Digital Society From 1G To 5G: A Comparative Study

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2014 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Digital Society from 1G to 5G: A Comparative Study

Roopali Sood1, Atul Garg2
1 Research Scholar, 2Associate Professor M.M. Institute of Computer Technology & Business Management Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana
Abstract
Mobility management solutions were designed having in mind simpler scenarios and requirements from the network and where roaming could often be taken care of with previously established agreements. With more and more services coming up and wide area of application the user centricity is of utmost importance and hence mobility management needs to deal with the additional requirements generated due to paradigm shift in internet technology. The paper is designed to introduce the fundamental information for future or next Generation Technology. It presents an overview of fifth generation mobile networks with emphasis on current and future trends in the areas of wireless networking and network services. The paper covers the difference from 1G to 5G and challenges to be faced for deploying 5G networks.
Keywords: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G
1. Introduction
Since the last few years there has been a phenomenal growth in the wireless industry. Widespread wireless technologies, increasing variety of user-friendly and multimedia-enabled terminals and wider availability of open source tools for content generation has lead encouraged user-centric networks [3] resulting in a need for efficient network design. There has been a shift from fixed to mobile cellular telephony, resulting in Network Planning and Optimization related services coming in to sharp focus. Evolution of wireless access technology is about to reach its fourth generation. Wireless access technology have formed different evolutionary path but with a common aim related to performance and efficiency. The First generation has fulfilled the basic mobile voice, while the Second generation has dealt with capacity and coverage. The third generation focused for higher data rate, multimedia support and spread spectrum followed by Fourth generation providing access to wide range of telecommunication services including advanced mobile services, along with a support for low to high mobility application. Figure 1 reflects the evolution of network technologies [4, 13, 18, 19 & 20].
Figure 1: Mobile Cellular Network Evolution Timeline By [16] 5G should build an important role with more services, data, use and benefits to the upcoming generation over 4G. 5G will be smarter technology with no limits and to interconnect the whole world without limits. The upcoming life style will be different with uninterrupted access of information and interconnection. The use of mobile/cellular phones is increasing in the last 8 years. The growth of mobile phones or cellar phone users is compared [7] with fixed phones is shown in Figure 2. We argue that as the number of users increased then the management of mobile phone phones becomes more complex. If the complexity and requirement increases then the new technologies with models are required to manage the system. In this paper we analyzed and compare the various techniques of renowned researchers in the same field.
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Figure 2: Growth of Mobile Users (in Billion)
2. RELATED WORK
Technology is enhancing on faster pace and has already become part and parcel of our daily lives. Enjoying the facilities of existing generation, we are expecting better services in upcoming generations.. Existing generations focused on the concept of ABC i.e. Always Best Connected which was realized very less in reality but the mission of 5Gs is to always provide best connected through WWWW. The authors in [18] provides introduction of various mobile networks and challenges in upcoming network communication. An overview of the leading technologies for next-generation mobile broadband Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) has been discussed. The researchers in [19] discussed primarily the evolution of various mobile networks, a comparative study based on few prominent features. The need for 5G has been highlighted. An architecture for 5G network has been proposed which integrates various RATs and cloud computing playing a pivotal role in giving centralized control for the services to be offered to the users. The researchers in [17] discussed various research challenges and solutions on different aspects of 4G wireless systems and beyond. Over all six papers are summarized in the special issue, dealing with different aspects of 4G wireless: including scheduling and resource allocation, cognitive, cooperative, opportunistic, communication, multicast services and coverage and planning of small cells. The researchers in [8] described five technologies that could lead to both component and architectural disruptive design changes. The paper discussed how the base-station-centric-architecture may change to device-centric architectures. Potential of millimeter Wave for broader application is discussed. Architectural changes for Massive-MIMO and multiplexing messages for many smarter devices is explained. The fundamental ideas for each technology are described, along with impact of these technologies on 5G and the upcoming research challenges pertaining to them. The authors in [5] defined 5G (Fifth Generation) mobile network concept, as user-centric concept unlike service-centric concept as seen for 4G or operator-centric as in 3G. The 5G terminals are proposed to have software defined radios and modulation scheme. New error-control schemes are proposed to be downloaded from the Internet dynamically and the terminal should be able to combine different flows from different technologies The terminals will have access to different wireless technologies at the same time. Each network will be responsible for handling user-mobility, while the terminal will make the final choice among different wireless/mobile access network providers for a given service. A fundamental shift in the mobile networking philosophy is proposed. The prime contribution of the paper is an idea generation for the 5G phones which are designed as an open platform on different layers. Modules are being developed for providing best QoS for a given service. The researchers in [4] reviewed the evolution and development of various generations of mobile wireless technology on basis of technology, features, performance, advantages and disadvantages of one over another. Emphasized that the current research in mobile wireless technology concentrates on advance implementation of 4G technology and 5G technology. It has been discussed that in coming time research is being made on development of World Wide Wireless
