A major constituent of human kidney stones

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implications for further research or discussion in the field. Calcium is a common ingredient in urine stones and crystals. Calcium oxalate (Ca[COO] 2) crystals are the most frequently observed crystals in urine, and 75% of renal calculi have calcium oxalate as a component.Calcium oxalate crystals can form at any pH and have various microscopic morphologies

**Main crystallization processes

The main factors influencing solubility are, as we saw above:

Concentration Temperature

So we may identify two main families of crystallization processes:

Cooling crystallization Evaporative crystallization

Urol Res. 1999 Aug;27(4):231-7.

Calcium oxalate crystallization kinetics at different concentrations of human and artificial urine, with a constant calcium to oxalate ratio.
Kavanagh JP1, Jones L, Rao PN. Author information Abstract

The effect of in vitro dilution of artificial urine or human urine on the crystallization of calcium oxalate was examined in a mixed suspension, mixed product removal crystallization system. Direct growth inhibition by components of artificial urine was not significant and supersaturation was the dominant factor in determining crystal nucleation and growth rates. Dilution of human urine caused a decrease in crystal growth rate that was independent of the input calcium and oxalate concentrations, suggesting that dilution of growth inhibitors could be physiologically more important than any reduction in supersaturation. This loss of growth inhibition was counteracted by a reduction in nucleation promotion, with the net effect that the mass of crystals declined. Correlation of

crystallization measurements with urinary concentration (osmotic pressure) confirmed these observations, with a negative relationship for growth rate and a positive relationship for nucleation rate and suspension density. Increasing the concentration of urine shifts the crystallization balance from low nucleation/high growth to high nucleation/low growth. Calcium oxalate crystalluria in healthy urine is therefore less likely at early stages of urine development in the nephron and the likelihood can be further reduced by increased fluid output. Our results suggest that lowering the heterogeneous nucleation activity by dilution is more than sufficient to override the loss of growth inhibition