Académique Documents
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Reference Books
Oppenheim, A. V, Willsky, A.S., and Nawab, S H. 2003. 3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall. ISBN: 0138097313
Contents
Continuous time signals Combination of Signals Continuous- and discrete-time systems (briefly) Classification of systems Properties of systems Interconnections of systems
COMBINATION OF SIGNALS
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Combination of Operations
Combination of operations on signals - Easier to determine the final signal in stages - Create intermediary signals in which one operation is performed
Combination of Operations
Ex. Time shifting and Time scaling (1/2)
Combination of Operations
Ex. Time shifting and Time scaling (2/2)
SYSTEMS
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What is a System?
Systems process input signals to produce output signals Examples:
A circuit involving a capacitor can be viewed as a system that transforms the source voltage (signal) to the voltage (signal) across the capacitor A CD player takes the signal on the CD and transforms it into a signal sent to the loud speaker A communication system is generally composed of three sub-systems, the transmitter, the channel and the receiver. The channel typically attenuates and adds noise to the transmitted signal which must be processed by the receiver
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In a very broad sense, a system can be represented as the ratio of the output signal over the input signal
That way, when we multiply the system by the input signal, we get the output signal This concept will be firmed up in the coming weeks
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Most continuous time systems represent how continuous signals are transformed via differential equations. E.g. circuit, car velocity
dv(t ) v(t ) f (t ) dt
Discrete-Time Systems
Most discrete time systems represent how discrete signals are transformed via difference equations E.g. bank account, discrete car velocity system
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Classification of Systems
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Classification of Systems
Classification of Systems
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H (f (t T)) = y (t T)
delay
When this property does not hold for a system, then it is said to be time variant , or time-varying.
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The output is the same whether the delay is put on the input or the output.
Classification of Systems
Stable vs. Non-stable
A stable system is one where the output does not diverge as long as the input does not diverge. A bounded input produces a bounded output- called bounded input-bounded output (BIBO) stable. Representing this in a mathematical way, a stable system must have the following property, where x (t) is the input and y (t) is the output. The output must satisfy the condition
Properties of Systems
y (t ) M y
when we have an input to the system that can be described as Mx and My both represent a set of finite positive numbers and these relationships hold for all of t. If these conditions are not met, i.e. a systems output grows without limit (diverges) from a bounded input, then the system is unstable .
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x(t ) M x
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A linear system also obeys the principle of superposition. This means that if two inputs are added together and passed through a linear system, the output will be the sum of the individual inputs outputs.
Properties of Systems
Properties of Systems
x (t) and x (t t0) are passed through the system TI. Because the system TI is time-invariant, the inputs x (t) and x (t t0) produce the same output. The only difference is that the output y(t) due to x (t t0) is shifted by a time t0, y(t - t0).
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Properties of Systems
Properties of Systems
Properties of Systems 4. Causality A system is causal if it does not depend on future values of the input to determine the output. This means that if the first input to a system comes at time t0, then the system should not give any output until that time. 4. Causality
Properties of Systems
An example of a non-causal system would be one that sensed an input coming and gave an output before the input arrived.
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Interconnection of Systems
Interconnection of Systems
If two or more LTI systems are in series with each other, their order can be interchanged without affecting the overall output of the system. Systems in series are also called cascaded systems.
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Interconnection of Systems
Feedback LTI systems
the minus sign (in the block diagram) is just a tradition, and often isn't there- defines feedback loop In general, block diagrams are just a symbolic way to describe a connection of systems we can just as well write out the equations relating the signals
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Discrete Time Signals A discrete-time signal is a sequence x[n] defined for all integers < n < . We display x[n] graphically as a string of lollypops (stem plot) of appropriate height.
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Sampling Is a common way to convert continuous time signals to discrete time signals
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References:
Online Resources Fundamentals of Signals and Systems: Using the Web and MATLAB Edward W. Kamen. Ans Bonnie S. Heck. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. ISBN 013168737-9 Signals and Systems Oppenheim, A. V, Willsky, A.S., and Nawab, S H. 2003. 3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall. ISBN: 0138097313
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