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Web (WWWW), Dynamic Ad hoc Wireless Networks (DAWN) and Real Wireless World. Concept of Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVOs) has been introduced which involves active sharing of infrastructure and services. In [2], the authors highlighted some concepts and technologies which help in providing high data rates and affordable broadband ie 4A paradigm any rate, anytime, anywhere, affordable. An integrated cross-layer cross-network design is suggested where advance radio resource management is integrated with certain advanced Physical Layer (PHY) operations in the presence of advanced radio access network (RAN) architectures. As 5 G would be pushed over devices which are VOIP enabled hence level of call volume and data transmission will be much more than what is being experienced currently. For effective utilization of bandwidth mix bandwidth data path scheme has been defined but factors like congestion relief, movement pattern of mobile nodes have not been considered and can be taken up for future research work. The authors in [1] proposed new design framework for network architecture of future 5G mobile networks, including protocols and algorithms. In the 5G network architecture different radio interface for each Radio Access Technology in the mobile terminal has been suggested. Protocol layout for the proposed architecture has been discussed in a very meaningful manner. An exhaustive framework Covering block diagrams for tunneling and handling handovers between IP tunnels has been discussed .Fuzzy logic concept has been used for selection of RAT during handover .Simulation analysis is performed considering four types of service i.e voice calls ,non-real-time data traffic real-time video telephony, high ht bit rate video To measure the performance for the upcoming network generation novel concept has been proposed. The researchers in [11] analyzed the existing QOS framework with respect to the dynamic and rapidly changing behavior of ad hoc networks. Proposed merging of ad hoc and cellular technology under 4G umbrella with user centric concept wirelessly with multi terminals at a time, which will assure optimized performance in the next generation technology. In [13] the authors proposed two views of 5G systems i. e, evolutionary and revolutionary. The authors, emphasized on current and future trends in the areas of wireless networking, network architecture, multimedia technology and network services. Related research in the development of future mobile systems has been highlighted. In [21] the researchers discussed recent developments in location management and surveys methods for handoff management between heterogeneous systems. Handoff management in various layers i.e., network layer, transport layer, and application layer has been discussed. Various macro and micro mobility solutions are reviewed and important mobility protocols at different layers have been discussed for circuit-switched and packet switched networks. The researchers suggested which protocols are suitable for intra-system and inter-system handoff. The researchers emphasized the need for development of cross layer techniques which would coordinate the switching between access networks and continuous connection maintenance. The researchers in [15] highlighted upon the evolution and development of various generations of mobile wireless technology along with their significance and advantages of one over the other. Through the survey various research areas like real wireless world, Exploring IPv6, wearable devices are encouraged to be taken up which have many issues and challenges to be fulfilled. In [23] the authors proposed network evolution from 2G to 5G. Wireless Mobile system network architecture, Integration of Mobile system and WLAN, Integration of various networks in 4G have been depicted through illustrations. Various network services pertaining to various generations have been discussed. Role of IPv6 in upcoming network generations is well explained by the researchers. The researchers in [20] discussed various reasons like performance interoperability, bandwidth, convergence, cost, scalability serving to be the driving factor for moving to new generation of networks. Network architecture of 4G, working principle behind it, technologies that support 4G has been briefed. Applications of 4G and role of wireless industry in development of new network generation has been discussed. 4G is proposed to be more intelligent technology interconnecting the entire world without limits. The researchers in [12] discussed some primary issues on mobility management which includes concept and operations along with the requirements and solutions of mobility management. General mobility model are introduced and mobility framework as a hierarchical hybrid model is presented. Mobile IP is described as the macro mobility solution, in which the optimal schemes, the differences between IPv4 and IPv6, and the disadvantages of the proposal on performance concerns are discussed. The micro mobility management schemes are also mentioned including the three main protocols proposed, finally, a unified model is also described which reveals the coexistence different micro mobility solution in mobile networks.
