #mages

Left to right9 -./. /enator (illary +o&ham Clinton) /ir E5elyn &e +othschil&) former Presi&ent Bill Clinton) an& La&y Lynn %orester &e +othschil& atten& La&y Lynn %orester &e +othschil&Ss !arty at the Orangery .ensington Palace in Lon&on) Great Britain on 6uly 4) 1224 to celebrate the !ublication of -./. /enator (illary +o&ham ClintonSs autobiogra!hy ,ivin +istory.

(Photo9 htt!9::""".life.com:image:?3?77<3>

(illary +o&ham Clinton greets Lynn %orester &e +othschil& in Lon&on on 6uly 4) 1224.

British Prime $inister Gor&on Bro"n (left an& 'emocratic Party !resi&ential can&i&ate /enator Barack Obama smile for the camera "hile meeting in the gar&en of ;umber 32 'o"ning /treet in Lon&on on 6uly 17) 122?. (Getty #mages

-./. Presi&ent Barack Obama (L an& his "ife $ichelle (1n& + !ose for a !hotogra!h "ith BritainAs Gueen EliBabeth an& Prince Phili!) the 'uke of E&inburgh) at Buckingham Palace in Lon&on on ,!ril 3) 1220) before Presi&ent ObamaSs !artici!ation in the G12 /ummit meeting in Lon&on. (+euters

British Prime $inister $argaret *hatcher an& -./. /ecretary of /tate 6ames ,. Baker ### chat "ith Presi&ent George (.W. Bush at the ;,*O /ummit in Lon&on in 6uly 3003. *his !hoto a!!ears in The &olitics of )i'lomacy by 6ames ,. Baker ###. (,P:Wi&e Worl&

-./. /ecretary of /tate Con&oleeBBa +ice (L exchanges a kiss "ith BritainAs former Prime $inister *ony Blair follo"ing her key8note s!eech at the Worl& Economic %orum (WE% in 'a5os) /"itBerlan& on 6anuary 14) 122?. (+euters

This is collective action+ 'eo'le (or4in# to#ether at their $est) I thin4 the new world order is emer#in#+ and (ith it the foundations of a ne( and 'ro#ressi/e era of international ,oo'eration) <e ha/e resol/ed that from today (e (ill to#ether mana#e the 'ro,ess of #lo$ali-ation+ to se,ure res'onsi$ility from all and fairness to all) And (e ha/e a#reed that in doin# so+ (e (ill $uild a more sustaina$le and more o'en and a fairer #lo$al so,iety)* > &ordon 5ro(n+ =rime %inister of &reat 5ritain+ at the 9221 &92 Summit in London on A'ril 9+ 9221