9702 Direct and Remote Sensing All

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1
(a) Fig. 8.1 shows a circuit incorporating an ideal operational amplifier (op-amp).
+ 9V
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+
9V
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V
V
V
Fig. 8.1
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The voltages applied to the inverting and the non-inverting inputs are V and V
respectively.
when
State the value of the output voltage V
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(i) V > V ,
= ....................................................
V
V
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(ii) V < V .
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= .................................................... V
V
[1]
For
1 Examiners
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Compiled and rearranged by Sajit Chandra Shakya

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(b) The circuit of Fig. 8.2 iswww.studyguide.pk
used to monitor the input voltage V .
+V
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A
+5.0V
+
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B
+3.0V
+
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V
red
green
Fig. 8.2
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At point A, a potential of 5.0 V is maintained. At point B, a potential of 3.0 V is
maintained.
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Complete Fig. 8.3 by indicating with a tick () the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that are
( ) those LEDs that
conducting for the inputwww.studyguide.pk
voltages V shown. Also, mark with a crosswww.studyguide.
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are not conducting.
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green LED
red LED
V /V
+2.0 www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.
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+4.0
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+6.0
[3]
Fig. 8.3
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2 Examiners
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IN
IN
IN
IN

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(c) The input voltage V inwww.studyguide.pk
(b) is provided by a sensor circuit.
(i) Complete Fig. 8.4 www.studyguide.pk
to show a sensor circuit that will provide awww.studyguide.
voltage output that
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increases as the temperature of the sensor decreases. Show clearly the output
connections from the circuit.
[2]
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Fig. 8.4
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(ii) Explain the operation
of the sensor circuit.
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3 Examiners
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(op-amp) is shown
2 (a) The circuit for an amplifier
incorporating an ideal operational amplifier
in Fig. 10.1.
R
+9 V
R
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P
+
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9 V
V
V
Fig. 10.1
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(i) State
1. the name of thiswww.studyguide.pk
type of amplifier circuit,
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2. why the point P is referred to as a virtual earth.
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(ii) Show that the gain G of this amplifier circuit is given by the expression
R
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G = .
R
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Explain your working.
[4]
4
For
Examiners
Use
IN
OUT

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resistor (LDR) as
(b) The circuit of Fig. 10.1www.studyguide.pk
is modified by connecting a light-dependent
shown in Fig. 10.2.
R
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+9 V
R
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+
9 V
V = +1.2 V
V
V
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Fig. 10.2
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R are 5.0 k and 50 k respectively.
The resistances R andwww.studyguide.pk
The input voltage V is +1.2 V. A high-resistance voltmeter measures the output V .
The
circuit is used to monitor
low light intensities.
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(i) Determine the voltmeter reading for light intensities such that the LDR has a
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resistance of
1. 100 k,
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reading = .............................................. V [3]
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2. 10 k.
reading = .............................................. V [2]
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5
For
Examiners
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OUT
IN
OUT

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your answers in (i)
(ii) The light incident on
the LDR is provided by a single lamp. Use
to describe and explain qualitatively the variation of the voltmeter reading as the
lamp is moved away
from the LDR.
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6
For
Examiners
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3
(a) State three characteristics of an ideal operational amplifier (op-amp).
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1. .....................................................................................................................................
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2. .....................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................................
[3]
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(b) An amplifier circuit for a microphone is shown in Fig. 8.1.
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+
120 k www.studyguide.
R
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V
X
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Fig. 8.1
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(i) Name the type of feedback used with this op-amp.
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across the
is 5.8 V for a potential difference
(ii) The output potential
difference V
resistor R of 69 mV. Calculate
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1. the gain of the amplifier circuit,
gain =
[1]
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7 Examiners
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2. the resistancewww.studyguide.pk
of resistor X.
resistance = [2]
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(iii) State one effect on the amplifier output of reducing the resistance of resistor X.
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8 Examiners
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4
A block diagram for an electronic sensor is shown in Fig. 9.1.
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output
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device
Fig. 9.1
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(a) Complete Fig. 9.1 by labelling the remaining boxes.
[2]
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(b) A device is to be built that will emit a red light when its input is at +2 V. When the input is
at 2 V, the light emitted is to be green.
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(i) On Fig. 9.2, draw a circuit diagram of the device.
input
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either + 2V
or
2V
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[2]
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Fig. 9.2
(ii) Explain briefly the www.studyguide.pk
action of this device.
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9
For
Examiners
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of the use of magnetic resonance to
obtain information
5
Outline briefly the main principles
about internal body structures.
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10
For
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6
(a) Explain the principles behind
the use of X-rays for imaging internal www.studyguide.
body structures.
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(b) Describe how the image produced during CT scanning differs from that produced by
X-ray imaging.
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11 Examiners
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7
(a) State what is meant by www.studyguide.pk
acoustic impedance.
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(b) Explain why acoustic impedance is important when considering reflection of ultrasound
at the boundary between
two media.
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(c) Explain the principles www.studyguide.pk
behind the use of ultrasound to obtain diagnostic
information
about structures within the body.
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For
12 Examiners
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imaging.
8 (a) Distinguish between thewww.studyguide.pk
images produced by CT scanning and X-ray
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(b) By reference to the principles
of CT scanning, suggest why CT scanning
could not be
developed before powerful computers were available.
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13
For
Examiners
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9
An analogue signal is sampled
at a frequency of 5.0 kHz. Each samplewww.studyguide.
is converted into a
four-bit number and transmitted as a digital signal.
Fig. 10.1 shows part of the digital
signal.
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START
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0010 0101 1010 1111 0100 0010 0101 1010 1111 0100
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most significant bit
Fig. 10.1
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The digital signal is transmitted and is finally converted into an analogue signal.
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(a) On the axes of Fig. 10.2, sketch a graph to show the variation with time t of this final
analogue signal.
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18
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16
signal 14
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12
10
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8
6
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4
2
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0
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
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[4]
Fig. 10.2
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(b) Suggest two ways in which the reproduction of the original analogue signal could be
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improved.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
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2. .....................................................................................................................................
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For
14 Examiners
Use

9702 Direct and Remote Sensing All

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www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.

Compiled and rearranged by Sajit Chandra Shakya

www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.

Compiled and rearranged by Sajit Chandra Shakya

www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.

Compiled and rearranged by Sajit Chandra Shakya

www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.

Compiled and rearranged by Sajit Chandra Shakya

www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.

Compiled and rearranged by Sajit Chandra Shakya

www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.

Compiled and rearranged by Sajit Chandra Shakya

www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.

Compiled and rearranged by Sajit Chandra Shakya

www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.

Compiled and rearranged by Sajit Chandra Shakya

www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.

Compiled and rearranged by Sajit Chandra Shakya

www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.

Compiled and rearranged by Sajit Chandra Shakya

www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.

Compiled and rearranged by Sajit Chandra Shakya

www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.

Compiled and rearranged by Sajit Chandra Shakya

www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.

Compiled and rearranged by Sajit Chandra Shakya

www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.pk www.studyguide.

Compiled and rearranged by Sajit Chandra Shakya

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