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Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2014 ISSN 2319 - 4847 3. ISSUES & CHALLENGES OF EXISTING GENERATIONS IN MOBILE COMMUNICATION
The prime challenge in heterogeneous wireless networks is related to the maximization of spectral efficiency and battery power. Since wireless technology is widely being accepted and adopted in various fields, more and more challenges are being faced to deliver quality of service and quality of experience , by providing always best connected service to the user. Following are few primary requirements for building 5G wireless networks: 3.1 Huge capacity and high connectivity support The following prediction depicts the vast growth of mobile users thereby justifying the need for redesigning of networks to support such massive data holding, transmitting capacity and best connectivity [14]. Global mobile traffic is estimated to increase by thirteen fold between 2012 and 2017 [6]. By the end of 2013, the number of mobile-connected devices will exceed the number of people on earth and by 2017 there will be nearly 1.4 mobile devices per capita [6]. It is estimated that two-third of the worlds mobile data traffic would be video and 2.7 GB traffic per month is the estimated value to be generated by Smartphones in 2017 which is 8 times more than generated in 2012 [6]. 3.2 Support for an High Quality of Services, Applications & Users Some of the applications of the next generation would evolve in multiplatform environment. They would be available across various wireless technologies like LTE, Wi-Fi, etc. and in other handheld devices. Some of such application include virtual navigation, Tele-Medicine, Tele-geoprocessing, Crisis management, Education, Travelling-commerce etc. all with extremely diverging requirements for work and life [9]. Thus the existing network design needs to be reconfigured to support such varied set of services and applications as shown in the Figure 3 [6 & 9].
Figure 3: All Spectrum Access (Multiradio, Mulitier Networks) 3.3 Flexible and efficient use of all available non-contiguous spectrums for different network deployment scenario The success of 5G systems with different evolving access technologies depends upon how seamlessly it can ensure interoperability among these HETNETS (heterogeneous networks). Cellular generations differ in general, in four main aspects: switching schemes, data rates, radio access, and bandwidth. There would be a need to innovate a network architecture through which a single fully reconfigurable terminal is able to autonomously operate in different heterogeneous access networks [9].
4. OBJECTIVES OF 5 G
4.1 Elevated Service Quality and User Experience Consumer expectations for mobile broadband service quality are growing in parallel with traffic complexity and increase usage. Complex and constantly evolving multi-vendor networks and services are placing considerable demands on service
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management. The focus shifting towards managing the delivery of high-quality services i.e., support service centric and user-centric management [6]. 4.2 Consistent Connectivity Experience The next wave of the Digital Society will be characterized by an ICT networks capability for immediate service availability and on-demand adaptability. An instant immediacy in mobile services will lay the foundation for a whole new set of mobile apps to proliferate and push the capabilities of communications beyond what is currently possible. Widespread adoption of M2M services will be encouraged when there would be provision of higher network capacity required for handling enormous connections [6]. 4.3 Ability to Handle Disruptive Growth in Network Capacity Server workloads are growing by 10% a year. Network bandwidth demand is growing by 35%. Storage capacity is growing by 50%. Power costs growth is 20%. Throwing more capacity at demand is not the solution; there is a need to optimize capacity in new ways. Over 1.5 billion Web pages are accessible, 450,000 iPhone apps are being accessed, over 200,000 Android apps are being used , 10,500 radio stations are existing. All drives demand for IT [6 &7].
5. TOWARDS FIFTH GENERATION NETWORKS

5G network technology will open a new era in mobile communication technology. The 5G mobile phones will have access to different wireless technologies at the same time and the terminal should be able to combine different flows from different technologies. 5G is predicted to be an intelligent technology capable of interconnecting the entire world without limits. At present, 5G is not a term officially used for any particular specification or in any official document yet made public by telecommunication companies or standardization bodies likes Wi-Max Forum or ITU-R. New release will further enhance system performance and add new capabilities with new application areas [5]. The 5G (Fifth Generation Mobile and Wireless Networks) can be a complete wireless communication introducing perfect real world wireless World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW). 5G would be the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the 4G/IMT-Advanced standards [18]. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which make 5G mobile technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. Users can hook their 5G technology cell phones with their Laptop to get broadband internet access. [22] Some of the applications, benefiting from mobile connectivity are home automation, emergency response, intelligent shopping smart transportation sustainable urban environment, smart product management security and e-books [18]. In fifth generation, Network Architecture consists of a user terminal (which has a crucial role in the new architecture) and a number of independent, autonomous Radio Access Technologies (RAT). 5G mobile system is all-IP based model for wireless and mobile networks interoperability. Within each of the terminals, each of the radio access technologies is seen as the IP link to the outside Internet world [1]. 5G network will not be only of more speed but also capable of carry more data. This generation is expected to be rolled out around 2020. In 5G, network might solve the problem of frequency licensing and spectrum management issues. The 5G terminals might have software-defined radios. Also, it will have different modulation schemes and error-control schemes. It would provide hundreds of channel without streaming [1 & 8]. Avalanche of Traffic, explosion of number of devices and diversity of requirements such as latency, reliability and low cost and energy consumption posses key challenge to 5G Wireless Accesses. This multiplicity of requirements is in turn stretching the limits of available technologies. Vision of Super Core is based on IP platform. All network operators (GSM, CDMA, Wi-Max, Wire line) can be connected to one Super core with massive capacity. This is realization of single network infrastructure. The concept of super core will eliminate all interconnecting charges and complexities, which right now network operator is facing. It will also reduce number of network entities in end to end connection, thus reducing latency considerably. The 5G core is to be a Re-configurable, Multi-Technology Core. The core could be a convergence of new technologies such as Nanotechnology, Cloud Computing and Cognitive Radio and based on All IP Platform [18]. With deep study from the work of various researchers [4, 13, 18 & 23] a comparative study from 1G to 5G is shown in table 1.
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1G Start/Deployment
1970/1984
Table 1: Comparative Study of various Wireless Generations 2G/2.5G 3G 4G

1980/1999 1990/2002 Fast data transfer rate, Improved spectral efficiency, greater network capacity. Services: Enhanced audio video streaming, video conferencing support, Web browsing at higher speeds, IPTV support 2000/2010 -Converged data and voice over IP -Entirely packet switched network, -Higher bandwidth to provide multimedia services at lower cost (up to 100Mbps) Services Enhanced audio,video streaming,IP telephony,HD mobile TV
5G
2000/2015-2020 -Simultaneous access to different wireless technologies -complete wireless communication (Wireless world wide web, WWWW) Services -Dynamic information access -Wearable devices with AI capabilities
Features
-make analog signals use of radio -Used Digital radio signals -Voice encoded to digital signals GSM:Supported digital voice service,SMS messaging,improved voice clarity, Comparitively secure GPRS: Supported MMS,internet Comm.
Services Analog voice service,No data service
Data rates
2kbps 14.4-6.4kbps 2G:GSM 2.5GPRS 2.75:EDGE www Digital narrow band circuit data, Packet data Throughput 20-20Kbps 2Mbps IMT-2000 3.5G-HSDPA 3.75G:HSUPA www(IPv4) Digital Broadband Packet data Throughput 3G:200Kbps 3.5G:1-3 Mbps 200 Mbps to 1 Gbps Single unified standard LTE,LTE adv.Mobile WiMAX www (IPv4) 1Gbps and higher Single unified standard
Standards
MTS,AMTS, IMTS
WEB Standard
-----Wwww (IPv6) Proposed: Unified IP seamless combination broadband, Local networks, wide networks, personal networks, wireless LAN and of area area area
Technology
Analog cellular technology Throughput 14.4 Kbps Digital Broadband Packet All, Very high throughput Throughput 100-300Mbp
Service
Mobile telephony (voice) 2G: Digital voice, SMS 2.5: Higher capacity packetized Integrated high quality audio, video and data Dynamic information access , wearable devices with AI capabilities Proposed: unified seamess IP and
Technology
Analog wireless cellular technology used Digital wireless network Digital used network Broadband Digital Broadband Packet
Switching
Circuit 2G:Circuit 2.5G: Circuit for access network & air interface; packet for core network Horizontal only Digital signals were reliant on location & proximity, required strong digital signals to help mobile phones Need to accommodate higher network capacity Packet except circuit for air interface Packet switching Message Switching
Handoff
Horizontal only Horizontal & Vertical Being deployed Yet to be implemented
Shortfalls
Low capacity, Unreliable handoff Poor voice links, Less secure
6. CONCLUSION
After a considerable study it can be concluded that by the advent of affordable smart phones and thereby drastic growth of data traffic, there is a need to integrate the existing network technologies so that it permits dynamic switching amongst
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the available Radio Access Technologies (RATs) and the bandwidth can be utilized in most efficient manner. Concept of super core needs to be implemented which can coordinate between RATs for radio resource allocation. Expecting more bandwidth would not be the answer but utilizing the existing bandwidth through innovative network design is need of the hour. The network management modules need to be more intelligent i.e., cognitive software will make the task of radio resource scheduling simpler. More parameters need to be identified for optimized network operation. Cell phones need to be further enriched so that they can support various network technologies simultaneously making the operation, prominently user centric.
REFERENCES
[1] Aleksandar Tudzarov,Toni Janevski Functional Architecture for 5G Mobile Networks, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 32, 2011. [2] Aman Aryaputra, Bhuvaneshwari.N, 5G- The Future of Mobile Network, in the proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2011, Vol II,WCECS 2011, October 19-21, 2011. [3] Nascimento, Andrea, et al. "A characterization of mobility management in user-centric networks", Smart Spaces and Next Generation Wired/Wireless Networking. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pg.314-325, 2013. [4] Akhilesh Kumar Pachauri, Ompal Singh , 5G TechnologyRedefining wireless Communication in upcoming years, International Journal of Computer Science and Management Research Vol 1 Issue 1 Aug 2012. [5] Jay R Churi, Sudhish T Surendran, Shreyas Ajay Tigdi and Sanket Yewale. Evolution of Networks (2G-5G), in the IJCA Proceedings on International Conference on Advances in Communication and Computing Technologies 2012 ICACACT(3):pp8-13,2012. [6] David Ott,Shilpa Talwar ,Intel Labs,University Research Office, Exploring Next Generation Wireless (5G): Transforming the user Experience, 2013. [7] Eric Savitz, Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/ericsavitz/2012/10/22/gartner-10-critical-tech-trends-for-the-nextfive-years/, 2012. [8] Federico Boccardi, Robert W. Heath Jr., Angel Lozano, Thomas L. Marzetta, Petar Popovski Five Disruptive Technology Directions for 5G, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2014. [9] 5G : A Technology Vision, www.huawei.com/ilink/en/download/HW_314849 [10] World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database.[online]. Available : www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat [11] Jahangir Khan, Zoran S. Bojkovic,Muhammad Imran Khan Marwat, Emerging of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks and New Generation Technology for Best QOS and 5G Technology, CCIS 265,. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg , pp. 198208, 2011. [12] Sun, Junzhao, Douglas P. Howie, and Jaakko J. Sauvola, Mobility management techniques for the next-generation wireless networks, Asia-Pacific Optical and Wireless Communications Conference and Exhibit. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2001. [13] Mohd. Maroof Siddiqui Vision of 5G Communication, A. Mantri et al. (Eds.): HPAGC 2011, CCIS 169, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg ,pp. 252256, 2011. [14] Project Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society (METIS), Document Number: ICT-317669-METIS/D1.1. [15] Mudit Ratana Bhalla,Anand Vardhan Bhalla, Generations of Mobile Wireless Technology:A Survey, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887),Volume 5 No.4, pp26,2010. [16] Ms. Reshma S. Sapakal & Ms. Sonali S. Kadam, 5G Mobile Technology, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 2, Issue 2, February 2013. [17] Navrati Saxena, Shamik Sengupta, Kai-Kit Wong, Abhishek Roy, Special issue on Advances in 4G wireless and beyond, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking,pg.157, 2013. [18] Pankaj Sharm Evolution of Mobile Wireless Communication Networks-1G to 5G as well as Future Prospective of Next Generation Communication Network, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol. 2, Issue. , pg.47 53,2013. [19] Reshma S. Sapakal,Sonali S.Kadam, 5G Mobile Technology, 1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 2, Issue 2, pg.568,2013. [20] Santhi, K. R., et al., Goals of true broad band's wireless next wave (4G-5G) Vehicular Technology Conference, 2003. VTC 2003-Fall. 2003 IEEE 58th. Vol. 4. IEEE, 2003. [21] Yu, F. R., Wong, V. W. S., Song, J.-H., Leung, V. C. M. and Chan, H. C. B. (2011), Next generation mobility management: an introduction. Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput., pg.446458,2011 . [22] Sapana Singh, Pratap Singh, Key Concepts and Network Architecture for 5G Mobile Technology, International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), Volume 1 Issue 5 pp 165-170,2012. [23] Sha2009] Akhtar, Shakil. "Evolution of Technologies, Standards, and Deployment of 2G-5G Networks." Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition. IGI Global, pg.522-532,2009.
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Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2014 ISSN 2319 - 4847 AUTHOR
Roopali Sood received degree of Master of Computer Management from Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya Indore (M.P), India in 1993. Presently pursuing Ph. D from Maharihi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, (Ambala). She is Student Member of Delhi section of IEEE, International Association of Engineers. Her area of interest is mobile networks and mobility related issues in coming generation networks.
Atul Garg received degree of Master of Computer Applications from Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra in 2004 and completed his Ph. D degree from Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana (Ambala) in 2013. Currently, he is working as an Associate Professor at M. M. I. C. T. & B. M., Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana (Ambala), Haryana. He is Senior Member of the association of Universal Association of Computer & Electronics Engineers (UACEE), Australia, member in the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering (ICST), Belgium and Member in the International Association of Engineers, Hong Kong. His area of interest is web, Query Optimizations and mobile ad hoc networks.
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